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Rodrigues CFD, Serrano E, Patrício MI, Val MM, Albuquerque P, Fonseca J, Gomes CMF, Abrunhosa AJ, Paiva A, Carvalho L, Botelho MF, Almeida L, Carreira IM, Alpoim MC. Stroma-derived IL-6, G-CSF and Activin-A mediated dedifferentiation of lung carcinoma cells into cancer stem cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11573. [PMID: 30069023 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29947-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small population of resistant cells inhabiting the tumors. Although comprising only nearly 3% of the tumor mass, these cells were demonstrated to orchestrate tumorigenesis and differentiation, underlie tumors’ heterogeneity and mediate therapy resistance and tumor relapse. Here we show that CSCs may be formed by dedifferentiation of terminally differentiated tumor cells under stress conditions. Using a elegant co-culture cellular system, we were able to prove that nutrients and oxygen deprivation activated non-malignant stromal fibroblasts, which in turn established with tumor cells a paracrine loop mediated by Interleukine-6 (IL-6), Activin-A and Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), that drove subsequent tumor formation and cellular dedifferentiation. However, by scavenging these cytokines from the media and/or blocking exosomes’ mediated communication it was possible to abrogate dedifferentiation thus turning these mechanisms into potential therapeutic targets against cancer progression.
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Walter J, Harder O, Faendrich F, Schulze M. Generation of monocyte-derived insulin-producing cells from non-human primates according to an optimized protocol for the generation of PCMO-derived insulin-producing cells. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2014; 6:93-9. [PMID: 24932602 PMCID: PMC4141582 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.1284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The vision of potential autologous cell therapy for the cure of diabetes encourages ongoing research. According to a previously published protocol for the generation of insulin-producing cells from human monocytes, we analyzed whether the addition of growth factors could increase insulin production. This protocol was then transferred to a non-human primate model by using either blood- or spleen-derived monocytes. METHODS Human monocytes were treated to dedifferentiate into programmable cells of monocytic origin (PCMO). In addition to the published protocol, PCMOs were then treated with either activin A, betacellulin, exendin 3 or 4. Cells were characterized by protein expression of insulin, Pdx-1, C-peptide and Glut-2. After identifying the optimal protocol, monocytes from baboon blood were isolated and the procedure was repeated. Spleen monocytes following splenectomy of a live baboon were differentiated and analyzed in the same manner and calculated in number and volume. RESULTS Insulin content of human cells was highest when cells were treated with activin A and their insulin content was 13,000 µU/1 million cells. Insulin-producing cells form primate monocytes could successfully be generated despite using human growth factors and serum. Expression of insulin, Pdx-1, C-peptide and Glut-2 was comparable to that of human neo-islets. Total insulin content of activin A-treated baboon monocytes was 16,000 µU/1 million cells. CONCLUSION We were able to show that insulin-producing cells can be generated from baboon monocytes with human growth factors. The amount generated from one spleen could be enough to cure a baboon from experimentally induced diabetes in an autologous cell transplant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Walter
- University Hospital Essen, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany. E-ma-il:
| | - Ole Harder
- Schleswig Holsetin University Hospital, Campus Kiel, Department of General, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Kiel, Germany
| | - Fred Faendrich
- Schleswig Holsetin University Hospital, Campus Kiel, Department of General, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Kiel, Germany
| | - Maren Schulze
- University Hospital Essen, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Essen, Germany
,* Address for Correspondence: University Hospital Essen, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany Phone: +4920172384003 E-mail:
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Calafiore R, Montanucci P, Basta G. Stem cells for pancreatic β-cell replacement in diabetes mellitus: actual perspectives. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2014;19:162-168. [PMID: 24553500 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus represent a widespread metabolic disorder, related to autoimmune β-cell destruction and insulin resistance, leading to β-cell dysfunction, respectively, that are associated with severe chronic complications with irreversible multiorgan morphological and functional damage. Conventional treatment, based on exogenous insulin or oral agents may control and delay but not prevent the disease complications, which has lead, so far, to a steady increase in mortality and morbidity. β-Cell substitution cell therapy, initially pursued by whole pancreatic and isolated islet transplantation, with scarce and limited efficiency, now is looking at the new technologies for cell and molecular therapy for diabetes, based on stem cells. RECENT FINDINGS Pancreatic endocrine cells regeneration might replenish the destroyed β-cell pool, with neogenerated β-cell derived from pancreatic and extrapancreatic stem cell sources. Additionally, embryonic or adult stem cells derived from different cell lineages, and able to differentiate into β-like cell elements, may not only restore the original insulin secretory patterns but also exert the immunomodulatory effects aimed at interrupting the β-cell-directed autoimmune destruction vicious cycle. SUMMARY These new strategies may, one day, provide for the final cure of diabetes mellitus.
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Wei R, Yang J, Hou W, Liu G, Gao M, Zhang L, Wang H, Mao G, Gao H, Chen G, Hong T. Insulin-producing cells derived from human embryonic stem cells: comparison of definitive endoderm- and nestin-positive progenitor-based differentiation strategies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72513. [PMID: 23951327 PMCID: PMC3741181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are pluripotent and capable of undergoing multilineage differentiation into highly specialized cells including pancreatic islet cells. Thus, they represent a novel alternative source for targeted therapies and regenerative medicine for diabetes. Significant progress has been made in differentiating hESCs toward pancreatic lineages. One approach is based on the similarities of pancreatic β cell and neuroepithelial development. Nestin-positive cells are selected as pancreatic β cell precursors and further differentiated to secrete insulin. The other approach is based on our knowledge of developmental biology in which the differentiation protocol sequentially reproduces the individual steps that are known in normal β cell ontogenesis during fetal pancreatic development. In the present study, the hESC cell line PKU1.1 was induced to differentiate into insulin-producing cells (IPCs) using both protocols. The differentiation process was dynamically investigated and the similarities and differences between both strategies were explored. Our results show that IPCs can be successfully induced with both differentiation strategies. The resulting IPCs from both protocols shared many similar features with pancreatic islet cells, but not mature, functional β cells. However, these differently-derived IPC cell types displayed specific morphologies and different expression levels of pancreatic islet development-related markers. These data not only broaden our outlook on hESC differentiation into IPCs, but also extend the full potential of these processes for regenerative medicine in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing, China
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Shi Q, Luo S, Jia H, Feng L, Lu X, Zhou L, Cai J. Insulin-producing cells could not mimic the physiological regulation of insulin secretion performed by pancreatic beta cells. Nanoscale Res Lett 2013; 8:90. [PMID: 23421382 PMCID: PMC3585706 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-8-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the difference between insulin-producing cells (IPCs) and normal human pancreatic beta cells both in physiological function and morphological features in cellular level. METHODS The levels of insulin secretion were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The insulin gene expression was determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The morphological features were detected by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and laser confocal scanning microscopy. RESULTS IPCs and normal human pancreatic beta cells were similar to each other under the observation in AFM with the porous structure features in the cytoplasm. Both number of membrane particle size and average roughness of normal human beta cells were higher than those of IPCs. CONCLUSIONS Our results firstly revealed that the cellular ultrastructure of IPCs was closer to that of normal human pancreatic beta cells, but they still could not mimic the physiological regulation of insulin secretion performed by pancreatic beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiping Shi
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Simin Luo
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Haiying Jia
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lie Feng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaohua Lu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lixin Zhou
- Institute for Nano-Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiye Cai
- Institute for Nano-Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 (T2DM) are common diseases. To date, it is widely accepted that all forms of DM lead to the loss of beta cells. Therefore, to avoid the debilitating comorbidities when glycemic control cannot be fully achieved, some would argue that beta cell replacement is the only way to cure the disease. Due to organ donor shortage, other cell sources for beta cell replacement strategies have to be employed. Pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells offer a valuable alternative to provide the necessary cells to substitute organ transplants but also to serve as a model to study the onset and progression of the disease, resulting in better treatment regimens. This review will summarize recent progress in the establishment of pluripotent stem cells, their differentiation into the pancreatic lineage with a focus on two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) differentiation settings, the special role of iPS cells in the analysis of genetic predispositions to diabetes, and techniques that help to move current approaches to clinical applications. Particular attention, however, is also given to the long-term challenges that have to be addressed before ES or iPS cell-based therapies will become a broadly accepted treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insa S Schroeder
- JRG Stem Cell Research, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06108, Halle/Saale, Germany.
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Vincent-Chong VK, Ismail SM, Rahman ZAA, Sharifah NA, Anwar A, Pradeep PJ, Ramanathan A, Karen-Ng LP, Kallarakkal TG, Mustafa WMW, Abraham MT, Tay KK, Zain RB. Genome-wide analysis of oral squamous cell carcinomas revealed over expression of ISG15, Nestin and WNT11. Oral Dis 2012; 18:469-76. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Schroeder IS, Sulzbacher S, Nolden T, Fuchs J, Czarnota J, Meisterfeld R, Himmelbauer H, Wobus AM. Induction and Selection of Sox17-Expressing Endoderm Cells Generated from Murine Embryonic Stem Cells. Cells Tissues Organs 2011; 195:507-23. [DOI: 10.1159/000329864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Anzalone R, Lo Iacono M, Loria T, Di Stefano A, Giannuzzi P, Farina F, La Rocca G. Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells as candidates for beta cells regeneration: extending the differentiative and immunomodulatory benefits of adult mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2011; 7:342-63. [PMID: 20972649 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are uniquely capable of crossing germinative layers borders (i.e. are able to differentiate towards ectoderm-, mesoderm- and endoderm-derived cytotypes) and are viewed as promising cells for regenerative medicine approaches in several diseases. Type I diabetes therapy should potentially benefit from such differentiated cells: the search for alternatives to organ/islet transplantation strategies via stem cells differentiation is an ongoing task, significant goals having been achieved in most experimental settings (e.g. insulin production and euglycaemia restoration), though caution is still needed to ensure safe and durable effects in vivo. MSC are obtainable in high numbers via ex vivo culture and can be differentiated towards insulin-producing cells (IPC). Moreover, recent reports evidenced that MSC possess immunomodulatory activities (acting on both innate and acquired immunity effectors) which should result in a reduction of the immunogenicity of transplanted cells, thus limiting rejection. Moreover it has been proposed that MSC administration should be used to attenuate the autoimmune processes which lead to the destruction of beta cells. This review illustrates the recent advances made in differentiating human MSC to IPC. In particular, we compare the effectiveness of the differentiation protocols applied, the markers and functional assays used to characterize differentiated progeny, and the in vivo controls. We further speculate on how MSC derived from Wharton's jelly of human umbilical cord may represent a more promising regenerative medicine tool, as recently demonstrated for endoderm-derived organs (as liver) in human subjects, also considering their peculiar immunomodulatory features compared to other MSC populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Anzalone
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, Palermo, PA 90127, Italy
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Szukiewicz D, Szewczyk G, Mittal TK, Rongies W, Maslinski S. Involvement of histamine and histamine H2 receptors in nicotinamide-induced differentiation of human amniotic epithelial cells into insulin-producing cells. Inflamm Res 2010; 59 Suppl 2:S209-11. [PMID: 20012149 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-009-0132-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Human amniotic epithelial cells (HAEC) resemble stem cells in their ability to differentiate into all three germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Histamine receptors are expressed on HAEC. We examined the influence of histamine, and H(1) and H(2) antagonists on the generation of pancreatic islet beta-like cells from HAEC. MATERIALS AND METHODS HAEC were isolated after term pregnancies (N = 12) and cultured for 14 days with nicotinamide (10 mM) in normoxia. Altogether, 72 cultures were established. Histamine (100 microM) effects were investigated with mepyramine (10 microM) or cimetidine (10 microM). After 7 and 14 days, the mean concentration of C-peptide (MCCP) in the culture medium was measured immunoenzymatically as a marker of pancreatic differentiation. RESULTS MCCP was approximately threefold higher on day 14, compared to day 7. Histamine significantly increased MCCP, and more evident differences were observed after 7 days of culture than after 14 days. The mean percent increase +/-SEM in MCCP amounted to 142.19 +/- 21.7 and 79.03 +/- 12.35 compared to the controls on day 7 and 14, respectively. H(2) blockade significantly reduced histamine-related increase in MCCP, both on day 7 and 14 by 88.7 +/- 14.3 and 39.2 +/- 12.4%, respectively. H(1) receptor antagonist did not affect MCPP. CONCLUSION Nicotinamide-induced pancreatic differentiation of HAEC into beta-like cells may be augmented, probably at its earlier stage, by histamine acting via H(2) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Szukiewicz
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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Abstract
The production of mature pancreatic cells that function similarly to primary islets is the premise of cell therapy for diabetes. Here, we describe a novel approach to generating more mature insulin-producing cells from embryonic stem (ES) cells. A three-dimensional (3D) ES cell pancreatic differentiation system was developed and used to direct the ES cell differentiation into glucose-responsive, insulin-secreting cells. Using mouse ES cells as a model, we demonstrate that more mature insulin-producing cells can be generated from ES cells in 3D cultures. The 3D differentiated pancreatic endocrine cells can assemble into an islet-like tissue structure that displays greater similarities in phenotype and gene expression profile to adult mouse pancreatic islets, that is, with beta cells in the core and non-beta cells forming the mantel, leading to a significant improvement of the maturity of the insulin-producing cells. Our findings show that nearly 50-60% of the cells in 3D formed cell clusters express insulin. More importantly, those cells exhibit a high level of glucose-responsive insulin and C-peptide syntheses and release. A high level of expression of glucose transporter-2 was also detected in these cells. Compared to two-dimensional ES cell-derived insulin-producing cells, the insulin release from 3D ES cell-derived insulin-producing cells showed a nearly fivefold (p<0.05) increase when exposed to a high glucose (27.7 mM) medium. This 3D culture model provides an excellent system to study pancreatic endocrine morphogenesis and tissue organization. This study also demonstrates the feasibility of producing clinically relevant beta cells from ES cells in a 3D environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Wang
- Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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Ben-Yehudah A, White C, Navara CS, Castro CA, Ize-Ludlow D, Shaffer B, Sukhwani M, Mathews CE, Chaillet JR, Witchel SF. Evaluating protocols for embryonic stem cell differentiation into insulin-secreting beta-cells using insulin II-GFP as a specific and noninvasive reporter. Cloning Stem Cells 2009; 11:245-57. [PMID: 19508115 DOI: 10.1089/clo.2008.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Stable and full differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into functional beta-cells offers the potential to treat type I diabetes with a theoretically inexhaustible source of replacement cells. In addition to the difficulties in directed differentiation, progress toward an optimized and reliable protocol has been hampered by the complication that cultured cells will concentrate insulin from the media, thus making it difficult to tell which, if any, cells are producing insulin. To address this, we utilized a novel murine embryonic stem cell (mESC) research model, in which the green fluorescent protein (GFP) has been inserted within the C-peptide of the mouse insulinII gene (InsulinII-GFP). Using this method, cells producing insulin are easily identified. We then compared four published protocols for differentiating mESCs into beta-cells to evaluate their relative efficiency by assaying intrinsic insulin production. Cells differentiated using each protocol were easily distinguished based on culture conditions and morphology. This comparison is strengthened because all testing is performed within the same laboratory by the same researchers, thereby removing interlaboratory variability in culture, cells, or analysis. Differentiated cells were analyzed and sorted based on GFP fluorescence as compared to wild type cells. Each differentiation protocol increased GFP fluorescence but only modestly. None of these protocols yielded more than 3% of cells capable of insulin biosynthesis indicating the relative inefficiency of all analyzed protocols. Therefore, improved beta-cells differentiation protocols are needed, and these insulin II GFP cells may prove to be an important tool to accelerate this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmi Ben-Yehudah
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Pittsburgh Development Center, Magee-Womens Research Institute and Foundation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Sulzbacher S, Schroeder IS, Truong TT, Wobus AM. Activin A-Induced Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Endoderm and Pancreatic Progenitors—The Influence of Differentiation Factors and Culture Conditions. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2009; 5:159-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-009-9061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
Derivation of insulin producing cells (IPCs) from embryonic stem (ES) cells provides a potentially innovative form of treatment for type 1 diabetes. Here, we discuss the current state of the art, unique challenges, and future directions on generating IPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Jiang W, Bai Z, Zhang D, Shi Y, Yong J, Chen S, Ding M, Deng H. Differentiation of mouse nuclear transfer embryonic stem cells into functional pancreatic beta cells. Diabetologia 2008; 51:1671-9. [PMID: 18581093 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-008-1065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2008] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Therapeutic cloning has been reported to have potential in the treatment of several degenerative diseases. However, it has yet to be determined whether mouse nuclear transfer-embryonic stem cells (NT-ESCs) can be differentiated into pancreatic beta cells and used to reverse diabetes in an animal model. METHODS We first used the somatic nuclear transfer technique to generate mouse NT-ESCs and then developed a chemically defined stepwise protocol to direct the NT-ESCs into functional pancreatic beta cells. We examined the gene expression pattern of the differentiated NT-ESCs and transplanted the NT-ESC-derived insulin-producing cells into recipient diabetic mice. RESULTS Four mouse NT-ESC lines were first established using an improved nuclear transfer technique and insulin-producing cells were efficiently generated from NT-ESCs by mimicking pancreatic in vivo development. Most of the insulin-producing cells that we generated co-produced pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1, but not glucagon at the final stage of this differentiation method, which differed from the insulin and glucagon co-production reported by other groups. The differentiated NT-ESCs were able to release insulin in response to glucose stimuli and normalise the blood glucose level of diabetic mice for at least 2 months. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These results demonstrate the potential of therapeutic cloning for cell therapy of type 1 diabetes in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Best M, Carroll M, Hanley NA, Piper Hanley K. Embryonic stem cells to beta-cells by understanding pancreas development. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 288:86-94. [PMID: 18487011 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Insulin injections treat but do not cure Type 1 diabetes (T1DM). The success of islet transplantation suggests cell replacement therapies may offer a curative strategy. However, cadaver islets are of insufficient number for this to become a widespread treatment. To address this deficiency, the production of beta-cells from pluripotent stem cells offers an ambitious far-sighted opportunity. Recent progress in generating insulin-producing cells from embryonic stem cells has shown promise, highlighting the potential of trying to mimic normal developmental pathways. Here, we provide an overview of the current methodology that has been used to differentiate stem cells toward a beta-cell fate. Parallels are drawn with what is known about normal development, especially regarding the human pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Best
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells & Regeneration, UK
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Abstract
In the past 10 years there have been substantial developments in adult stem cell research, and the transplantation of these cells now holds great promise for regenerative medicine, such as in the treatment of Type 1 diabetes. A large proportion of studies have focused on stem cells sourced from hematopoietic tissues: bone marrow, umbilical cord blood and peripheral blood. Attempts to transdifferentiate these cells into insulin-producing cells, both in vivo and in vitro, have produced conflicting results. Although insulin production and normalization of blood glucose levels have been described in some studies, the true mechanism of stem cell plasticity remains in question - are the functional changes seen due to true transdifferentiation or do they result from cell fusion or other factors? There is evidence that stem cell plasticity is a true phenomenon, but whether it will ever be of therapeutic benefit for Type 1 diabetes remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina A Palma
- Diabetes Transplant Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital and University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia.
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Yamanaka S, Li J, Kania G, Elliott S, Wersto RP, Van Eyk J, Wobus AM, Boheler KR. Pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 331:5-22. [PMID: 18026755 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-007-0520-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells derived from pre-implantation embryos have the potential to differentiate into any cell type derived from the three germ layers of ectoderm (epidermal tissues and nerves), mesoderm (muscle, bone, blood), and endoderm (liver, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, lungs), including fetal and adult cells. Alone, these cells do not develop into a viable fetus or adult animal because they do not retain the potential to contribute to extraembryonic tissue, and in vitro, they lack spatial and temporal signaling cues essential to normal in vivo development. The basis of pluripotentiality resides in conserved regulatory networks composed of numerous transcription factors and multiple signaling cascades. Together, these regulatory networks maintain ES cells in a pluripotent and undifferentiated form; however, alterations in the stoichiometry of these signals promote differentiation. By taking advantage of this differentiation capacity in vitro, ES cells have clearly been shown to possess the potential to generate multipotent stem and progenitor cells capable of differentiating into a limited number of cell fates. These latter types of cells may prove to be therapeutically viable, but perhaps more importantly, the studies of these cells have led to a greater understanding of mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Hanley
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells & Regeneration, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Serup
- Hagedorn Research Institute, Niels Steensensvej 6, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Scharfmann
- Faculty of Medicine, INSERM, Necker Hospital, University Paris-Descartes, EMI 363, 75730 Paris cedex 15, France.
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