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Cai L, Gonzales T, Wheeler E, Kerrison ND, Day FR, Langenberg C, Perry JRB, Brage S, Wareham NJ. Causal associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and type 2 diabetes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3904. [PMID: 37400433 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38234-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Higher cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes. However, the causality of this relationship and the biological mechanisms that underlie it are unclear. Here, we examine genetic determinants of cardiorespiratory fitness in 450k European-ancestry individuals in UK Biobank, by leveraging the genetic overlap between fitness measured by an exercise test and resting heart rate. We identified 160 fitness-associated loci which we validated in an independent cohort, the Fenland study. Gene-based analyses prioritised candidate genes, such as CACNA1C, SCN10A, MYH11 and MYH6, that are enriched in biological processes related to cardiac muscle development and muscle contractility. In a Mendelian Randomisation framework, we demonstrate that higher genetically predicted fitness is causally associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes independent of adiposity. Integration with proteomic data identified N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide, hepatocyte growth factor-like protein and sex hormone-binding globulin as potential mediators of this relationship. Collectively, our findings provide insights into the biological mechanisms underpinning cardiorespiratory fitness and highlight the importance of improving fitness for diabetes prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Cai
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tomas Gonzales
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eleanor Wheeler
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Felix R Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Soren Brage
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Kitilya B, Peck R, Changalucha J, Jeremiah K, Kavishe BB, Friis H, Filteau S, Krogh-Madsen R, Brage S, Faurholt-Jepsen D, Olsen MF, PrayGod G. The association of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness with β-cell dysfunction, insulin resistance, and diabetes among adults in north-western Tanzania: A cross-sectional study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:885988. [PMID: 35992098 PMCID: PMC9381963 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.885988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Research on the associations of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness with β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance among adults in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is limited. We assessed the association of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness with β-cell function, insulin resistance and diabetes among people living with HIV (PLWH) ART-naïve and HIV-uninfected Tanzanian adults. METHOD In a cross-sectional study, we collected data on socio-demography, anthropometry, fat mass and fat free mass and C-reactive protein. Data on glucose and insulin collected during an oral glucose tolerance test were used to assess β-cell dysfunction (defined as insulinogenic index <0.71 (mU/L)/(mmol/L), HOMA-β index <38.3 (mU/L)/(mmol/L), and overall insulin release index <33.3 (mU/L)/(mmol/L)), oral disposition index <0.16 (mU/L)/(mg/dL)(mU/L)-1, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR index >1.9 (mU/L)/(mmol/L) and Matsuda index <7.2 (mU/L)/(mmol/L), prediabetes and diabetes which were the dependent variables. Physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE), sleeping heart rate (SHR), and maximum uptake of oxygen during exercise (VO2 max) were the independent variables and were assessed using a combined heart rate and accelerometer monitor. Logistic regressions were used to assess the associations. RESULTS Of 391 participants, 272 were PLWH and 119 HIV-uninfected. The mean age was 39 ( ± 10.5) years and 60% (n=235) were females. Compared to lower tertile, middle tertile of PAEE was associated with lower odds of abnormal insulinogenic index (OR=0.48, 95%CI: 0.27, 0.82). A 5 kj/kg/day increment of PAEE was associated with lower odds of abnormal HOMA-IR (OR=0.91, 95%CI: 0.84, 0.98), and reduced risk of pre-diabetes (RRR=0.98, 95%CI: 0.96, 0.99) and diabetes (RRR=0.92, 95%CI: 0.88, 0.96). An increment of 5 beats per min of SHR was associated with higher risk of diabetes (RRR=1.06, 95%CI: 1.01, 1.11). An increase of 5 mLO2/kg/min of VO2 max was associated with lower risk of pre-diabetes (RRR=0.91, 95%CI: 0.86, 0.97), but not diabetes. HIV status did not modify any of these associations (interaction, p>0.05). CONCLUSION Among Tanzanian adults PLWH and HIV-uninfected individuals, low physical activity was associated with β-cell dysfunction, insulin resistance and diabetes. Research is needed to assess if physical activity interventions can improve β-cell function and insulin sensitivity to reduce risk of diabetes and delay progression of diabetes in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Kitilya
- Mwanza Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
- *Correspondence: Brenda Kitilya,
| | - Robert Peck
- Mwanza Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Department of Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - John Changalucha
- Mwanza Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Kidola Jeremiah
- Mwanza Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Bazil B. Kavishe
- Mwanza Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Henrik Friis
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Suzanne Filteau
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rikke Krogh-Madsen
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Soren Brage
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mette F. Olsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - George PrayGod
- Mwanza Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
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Newton RL, Johnson WD, Larrivee S, Hendrick C, Harris M, Johannsen NM, Swift DL, Hsia DS, Church TS. A Randomized Community-based Exercise Training Trial in African American Men: Aerobic Plus Resistance Training and Insulin Sensitivity in African American Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:408-416. [PMID: 31939911 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the impact of a community-based exercise training intervention on cardiometabolic outcomes in African American men who have a family history of type 2 diabetes. METHODS The Aerobic Plus Resistance Training and Insulin Sensitivity in African American Men (ARTIIS) study randomized participants into either an exercise training intervention or an information only control group for 5 months. The exercise training intervention consisted of 150 min of moderate intensity aerobic activity and 2 d of resistance training per week, consistent with the current federal physical activity guidelines. Participants in the control group received monthly newsletters featuring topics focused heavily on type 2 diabetes education and prevention. Outcome data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANCOVA models and incorporating both intention-to-treat and per-protocol principles. RESULTS Adherence to the aerobic and resistance training prescriptions were between 77% and 79%. Despite significant within group improvements in glucose and insulin levels (fasting, 2 h, 2 h minus baseline) and Homeostatic Model 2-Insulin Resistance, there were not significant between group differences. There was a marginally significant between group difference for Homeostatic Model 2-Beta (P < 0.06), and significant between group differences in peak cardiorespiratory fitness (P < 0.001) and waist circumference (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that exercise training in accordance with the current national recommendations is effective in improving some health parameters in middle-age African American men who have a family history of type 2 diabetes, but did not have a significant impact on glycemic status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Damon L Swift
- College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Daniel S Hsia
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
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Janus C, Vistisen D, Amadid H, Witte DR, Lauritzen T, Brage S, Bjerregaard AL, Hansen T, Holst JJ, Jørgensen ME, Pedersen O, Færch K, Torekov SS. Habitual physical activity is associated with lower fasting and greater glucose-induced GLP-1 response in men. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:1607-1617. [PMID: 31804964 PMCID: PMC6933827 DOI: 10.1530/ec-19-0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) decreases blood glucose and appetite. Greater physical activity (PA) is associated with lower incidence of type 2 diabetes. While acute exercise may increase glucose-induced response of GLP-1, it is unknown how habitual PA affects GLP-1 secretion. We hypothesised that habitual PA associates with greater glucose-induced GLP-1 responses in overweight individuals. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of habitual PA levels and GLP-1 concentrations in 1326 individuals (mean (s.d.) age 66 (7) years, BMI 27.1 (4.5) kg/m2) from the ADDITION-PRO cohort. Fasting and oral glucose-stimulated GLP-1 responses were measured using validated radioimmunoassay. PA was measured using 7-day combined accelerometry and heart rate monitoring. From this, energy expenditure (PAEE; kJ/kg/day) and fractions of time spent in activity intensities (h/day) were calculated. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF; mL O2/kg/min) was calculated using step tests. Age-, BMI- and insulin sensitivity-adjusted associations between PA and GLP-1, stratified by sex, were evaluated by linear regression analysis. RESULTS In 703 men, fasting GLP-1 concentrations were 20% lower (95% CI: -33; -3%, P = 0.02) for every hour of moderate-intensity PA performed. Higher CRF and PAEE were associated with 1-2% lower fasting GLP-1 (P = 0.01). For every hour of moderate-intensity PA, the glucose-stimulated GLP-1 response was 16% greater at peak 30 min (1; 33%, P rAUC0-30 = 0.04) and 20% greater at full response (3; 40%, P rAUC0-120 = 0.02). No associations were found in women who performed PA 22 min/day vs 32 min/day for men. CONCLUSION Moderate-intensity PA is associated with lower fasting and greater glucose-induced GLP-1 responses in overweight men, possibly contributing to improved glucose and appetite regulation with increased habitual PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Janus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Hanan Amadid
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit of Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Daniel R Witte
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit of Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Torsten Lauritzen
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit of Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren Brage
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anne-Louise Bjerregaard
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit of Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marit E Jørgensen
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Signe S Torekov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence should be addressed to S S Torekov:
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Moxley E, Bugaieski T. Exercise Intensities as Factors of Metabolic Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review. Home Health Care Management & Practice 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1084822318815446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is effective to prevent and treat type 2 diabetes, although currently underutilized. This review analyzes the metabolic response to exercise performance at various intensities in individuals with type 2 diabetes. These findings provide insight into the development of safe and efficacious exercise prescriptions and education. We conducted a systemic review of the literature to examine the association of various exercise protocols with metabolic outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Between 1984 and 2018, 29 studies were categorized per exercise mode and intensity levels according to the American College of Sports Medicine standards. The most consistent improvement was found in HbA1c following moderate- to high-intensity exercise—post-exercise fasting glucose improved to a lesser extent. Low-intensity exercise improved HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance) levels. Glucose and HbA1c improved most following interval compared with continuous exercise, irrespective of intensity. A comparison of high-intensity exercise with moderate-intensity exercise demonstrated few differences in HbA1c, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR. Irrespective of exercise intensity, HbA1c improvements were observed, suggesting a delayed progression to diabetes-related complications. Initial low-intensity exercise, with increased quantities when feasible, will contribute to metabolic improvements. The variability in methodology and measurement contributed to inconsistent outcomes; additional research with larger samples sizes is warranted.
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Wang C, Liu Z, Zhang P, Ma X, Che K, Wang Y. The differences in homeostasis model assessment values in type 2 diabetic patients with different lengths of history of diabetes. Arch Endocrinol Metab 2019; 63:222-227. [PMID: 31066759 PMCID: PMC10522207 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is characterized by the progressive deterioration of pancreatic islet β-cell function over time and insulin resistance. Knowing more about the differences in pancreatic islet function in T2DM patients who have had diabetes for different lengths of time can help improve therapy for T2DM. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study to compare islet β-cell function and insulin resistance in T2DM patients (n = 3,254) who had had diabetes for different lengths of time and those in normal controls (n = 794) using ANOVA and LSD analysis. RESULTS We found that compared with that in normal controls, HOMA-β in T2DM patients with a history of diabetes of less than 1 year was lower (approximately 52% of that of normal controls, p = 0.003), while HOMA-IR in these patients was higher (approximately 50% of that of normal controls, p = 0.007). Compared with that in other diabetic patients, HOMA-β in patients with a history of diabetes of more than 30 years was the lowest. HOMA-IR in patients with a history of diabetes of between 20 and 30 years was lower than that in other diabetic patients (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS There were obvious decreases in HOMA-β and increases in HOMA-IR in T2DM patients with a history of diabetes of less than 1 year compared with those in normal controls. Therefore, early screening and intervention for T2DM might help improve islet function and delay the progression of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Endocrinology DepartmentThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoShandongChinaEndocrinology Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zaibo Liu
- Department of General SurgeryPeople’s Hospital of HaiyangYantaiShandongChinaDepartment of General Surgery, People’s Hospital of Haiyang, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology,The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoShandongChinaDepartment of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaolong Ma
- Endocrinology DepartmentThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoShandongChinaEndocrinology Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Kui Che
- Laboratory of Thyroid DiseaseThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoShandongChinaLaboratory of Thyroid Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yangang Wang
- Endocrinology DepartmentThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoShandongChinaEndocrinology Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Delevatti RS, Kanitz AC, Alberton CL, Marson EC, Pantoja PD, Pinho CD, Lisboa SC, Kruel LFM. Glycemic Threshold as an Alternative Method to Identify the Anaerobic Threshold in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1609. [PMID: 30483156 PMCID: PMC6243106 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To analyze the agreement between the velocity, heart rate, and oxygen uptake values corresponding to second ventilatory threshold and glycemic threshold in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Twenty-four untrained patients (55.1 ± 8.9 years) were evaluated. Three different parameters of training intensity corresponding to anaerobic threshold, one mechanical (velocity) and two physiological (heart rate and oxygen uptake) parameters, were identified by a classical method (second ventilatory threshold) and by an alternative method (glycemic threshold). To determine the threshold values, patients performed an incremental treadmill test, with an initial velocity of 3 km.h-1 for 3 min, that was then increased by 1 km.h-1 every 2 min. Comparisons between mean values and the degree of agreement between second ventilatory threshold and glycemic threshold were analyzed using the paired t-test and Bland-Altman test, respectively. Results: All patients performed the tests appropriately, and no adverse effects were recorded. Patients demonstrated similar mean velocity (p = 0.25), heart rate (p = 0.97) and oxygen uptake (p = 0.71) between the ventilatory threshold (6.4 ± 0.6 km.h-1, 130.1 ± 18.7 bpm, 15.2 ± 3.5 ml.kg.min-1) and the glycemic threshold (6.2 ± 0.9 km.h-1, 130.2 ± 12.8 bpm, 15.0 ± 3.8 ml.kg.min-1). Conclusion: The present study indicates an agreement between the glycemic and second ventilatory methods in determination of the anaerobic threshold of patients with type 2 diabetes; and thus, either method may be used for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo S. Delevatti
- Sports Center, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Kanitz
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Cristine L. Alberton
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Elisa Corrêa Marson
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Patricia Dias Pantoja
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carolina DertzbocherFeil Pinho
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Salime Chedid Lisboa
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando M. Kruel
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Abstract
PURPOSE Prediabetes is linked to several modifiable risk factors, in particular, physical activity participation. The optimal prescription for physical activity remains uncertain. This pilot study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of continuous moderate intensity (CON) versus high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in persons with prediabetes. Outcome measures included glycated hemoglobin (A1C), body composition, musculoskeletal and aerobic fitness. METHODS Participants (n = 35) were recruited and screened using a questionnaire plus capillary blood point-of-care A1C analysis. After baseline screening/exclusions, 21 participants were randomly assigned to either HIIT or CON training three times per week for 12 wk. All participants also undertook resistance training two times per week. A1C, an oral glucose tolerance test, select measures of physical and physiological fitness were assessed at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS There were no significant differences in improvements in select metabolic indicators to training between CON and HIT groups. Pooled participant data showed a mean reduction in A1C of 0.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.3%-0.7%), whereas β-cell function (%β) improved by 28.9% (95% CI = 16.5%-39.2%) and insulin sensitivity (%S) decreased by 34.8 (95% CI = 57.8%-11.8), as assessed by the Homeostatic Model Assessment. Significant reductions in waist circumference of 4.5 cm (P < 0.001) and a 20% (P < 0.001) improvement in aerobic fitness were also observed in both training groups. CONCLUSION The completion of a 12-wk exercise program involving both resistance training and either HIIT or CON training results in improved glycemic control, visceral adiposity, and aerobic fitness in persons with prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chip P Rowan
- 1York University, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Toronto, ON, CANADA; and 2LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology and Manna Research, Toronto, ON, CANADA
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Fragala MS, Bi C, Chaump M, Kaufman HW, Kroll MH. Associations of aerobic and strength exercise with clinical laboratory test values. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180840. [PMID: 29059178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Physical exercise may affect levels of blood-based biomarkers. However, exercise status is seldom considered in the interpretation of laboratory results. This study reports the associations between habitual exercise participation and clinical laboratory test results. METHODS The effects of days per week of aerobic and strength exercise participation on laboratory test results for 26 biomarkers in young adults aged 18 to 34 years (n = 80,111) were evaluated using percentile distribution analyses and multivariate regression. RESULTS In both men and women, more days per week of either aerobic or strength exercise were significantly associated with lower levels of glucose, hemoglobin A1c, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, estimated glomerular filtration rate, globulin, and C-reactive protein, and significantly higher levels of HDL cholesterol, creatinine, iron, and percent saturation (all p < .05). Type of exercise or gender influenced the observed relationships with exercise frequency for total cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, uric acid, bilirubin, and iron binding capacity. CONCLUSIONS Physical exercise shifted the distribution of results into the direction suggestive of better health. Reported relationships may help clinicians and patients to better understand and interpret laboratory results in athletic populations and possibly re-evaluate interpretation of reference intervals for physically active populations.
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Færch K, Witte DR, Brunner EJ, Kivimäki M, Tabák A, Jørgensen ME, Ekelund U, Vistisen D. Physical Activity and Improvement of Glycemia in Prediabetes by Different Diagnostic Criteria. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:3712-3721. [PMID: 28973497 PMCID: PMC5630255 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Context The effects of physical activity (PA) on improvement of glycemia may differ between prediabetic individuals defined by oral glucose tolerance test vs glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Objective We studied the association between PA and improvement of glycemia in individuals with prediabetes defined by glucose vs HbA1c criteria. Design, Setting, and Participants From the Whitehall II study, 957 participants with prediabetes defined by isolated impaired fasting glucose (i-IFG), isolated impaired glucose tolerance (i-IGT), or both and 457 with prediabetes defined by HbA1c were included. Main Outcome Measures The associations of PA with concomitant changes in glucose-related outcomes during 5 years of follow-up were analyzed. A recursive partitioning analysis was performed to study heterogeneity in the association between baseline PA and the probability of reversion to normoglycemia. Results After 5 years of follow-up, 405 (42%) individuals with glucose-defined prediabetes reverted to normal glucose tolerance (NGT). A 5-year increase in moderate-to-vigorous-intensity PA was associated with improvements in insulin sensitivity and β-cell function, but PA was not generally associated with reversion to NGT. Only among women ≥50 years with i-IFG or i-IGT, higher amounts of PA were associated with higher probability of reversion to NGT. In HbA1c-defined prediabetes, only 20 individuals (4.4%) reverted to normoglycemia, and PA was not associated with improvement in glycemic markers. Conclusions PA may be particularly important for reversion to normoglycemia among older women with i-IFG or i-IGT. Individuals with prediabetes identified by HbA1c have a low probability of reversion to normoglycemia, and their changes in glycemia are not related to PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Færch
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Daniel Rinse Witte
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Eric John Brunner
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Mika Kivimäki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Tabák
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marit Eika Jørgensen
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark
- National Institute of Public Health, Southern Denmark University, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, 0806 Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dorte Vistisen
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark
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Hulman A, Simmons RK, Vistisen D, Tabák AG, Dekker JM, Alssema M, Rutters F, Koopman ADM, Solomon TPJ, Kirwan JP, Hansen T, Jonsson A, Gjesing AP, Eiberg H, Astrup A, Pedersen O, Sørensen TIA, Witte DR, Færch K. Heterogeneity in glucose response curves during an oral glucose tolerance test and associated cardiometabolic risk. Endocrine 2017; 55:427-434. [PMID: 27699707 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-1126-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to examine heterogeneity in glucose response curves during an oral glucose tolerance test with multiple measurements and to compare cardiometabolic risk profiles between identified glucose response curve groups. We analyzed data from 1,267 individuals without diabetes from five studies in Denmark, the Netherlands and the USA. Each study included between 5 and 11 measurements at different time points during a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test, resulting in 9,602 plasma glucose measurements. Latent class trajectories with a cubic specification for time were fitted to identify different patterns of plasma glucose change during the oral glucose tolerance test. Cardiometabolic risk factor profiles were compared between the identified groups. Using latent class trajectory analysis, five glucose response curves were identified. Despite similar fasting and 2-h values, glucose peaks and peak times varied greatly between groups, ranging from 7-12 mmol/L, and 35-70 min. The group with the lowest and earliest plasma glucose peak had the lowest estimated cardiovascular risk, while the group with the most delayed plasma glucose peak and the highest 2-h value had the highest estimated risk. One group, with normal fasting and 2-h values, exhibited an unusual profile, with the highest glucose peak and the highest proportion of smokers and men. The heterogeneity in glucose response curves and the distinct cardiometabolic risk profiles may reflect different underlying physiologies. Our results warrant more detailed studies to identify the source of the heterogeneity across the different phenotypes and whether these differences play a role in the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hulman
- Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark.
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Rebecca K Simmons
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Section of General Practice, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Adam G Tabák
- 1st Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jacqueline M Dekker
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marjan Alssema
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Unilever Research and Development, Vlaardingen, Netherlands
| | - Femke Rutters
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anitra D M Koopman
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thomas P J Solomon
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
- Institute for Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - John P Kirwan
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Jonsson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette Prior Gjesing
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Eiberg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Frederiksberg and Bispebjerg University Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel R Witte
- Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
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Gray BJ, Stephens JW, Turner D, Thomas M, Williams SP, Morgan K, Williams M, Rice S, Bracken RM. A non-exercise method to determine cardiorespiratory fitness identifies females predicted to be at 'high risk' of type 2 diabetes. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2017; 14:47-54. [PMID: 27941056 DOI: 10.1177/1479164116666476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness determined by a non-exercise testing method for estimating fitness and predicted risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus using five risk assessments/questionnaires (Leicester Diabetes Risk Score, QDiabetes, Cambridge Risk Score, Finnish Diabetes Risk Score and American Diabetes Association Diabetes Risk Test). Retrospective analysis was performed on 330 female individuals with no prior diagnosis of cardiovascular disease or type 2 diabetes mellitus who participated in the Prosiect Sir Gâr workplace initiative in Carmarthenshire, South Wales. Non-exercise testing method for estimating fitness (expressed as metabolic equivalents) was calculated using a validated algorithm, and females were grouped accordingly into fitness quintiles <6.8 metabolic equivalents (Quintile 1), 6.8-7.6 metabolic equivalents (Quintile 2), 7.6-8.6 metabolic equivalents (Quintile 3), 8.6-9.5 metabolic equivalents (Quintile 4), >9.5 metabolic equivalents (Quintile 5). Body mass index, waist circumference, and HbA1c all decreased between increasing non-exercise testing method for estimating fitness quintiles (p < 0.05), as did risk prediction scores in each of the five assessments/questionnaires (p < 0.05). The proportion of females in Quintile 1 predicted at 'high risk' was between 20.9% and 81.4%, depending on diabetes risk assessment used, compared to none of the females in Quintile 5. A calculated non-exercise testing method for estimating fitness <6.8 metabolic equivalents could help to identify females at 'high risk' of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus as predicted using five risk assessments/questionnaires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Gray
- Policy, Research and International Development, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jeffrey W Stephens
- Diabetes Research Group, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | | | | | - Kerry Morgan
- Hywel Dda University Health Board, Prince Philip Hospital, Llanelli, UK
| | - Meurig Williams
- Hywel Dda University Health Board, Prince Philip Hospital, Llanelli, UK
| | - Sam Rice
- Hywel Dda University Health Board, Prince Philip Hospital, Llanelli, UK
| | - Richard M Bracken
- Diabetes Research Group, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University (Bay Campus), Swansea, UK
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