1
|
Eze UA, Huntriss J, Routledge MN, Gong YY, Connolly L. The effect of individual and mixtures of mycotoxins and persistent organochloride pesticides on oestrogen receptor transcriptional activation using in vitro reporter gene assays. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 130:68-78. [PMID: 31082460 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mycotoxins zearalenone (ZEN) and alpha-zearalenone (α-ZOL), which are common contaminants of agri-food products, are known for their oestrogenic potential. In addition to mycotoxins, food may also contain pesticides with oestrogenic properties such as 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (p,p'-DDT) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene (p,p'-DDE), raising the question on the potential effects of individual and combinations of these xeno-oestrogens on the action of natural oestrogens. The present study employed a mammalian reporter gene assay to assess the effects individual and binary combinations of these environmental and food-borne contaminants on oestrogen nuclear receptor (ER) transactivation. As expected, α-ZOL and ZEN exhibited the strongest oestrogenic potency (EC50: 0.27 ± 0.121 nM and 1.32 ± 0.0956 nM, respectively) whereas p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE had weak ER agonistic activity with the maximal response of 28.70 ± 2.97% and 18.65 ± 1.77%, respectively. Concurrent treatment of the mycotoxins and/or pesticides, individually or in binary combination, with 17β-oestradiol (E2) showed either additive, synergistic or antagonistic interactive effects on E2-mediated ER response, depending on the combination ratios, the concentration range of xeno-oestrogens, and the concentration of E2. This study highlights the importance of assessing the mixture effects of chemical contaminants in risk assessment, especially in the area of reproductive and developmental toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ukpai A Eze
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Food Science Building, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ebonyi State University, P. M. B. 053, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - John Huntriss
- Division of Reproduction and Early Development, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Michael N Routledge
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Yun Yun Gong
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Food Science Building, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK; Department of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, 100021, PR China.
| | - Lisa Connolly
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5AF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Saeed MF, Shaheen M, Ahmad I, Zakir A, Nadeem M, Chishti AA, Shahid M, Bakhsh K, Damalas CA. Pesticide exposure in the local community of Vehari District in Pakistan: An assessment of knowledge and residues in human blood. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 587-588:137-144. [PMID: 28237471 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study is based on cross-sectional data collected from rural and market areas of Vehari District in Pakistan to assess public awareness of pesticide risks and determine the levels of exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the local community. Blood samples were collected from 56 volunteer donors (VDs) including children, female workers, farm workers involved in pesticide business, farm workers involved in pesticide spraying activities, and people who were living away from agricultural fields. Blood analysis showed that VDs who were involved in spraying activities had significantly higher levels of OCP residues in their blood samples than VDs from the other groups, with mean concentrations of 1.13, 0.92, 0.68 and 1.96ngmL-1 for pp-DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, and endosulfan, respectively. However, VDs who were living away from agricultural fields had significantly lower levels of pesticide residues in their blood samples, with mean concentrations of 0.30, 0.19, 0.14 and 0.41ngmL-1 for pp-DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, and endosulfan, respectively. A survey of 179 volunteer respondents (VRs) showed that a significant proportion of the VRs had little knowledge of using the recommended amounts of pesticides (65.9%). Furthermore, the majority of the VRs was found using limited protective measures during pesticide use (62.6%) and was practising unsafe storage of pesticides (87.7%). In addition, most farm workers (88.8%) reported an increasing trend in pesticide use in their farms each year. Knowledge of pesticide risks on human health increased with formal education and training. Poor knowledge regarding pesticide risks and handling among inhabitants of Vehari District contribute to high exposure levels to OCPs, particularly among farm workers. Findings are useful for policy formulation aimed at reduction of pesticide exposure in Pakistan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Farhan Saeed
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, Pakistan.
| | - Mussarat Shaheen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Iftikhar Ahmad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Ali Zakir
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Arif Ali Chishti
- Dr. A. Q. Khan Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Khuda Bakhsh
- Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Christos A Damalas
- Department of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, GR-68200 Orestiada, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sharma A, Gill JPS, Bedi JS. Monitoring of pesticide residues in human blood from Punjab, India. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 94:640-646. [PMID: 25773703 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-015-1522-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the current levels of pesticide residues were studied in the human populace of Punjab state. A total of 111 human blood samples were analyzed by gas chromatography and pesticide residues were detected in 35 % of the blood sample(s). Residues of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (p,p' DDD), p,p' dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p' DDE), p,p' dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (p,p' DDT), β-endosulfan, monocrotophos, profenophos and phosalone were found in human blood samples with mean levels of 1.11, 5.89, 0.51, 3.88, 0.39, 34.90, 0.79, 0.39 and 6.76 ng ml(-1), respectively, with β-endosulfan as a leading pesticide residue. A paradigm shift in the pattern of the pesticide usage was observed with a shift from organochlorine pesticides to organophosphates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Sharma
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, GADVASU, Ludhiana, 141004, India,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bedi JS, Gill JPS, Kaur P, Sharma A, Aulakh RS. Evaluation of pesticide residues in human blood samples from Punjab (India). Vet World 2015; 8:66-71. [PMID: 27046999 PMCID: PMC4777814 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.66-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study was undertaken to estimate the current status of residues of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphates (OPs) and synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) pesticides in human blood. Materials and Methods: Human blood samples were analyzed by gas chromatography and confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selective ion monitoring mode. Results: The gas chromatographic analysis of human blood samples collected from Punjab revealed the presence of p,p’-dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene (DDE), p,p’ dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethane (DDD), o,p’ DDE and β-endosulfan at mean levels of 15.26, 2.71, 5.62 and 4.02 ng/ml, respectively. p,p’ DDE residue was observed in 18.0% blood samples, and it contributes 55% of the total pesticide burden in human blood. The difference of total dichlorordiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) between different age groups of humans was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). The difference of DDT and endosulfan between dietary habits, gender and spraying of pesticides was found statistically non-significant, however endosulfan residues were observed only in pesticide sprayer’s population. Conclusion: Occurrence of p,p’ DDE, p,p’ DDD, o,p’ DDE in human blood indicated restricted use of DDT. However, presence of endosulfan residues in occupationally exposed population is a matter of public health concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasbir Singh Bedi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - J P S Gill
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - P Kaur
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - A Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - R S Aulakh
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rai S, Dua VK, Chopra AK. Bio-monitoring of persistent organochlorines in human milk and blood samples from sub-Himalayan region of India. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 89:592-597. [PMID: 22885541 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, concentrations of organochlorine pesticide residues viz. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs) and Hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs) in human breast milk and human blood samples, collected from several high altitude regions of Garhwal Himalaya in Uttarakhand, India viz. Devprayag, Chamoli, Uttarkashi, Joshimath, Bhatwari and Gangnani (altitude ranging from 472 to 1,982 m above sea level) were determined. Mean concentrations of HCH and DDT in human milk samples ranged from 4.53 to 34.32 mg/kg and 6.09 to 12.98 mg/kg, respectively. While the human blood showed mean values ranging from 6.64 to 281.7 μg/L and 12.37 to 104.10 μg/L for HCH and DDT, respectively. The study showed much higher concentrations of organochlorine residue contamination in the Garhwal region as compared to other parts of India. Risk assessments for infants were also calculated and were found within WHO limits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Rai
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Station, Sec-3, Health Centre, BHEL, Haridwar, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mishra K, Sharma RC. Assessment of organochlorine pesticides in human milk and risk exposure to infants from North-East India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:4939-4949. [PMID: 21917296 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Despite the worldwide ban on use of persistent organochlorine pesticides, their usage continued until recently in India, for vector-borne disease eradication programs and agricultural purposes. The concentrations of organochlorine contaminants, DDT and HCH, have been determined in human breast milk from Dibrugarh and Nagaon districts of Assam state, North-East India. The results demonstrated that the mean levels of total DDT were 3210 ng/g lipid wt. and 2870 ng/g lipid wt. and total HCH were 2720 ng/g lipid wt. and 2330 ng/g lipid wt. in Nagaon and Dibrugarh respectively. There was no significant difference in the levels of investigated pollutants between the two districts. Significant differences in ADI (Average daily intake) for total DDT were found between the two districts. In addition, a positive correlation was observed between OCP levels in breast milk and age of mothers. Based on OCP levels in human breast milk, the ADI by the infants has been estimated. It has been found that high daily intake of DDTs and HCHs by the infants exceeded the TDI (Tolerable daily intake) which implied that infants of the region are potentially at high risk by these contaminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Mishra
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar Garhwal-246174, Uttarakhand, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mishra K, Sharma RC, Kumar S. Organochlorine pollutants in human blood and their relation with age, gender and habitat from North-east India. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 85:454-464. [PMID: 21925698 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been beneficial to man and environment but their inadvertent use has caused considerable harm to human health. Despite the proliferation of different types of pesticides, organochlorines such as HCH and DDT still account for two third of the total consumption in India because of their low cost and versatility in action again various pests. Since, Assam, a state in North-eastern part of India is an endemic area with perennial transmission where mosquito borne diseases are serious health problems; these pesticides are still being used in huge quantities in vector control as well as in agriculture. A total of 331 human blood samples were collected from district Nagaon and Dibrugarh of Assam to determine the residue levels of DDT and HCH in human blood. The concentrations of selected persistent organochlorine pollutants were measured with gas chromatography-electron capture detector. The results demonstrated that the mean levels of total DDT and HCH were 743 μg L(-1) and 627 μg L(-1) for district Nagaon while 417 μg L(-1) and 348 μg L(-1) for district Dibrugarh. The difference of total HCH and total DDT between these two districts was found to be highly significant (P<0.0001). Among DDT metabolites, the same trend was observed for both the districts as p,p-DDT was the principal component contributed 41% for Nagaon and 58% for Dibrugarh. In case of HCH residues, for Nagaon, β-HCH was the predominant contaminant comprised more than 34% while for Dibrugarh, it was α-HCH that was contributing 43% of total HCH concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Mishra
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar Garhwal-246174, Uttarakhand, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Immunomodulatory effect of DDT (bis[4-chlorophenyl]-1,1,1-trichloroethane) on complement system and macrophages. Toxicology 2008; 252:78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 06/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
9
|
Lino CM, da Silveira MIN. Evaluation of organochlorine pesticides in serum from students in Coimbra, Portugal: 1997-2001. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2006; 102:339-51. [PMID: 16730348 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Revised: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In 1997, 1999, 2000, and 2001, in an attempt to evaluate the contamination level of a Portuguese population, organochlorine pesticide residues were evaluated in human serum from students of the University of Coimbra. Concentrations of selected organochlorine pollutants (alpha-, beta-, and gamma-HCH, aldrin, dieldrin, HE, HCB, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD) and endosulfan sulfate was measured with gas chromatography-electron capture detector. Our objective is to point out the general levels of pesticide contamination and the differences between the four populations; and together with this, if a connection could be established with gender or the residence area of the subjects. Endosulfan sulfate, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDD were the most frequently identified residues. Endosulfan sulfate present the highest concentrations for all subjects, 42.6 microg/l, with concentrations ranging from undetected to 1295.5 microg/l. Between DDT, isomers, and analogues, o,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDT presented the highest levels, 24.8 and 21.9 microg/l, respectively. Mean total DDT levels were higher than mean total HCH levels. For summation operator-DDT, the highest levels were found among female gender and urban samples. An opposite situation was found in summation operator-HCH: males presented higher levels than females. The mean concentration of organochlorine pesticide residues, present in the student populations, showed that it is among the highest levels of contamination, when compared with others from Europe, Asia, and America.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Matos Lino
- Group of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centro de Estudos Farmacêuticos, University of Coimbra, 3000-295 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Minh TB, Watanabe M, Kajiwara N, Iwata H, Takahashi S, Subramanian A, Tanabe S, Watanabe S, Yamada T, Hata J. Human blood monitoring program in Japan: contamination and bioaccumulation of persistent organochlorines in Japanese residents. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2006; 51:296-313. [PMID: 16783626 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-004-0251-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of persistent organochlorines (OCs)-such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), chlordane compounds (CHLs), hexachlorobenzene, and tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane [TCPMe]-were determined in plasma samples from residents of three sub-metropolitan locations in Japan (Miyako, Saku, and Tottori) for the purpose of studying the geographic variation and specific accumulation of OCs. Residue concentrations of PCBs and DDTs were the highest in samples collected in Saku (400 and 370 ng/g lipid wt, respectively) whereas samples from Miyako contained greater CHL residues (70 ng/g lipid wt) than those from the other two locations. This contamination pattern reflects the historic use of OCs in each area. For the first time, tris (4-chlorophenyl) methane (TCPMe) concentrations were detected in most of the plasma sample analyzed. Concentrations of TCPMe which ranged from <0.1 to 8.1 ng/g lipid wt eight, were lower than those previouly reported in other human tissue. Larger geographic differences in OC accumulation were observed for PCBs and CHLs, whereas DDTs and HCHs exhibited little variability. PCB concentrations in samples from Saku residents were higher than those from residents of countries in the circumpolar Arctic region but lower than those reported for some populations in the United States and Western European countries. Interestingly, CHL residue concentrations in human blood from Japan are among the highest values reported for the countries examined, suggesting continued increased exposure to CHLs of the Japanese population. Time-trend analysis of CHLs in human blood samples from Miyako (Okinawa prefecture) showed that CHL residues have decreased substantially during the last decade, indicating the effect of the official ban of CHLs in 1986 in Japan. Isomer-specific analysis of PCBs revealed lower proportions of higher chlorinated congeners such as hepta- and octachlorobiphenyls in women than in men, suggesting the possibility of preferential elimination of higher chlorinated biphenyls in women. The difference in sex-dependent accumulation of OC compounds in healthy and ill persons was suggested. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the specific accumulation of persistent QCs, including TCPMe, in human blood samples from Japan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T B Minh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Tarumi 3-5-7, Matsuyama, 790 8566, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cruz S, Lino C, Silveira MI. Evaluation of organochlorine pesticide residues in human serum from an urban and two rural populations in Portugal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2003; 317:23-35. [PMID: 14630410 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(03)00334-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticide residues were measured in human serum from an urban and two rural populations in Portugal, in an attempt to evaluate the contamination level of Portuguese population. Serum levels of 12 residues were determined using a validated methodology that included gas chromatography-electron-capture detection. It was made an attempt to point out the differences of contamination between rural and urban populations; and among these, if it could be established a relation with sex and with age of individuals. p,p'DDE, alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), p,p'DDD, and beta-HCH were the most frequently identified residues. p,p'DDE concentrations ranged from undetected to 390.5 microg/l in urban samples, and from undetected to 43.5 microg/l and to 171.2 microg/l in both rural samples. Maximum alpha-HCH concentration level was 114.4 microg/l in urban samples, 261.3 and 45.5 microg/l in both rural samples. Mean total DDT levels were always higher than mean total HCH levels. About p,p'DDE, in all three populations, the majority of the results above the limit of quantification were found among female sex. The analysis of different aged groups showed that younger groups continue to reveal contamination. Comparing obtained results with others from Europe, Asia and America, it was observed that Portugal is between the highest levels of contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Cruz
- Group of Bromatology, Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Rua do Norte 3000-295 Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Manirakiza P, Covaci A, Schepens P. Improved analytical procedure for determination of chlorinated pesticide residues in human serum using solid phase disc extraction (SPDE), single-step clean-up and gas chromatography. Chromatographia 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02491672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|