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Amgheib A, Fu R, Aboagye EO. Positron Emission Tomography Probes for Imaging Cytotoxic Immune Cells. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14. [PMID: 36297474 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of immune cells is a powerful approach for monitoring the dynamics of immune cells in response to immunotherapy. Despite the clinical success of many immunotherapeutic agents, their clinical efficacy is limited to a subgroup of patients. Conventional imaging, as well as analysis of tissue biopsies and blood samples do not reflect the complex interaction between tumour and immune cells. Consequently, PET probes are being developed to capture the dynamics of such interactions, which may improve patient stratification and treatment evaluation. The clinical efficacy of cancer immunotherapy relies on both the infiltration and function of cytotoxic immune cells at the tumour site. Thus, various immune biomarkers have been investigated as potential targets for PET imaging of immune response. Herein, we provide an overview of the most recent developments in PET imaging of immune response, including the radiosynthesis approaches employed in their development.
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van der Geest KSM, Sandovici M, Nienhuis PH, Slart RHJA, Heeringa P, Brouwer E, Jiemy WF. Novel PET Imaging of Inflammatory Targets and Cells for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Giant Cell Arteritis and Polymyalgia Rheumatica. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:902155. [PMID: 35733858 PMCID: PMC9207253 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.902155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant cell arteritis (GCA) and polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) are two interrelated inflammatory diseases affecting patients above 50 years of age. Patients with GCA suffer from granulomatous inflammation of medium- to large-sized arteries. This inflammation can lead to severe ischemic complications (e.g., irreversible vision loss and stroke) and aneurysm-related complications (such as aortic dissection). On the other hand, patients suffering from PMR present with proximal stiffness and pain due to inflammation of the shoulder and pelvic girdles. PMR is observed in 40-60% of patients with GCA, while up to 21% of patients suffering from PMR are also affected by GCA. Due to the risk of ischemic complications, GCA has to be promptly treated upon clinical suspicion. The treatment of both GCA and PMR still heavily relies on glucocorticoids (GCs), although novel targeted therapies are emerging. Imaging has a central position in the diagnosis of GCA and PMR. While [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) has proven to be a valuable tool for diagnosis of GCA and PMR, it possesses major drawbacks such as unspecific uptake in cells with high glucose metabolism, high background activity in several non-target organs and a decrease of diagnostic accuracy already after a short course of GC treatment. In recent years, our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of GCA and, to some extent, PMR has advanced. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the cellular heterogeneity in the immunopathology of GCA/PMR and discuss how recent advances in specific tissue infiltrating leukocyte and stromal cell profiles may be exploited as a source of novel targets for imaging. Finally, we discuss prospective novel PET radiotracers that may be useful for the diagnosis and treatment monitoring in GCA and PMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelis S. M. van der Geest
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Maria Sandovici
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Pieter H. Nienhuis
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Riemer H. J. A. Slart
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Peter Heeringa
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Brouwer
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - William F. Jiemy
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Crișan G, Moldovean-Cioroianu NS, Timaru DG, Andrieș G, Căinap C, Chiș V. Radiopharmaceuticals for PET and SPECT Imaging: A Literature Review over the Last Decade. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095023. [PMID: 35563414 PMCID: PMC9103893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) uses radioactive tracers and enables the functional imaging of several metabolic processes, blood flow measurements, regional chemical composition, and/or chemical absorption. Depending on the targeted processes within the living organism, different tracers are used for various medical conditions, such as cancer, particular brain pathologies, cardiac events, and bone lesions, where the most commonly used tracers are radiolabeled with 18F (e.g., [18F]-FDG and NA [18F]). Oxygen-15 isotope is mostly involved in blood flow measurements, whereas a wide array of 11C-based compounds have also been developed for neuronal disorders according to the affected neuroreceptors, prostate cancer, and lung carcinomas. In contrast, the single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) technique uses gamma-emitting radioisotopes and can be used to diagnose strokes, seizures, bone illnesses, and infections by gauging the blood flow and radio distribution within tissues and organs. The radioisotopes typically used in SPECT imaging are iodine-123, technetium-99m, xenon-133, thallium-201, and indium-111. This systematic review article aims to clarify and disseminate the available scientific literature focused on PET/SPECT radiotracers and to provide an overview of the conducted research within the past decade, with an additional focus on the novel radiopharmaceuticals developed for medical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Crișan
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. M. Kogălniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.C.); (N.S.M.-C.); (D.-G.T.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, County Clinical Hospital, Clinicilor 3-5, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | | | - Diana-Gabriela Timaru
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. M. Kogălniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.C.); (N.S.M.-C.); (D.-G.T.)
| | - Gabriel Andrieș
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, County Clinical Hospital, Clinicilor 3-5, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Călin Căinap
- The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuţă”, Republicii 34-36, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Vasile Chiș
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. M. Kogălniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.C.); (N.S.M.-C.); (D.-G.T.)
- Institute for Research, Development and Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, Str. Fântânele 30, 400327 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence:
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Pan X, Zhu J, Xu Z, Xiao Q, Zhou X, Xu K, Li C, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Xue Z, Lei P, He Y. 68Ga-WRWWWW Is a Potential Positron Emission Tomography Probe for Imaging Inflammatory Diseases by Targeting Formyl Peptide Receptor 2. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:1368-1377. [PMID: 35393860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a significant role in many physiological and pathological processes. Molecular imaging could provide functional as well as anatomical information for visualizing various inflammatory diseases. Advancements in imaging tracers for inflammation would improve the accuracy of diagnosis and monitoring, thus facilitating patient care. The positron emission tomography (PET) imaging tracer, 68Ga-labeled antagonist peptide Trp-Arg-Trp-Trp-Trp-Trp (WRWWWW, WRW4), targets formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2), which is in turn widely distributed in a variety of tissues and is associated with many inflammatory diseases. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the potential of 68Ga-WRW4 for detecting and monitoring inflammatory lesions in mice. We established an inflammation mouse model by the intramuscular injection of turpentine oil into the left thigh. WRW4 was labeled with 68Ga with an overall radiochemical yield >90% and radiochemical purity >99%. 68Ga-WRW4 uptake in inflamed muscle peaked on day 2 (1.14 ± 0.01 percentage of the injected dose per gram of tissue (%ID/g)) and the uptake ratio of inflammatory/normal muscle also reached a maximum (12.36 ± 2.35). Strong PET signals were detected in the left thigh at 60 min after the injection of 68Ga-WRW4 in experimental mice, but weak or no signals were detected in mice in the blocking and control groups. 68Ga-WRW4 uptake was in agreement with the dynamics of immune cell infiltration during the inflammatory reaction. These results suggest that 68Ga-WRW4 is a promising PET tracer suitable for the noninvasive detection of FPR2 expression and for monitoring inflammatory activity in inflammation-bearing mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Pan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430071, China
| | - Jiaxu Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430071, China
| | - Zhuoshuo Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qin Xiao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430071, China
| | - Xiaoqi Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Kui Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430071, China
| | - Chongjiao Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430071, China
| | - Yaqun Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430071, China
| | - Yichun Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430071, China
| | - Zejian Xue
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430071, China
| | - Ping Lei
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yong He
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430071, China
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Abstract
The specificity of a diagnostic assay depends upon the purity of the biomolecules used as a probe. To get specific and accurate information of a disease, the use of synthetic peptides in diagnostics have increased in the last few decades, because of their high purity profile and ability to get modified chemically. The discovered peptide probes are used either in imaging diagnostics or in non-imaging diagnostics. In non-imaging diagnostics, techniques such as Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), lateral flow devices (i.e., point-of-care testing), or microarray or LC-MS/MS are used for direct analysis of biofluids. Among all, peptide-based ELISA is considered to be the most preferred technology platform. Similarly, peptides can also be used as probes for imaging techniques, such as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET). The role of radiolabeled peptides, such as somatostatin receptors, interleukin 2 receptor, prostate specific membrane antigen, αβ3 integrin receptor, gastrin-releasing peptide, chemokine receptor 4, and urokinase-type plasminogen receptor, are well established tools for targeted molecular imaging ortumor receptor imaging. Low molecular weight peptides allow a rapid clearance from the blood and result in favorable target-to-non-target ratios. It also displays a good tissue penetration and non-immunogenicity. The only drawback of using peptides is their potential low metabolic stability. In this review article, we have discussed and evaluated the role of peptides in imaging and non-imaging diagnostics. The most popular non-imaging and imaging diagnostic platforms are discussed, categorized, and ranked, as per their scientific contribution on PUBMED. Moreover, the applicability of peptide-based diagnostics in deadly diseases, mainly COVID-19 and cancer, is also discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 32300 Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| | - Gaurav Malviya
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G611BD, UK;
| | - Magdalena Chottova Dvorakova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 32300 Pilsen, Czech Republic;
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 32300 Pilsen, Czech Republic
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van de Donk PP, Wind TT, Hooiveld-Noeken JS, van der Veen EL, Glaudemans AWJM, Diepstra A, Jalving M, de Vries EGE, de Vries EFJ, Hospers GAP. Interleukin-2 PET imaging in patients with metastatic melanoma before and during immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:4369-4376. [PMID: 34076745 PMCID: PMC8566634 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05407-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immune checkpoint inhibitors can induce a T cell-mediated anti-tumor immune response in patients with melanoma. Visualizing T cell activity using positron emission tomography (PET) might allow early insight into treatment efficacy. Activated tumor-infiltrating T cells express the high-affinity interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R). Therefore, we performed a pilot study, using fluorine-18-labeled IL-2 ([18F]FB-IL2 PET), to evaluate whether a treatment-induced immune response can be detected. METHODS Patients with metastatic melanoma received ~ 200 MBq [18F]FB-IL2 intravenously, followed by a PET/CT scan before and during immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. [18F]FB-IL2 uptake was measured as standardized uptake value in healthy tissues (SUVmean) and tumor lesions (SUVmax). Response to therapy was assessed using RECIST v1.1. Archival tumor tissues were used for immunohistochemical analyses of T cell infiltration. RESULTS Baseline [18F]FB-IL2 PET scans were performed in 13 patients. SUVmean at baseline was highest in the kidneys (14.2, IQR: 11.6-18.0) and liver (10.6, IQR: 8.6-13.4). In lymphoid tissues, uptake was highest in spleen (10.9, IQR: 8.8-12.4) and bone marrow (2.5, IQR: 2.1-3.0). SUVmax in tumor lesions (n = 41) at baseline was 1.9 (IQR: 1.7-2.3). In 11 patients, serial imaging was performed, three at week 6, seven at week 2, and one at week 4. Median [18F]FB-IL2 tumor uptake decreased from 1.8 (IQR: 1.7-2.1) at baseline to 1.7 (IQR: 1.4-2.1) during treatment (p = 0.043). Changes in [18F]FB-IL2 tumor uptake did not correlate with response. IL-2R expression in four archival tumor tissues was low and did not correlate with baseline [18F]FB-IL2 uptake. No [18F]FB-IL2-related side effects occurred. CONCLUSION PET imaging of the IL-2R, using [18F]FB-IL2, is safe and feasible. In this small patient group, serial [18F]FB-IL2-PET imaging did not detect a treatment-related immune response. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov : NCT02922283; EudraCT: 2014-003387.20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim P van de Donk
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs T Wind
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jahlisa S Hooiveld-Noeken
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elly L van der Veen
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andor W J M Glaudemans
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Diepstra
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Jalving
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth G E de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik F J de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geke A P Hospers
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Khanapur S, Yong FF, Hartimath SV, Jiang L, Ramasamy B, Cheng P, Narayanaswamy P, Goggi JL, Robins EG. An Improved Synthesis of N-(4-[ 18F]Fluorobenzoyl)-Interleukin-2 for the Preclinical PET Imaging of Tumour-Infiltrating T-cells in CT26 and MC38 Colon Cancer Models. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061728. [PMID: 33808813 PMCID: PMC8003786 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of activated T-cells with N-(4-[18F]fluorobenzoyl)-interleukin-2 ([18F]FB-IL-2) may be a promising tool for patient management to aid in the assessment of clinical responses to immune therapeutics. Unfortunately, existing radiosynthetic methods are very low yielding due to complex and time-consuming chemical processes. Herein, we report an improved method for the synthesis of [18F]FB-IL-2, which reduces synthesis time and improves radiochemical yield. With this optimized approach, [18F]FB-IL-2 was prepared with a non-decay-corrected radiochemical yield of 3.8 ± 0.7% from [18F]fluoride, 3.8 times higher than previously reported methods. In vitro experiments showed that the radiotracer was stable with good radiochemical purity (>95%), confirmed its identity and showed preferential binding to activated mouse peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Dynamic PET imaging and ex vivo biodistribution studies in naïve Balb/c mice showed organ distribution and kinetics comparable to earlier published data on [18F]FB-IL-2. Significant improvements in the radiochemical manufacture of [18F]FB-IL-2 facilitates access to this promising PET imaging radiopharmaceutical, which may, in turn, provide useful insights into different tumour phenotypes and a greater understanding of the cellular nature and differential immune microenvironments that are critical to understand and develop new treatments for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivashankar Khanapur
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A* STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, #01-02 Helios, Singapore 138667, Singapore; (F.F.Y.); (S.V.H.); (L.J.); (B.R.); (P.C.); (J.L.G.)
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (E.G.R.); Tel.: +65-6478-7053 (S.K.); +65-6478-7001 (E.G.R.)
| | - Fui Fong Yong
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A* STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, #01-02 Helios, Singapore 138667, Singapore; (F.F.Y.); (S.V.H.); (L.J.); (B.R.); (P.C.); (J.L.G.)
| | - Siddesh V. Hartimath
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A* STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, #01-02 Helios, Singapore 138667, Singapore; (F.F.Y.); (S.V.H.); (L.J.); (B.R.); (P.C.); (J.L.G.)
| | - Lingfan Jiang
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A* STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, #01-02 Helios, Singapore 138667, Singapore; (F.F.Y.); (S.V.H.); (L.J.); (B.R.); (P.C.); (J.L.G.)
| | - Boominathan Ramasamy
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A* STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, #01-02 Helios, Singapore 138667, Singapore; (F.F.Y.); (S.V.H.); (L.J.); (B.R.); (P.C.); (J.L.G.)
| | - Peter Cheng
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A* STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, #01-02 Helios, Singapore 138667, Singapore; (F.F.Y.); (S.V.H.); (L.J.); (B.R.); (P.C.); (J.L.G.)
| | - Pradeep Narayanaswamy
- Sciex, R&D, Blk 33, #04-06 Marsiling Industrial Estate Road 3 Woodlands Central Industrial Estate, Singapore 739256, Singapore;
| | - Julian L. Goggi
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A* STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, #01-02 Helios, Singapore 138667, Singapore; (F.F.Y.); (S.V.H.); (L.J.); (B.R.); (P.C.); (J.L.G.)
| | - Edward George Robins
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A* STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, #01-02 Helios, Singapore 138667, Singapore; (F.F.Y.); (S.V.H.); (L.J.); (B.R.); (P.C.); (J.L.G.)
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, 14 Medical Drive, #B01-01 Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (E.G.R.); Tel.: +65-6478-7053 (S.K.); +65-6478-7001 (E.G.R.)
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Flavell RR, Evans MJ, Villanueva-Meyer JE, Yom SS. Understanding Response to Immunotherapy Using Standard of Care and Experimental Imaging Approaches. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020; 108:242-257. [PMID: 32585333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as a standard of care in the treatment of a wide variety of malignancies, and it may be used in combination with other treatments including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. However, a patient's imaging response to immunotherapy can be confounded by a variety of factors, including the appearance of pseudoprogression or the development of immune-related adverse events. In these situations, the immune response itself can mimic disease progression, potentially causing confusion in assessment and determination of further treatment. To address these challenges, a variety of approaches have been proposed to improve response assessment. First, revised definitions of response criteria, accounting for the appearance of pseudoprogression, can improve specificity of assessment. Second, advanced image processing including radiomics and machine learning analysis can be used to further analyze standard of care imaging data. In addition, new molecular imaging techniques can be used to directly interrogate immune cell activity or study aspects of the tumor microenvironment. These approaches have promise for improving the understanding of the response to immunotherapy and improving patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Flavell
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
| | - Michael J Evans
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Javier E Villanueva-Meyer
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sue S Yom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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van der Veen EL, Suurs FV, Cleeren F, Bormans G, Elsinga PH, Hospers GAP, Lub-de Hooge MN, de Vries EGE, de Vries EFJ, Antunes IF. Development and Evaluation of Interleukin-2-Derived Radiotracers for PET Imaging of T Cells in Mice. J Nucl Med 2020; 61:1355-1360. [PMID: 32111688 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.119.238782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, N-(4-18F-fluorobenzoyl)-interleukin-2 (18F-FB-IL2) was introduced as a PET tracer for T cell imaging. However, production is complex and time-consuming. Therefore, we developed 2 radiolabeled IL2 variants, namely aluminum 18F-fluoride-(restrained complexing agent)-IL2 (18F-AlF-RESCA-IL2) and 68Ga-gallium-(1,4,7-triazacyclononane-4,7-diacetic acid-1-glutaric acid)-IL2 (68Ga-Ga-NODAGA-IL2), and compared their in vitro and in vivo characteristics with 18F-FB-IL2. Methods: Radiolabeling of 18F-AlF-RESCA-IL2 and 68Ga-Ga-NODAGA-IL2 was optimized, and stability was evaluated in human serum. Receptor binding was studied with activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs). Ex vivo tracer biodistribution in immunocompetent BALB/cOlaHsd (BALB/c) mice was performed at 15, 60, and 90 min after tracer injection. In vivo binding characteristics were studied in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice inoculated with activated hPBMCs in Matrigel. Tracer was injected 15 min after hPBMC inoculation, and a 60-min dynamic PET scan was acquired, followed by ex vivo biodistribution studies. Specific uptake was determined by coinjection of tracer with unlabeled IL2 and by evaluating uptake in a control group inoculated with Matrigel only. Results: 68Ga-Ga-NODAGA-IL2 and 18F-AlF-RESCA-IL2 were produced with radiochemical purity of more than 95% and radiochemical yield of 13.1% ± 4.7% and 2.4% ± 1.6% within 60 and 90 min, respectively. Both tracers were stable in serum, with more than 90% being intact tracer after 1 h. In vitro, both tracers displayed preferential binding to activated hPBMCs. Ex vivo biodistribution studies on BALB/c mice showed higher uptake of 18F-AlF-RESCA-IL2 than of 18F-FB-IL2 in liver, kidney, spleen, bone, and bone marrow. 68Ga-Ga-NODAGA-IL2 uptake in liver and kidney was higher than 18F-FB-IL2 uptake. In vivo, all tracers revealed uptake in activated hPBMCs in SCID mice. Low uptake was seen after a blocking dose of IL2 and in the Matrigel control group. In addition, 18F-AlF-RESCA-IL2 yielded the highest-contrast PET images of target lymph nodes. Conclusion: Production of 18F-AlF-RESCA-IL2 and 68Ga-Ga-NODAGA-IL2 is simpler and faster than that of 18F-FB-IL2. Both tracers showed good in vitro and in vivo characteristics, with high uptake in lymphoid tissue and hPBMC xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly L van der Veen
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans V Suurs
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik Cleeren
- Laboratory for Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Bormans
- Laboratory for Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Geke A P Hospers
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn N Lub-de Hooge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth G E de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik F J de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Inês F Antunes
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and
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Sinigaglia M, Assi T, Besson FL, Ammari S, Edjlali M, Feltus W, Rozenblum-Beddok L, Zhao B, Schwartz LH, Mokrane FZ, Dercle L. Imaging-guided precision medicine in glioblastoma patients treated with immune checkpoint modulators: research trend and future directions in the field of imaging biomarkers and artificial intelligence. EJNMMI Res 2019; 9:78. [PMID: 31432278 PMCID: PMC6702257 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-019-0542-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies that employ immune checkpoint modulators (ICMs) have emerged as an effective treatment for a variety of solid cancers, as well as a paradigm shift in the treatment of cancers. Despite this breakthrough, the median survival time of glioblastoma patients has remained at about 2 years. Therefore, the safety and anti-cancer efficacy of combination therapies that include ICMs are being actively investigated. Because of the distinct mechanisms of ICMs, which restore the immune system’s anti-tumor capacity, unconventional immune-related phenomena are increasingly being reported in terms of tumor response and progression, as well as adverse events. Indeed, immunotherapy response assessments for neuro-oncology (iRANO) play a central role in guiding cancer patient management and define a “wait and see strategy” for patients treated with ICMs in monotherapy with progressive disease on MRI. This article deciphers emerging research trends to ameliorate four challenges unaddressed by the iRANO criteria: (1) patient selection, (2) identification of immune-related phenomena other than pseudoprogression (i.e., hyperprogression, the abscopal effect, immune-related adverse events), (3) response assessment in combination therapies including ICM, and (4) alternatives to MRI. To this end, our article provides a structured approach for standardized selection and reporting of imaging modalities to enable the use of precision medicine by deciphering the characteristics of the tumor and its immune environment. Emerging preclinical or clinical innovations are also discussed as future directions such as immune-specific targeting and implementation of artificial intelligence algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Sinigaglia
- Department of Imaging Nuclear Medicine, Institut Claudius Regaud-Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Tarek Assi
- Département de médecine oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Florent L Besson
- Department of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Bicêtre University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94275, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,IR4M-UMR 8081, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Samy Ammari
- Département d'imagerie médicale, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Myriam Edjlali
- INSERM U894, Service d'imagerie morphologique et fonctionnelle, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Université Paris Descartes, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Whitney Feltus
- Department of Radiology, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10039, USA
| | - Laura Rozenblum-Beddok
- Service de Médecine Nucléaire, AP-HP, Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Binsheng Zhao
- Department of Radiology, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10039, USA
| | - Lawrence H Schwartz
- Department of Radiology, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10039, USA
| | - Fatima-Zohra Mokrane
- Department of Radiology, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10039, USA.,Département d'imagerie médicale, CHU Rangueil, Université Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Dercle
- Department of Radiology, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10039, USA. .,UMR1015, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France.
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11
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van der Veen EL, Antunes IF, Maarsingh P, Hessels-Scheper J, Zijlma R, Boersma HH, Jorritsma-Smit A, Hospers GAP, de Vries EGE, Lub-de Hooge MN, de Vries EFJ. Clinical-grade N-(4-[ 18F]fluorobenzoyl)-interleukin-2 for PET imaging of activated T-cells in humans. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2019; 4:15. [PMID: 31659562 PMCID: PMC6637160 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-019-0062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Molecular imaging of immune cells might be a potential tool for response prediction, treatment evaluation and patient selection in inflammatory diseases as well as oncology. Targeting interleukin-2 (IL2) receptors on activated T-cells using positron emission tomography (PET) with N-(4-[18F]fluorobenzoyl)-interleukin-2 ([18F]FB-IL2) could be such a strategy. This paper describes the challenging translation of the partly manual labeling of [18F]FB-IL2 for preclinical studies into an automated procedure following Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), resulting in a radiopharmaceutical suitable for clinical use. Methods The preclinical synthesis of [18F]FB-IL2 was the starting point for translation to a clinical production method. To overcome several challenges, major adaptations in the production process were executed. The final analytical methods and production method were validated and documented. All data with regards to the quality and safety of the final drug product were documented in an investigational medicinal product dossier. Results Restrictions in the [18F]FB-IL2 production were imposed by hardware configuration of the automated synthesis equipment and by use of disposable cassettes. Critical steps in the [18F]FB-IL2 production comprised the purification method, stability of recombinant human IL2 and the final formulation. With the GMP compliant production method, [18F]FB-IL2 could reliably be produced with consistent quality complying to all specifications. Conclusions To enable the use of [18F]FB-IL2 in clinical studies, a fully automated GMP compliant production process was developed. [18F]FB-IL2 is now produced consistently for use in clinical studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s41181-019-0062-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly L van der Veen
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Inês F Antunes
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Maarsingh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janet Hessels-Scheper
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf Zijlma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrikus H Boersma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies Jorritsma-Smit
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geke A P Hospers
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth G E de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn N Lub-de Hooge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik F J de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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12
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Signore A, Lauri C, Auletta S, Anzola K, Galli F, Casali M, Versari A, Glaudemans AWJM. Immuno-Imaging to Predict Treatment Response in Infection, Inflammation and Oncology. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E681. [PMID: 31091813 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Molecular nuclear medicine plays a pivotal role for diagnosis in a preclinical phase, in genetically susceptible patients, for radio-guided surgery, for disease relapse evaluation, and for therapy decision-making and follow-up. This is possible thanks to the development of new radiopharmaceuticals to target specific biomarkers of infection, inflammation and tumour immunology. Methods: In this review, we describe the use of specific radiopharmaceuticals for infectious and inflammatory diseases with the aim of fast and accurate diagnosis and treatment follow-up. Furthermore, we focus on specific oncological indications with an emphasis on tumour immunology and visualizing the tumour environment. Results: Molecular nuclear medicine imaging techniques get a foothold in the diagnosis of a variety of infectious and inflammatory diseases, such as bacterial and fungal infections, rheumatoid arthritis, and large vessel vasculitis, but also for treatment response in cancer immunotherapy. Conclusion: Several specific radiopharmaceuticals can be used to improve diagnosis and staging, but also for therapy decision-making and follow-up in infectious, inflammatory and oncological diseases where immune cells are involved. The identification of these cell subpopulations by nuclear medicine techniques would provide personalized medicine for these patients, avoiding side effects and improving therapeutic approaches.
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13
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Telenga ED, van der Bij W, de Vries EFJ, Verschuuren EAM, Timens W, Luurtsema G, Slart RHJA, Signore A, Glaudemans AWJM. 99mTc-HYNIC-IL-2 scintigraphy to detect acute rejection in lung transplantation patients: a proof-of-concept study. EJNMMI Res 2019; 9:41. [PMID: 31076906 PMCID: PMC6510740 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-019-0511-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale Acute allograft rejection is one of the major complications after lung transplantation, and adequate and early recognition is important. Till now, the reference standard to detect acute rejection is the histopathological grading of transbronchial biopsies (TBBs). Acute rejection is characterised by high levels of activated T lymphocytes. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) binds specifically to high-affinity IL-2 receptors expressed on the cell membrane of activated T lymphocytes. The aim of this proof-of-concept study was to evaluate if non-invasive imaging with 99mTc-HYNIC-IL-2 is able to detect acute rejection after lung transplantation. Methods 99mTc-HYNIC-IL-2 scintigraphy (static, SPECT/CT of the lungs) was performed shortly before routine transbronchial biopsy (pathology as reference standard). Scans were scored as likely or unlikely for rejection, and semiquantitative analysis (target-to-background ratio) was performed. Results Thirteen patients were included of which 3 showed acute rejection at transbronchial biopsy; in 2 of these patients (scored as graded 2–3 at pathology), the scan was scored likely for rejection, and in 1 patient (scored grade 1 at pathology), the scan was scored unlikely. No correlation was found between biopsy results and semiquantitative analysis. Conclusion 99mTc-HYNIC-IL-2 scintigraphy proved to be a good technique to detect grade 2 and 3 acute rejection in a small sample population of patients after lung transplantation. Larger studies are necessary to really show the added value of this non-invasive specific imaging technique over transbronchial biopsy. Alternatively, imaging with the PET tracer 18F-IL-2 may be useful for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eef D Telenga
- Medical Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim van der Bij
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik F J de Vries
- Medical Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik A M Verschuuren
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Timens
- Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Luurtsema
- Medical Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Riemer H J A Slart
- Medical Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Photonic Imaging, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Alberto Signore
- Medical Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andor W J M Glaudemans
- Medical Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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14
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Yang J, Zhang LJ, Wang F, Hong T, Liu Z. Molecular imaging of diabetes and diabetic complications: Beyond pancreatic β-cell targeting. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 139:32-50. [PMID: 30529307 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic non-communicable disease affecting over 400 million people worldwide. Diabetic patients are at a high risk of various complications, such as cardiovascular, renal, and other diseases. The pathogenesis of diabetes (both type 1 and type 2 diabetes) is associated with a functional impairment of pancreatic β-cells. Consequently, most efforts to manage and prevent diabetes have focused on preserving β-cells and their function. Advances in imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, positron emission tomography, and single-photon-emission computed tomography, have enabled noninvasive and quantitative detection and characterization of the population and function of β-cells in vivo. These advantages aid in defining and monitoring the progress of diabetes and determining the efficacy of anti-diabetic therapies. Beyond β-cell targeting, molecular imaging of biomarkers associated with the development of diabetes, e.g., lymphocyte infiltration, insulitis, and metabolic changes, may also be a promising strategy for early detection of diabetes, monitoring its progression, and occurrence of complications, as well as facilitating exploration of new therapeutic interventions. Moreover, molecular imaging of glucose uptake, production and excretion in specified tissues is critical for understanding the pathogenesis of diabetes. In the current review, we summarize and discuss recent advances in noninvasive imaging technologies for imaging of biomarkers beyond β-cells for early diagnosis of diabetes, investigation of glucose metabolism, and precise diagnosis and monitoring of diabetic complications for better management of diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichun Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science of the Ministry of Education, Center for Non-coding RNA Medicine, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Long Jiang Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tianpei Hong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Zhaofei Liu
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
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15
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van der Veen EL, Bensch F, Glaudemans AW, Lub-de Hooge MN, de Vries EG. Molecular imaging to enlighten cancer immunotherapies and underlying involved processes. Cancer Treat Rev 2018; 70:232-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Abstract
The rapidly evolving field of cancer immunotherapy recently saw the approval of several new therapeutic antibodies. Several cell therapies, for example, chimeric antigen receptor-expressing T cells (CAR-T), are currently in clinical trials for a variety of cancers and other diseases. However, approaches to monitor changes in the immune status of tumors or to predict therapeutic responses are limited. Monitoring lymphocytes from whole blood or biopsies does not provide dynamic and spatial information about T cells in heterogeneous tumors. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using probes specific for T cells can noninvasively monitor systemic and intratumoral immune alterations during experimental therapies and may have an important and expanding value in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China; Department of Radiology, Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Dawei Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Emily B Ehlerding
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Quanyong Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Radiology, Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA.
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Pacilio M, Lauri C, Prosperi D, Petitti A, Signore A. New SPECT and PET Radiopharmaceuticals for Imaging Inflammatory Diseases: A Meta-analysis of the Last 10 Years. Semin Nucl Med 2018; 48:261-276. [PMID: 29626943 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Modern molecular nuclear medicine is rapidly developing in the field of imaging of chronic inflammatory diseases, and many new radiopharmaceuticals have been recently described and tested in animals and man. These can detect early pathophysiological changes before the development of anatomical changes and, often, before clinical onset of symptoms. This field includes new radiopharmaceuticals for SPECT and PET use to define new strategies for imaging immune cells as well as tissue modifications induced by the inflammatory process. In this review, we present the results of a meta-analysis based on radiopharmaceuticals (for SPECT or PET) that are not commercially available and that have been used, at least once, in humans in the last 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pacilio
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Lauri
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy.; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela Prosperi
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Agnese Petitti
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Signore
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy.; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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18
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Hartimath SV, Manuelli V, Zijlma R, Signore A, Nayak TK, Freimoser-Grundschober A, Klein C, Dierckx RAJO, de Vries EFJ. Pharmacokinetic properties of radiolabeled mutant Interleukin-2v: a PET imaging study. Oncotarget 2018; 9:7162-7174. [PMID: 29467958 PMCID: PMC5805544 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL2) is a cytokine that can stimulate cytotoxic immune cells to attack infected and malignant cells. Unfortunately, IL2 can also cause serious immune-related toxicity. Recently, a mutant of IL2 (IL2v) with abolished CD25 binding, increased plasma half-life and less toxicity was engineered. Unlike wild-type IL2 (wt-IL2), mutant IL2v does not bind to the α-subunit (CD25) of the high affinity IL2αβγ receptor, but only to its β and γ subunit. Here, we investigated the biological properties of IL2v and compared with the wt-IL2 using fluorine-18 and PET. [18F]FB-IL2v binds specifically to IL2 receptors (IL2R) on activated human peripheral blood monocytes (hPBMCs) and is cleared mainly by the kidneys (Balb/c mice). [18F]FB-IL2v PET studies in SCID mice injected with hPBMCs revealed high uptake in the implant (0.85 ± 0.15 SUV), which was significantly reduced after pretreatment with wt-IL2 or mutant IL2v (SUV 0.26 ± 0.1 and 0.46 ± 0.1, p < 0.01). Compartment modeling and Logan graphical analysis in wistar rats inoculated with hPBMCs indicated that the binding of [18F]FB-IL2v to IL2R was reversible. The volume of distribution (VT) and the non-displaceable binding potential (BPnd) of mutant [18F]FB-IL2v in the implant were approximately 3 times lower than those of wild-type [18F]FB-IL2 (p < 0.01). Pretreatment with wt-IL2 significantly reduced the VT and BPnd of mutant [18F]FB-IL2v in the implant (p < 0.001). This demonstrates that wild-type [18F]FB-IL2 binds stronger to IL2R and has faster kinetics than [18F]FB-IL2v, which makes it less suitable as a therapeutic drug. [18F]FB-IL2v, on the other hand, seems to have better properties for use as a therapeutic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddesh V Hartimath
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Valeria Manuelli
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rolf Zijlma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alberto Signore
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Tapan K Nayak
- Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne Freimoser-Grundschober
- Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Christian Klein
- Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik F J de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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van Waarde A, Dierckx RAJO, Zhou X, Khanapur S, Tsukada H, Ishiwata K, Luurtsema G, de Vries EFJ, Elsinga PH. Potential Therapeutic Applications of Adenosine A 2A Receptor Ligands and Opportunities for A 2A Receptor Imaging. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:5-56. [PMID: 28128443 DOI: 10.1002/med.21432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine A2A receptors (A2A Rs) are highly expressed in the human striatum, and at lower densities in the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and cells of the immune system. Antagonists of these receptors are potentially useful for the treatment of motor fluctuations, epilepsy, postischemic brain damage, or cognitive impairment, and for the control of an immune checkpoint during immunotherapy of cancer. A2A R agonists may suppress transplant rejection and graft-versus-host disease; be used to treat inflammatory disorders such as asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, and rheumatoid arthritis; be locally applied to promote wound healing and be employed in a strategy for transient opening of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) so that therapeutic drugs and monoclonal antibodies can enter the brain. Increasing A2A R signaling in adipose tissue is also a potential strategy to combat obesity. Several radioligands for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of A2A Rs have been developed in recent years. This review article presents a critical overview of the potential therapeutic applications of A2A R ligands, the use of A2A R imaging in drug development, and opportunities and limitations of PET imaging in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aren van Waarde
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xiaoyun Zhou
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shivashankar Khanapur
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hideo Tsukada
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamakita, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 434-8601, Japan
| | - Kiichi Ishiwata
- Research Institute of Cyclotron and Drug Discovery Research, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, 7-115 Yatsuyamada, Koriyama, 963-8052, Japan.,Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.,Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Gert Luurtsema
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik F J de Vries
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Hartimath SV, Draghiciu O, van de Wall S, Manuelli V, Dierckx RAJO, Nijman HW, Daemen T, de Vries EFJ. Noninvasive monitoring of cancer therapy induced activated T cells using [ 18F]FB-IL-2 PET imaging. Oncoimmunology 2016; 6:e1248014. [PMID: 28197364 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1248014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy urgently calls for methods to monitor immune responses at the site of the cancer. Since activated T lymphocytes may serve as a hallmark for anticancer responses, we targeted these cells using the radiotracer N-(4-[18F]fluorobenzoyl)-interleukin-2 ([18F]FB-IL-2) for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Thus, we noninvasively monitored the effects of local tumor irradiation and/or immunization on tumor-infiltrating and systemic activated lymphocytes in tumor-bearing mice. A 10- and 27-fold higher [18F]FB-IL-2 uptake was observed in tumors of mice receiving tumor irradiation alone or in combination with immunization, respectively. This increased uptake was extended to several non-target tissues. Administration of the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 reduced tracer uptake by 2.8-fold, indicating a CXCR4-dependent infiltration of activated T lymphocytes upon cancer treatment. In conclusion, [18F]FB-IL-2 PET can serve as a clinical biomarker to monitor treatment-induced infiltration of activated T lymphocytes and, on that basis, may guide cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Hartimath
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - O Draghiciu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tumor Virology and Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - S van de Wall
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tumor Virology and Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - V Manuelli
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - R A J O Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - H W Nijman
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - T Daemen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tumor Virology and Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - E F J de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
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21
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Signore A, Capriotti G, Chianelli M, Bonanno E, Galli F, Catalano C, Quintero AM, De Toma G, Manfrini S, Pozzilli P. Detection of insulitis by pancreatic scintigraphy with 99mTc-labeled IL-2 and MRI in patients with LADA (Action LADA 10). Diabetes Care 2015; 38:652-8. [PMID: 25665813 DOI: 10.2337/dc14-0580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pancreatic scintigraphy with interleukin-2 radiolabeled with (99m)Tc ((99m)Tc-IL-2) is a technique used to image chronic inflammatory-mediated disorders. We used this method to detect a signal consistent with the presence of insulitis in patients with autoimmune diabetes. Positive and negative controls (patients with pancreatic carcinoma and type 2 diabetes, respectively) also were studied. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We examined 25 patients with autoimmune diabetes (16 with recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes, 9 with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults [LADA]), 6 with type 2 diabetes, and 7 with pancreatic carcinoma (the latter two groups were used as negative and positive controls, respectively). All patients underwent (99m)Tc-IL-2 scintigraphy and contrast-enhanced MRI of the pancreas. To validate positive controls, samples were taken from patients with pancreatic carcinoma during surgery for histological and immunohistochemical investigations. RESULTS Pancreatic accumulation of (99m)Tc-IL-2 was detected in patients with autoimmune diabetes (61% positive) and, notably, in 6 of 9 patients with LADA; semiquantitative evaluation of pancreatic uptake of (99m)Tc-IL-2 showed higher values in patients with autoimmune diabetes (both childhood and LADA) and pancreatic carcinoma than in those with type 2 diabetes (4.45 ± 1.99, 4.79 ± 1.1, and 4.54 ± 1.62 vs. 2.81 ± 0.63; P = 0.06, P = 0.01, and P = 0.04, respectively). In patients with pancreatic carcinoma, pancreatic interleukin-2 receptor expression correlated with pancreatic (99m)Tc-IL-2 uptake (r = 0.8; P = 0.01). In patients with LADA, (99m)Tc-IL-2 uptake inversely correlated with duration of disease (r = 0.7; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Autoimmune diabetes in adults is associated with increased pancreatic (99m)Tc-IL-2 uptake, indicating the presence of insulitis, particularly within 1 year of the beginning of insulin therapy, similar to type 1 diabetes at diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Signore
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University "Sapienza," Rome, Italy Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gabriela Capriotti
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University "Sapienza," Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Chianelli
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands Regina Apostolorum Hospital, Albano, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Bonanno
- Department of Biopathology and Diagnostic Imaging, University "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Galli
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University "Sapienza," Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Catalano
- Department of Radiological Science, University "Sapienza," Rome, Italy
| | - Ana M Quintero
- Department of Radiology, Clínica Colsanitas, Bogotà, Colombia
| | - Giorgio De Toma
- Department of Surgery Science, University "Sapienza," Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Manfrini
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Pozzilli
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy Centre of Diabetes, St. Bartholomew's and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, London, U.K.
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22
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Grafström J, Stone-Elander S. Comparison of methods for evaluating radiolabelled Annexin A5 uptake in pre-clinical PET oncological studies. Nucl Med Biol 2014; 41:793-800. [PMID: 25156038 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The uptakes of radiolabel led AnnexinA5 (AnxA5) and a size-matched control protein in experimental tumours were evaluated by kinetic analyses and compared with standard uptake values (SUVs) to investigate whether the method of analysis may impact on the conclusions that can be drawn. PROCEDURES PET scans of the (11)C-labelled proteins performed in untreated and doxorubicin-treated mice with head and neck carcinoma xenografts were retrospectively analysed. The appropriateness of using the Logan graphical analyses for reversibly binding radiotracers in these models was evaluated and confirmed. Distribution volume ratios (DVRs) of the regions of interest to reference muscle tissue were compared to those based on the image-derived input function from arterial blood. SUVs were calculated in the same individuals. RESULTS DVRs based on reference muscle tissue gave results similar to those based on the arterial blood and may be preferred since they are simpler to calculate. In the inter-group comparisons of baseline versus chemotherapy treatment or AnxA5 versus control protein, differences in DVR quantifications had a 20- to 40-fold higher statistical significance than differences in SUVs. As quantified using the control protein, the amount of free ligand in the vascular space of tumours may be large due to enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) contributions at baseline and affected during treatment, which has implications for quantifications of the specifically bound radioligand. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the quantification method as well as the controls used can be important for interpreting the uptake in tumours of the medium-sized protein ligand AnxA5 and its use in monitoring the effects of therapy on cell death in the tumours. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE These results provide additional support for the recognition that more detailed investigations on the effects of the tumour microenvironment on the targeting capability of imaging radiopharmaceuticals are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Grafström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sharon Stone-Elander
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; PET Radiochemistry, Neuroradiology Department, R3:00, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
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23
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Ackermann U, Plougastel L, Wichmann C, Goh YW, Yeoh SD, Poniger SS, Tochon-Danguy HJ, Scott AM. Fully automated synthesis and coupling of [(18) F]FBEM to glutathione using the iPHASE FlexLab module. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 57:115-20. [PMID: 24395455 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Site-specific radiolabelling of peptides or antibodies using [(18) F]FBEM is often preferred over non-site-specific radiolabelling with [(18) F]SFB because it does not affect the affinity of the antibody to its target. Unfortunately, the synthesis of [(18) F]FBEM and its conjugation to thiol containing macromolecules requires some manual intervention, which leads to radiation exposure of the radiochemist. In this publication, we report on the complete automation of [(18) F]FBEM production and its subsequent conjugation to glutathione using a slightly modified iPHASE FlexLab module. [(18) F]FBEM was produced in 1.185 ± 0.168 GBq (15-20%; n = 10; 0.75 ± 0.106 GBq non-decay corrected) with a specific activity of 57 ± 10 GBq/µmol. Radiochemical purity was 97 ± 1% and the synthesis time including HPLC purification and reformulation was 70 min. After evaporation to dryness, [(18) F]FBEM was conjugated to glutathione in PBS buffer pH 7.4 in quantitative yields. This fully automated method does not require any manual intervention and therefore reduces the radiation exposure to the operator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Ackermann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Melbourne, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Branch, Melbourne, Australia
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Abstract
Inflammation plays a significant role in many disease processes. Development in molecular imaging in recent years provides new insight into the diagnosis and treatment evaluation of various inflammatory diseases and diseases involving inflammatory process. Positron emission tomography using (18)F-FDG has been successfully applied in clinical oncology and neurology and in the inflammation realm. In addition to glucose metabolism, a variety of targets for inflammation imaging are being discovered and utilized, some of which are considered superior to FDG for imaging inflammation. This review summarizes the potential inflammation imaging targets and corresponding PET tracers, and the applications of PET in major inflammatory diseases and tumor associated inflammation. Also, the current attempt in differentiating inflammation from tumor using PET is also discussed.
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