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Paschall MJ, Salazar Silva F, Sloboda Z, Ringwalt CL, Grube JW. Effects of the Universal Prevention Curriculum for Schools on Substance Use Among Peruvian Adolescents: A Randomized Trial. J Drug Educ 2023:472379231185130. [PMID: 37365824 DOI: 10.1177/00472379231185130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
This group-randomized trial assessed the effects of a universal prevention training curriculum for school administrators and teachers that focused on effective strategies to prevent adolescent substance use and related problems. Twenty-eight schools in three regions of Peru were randomly assigned to either an intervention or control condition (14 schools per condition). Repeated cross-sectional samples of 11 to 19-year-old students participated in four surveys from May 2018 to November 2019 (N = 24,529). School administrators and teachers at intervention schools participated in a universal prevention training curriculum focusing on the development of a positive school climate as well as effective policies related to school substance use. All intervention and control schools were offered Unplugged, a classroom-based substance use prevention curriculum. Outcome measures included: lifetime drug use; past-year and past-month tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and other drug use; awareness of school tobacco and alcohol use policies; perceived enforcement of school policies; school bonding; perceived friends' use of tobacco, alcohol, marijuana and other drugs; and personal problems in general and problems related to substance use. Multi-level analyses indicated significant reductions in past-year and past-month smoking, friends' substance use, and problems related to substance use and in general at intervention relative to control schools. Significant increases were found in intervention vs. control schools related to students' awareness of school substance use policies, perceived likelihood of getting caught for smoking, and school bonding. These findings suggest that the universal prevention training curriculum and the school policy and climate changes it promoted reduced substance use and related problems in the study population of Peruvian adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallie J Paschall
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | - Zili Sloboda
- Applied Prevention Science International, Ontario, OH, USA
| | | | - Joel W Grube
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, California, USA
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Lenk KM, Toomey TL, MacLehose RF, Scholz N, Schriemer D, Nelson TF, Delehanty E, Bosma LM, Gloppen K. Place of last drink enforcement: Effects on alcohol-related traffic crashes. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2023; 47:406-413. [PMID: 36533550 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge drinking can result in various types of harms including traffic crashes. Bars and restaurants that serve alcohol to patrons who are obviously intoxicated (i.e., overservice) contribute to these crashes. One strategy to address overservice is place of last drink (POLD) where law enforcement officers responding to alcohol-related incidents inquire about where the individuals last drank alcohol. This information may then be used to identify bars and restaurants that frequently overserve alcohol. There is limited evaluation of the effectiveness of POLD in reducing overservice, traffic crashes, and other harms. METHODS We evaluated the effects of a POLD initiative, developed by some law enforcement agencies in Minnesota (USA), on alcohol-related traffic crashes from 2010 to 2019. Among 89 intervention (POLD) vs. comparison communities, we fit regression models with participation in POLD as the predictor. As secondary analyses, we fit models with POLD implementation level as the predictor (implementation levels were assessed via a survey of law enforcement agencies). We controlled for relevant community and agency characteristics. RESULTS In the model with participation in POLD as a predictor, there was little difference in the rate of total alcohol-related crashes (rate ratio [RR] = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.85-1.34). In the model with level of implementation as a predictor, the rate of total alcohol-related crashes was comparable between communities with high implementation and those with no implementation (RR = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.71-1.10). Similar results were seen for alcohol-related crashes with nonfatal injury and property damage outcomes. CONCLUSIONS This study found little evidence that the POLD initiative, as currently implemented, was associated with reductions in traffic crashes across communities in Minnesota. Further research could explore whether specific characteristics of POLD are particularly important and whether POLD could be combined with other strategies to reduce traffic crashes and other alcohol-related harms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Lenk
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Traci L Toomey
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Richard F MacLehose
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Natalie Scholz
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daniel Schriemer
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Toben F Nelson
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eileen Delehanty
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Kari Gloppen
- Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Essay AM, Schlechter CR, Mershon CA, Fial AV, Ellison J, Rosenkranz RR, Dzewaltowski DA. A scoping review of whole-of-community interventions on six modifiable cancer prevention risk factors in youth: A systems typology. Prev Med 2021; 153:106769. [PMID: 34416222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Whole-of-community interventions delivered across entire geospatial areas show promise for improving population health for youth cancer prevention. The aims of this scoping review were to synthesize the whole-of-community intervention literature on six modifiable risk factors in youth for cancer prevention (alcohol use, diet, obesity, physical activity, sun exposure, tobacco use) and to develop and apply a typology describing the inclusion of fundamental control system functional characteristics. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Embase, PsycINFO, and Scopus for studies published to the end of 2019. Eligible studies included a geospatially defined whole-of-community intervention; youth 0-18 years; and at least one of the six cancer risk factor outcomes. An iterative process was undertaken to create a typology describing the functions for whole-of-community interventions guided by systems theory, and the typology was used to code the included interventions. A total of 41 interventions were included. Most interventions (43.9%) assessed multiple cancer risk factors. Few interventions provided fundamental functions necessary for community system coordination: sensor, controller, effector. Although communities are a patchwork quilt of microsystems where individuals interact in geographically bounded places nested within larger whole systems of influence, a control systems approach has not been used to frame the literature. Whole-of-community interventions can be characterized by the fundamental system functions necessary for coordinating population health improvement. Future whole-of-community intervention efforts should draw on fundamental knowledge of how systems operate and test whether adoption of the key functions is necessary for whole-of-community population health improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Essay
- Department of Health Promotion, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984365 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4365, USA.
| | - Chelsey R Schlechter
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Center for Health Outcomes and Population Equity (HOPE), University of Utah, 2000 Cir of Hope Dr, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Carrie A Mershon
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Natatorium 8, 920 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Alissa V Fial
- Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University, 1355 W Wisconsin Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA.
| | - Jennie Ellison
- Department of Health Promotion, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984365 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4365, USA
| | - Richard R Rosenkranz
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, 245 Justin Hall, 1324 Lovers Lane, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - David A Dzewaltowski
- Department of Health Promotion, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984365 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4365, USA.
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Romano E, Fell J, Li K, Simons-Morton BG, Vaca FE. Alcohol-related deaths among young passengers: An analysis of national alcohol-related fatal crashes. J Safety Res 2021; 79:376-382. [PMID: 34848017 PMCID: PMC8640369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is consensus that riding with an impaired driver (RWI) constitutes a major threat to public health. The aim of this study was to characterize the factors contributing to the motor-vehicle deaths of 15-20 year-old (y/o) passengers that RWI with a peer. METHOD Secondary analyses of the 2010-2018 Fatality Analysis Reporting System. 5,673 passengers aged 15-20 y/o killed while riding in passenger cars with a driver aged 21 or older, 3,542 of these drivers also aged 15-20 y/o. Analyses were conducted between October 2019 and December 2020. RESULTS Sixty-three percent of the young passengers were killed while riding with a driver 15-20 y/o. Of these drivers, 26.8% had a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) >0.00 g/dL and 77.1% had a BAC ≥0.08 g/dL. Compared with those occurring during the day on weekdays, fatalities of young passengers who RWI with a peer driver with a BAC ≥ 0.08 g/dL often occurred on weekend nights (OR = 8.2) and weekday nights (OR = 5.2), and when the passenger and driver were both male (OR = 1.8). Race/ethnicity was not a significant contributor to RWI fatalities. CONCLUSIONS Most 15-20 y/o RWI fatalities occurred on weekends, at night, when the driver was a young peer with a high BAC, and the passenger and driver were male. The high prevalence of fatalities in these high-risk situations suggests that young driver-passenger dynamics may contribute to alcohol-related fatalities. Practical Applications: To curb RWI fatalities among underage passengers, countermeasures should focus not only on underage drinking drivers and riders, but also on drinking drivers of all ages. Prevention should increase focus on situations in which both the young passenger and young driver are males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Romano
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States.
| | - James Fell
- NORC at the University of Chicago, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kaigang Li
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Yale Neurocognitive Driving Simulation Research Center (DrivSim Lab), Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - Federico E Vaca
- Yale Neurocognitive Driving Simulation Research Center (DrivSim Lab), Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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Wolf JP, Islam S, García-Ramírez G, Paschall MJ, Lipperman-Kreda S. Relationships Between Social Host Policies, Youth Drinking Contexts, and Age. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2021; 82:730-739. [PMID: 34762032 PMCID: PMC8819614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined associations of city-level policies and enforcement operations (i.e., social host laws and party patrol operations) with youth drinking, heavy drinking, and drinking-related problems in private and public drinking contexts. We also examined whether these associations were modified by age. METHOD We surveyed 580 youth (ages 16-20 years; 53% male) living in 24 midsized California cities. We used mixed-effects negative binomial and logistic regression to calculate the frequency of youth drinking and heavy drinking and odds of drinking-related problems in each context (own home, friend's home, restaurant, bar, music venue, and outdoors). RESULTS There were positive associations between more comprehensive city-level social host policies and frequency of youth drinking and heavy drinking at music venues, and youth heavy drinking and drinking-related problems at restaurants. Younger youth who lived in cities with more comprehensive social host laws drank heavily less frequently in their own home than younger youth living in cities with less comprehensive social host laws. Youth ages 17 or under who lived in cities with more party patrol enforcement had higher odds of problems related to drinking outdoors in the past 12 months than those in cities with fewer party patrol operations. CONCLUSIONS City-level alcohol policies and enforcement targeting underage drinking may have differential effects depending on youth drinking contexts and age. Comprehensive social host policies, which aim to decrease drinking in private contexts, may displace or increase youth drinking in other contexts, such as restaurants and music venues. Comprehensive social host policies and party patrol operations may be more influential for younger youth drinking in their own home or outdoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Price Wolf
- School of Social Work, San Jose State University, San Jose, California
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Prevention Research Center, Berkeley, California
| | - Sabrina Islam
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Prevention Research Center, Berkeley, California
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Grisel García-Ramírez
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Prevention Research Center, Berkeley, California
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Mallie J. Paschall
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Prevention Research Center, Berkeley, California
| | - Sharon Lipperman-Kreda
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Prevention Research Center, Berkeley, California
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Rowland BC, Kremer P, Williams J, Kelly AB, Patton G, Toumbourou JW. A Component Evaluation of a Randomised Control Community Intervention to Reduce Adolescent Alcohol Use in Australia. Prev Sci 2021; 23:36-47. [PMID: 34714508 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-021-01310-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite a decline in Australian adolescents reporting to have consumed alcohol, a high proportion of the adolescent population still consumes alcohol. Community-led prevention interventions that systematically and strategically implement evidence-based programs have been shown to be effective in producing population-behaviour change related to youth alcohol and drug use. This study evaluated the post-intervention effects of a multi-component community intervention in Australia. It comprised social marketing targeting adolescents and parents, and a community intervention to reduce underage alcohol sales. Structural equation modelling was used to examine direct and indirect effects of community intervention components on intention and consumption. Self-report surveys (N = 3377) and community sales data (27 communities) were analysed to evaluate the effect of the intervention components on intention and consumption before the age of 18. The intervention reduced alcohol sales to minors (OR = .82). Exposure to the social marketing was significantly associated with household no-alcohol rules (OR = 2.24) and parents not supplying alcohol (OR = .72). The intervention predicted intention not to consume alcohol before age 18; intention was associated with not consuming alcohol (OR = 5.70). Total indirect effects from the intervention through to intention were significant. However, parents setting a rule and not supplying alcohol were the only significant direct effects to intention. Parents setting a rule was directly associated with lower consumption. Overall, the intervention logic was supported by the data modelling. The study extends prior knowledge of community-based interventions to prevent adolescent alcohol use by identifying critical intervention components and effect mechanisms. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: ACTRN12612000384853.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bosco Charles Rowland
- Faculty of Health School of Psychology, Centre for Social, Early and Emotional Development, Deakin University, Geelong Campus, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
| | - Peter Kremer
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences & Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, VIC, Geelong Campus, Geelong, Australia
| | - Joanne Williams
- Faculty of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Geelong Campus, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health,, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Victoria, Parkville, Australia.,School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Adrian B Kelly
- Faculty of Health, School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - George Patton
- Centre for Adolescent Health,, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Victoria, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - John W Toumbourou
- Faculty of Health School of Psychology, Centre for Social, Early and Emotional Development, Deakin University, Geelong Campus, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Gyeltshen T, Penjor T, Dorji L, Tshering L, Dorji K, Subedi BN, Tshering D, Xu YY, Dorji G, Gueye GN. Alcohol policy compliance among retailers in Bhutan: a multisite community intervention study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1893. [PMID: 34666715 PMCID: PMC8525054 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11932-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use is a major public health problem in Bhutan. Compliance with regulations at the point of sale is an important strategy in alcohol control. Retail outlets were briefed on sale regulations and provided notification of rules, which they were directed to display on the premises. The extent to which licensed alcohol outlets responded to possible alcohol purchases was assessed through the use of young proxy-purchasers, adults feigning alcohol intoxication and sober adults. A total of 854 visits (pre versus post visits) were made across four district towns. Two towns (Damphu town in Tsirang district and Pema Gatshel town in Pema Gatshel district) received pre- and post-intervention purchase surveys, while the other two neighbouring towns (Khuruthang town in Punakha and Bajo town in Wangdue) were administered only baseline surveys. METHOD We used a pre- and post-test community intervention design covering all alcohol retailers both on premise (bar, hotel, restaurant, karaoke bars) and off premise (grocery shops). Compliance with alcohol regulations at the point of sale was assessed through the use of young proxy-purchasers, adults feigning alcohol intoxication and sober adults. RESULTS Retailers rarely checked the age and/or identification (ID) of the proxy-purchasers before the intervention. There was a 22.7% (8.6, 37) percent increase in compliance with laws after the intervention. While some strategies are suggested, the strongest and most effective measure to prevent under-age drinking and service to intoxicated individuals is more rigorous enforcement of existing liquor laws. CONCLUSION Alcohol control requires ongoing government enforcements, supplemented by public awareness and knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lham Dorji
- Tsirang Hospital, Damphu, Tsirang District, Bhutan
| | - Lobzang Tshering
- Tsirang District Administration, Health Sector, Damphu, Tsirang, Bhutan
| | - Kinley Dorji
- District Administration, Health Sector, Pema Gatshel, Bhutan
| | | | - Dorji Tshering
- Gelephu Central Regional Referral Hospital, Gelephu, Bhutan
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Close C, Elek E, Roberts CA, Dunlap LJ, Graham PW, Scaglione NM, Palen LA, Clarke T. A National Cost Analysis of Community Interventions to Prevent Underage Drinking and Prescription Drug Misuse. Prev Sci 2021. [PMID: 34047914 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-021-01229-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This prospective cost analysis addresses a gap in the prevention literature by providing estimates of the typical real-world costs to implement community interventions focused on preventing underage drinking and prescription drug misuse. The study uses cost data reported by more than 400 community subrecipients participating in a national cross-site evaluation of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Strategic Prevention Framework Partnerships for Success grant program during 2013-2017. Community subrecipient organizations completed an annual Web-based survey to report their intervention costs. The analysis compares the relative startup and annual ongoing implementation costs of different prevention strategies and services. Partnerships for Success communities implemented a wide variety of interventions. Annual ongoing implementation was typically more costly than intervention startup. Costs were generally similar for population-level interventions, such as information dissemination and environmental strategies, and individual-level interventions, such as prevention education and positive alternative activities. However, population-level interventions reached considerably more people and consequently had much lower costs per person. Personnel contributed the most to intervention costs, followed by intervention supplies and overhead. Startup costs for initial training and costs for incentives, ongoing training, and in-kind contributions (nonlabor) during ongoing implementation were not typically reported. This study informs prevention planning by providing detailed information about the costs of classes of interventions used in communities, outside of research settings.
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Svensson R, Johnson B, Kronkvist K. A community intervention to reduce alcohol consumption and drunkenness among adolescents in Sweden: a quasi-experiment. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:764. [PMID: 33882888 PMCID: PMC8058986 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10755-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies have examined the effect of community interventions on youth alcohol consumption, and the results have often been mixed. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a community intervention known as the Öckerö Method on adolescent alcohol consumption and perceived parental attitudes towards adolescent drinking. Method The study is based on a quasi-experimental design, using matched controls. Self-report studies were conducted among adolescents in grades 7–9 of compulsory education in four control and four intervention communities in the south of Sweden in 2016–2018. Baseline measures were collected in autumn 2016 before the intervention was implemented in the intervention communities. Outcomes were the adolescents’ alcohol consumption, past-year drunkenness, past-month drunkenness and perceived parental attitudes towards alcohol. Results Estimating Difference-in-Difference models using Linear Probability Models, we found no empirical evidence that the intervention has any effect on adolescents’ drinking habits, or on their perceptions of their parents’ attitudes towards adolescent drinking. Conclusion This is the first evaluation of this method, and we found no evidence that the intervention had any effect on the level of either young people’s alcohol consumption or their past-year or past-month drunkenness, nor on their parents’ perceived attitudes toward adolescent drinking. A further improvement would be to employ a follow-up period that is longer than the three-year period employed in this study. Trial registration ISRCTN registry: Study ID: 51635778, 31th March 2021 (Retrospectively registered). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-10755-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Svensson
- Department of Criminology, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Björn Johnson
- Department of Social Work, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Karl Kronkvist
- Department of Criminology, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden
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Kremer P, Crooks N, Rowland B, Hall J, Toumbourou JW. Increasing compliance with alcohol service laws in community sporting clubs in Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2021; 41:188-196. [PMID: 33819363 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many community sporting clubs in Australia sell alcohol, but many do not comply with laws that require verification of age and forbid underage alcohol sales. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of an intervention that incorporated sales monitoring and community awareness raising to improve compliance with alcohol service regulations in community sporting clubs. METHODS Non-randomised community trial in 'matched' intervention and comparison communities. A total of 50 sporting clubs from two metropolitan and two regional areas in Victoria, Australia, were selected, and baseline and follow-up purchase observations completed during 2018. Youth who looked underage were monitored as they attempted to purchase alcohol. Intervention clubs received feedback letters regarding staff sales behaviour. Other intervention actions included building awareness of underage supply of alcohol and media coverage of baseline observations. RESULTS Observations were completed at 46 clubs (intervention = 24; comparison = 22) at baseline and 39 (intervention = 24; comparison = 15) at follow up. Compliance was low but improved at follow up for both groups for age verification (intervention +12.5%; comparison +8.5%) and non-supply of alcohol (intervention +12.5%; comparison +10.6%); but no significant intervention effects were found. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Findings indicated low compliance with age verification checks and underage alcohol sales laws at baseline. Promising improvements in compliance were observed at follow up; however, 'spillover' of intervention activities may have compromised ability to detect significant intervention effects. Further intervention effort and evaluation is recommended to encourage alcohol sales compliance in community sporting clubs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kremer
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Nicholas Crooks
- Global Obesity Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Bosco Rowland
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Jessica Hall
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - John W Toumbourou
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Ehlers CL, Geisler JR, Luna JA, Gilder DA, Calac D, Lee JP, Moore RS. Community Awareness of Outreach Efforts to Reduce Underage Drinking on California Indian Reservations. Am Indian Alsk Native Ment Health Res 2021; 27:21-41. [PMID: 32259273 DOI: 10.5820/aian.2701.2020.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report an evaluation of a combined individual- and community-level treatment and prevention effort to reduce underage drinking by American Indian (AI) youths on rural California Indian reservations. The interventions included: brief motivational interviewing and psychoeducation for Tribal youths, restricting alcohol sales to minors in alcohol sales outlets, and community mobilization and awareness activities. Surveys were collected from 120 adults and 74 teens to evaluate the awareness and effectiveness of the interventions. A high proportion of adult (93%) and youth (96%) respondents endorsed being aware of one or more of the intervention activities, and 88% of adults and 71% of youth felt the program impacted the community in a positive way. Eighty-four percent of adults and 63% of youth agreed that as a result of the activities that they decided to take action to reduce teen drinking in their community. Being aware of more of the intervention activities significantly increased the odds of taking action to change drinking behaviors. This study documents that a significant proportion of the community was aware of the intervention efforts and that awareness caused them to take action to reduce underage drinking. Such efforts may benefit other AI/AN communities seeking to reduce underage drinking.
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Grube JW, Krevor BS, DeJong W. A Group Randomized Trial of the Stop Service to Obviously-Impaired Patrons (S-STOP) Program to Prevent Overservice in Bars and Restaurants in College Communities. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:1216-1223. [PMID: 33960263 PMCID: PMC8159893 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1914107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND College student drinking in on-premises establishments has been associated with heavy alcohol consumption and a range of problems including assault, fighting, risky sex, and drinking and driving. Although more strictly enforcing overservice laws might reduce heavy drinking in on-premises establishments, law enforcement agencies have few resource-efficient tools for doing so, resulting in these laws seldom being enforced. OBJECTIVES In this paper, we report the results of an evaluation of the Stop Service to Obviously-impaired Patrons (S-STOP) program that was implemented in 303 bars and restaurants in 18 university communities in California using a randomized cross-over design (early vs. delayed implementation). The S-STOP program: (a) deployed pseudo-intoxicated patrons who attempted to purchase a drink when showing obvious signs of intoxication; (b) provided feedback to owners and managers on staff performance; and (c) offered free online refresher training for staff. RESULTS Overall, alcohol servers in bars and restaurants in these college communities were willing to serve a pseudo-intoxicated mystery shopper 90% of the time. The study found no evidence that S-STOP reduced the prevalence of alcohol sales to apparently impaired patrons during the two intervention stages of the study. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight the need for developing effective interventions to prevent overservice and should prompt college and university leaders to take the lead in addressing the problem of alcohol overservice at on-premises establishments by working with community leaders, law enforcement, and retailers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel W Grube
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Brad S Krevor
- Responsible Retailing Forum, Newton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William DeJong
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Saltz RF, Paschall MJ, O'Hara SE. Effects of a Community-Level Intervention on Alcohol-Related Motor Vehicle Crashes in California Cities: A Randomized Trial. Am J Prev Med 2021; 60:38-46. [PMID: 33221142 PMCID: PMC8492018 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This trial assesses the effects of a community-level alcohol prevention intervention in California on alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes. STUDY DESIGN The study is a group RCT with cities as the unit of assignment to condition and as the unit of analysis. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS A total of 24 California cities with populations between 50,000 and 450,000 were chosen at random and roughly matched into pairs before randomly assigning 12 each to the intervention and control conditions. INTERVENTION The intervention, aimed at reducing excessive drinking among adolescents and young adults, included driving under the influence sobriety checkpoints, saturation patrols, and undercover operations to reduce service of alcohol to intoxicated patrons in bars, all including high visibility so the public would be aware of them. A measure of overall intervention intensity or dosage was created. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The outcome was a monthly percentage of all motor vehicle crashes that were single vehicle nighttime crashes for drivers aged 15-30 years. RESULTS Multilevel analyses were conducted to examine intervention effects on alcohol-related crashes among drivers aged 15-30 years. Crash data were obtained in 2018 with data preparation and analysis conducted in 2019. Intent-to-treat analyses indicated a 17% reduction in the percentage of alcohol-involved crashes among drivers aged 15-30 years relative to controls, which translates to about 310 fewer crashes. Dosage was found to have a statistically significant effect on crashes among this age group, although not in the expected direction. CONCLUSIONS Enhanced alcohol enforcement operations involving both community health and law enforcement agencies can help to reduce alcohol-impaired driving and related consequences among young people. Including measures of intervention dosage raises interesting questions about the understanding of the impact of the community intervention. Future studies should continue to further develop implementation strategies that may more effectively and efficiently reduce community alcohol-related harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Saltz
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, California.
| | - Mallie J Paschall
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, California
| | - Sharon E O'Hara
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, California
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14
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Lam T, Fischer J, Salom C, Ogeil R, Wilson J, Lubman DI, Burns L, Lenton S, Gilmore W, Chikritzhs T, Aiken A, Allsop S. Safety first: Beliefs of older peers supplying alcohol to underage friends. Health Promot J Austr 2020; 32:407-415. [PMID: 32589329 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED Underage drinkers most commonly source alcohol from older peers. However, few studies have examined older peers' supply-related beliefs and motivations. METHODS A sample of 270 risky drinkers aged 18-19 years were interviewed in Australia where the legal purchase age is 18. They were asked about their provision to underage friends, awareness of secondary supply legislation (intended to prohibit such supply) and 24 psycho-legal beliefs around supply. RESULTS Half (49%) provided alcohol to a 16- to 17-year-old friend to drink at a party they were both attending at least twice a year. Three-quarters reported provision was okay so long as the recipient(s) were in a safe environment, and 46% reported "everyone gives alcohol to teenagers if they are in a safe environment." There was significantly higher agreement that "my friends would think I was mean if I did not give alcohol to a friend under the age of 18" (37%), compared to "my friends would think I was uncool if I did not give alcohol to a friend under the age of 18" (26%). Two thirds (69%) felt more responsible for an underage friend's safety if they provided the alcohol. A multivariate logistic regression revealed supply was more likely if the supplier: was aged 18 compared to 19 (95% CI OR: 1.57, 4.84), male (1.06, 3.27), of a higher SES quintile (1.08, 1.80) and believed alcohol supply to minors was morally acceptable (1.01, 1.33) and normal (1.04, 1.38). Knowledge of regulatory strategies (68%) designed to prevent supply to minors, and their perceived deterrent value did not significantly impact supply. CONCLUSIONS Supply of alcohol to underage peers was perceived as morally and socially acceptable in a group of 18- to 19-year-old risky drinkers. SO WHAT?: Opportunities include harm reduction initiatives that prioritise caring responsibilities towards friends, as opposed to relying on external enforcement measures alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Lam
- Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Frankston, VIC, Australia.,National Drug Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jane Fischer
- National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Caroline Salom
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rowan Ogeil
- Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Frankston, VIC, Australia.,Turning Point, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Richmond, VIC, Australia
| | - James Wilson
- Turning Point, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Richmond, VIC, Australia
| | - Dan I Lubman
- Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Frankston, VIC, Australia.,Turning Point, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Richmond, VIC, Australia
| | - Lucinda Burns
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon Lenton
- National Drug Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - William Gilmore
- National Drug Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tanya Chikritzhs
- National Drug Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alexandra Aiken
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Steve Allsop
- National Drug Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Duch M, Gervilla E, Juan M, Guimarães C, Kefauver M, Elgán TH, Gripenberg J, Quigg Z. Effectiveness of a Community-Based Intervention to Increase Supermarket Vendors' Compliance with Age Restrictions for Alcohol Sales in Spain: A Pilot Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17165991. [PMID: 32824763 PMCID: PMC7460388 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In Spain the legal age to buy alcohol is 18 years. However, official surveys show that minors perceive alcohol availability to be easy. This paper describes the impacts of a community-based intervention to increase vendors' compliance with age limits regarding alcohol sales in supermarkets. The aim of this study was to explore the association between implementation of a multicomponent intervention to reduce adolescents' alcohol use and sale of alcohol to minors in the city of Palma (Spain). Twenty trained adolescents (14-17 years old) conducted 138 alcohol test purchases in nine supermarket chains in August 2018 (baseline; n = 73) prior to the intervention, and again in January 2020 (follow-up; n = 65). Analysis was conducted according to three levels of intervention implemented across the supermarkets: (i) personnel from the supermarkets' Human Resources or Corporate Social Responsibility teams received alcohol service training as trainers (i.e., community mobilization); (ii) managers and vendors training by the capacitated trainers; and (iii) no training of managers or vendors (i.e., control group). In the supermarkets that completed the Training of Trainers and the vendors' training program, average sales decreased significantly from 76.9% in 2018 to 45.5% in 2020, asking for the age of the shopper significantly increased from 3.8% to 45.4%, and asking for proof of age significantly increased from 15.4% to 72.7%. Additionally, a statistically significant increase was observed in the visibility of prohibition to sell alcohol to minors' signs, from 61.5% to 100%. No statistically significant differences were found for the Training of Trainers intervention alone nor in the control group. In conclusion, community mobilization combined with staff training is associated with significant increases in supermarket vendors' compliance with alcohol legislation in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariàngels Duch
- European Institute of Studies on Prevention, Rambla, 15 (2º-3º), 07003 Palma, Spain; (M.D.); (M.J.); (M.K.)
| | - Elena Gervilla
- Balearic Islands Health Research Institute, Carretera de Valldemossa, 79, 07120 Palma, Spain
- Faculty of Psychology, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-971-259-630
| | - Montse Juan
- European Institute of Studies on Prevention, Rambla, 15 (2º-3º), 07003 Palma, Spain; (M.D.); (M.J.); (M.K.)
| | - Clarisse Guimarães
- Faculty of Psychology, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain;
| | - Maite Kefauver
- European Institute of Studies on Prevention, Rambla, 15 (2º-3º), 07003 Palma, Spain; (M.D.); (M.J.); (M.K.)
| | - Tobias H. Elgán
- STAD, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Norra Stationsgatan 69, 11364 Stockholm, Sweden; (T.H.E.); (J.G.)
| | - Johanna Gripenberg
- STAD, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Norra Stationsgatan 69, 11364 Stockholm, Sweden; (T.H.E.); (J.G.)
| | - Zara Quigg
- Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Exchange Station, Tithebarn Street, Liverpool L2 2QP, UK;
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Phetphum C, Noosorn N. Effects of a Youth-Engaging Intervention on Illegal Sales by Tobacco Retailers Near Schools in Thailand. Asia Pac J Public Health 2020; 32:340-345. [PMID: 32698607 DOI: 10.1177/1010539520942686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the effects of youth-engaging interventions on illegal sales by tobacco retailers near schools in Thailand. The youth were educated and engaged in the planning and implementation of a program to reduce tobacco retailers' illegal sales in the Uttaradit Municipality, Thailand. Intervention components included community education, retailer education, and direct approaches to tobacco retailers. A study included a pretest-posttest control group. The 6-month intervention focused on 114 tobacco retailers. The posttest showed that the percentage of tobacco retailers violating the retail law decreased: tobacco product displays at points of sales decreased from 67.5% to 23.7%, single cigarette sales declined from 71.1% to 36.0%, and tobacco sales to minors decreased from 74.6% to 5.3%. Asking for identification or the buyer's age before selling tobacco increased from 33.3% to 78.1%. The intervention led to a significant reduction in the violation of tobacco retail laws near schools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Narongsak Noosorn
- Naresuan University, Mueang District, Phitsanulok Province, Thailand
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17
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Ringwalt CL, Paschall MJ, Grube JW, Miller TR, Warren KR, Gidi V, Fisher DA, Goldberg A. Alcohol Availability, Use, and Harms Among Adolescents in Three Mexican Cities. J Drug Educ 2020; 49:55-68. [PMID: 32779983 DOI: 10.1177/0047237920929331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol remains readily available to youth in most countries. We examined the associations between both the on- and off-premises commercial availability of alcohol to youth and their alcohol use, heavy episodic drinking, and alcohol-related harms. We conducted the study using data from a survey of a sample of 594 students in central Mexico between 12 and 17 years of age in 2016. Both the perceived availability of alcohol and the purchasing of alcohol at an off-premises establishment were positively related to past-30-day alcohol use and heavy episodic drinking, as well as to alcohol-related harms in the past year. Consumption at on-premises establishments was also positively associated with alcohol-related harms. Preventive efforts to reduce the availability of alcohol at off- and on-premises establishments, by such strategies as mystery shopper and responsible beverage service programs, are imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Ringwalt
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Mallie J Paschall
- PIRE, Prevention Research Center, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Joel W Grube
- PIRE, Prevention Research Center, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Ted R Miller
- PIRE, Calverton Center, Calverton, Maryland, United States
| | | | - Virginia Gidi
- International Alliance for Responsible Drinking, Washington, DC, United States
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18
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Hernández-Llanes NF, Pérez-Pérez E, Lozano Morales V, Sabines Torres JA, Zabicky Sirot G. Effect of Monitoring the Compliance of Banning Alcohol Sales to Minors in the Volume of Underage Acute Alcohol Intoxication Cases in Mexico: A Controlled ITSA Analysis. Int J Ment Health Addict 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-019-00161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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19
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Morrison CN, Byrnes HF, Miller BA, Wiehe SE, Ponicki WR, Wiebe DJ. Exposure to alcohol outlets, alcohol access, and alcohol consumption among adolescents. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 205:107622. [PMID: 31760294 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents who live near more alcohol outlets tend to consume more alcohol, despite laws prohibiting alcohol purchases for people aged <21 years. We examined relationships between adolescents' exposure to alcohol outlets, the sources through which they access alcohol, and their alcohol consumption. METHODS Participants for this longitudinal study (n = 168) were aged 15-18 years and were from 10 cities in the San Francisco Bay Area. We collected survey data to measure participant characteristics, followed by 1 month of GPS tracking to measure exposure to alcohol outlets (separated into exposures near home and away from home for bars, restaurants, and off-premise outlets). A follow-up survey approximately 1 year later measured alcohol access (through outlets, family members, peers aged <21 years, peers aged ≥21 years) and alcohol consumption (e.g. count of drinking days in last 30). Generalized structural equation models related exposure to alcohol outlets, alcohol access, and alcohol consumption. RESULTS Exposure to bars and off-premise outlets near home was positively associated with accessing alcohol from peers aged <21, and in turn, accessing alcohol from peers aged <21 was positively associated with alcohol consumption. There was no direct association between exposure to alcohol outlets near home or away from home and alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS Interventions that reduce adolescents' access through peers aged <21 may reduce adolescents' alcohol consumption.
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20
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Miller TR, Ringwalt CL, Grube JW, Paschall MJ, Fisher DA, Gordon MV. Design and outcome measures for the AB InBev Global Smart Drinking Goals evaluation. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2019; 16:100458. [PMID: 31650076 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the rationale for and design of an independent evaluation of the Global Smart Drinking Goals (GSDG) program. The primary purpose of this program, supported by the AB InBev Foundation, is to reduce harms associated with alcohol use by 10%. Our evaluation focuses on the effects of prevention strategies sponsored by the Foundation that are being implemented in six city pilots located in as many countries. These strategies are designed to reduce heavy episodic drinking, underage drinking, drink driving, and alcohol-related violence. Each city pilot has been matched with a comparison city in which the GSDG program will not be implemented. In this quasi-experimental community trial, we will assess each city pilot's progress toward reaching its harm reduction goals, relative to its comparison city, by means of annual adult and youth surveys. We will then supplement these analyses with the use of pertinent local archival data, where available. We discuss several challenges related to this evaluation and its quasi-experimental design. These include operating in a fluid and unpredictable environment in regard to the implementation, adaptation, and (on occasion) abandonment of the prevention strategies selected by each city pilot. We also discuss issues concerning our decision to accept funding from the alcohol industry and the measures we have taken to ensure the independence of our evaluation.
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21
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Abstract
This article reviews the evidence regarding behavioral science approaches to the prevention of substance use disorders. Prevention science grew out of research on family and school-based interventions that were designed to treat common behavioral problems of children and adolescents. That research showed that the amelioration of problems such as aggressive behavior could prevent the development of later problems including substance use, depression, and academic failure. We begin by reviewing evidence regarding the risk factors that contribute to the development of substance use disorders, as well as the protective factors that can reduce their likelihood. We then describe a variety of family, school, and community prevention programs that have been shown to prevent youthful use and abuse of substances. We conclude by describing the progress that has been made in getting these programs widely and effectively implemented, and the challenges we face in getting to the point where most communities are achieving considerable success in prevent substance use and the other common and costly behavioral and psychological problems of children and adolescents.
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22
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Van Ryzin MJ, Lee J, Biglan A. An Experimental Test of Reward & Reminder as a Stand-Alone Program to Prevent Alcohol Sales to Underage Youths. J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse 2019; 28:15-20. [PMID: 31666791 DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2018.1544525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Reward & Reminder has been a component of community-based preventive efforts against sales of substances (e.g., tobacco) to youth. To date, there has not been a randomized trial of Reward & Reminder as a stand-alone prevention program targeting youth access to alcohol. In this study, we addressed that gap. Data were collected as part of a randomized trial of a school- and community-based prevention program. Our analysis included 23 vendors in control communities and 33 vendors in intervention communities. We visited each vendor at least two times, and vendors in intervention communities received the Reward & Reminder protocol. Using McNemar's Test, which evaluates the degree to which the outlets in each condition moved to a different cell in the contingency table from the first visit to the second (i.e., from yes to no or vice versa), we found that the control outlets did not change (all p values were non-significant). In contrast, the test results for the intervention outlets were significantly more likely to ask for ID (p < .05) and significantly less willing to sell alcohol to young-looking project confederates (p < .05); Asked for Age did not change. We conclude that Reward & Reminder could assist in preventing underage access to alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Van Ryzin
- Oregon Research Institute. 1776 Millrace Drive, Eugene Oregon 97403
| | - Jean Lee
- Oregon Research Institute. 1776 Millrace Drive, Eugene Oregon 97403
| | - Anthony Biglan
- Oregon Research Institute. 1776 Millrace Drive, Eugene Oregon 97403
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine alcohol and tobacco access points among a sample of rural and urban youth. Through collaboration with four regional school districts, a local drug prevention coalition administered a survey to a sample of 445 youth representing 30 different communities in a central U.S. region. The survey items included demographics, 30-day use measures, and questions about points-of-access for alcohol and tobacco. Results showed no differences among points-of-access between urban and rural youth. Ability to obtain alcohol from family, peers, other non-peer youth, and other non-family adults (P < 0.05) were each statistically significant predictors of 30-day alcohol use. Ability to obtain tobacco from family, peers, other non-peer youth, other non-family adults, and self-purchase (P < 0.05) were statistically significant predictors of 30-day tobacco use. Access through peers was the strongest predictor for both 30-day alcohol and tobacco use. Determining the primary social points-of-access youth use to obtain alcohol and tobacco can assist in the development of appropriate community-level prevention strategies and policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald D Williams
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA.
| | - Jeff M Housman
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Jennifer L Evans
- Department of Health Science, University of Alabama, 470 Russell Hall, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - James M Bishop
- School of Human Services, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 210068, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Veronica Ray
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
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Stockings E, Bartlem K, Hall A, Hodder R, Gilligan C, Wiggers J, Sherker S, Wolfenden L. Whole-of-community interventions to reduce population-level harms arising from alcohol and other drug use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction 2018; 113:1984-2018. [PMID: 29806876 DOI: 10.1111/add.14277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Whole-of-community interventions aim to reduce alcohol and other drug (AOD) use and harms by mobilizing community leaders, organizations and policy-makers to respond effectively to AOD use. The aim of this review is to estimate the effectiveness of whole-of-community interventions in reducing population-level harms arising from AOD use. DESIGN A systematic review of electronic databases CENTRAL, Embase, Medline, Medline in Process and PsycINFO was conducted from database inception to August 2017. Eligible trials had a parallel comparison group, implemented interventions in two or more community settings, and reported data on AOD use or harms. SETTING Intervention settings included schools, sporting clubs, police and law enforcement agencies, community centres, local media and retail premises. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-four trials from 63 publications were included (n = 249 125 participants). MEASUREMENTS Outcomes from AOD consumption (quantity and frequency), AOD-related crime and AOD-related accidents, injuries and hospital admissions. Data were pooled using random-effects inverse variance meta-analysis in Review Manager version 5.3. FINDINGS Risk of bias was mostly high, due to lack of random allocation, selective reporting and significant attrition. Meta-analyses indicated significant reductions in risky drinking [Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Scale (AUDIT) > 8; three trials (7 data points), relative risk (RR) = 0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.62-0.99)], but found no impact on past-month alcohol use (five trials, RR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.89-1.02), binge drinking (five trials, RR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.89-1.06) or 12-month marijuana use (two trials, RR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.86-1.11). Narrative synthesis indicated some reductions in AOD-related assault rates and arrests, but were equivocal for quantity of alcohol consumed, 12-month illicit drug use, assault or abuse, motor vehicle accidents and hospital admissions. CONCLUSIONS Interventions to reduce alcohol and other drug use and harms applied to whole communities have resulted so far in small reductions in risky alcohol consumption, but have had little impact upon past month alcohol use, binge drinking or 12-month marijuana use and the studies have been subject to high risk of bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Stockings
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Kate Bartlem
- Hunter New England Population Health (HNEPH), Wallsend, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Alix Hall
- Hunter New England Population Health (HNEPH), Wallsend, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Rebecca Hodder
- Hunter New England Population Health (HNEPH), Wallsend, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Conor Gilligan
- Hunter New England Population Health (HNEPH), Wallsend, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - John Wiggers
- Hunter New England Population Health (HNEPH), Wallsend, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Shauna Sherker
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW.,Alcohol and Drug Foundation, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luke Wolfenden
- Hunter New England Population Health (HNEPH), Wallsend, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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Paschall MJ, Ringwalt CL, Grube JW, Miller T, Warren KR, Gidi V, Fisher DA, Goldberg A. Availability and consumption of different alcoholic beverages and use of drinking contexts among adolescents in three Mexican cities. Cogent Medicine 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2018.1537061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mallie J. Paschall
- HBSA and Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Joel W. Grube
- HBSA and Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ted Miller
- HBSA and Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, USA
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Virginia Gidi
- International Alliance for Responsible Drinking, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Deborah A. Fisher
- HBSA and Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, USA
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Rodriguez-Sanchez C, Sancho-Esper F, Casaló LV. Understanding adolescent binge drinking in Spain: how school information campaigns moderate the role of perceived parental and peer consumption. Health Educ Res 2018; 33:361-374. [PMID: 30085038 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyy024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite its potentially harmful effects, adolescent binge drinking is becoming increasingly common worldwide. To enable the design of more effective school information campaigns, the underlying factors of heavy alcohol use must be carefully analysed. This study investigated how individual, social and contextual factors relate to adolescent binge drinking. It also explored whether adolescents' exposure to information campaigns at school moderates the relationships between perceived parental and peer alcohol consumption and adolescent binge drinking. We used data from a Spanish nationwide representative sample of 47 803 students aged 14-18 years, of whom 25 576 had engaged in binge drinking behaviours. Data were collected every 2 years between 2006 and 2012. For the multilevel estimation in 2012, the sample comprised 10 577 students. Whilst perceived problems associated with binge drinking and perceived difficulty in accessing alcohol were associated with low levels of binge drinking, adolescents' perceptions of parental and peer consumption were associated, to a greater degree, with high levels of binge drinking. School information campaigns moderated the relationship between parental consumption and adolescent binge drinking but not the relationship between peer consumption and adolescent binge drinking. We conclude by highlighting implications for policymakers and offering possible directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Facultad de Económicas y Empresariales, Department of Marketing, University of Alicante, Spain
| | - Franco Sancho-Esper
- Facultad de Económicas y Empresariales, Department of Marketing, University of Alicante, Spain
| | - Luis V Casaló
- Facultad de Empresa y Gestión Pública, Department of Marketing, University of Zaragoza, Spain
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Rowland BC, Williams J, Smith R, Hall JK, Osborn A, Kremer P, Kelly AB, Leslie E, Patton G, Mohebbi M, Toumbourou JW. Social marketing and community mobilisation to reduce underage alcohol consumption in Australia: A cluster randomised community trial. Prev Med 2018; 113:132-139. [PMID: 29505806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In many countries adolescent alcohol use is a major health problem. To supplement national policies, it is important to trial community interventions as a potential strategy to prevent adolescent alcohol use. METHODS This study evaluated a multicomponent community intervention that included community mobilisation, social marketing, and the monitoring of alcohol sales to minors. Evaluation was a clustered randomised trial design with 14 intervention and 14 control communities. Prior to randomisation, communities were matched on socioeconomic status and location. Intervention communities were not blinded. PARTICIPANTS 3545 Year 8 students (M = 12 years) were surveyed at baseline from 75 schools; 3377 students were surveyed post intervention in 2013 from 54 schools. OUTCOMES It was hypothesised that the primary outcome, individual alcohol consumption in last 30 days, after the intervention would be 15% lower in intervention communities. Secondary outcomes were consumption in the past year and intention not to drink before age 18. RESULTS The intervention communities showed larger relative reductions compared to the controls in last 30-day consumption and past year (10%), but not significantly different. A significantly lower proportion of participants in the intervention community (63%), compared to the controls (71%), reported intending to drink before 18 years old. Subgroup analysis identified regional and state differences for some secondary measures. CONCLUSIONS Intervention assignment was associated with lower adolescent intention to drink before the age of 18. However, more intensive and longer-term intervention may be required to measure significant differences in behaviour change. TRIAL REGISTRATION ACTRN12612000384853. PROTOCOL Rowland B, Toumbourou JW, Osborn A, et al. BMJ Open 2013;3:e002423. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002423.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bosco Charles Rowland
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Faculty of Health, School of Psychology, Centre for Social, Early and Emotional Development.
| | - Joanne Williams
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Faculty of Health, School of Health and Social Development
| | - Rachel Smith
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jessica Kate Hall
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Faculty of Health, School of Psychology, Centre for Social, Early and Emotional Development
| | - Amber Osborn
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Faculty of Health, School of Psychology, Centre for Social, Early and Emotional Development; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Peter Kremer
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Centre for Sport Research and School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences
| | - Adrian B Kelly
- Queensland University of Technology, Faculty of Health, School of Psychology and Counselling, Australia
| | - Eva Leslie
- Flinders University, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Australia
| | - George Patton
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - John W Toumbourou
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Faculty of Health, School of Psychology, Centre for Social, Early and Emotional Development
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Grube JW, DeJong W, DeJong M, Lipperman-Kreda S, Krevor BS. Effects of a responsible retailing mystery shop intervention on age verification by servers and clerks in alcohol outlets: A cluster randomised cross-over trial. Drug Alcohol Rev 2018; 37:774-781. [PMID: 29984430 DOI: 10.1111/dar.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Clerks and servers at alcohol establishments often fail to verify age. Using mystery shoppers to provide performance feedback is one approach to improving age verification. Few controlled studies have evaluated mystery shop interventions. This paper reports on a cluster randomised cross-over trial of a mystery shop intervention in 16 communities in four US states. DESIGN AND METHODS The intervention comprised monthly mystery shops after which clerks and servers received immediate feedback to reinforce age verification. Managers received monthly reports. Communities in each state were matched into pairs and, following a 3-month baseline, were randomly assigned within each pair to receive the intervention beginning after the fourth (Early Intervention) or the tenth (Delayed Intervention) mystery shop. On average, 17 (range = 14-20) randomly selected on-premises and 18 (range = 11-23) off-premises outlets participated in each community (N = 557). RESULTS Fixed effects multi-level logistic regressions indicated that the intervention led to a two-fold increase in the odds of age verification, odds ratio (OR) = 2.05; P < 0.001; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.76, 2.39. Overall, ID-checking increased from an average of 80% pre-intervention to 94-96% by the end of the program. Significant effects were found for on-premises, OR = 1.79; P < 0.001; 95% CI 1.43, 2.24, and off-premises establishments, OR = 2.29; P < 0.001; 95% CI 1.86, 2.82. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Mystery shop interventions can increase age verification for alcohol purchases and may be an effective supplement to compliance checks and responsible beverage service programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel W Grube
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, USA
| | | | | | - Sharon Lipperman-Kreda
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, USA
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Moore RS, Gilder DA, Grube JW, Lee JP, Geisler JA, Friese B, Calac DJ, Finan LJ, Ehlers CL. Prevention of Underage Drinking on California Indian Reservations Using Individual- and Community-Level Approaches. Am J Public Health 2018; 108:1035-1041. [PMID: 29927644 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2018.304447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate combined individual- and community-level interventions to reduce underage drinking by American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) youths on rural California Indian reservations. METHODS Individual-level interventions included brief motivational interviewing and psychoeducation for Tribal youths. Community-level interventions included community mobilization and awareness activities, as well as restricting alcohol sales to minors. To test effects, we compared 7 waves of California Healthy Kids Survey data (2002-2015) for 9th- and 11th-grade AI/AN and non-AI/AN students in intervention area schools with California AI/AN students outside the intervention area (n = 617, n = 33 469, and n = 976, respectively). RESULTS Pre- to postintervention mean past 30-day drinking frequency declined among current drinkers in the intervention group (8.4-6.3 days) relative to comparison groups. Similarly, heavy episodic drinking frequency among current drinkers declined in the intervention group (7.0-4.8 days) versus the comparison groups. CONCLUSIONS This study documented significant, sustained past 30-day drinking or heavy episodic drinking frequency reductions among AI/AN 9th- and 11th-grade current drinkers in rural California Indian reservation communities exposed to multilevel interventions. Public Health Implications. Multilevel community-partnered interventions can effectively reduce underage alcohol use in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland S Moore
- Roland S. Moore, Joel W. Grube, Juliet P. Lee, Bettina Friese, and Laura J. Finan are with Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, CA. David A. Gilder and Cindy L. Ehlers are with the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA. Jennifer A. Geisler was with and Daniel J. Calac is with the Southern California Tribal Health Center
| | - David A Gilder
- Roland S. Moore, Joel W. Grube, Juliet P. Lee, Bettina Friese, and Laura J. Finan are with Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, CA. David A. Gilder and Cindy L. Ehlers are with the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA. Jennifer A. Geisler was with and Daniel J. Calac is with the Southern California Tribal Health Center
| | - Joel W Grube
- Roland S. Moore, Joel W. Grube, Juliet P. Lee, Bettina Friese, and Laura J. Finan are with Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, CA. David A. Gilder and Cindy L. Ehlers are with the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA. Jennifer A. Geisler was with and Daniel J. Calac is with the Southern California Tribal Health Center
| | - Juliet P Lee
- Roland S. Moore, Joel W. Grube, Juliet P. Lee, Bettina Friese, and Laura J. Finan are with Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, CA. David A. Gilder and Cindy L. Ehlers are with the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA. Jennifer A. Geisler was with and Daniel J. Calac is with the Southern California Tribal Health Center
| | - Jennifer A Geisler
- Roland S. Moore, Joel W. Grube, Juliet P. Lee, Bettina Friese, and Laura J. Finan are with Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, CA. David A. Gilder and Cindy L. Ehlers are with the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA. Jennifer A. Geisler was with and Daniel J. Calac is with the Southern California Tribal Health Center
| | - Bettina Friese
- Roland S. Moore, Joel W. Grube, Juliet P. Lee, Bettina Friese, and Laura J. Finan are with Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, CA. David A. Gilder and Cindy L. Ehlers are with the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA. Jennifer A. Geisler was with and Daniel J. Calac is with the Southern California Tribal Health Center
| | - Daniel J Calac
- Roland S. Moore, Joel W. Grube, Juliet P. Lee, Bettina Friese, and Laura J. Finan are with Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, CA. David A. Gilder and Cindy L. Ehlers are with the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA. Jennifer A. Geisler was with and Daniel J. Calac is with the Southern California Tribal Health Center
| | - Laura J Finan
- Roland S. Moore, Joel W. Grube, Juliet P. Lee, Bettina Friese, and Laura J. Finan are with Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, CA. David A. Gilder and Cindy L. Ehlers are with the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA. Jennifer A. Geisler was with and Daniel J. Calac is with the Southern California Tribal Health Center
| | - Cindy L Ehlers
- Roland S. Moore, Joel W. Grube, Juliet P. Lee, Bettina Friese, and Laura J. Finan are with Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, CA. David A. Gilder and Cindy L. Ehlers are with the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA. Jennifer A. Geisler was with and Daniel J. Calac is with the Southern California Tribal Health Center
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Stockings E, Shakeshaft A, Farrell M. Community Approaches for Reducing Alcohol-Related Harms: an Overview of Intervention Strategies, Efficacy, and Considerations for Future Research. Curr Addict Rep 2018; 5:274-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-018-0210-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Rowland BC, Hall JK, Kremer PJ, Miller PG, Toumbourou JW. Underage purchasing of alcohol from packaged liquor outlets: an Australian study. Health Promot Int 2018; 32:790-799. [PMID: 27006362 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daw007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Access to the supply of alcohol is an important factor influencing adolescent alcohol consumption. Although alcohol sales outlets are prohibited from selling alcohol to underage youth, there has been limited research investigating compliance. The present study sought to estimate the extent to which adolescents that appeared underage were successfully able to purchase alcohol from packaged liquor outlets in Australia; and to identify store and sales characteristics associated with illegal purchasing. In 2012, purchase surveys were conducted (n= 310) at packaged liquor outlets in 28 urban and rural communities across three states of Australia: Western Australia, Queensland and Victoria. Confederates successfully purchased alcohol at 60% (95% CI: 55-66) of outlets. The density of general alcohol outlets in the surrounding area and the type of liquor outlet were predictors of successful alcohol purchases; however, this was moderated by the state in which the purchase was made. Regional geographical location was also found to predict underage alcohol purchase. The majority of alcohol sales outlets in Australia breach regulations prohibiting sales to underage youth. Consistent enforcement of policies across the states of Australia, and reducing the number of alcohol outlets, will help prevent alcohol outlets illegally selling alcohol to underage adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bosco C Rowland
- Centre for Socialand Early Emotional Development and School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Australia
| | - Jessica K Hall
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development and School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia
| | - Peter J Kremer
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development and School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia.,School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia
| | - Peter G Miller
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development and School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia
| | - John W Toumbourou
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development and School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia
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32
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Rowland B, Abraham C, Carter R, Abimanyi-Ochom J, Kelly AB, Kremer P, Williams JW, Smith R, Hall JK, Wagner D, Renner H, Hosseini T, Osborn A, Mohebbi M, Toumbourou JW. Trial protocol: a clustered, randomised, longitudinal, type 2 translational trial of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harm among adolescents in Australia. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:559. [PMID: 29703187 PMCID: PMC5921968 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5452-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This cluster randomised control trial is designed to evaluate whether the Communities That Care intervention (CTC) is effective in reducing the proportion of secondary school age adolescents who use alcohol before the Australian legal purchasing age of 18 years. Secondary outcomes are other substance use and antisocial behaviours. Long term economic benefits of reduced alcohol use by adolescents for the community will also be assessed. Methods Fourteen communities and 14 other non-contiguous communities will be matched on socioeconomic status (SES), location, and size. One of each pair will be randomly allocated to the intervention in three Australian states (Victoria, Queensland and Western Australia). A longitudinal survey will recruit grade 8 and 10 students (M = 15 years old, N = 3500) in 2017 and conduct follow-up surveys in 2019 and 2021 (M = 19 years old). Municipal youth populations will also be monitored for trends in alcohol-harms using hospital and police administrative data. Discussion Community-led interventions that systematically and strategically implement evidence-based programs have been shown to be effective in producing population-level behaviour change, including reduced alcohol and drug use. We expect that the study will be associated with significant effects on alcohol use amongst adolescents because interventions adopted within communities will be based on evidence-based practices and target specific problems identified from surveys conducted within each community. Trial registration The trial was retrospectively registered in September, 2017 (ACTRN12616001276448), as communities were selected prior to trial registration; however, participants were recruited after registration. Findings will be disseminated in peer-review journals and community fora.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rowland
- Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. .,School of Psychology, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia.
| | - C Abraham
- Institute of Health Research, University of Exeter Medical School St Luke's Campus, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - R Carter
- Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.,School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - J Abimanyi-Ochom
- Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.,School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - A B Kelly
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - P Kremer
- Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - J W Williams
- Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.,School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - R Smith
- Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - J K Hall
- Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,School of Psychology, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - D Wagner
- Murdoch Children Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Road Parkville Victoria, Flemington, Australia
| | - H Renner
- Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,School of Psychology, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - T Hosseini
- Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,School of Psychology, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - A Osborn
- Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,School of Psychology, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - M Mohebbi
- Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Biostatistics unit, Faculty of Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J W Toumbourou
- Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,School of Psychology, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
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Chung T, Creswell KG, Bachrach R, Clark DB, Martin CS. Adolescent Binge Drinking. Alcohol Res 2018; 39:5-15. [PMID: 30557142 PMCID: PMC6104966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Binge drinking, commonly defined as consuming five or more standard drinks per occasion for men and four or more drinks for women, typically begins in adolescence. Adolescents, although they may drink less often, tend to consume higher quantities of alcohol per occasion compared with adults. This developmental difference in pattern of alcohol consumption may result, in part, from maturational changes that involve an adolescent-specific sensitivity to certain alcohol effects and greater propensity for risk-taking behaviors, such as binge drinking. Adolescent binge drinking is associated with a range of acute alcohol-related harms, some of which may persist into adulthood. The prevalence of binge drinking, including high-intensity drinking (i.e., 10 or more and 15 or more drinks per occasion), has declined among adolescents in recent years. Overall, however, the proportion of youth who engage in binge drinking remains high. This article reviews the definition and prevalence of binge drinking in adolescence, trajectories of binge drinking and their correlates, and implications for prevention.
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Lipperman-Kreda S, Gruenewald PJ, Grube JW, Bersamin M. Adolescents, alcohol, and marijuana: Context characteristics and problems associated with simultaneous use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 179:55-60. [PMID: 28755540 PMCID: PMC5599344 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated contexts of simultaneous use of alcohol and marijuana and the impact of simultaneous use on problems among adolescents. Ecological momentary assessment data were obtained over two weekends from 150 adolescents in California (47% female, M age=16.36years), using smartphone surveys administered early and late in the evening and again the following morning. We assessed whether, in what context, and with whom adolescents drank alcohol and used other substances over 3 evening hours. We assessed problems they experienced each evening on the following morning. Results showed that greater adult supervision in every context was associated with a 55% lower risk of simultaneous use (RRR=0.45, p≤.05). Contexts with no other underage drinkers were associated with 99% lower risk of simultaneous use (RRR=0.01, p≤.005). Each occasion of simultaneous use was related to 110% increase in the number of problems (IRR=2.10, p≤.005), with 83%, 221% and 311% greater odds of violence (OR=1.83, p≤.05), driving under the influence or riding with a drunk driver (OR=3.21, p≤.05), or being drunk (OR=4.11, p≤.005). Additional analyses showed that these problems may be attributed largely to the alcohol consumed in each context. Results demonstrate that it is essential to consider situational and social characteristics of substance use contexts to better understand adolescent simultaneous use of alcohol and drugs and problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Lipperman-Kreda
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 180 Grand Avenue, Suite 1200, Oakland, CA 94612, United States.
| | - Paul J. Gruenewald
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 180 Grand Avenue, Suite 1200, Oakland, CA 94612
| | - Joel W. Grube
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 180 Grand Avenue, Suite 1200, Oakland, CA 94612
| | - Melina Bersamin
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 180 Grand Avenue, Suite 1200, Oakland, CA 94612
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Miller TR, Nygaard P, Gaidus A, Grube JW, Ponicki WR, Lawrence BA, Gruenewald PJ. Heterogeneous Costs of Alcohol and Drug Problems Across Cities and Counties in California. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:758-768. [PMID: 28208210 PMCID: PMC5562014 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimates of economic and social costs related to alcohol and other drug (AOD) use and abuse are usually made at state and national levels. Ecological analyses demonstrate, however, that substantial variations exist in the incidence and prevalence of AOD use and problems including impaired driving, violence, and chronic disease between smaller geopolitical units like counties and cities. This study examines the ranges of these costs across counties and cities in California. METHODS We used estimates of the incidence and prevalence of AOD use, abuse, and related problems to calculate costs in 2010 dollars for all 58 counties and an ecological sample of 50 cities with populations between 50,000 and 500,000 persons in California. The estimates were built from archival and public-use survey data collected at state, county, and city levels over the years from 2009 to 2010. RESULTS Costs related to alcohol use and related problems exceeded those related to illegal drugs across all counties and most cities in the study. Substantial heterogeneities in costs were observed between cities within counties. CONCLUSIONS AOD costs are heterogeneously distributed across counties and cities, reflecting the degree to which different populations are engaged in use and abuse across the state. These findings provide a strong argument for the distribution of treatment and prevention resources proportional to need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted R Miller
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Centre for Population Health Research, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Nygaard
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Oakland, California
| | - Andrew Gaidus
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Oakland, California
| | - Joel W Grube
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Oakland, California
| | - William R Ponicki
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Oakland, California
| | - Bruce A Lawrence
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland
| | - Paul J Gruenewald
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Oakland, California
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Komro KA, Livingston MD, Wagenaar AC, Kominsky TK, Pettigrew DW, Garrett BA. Multilevel Prevention Trial of Alcohol Use Among American Indian and White High School Students in the Cherokee Nation. Am J Public Health 2017; 107:453-459. [PMID: 28103073 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2016.303603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness of a multilevel intervention designed to prevent underage alcohol use among youths living in the Cherokee Nation. METHODS We randomly assigned 6 communities to a control, Communities Mobilizing for Change on Alcohol (CMCA; a community-organizing intervention targeting alcohol access) only, CONNECT (a school-based universal screening and brief intervention) only, or a combined condition. We collected quarterly surveys 2012-2015 from students starting in 9th and 10th grades and ending in 11th and 12th grades. Response rates ranged from 83% to 90%; 46% of students were American Indian (of which 80% were Cherokee) and 46% were White only. RESULTS Students exposed to CMCA, CONNECT, and both showed a significant reduction in the probability over time of 30-day alcohol use (25%, 22%, and 12% reduction, respectively) and heavy episodic drinking (24%, 19%, and 13% reduction) compared with students in the control condition, with variation in magnitude of effects over the 2.5-year intervention period. CONCLUSIONS CMCA and CONNECT are effective interventions for reducing alcohol use among American Indian and other youths living in rural communities. Challenges remain for sustaining intervention effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli A Komro
- Kelli A. Komro and Alexander C. Wagenaar are with the Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. Melvin D. Livingston is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Health Sciences Center, University of North Texas, Fort Worth. Terrence K. Kominsky, Dallas W. Pettigrew, and Brady A. Garrett are with Cherokee Nation Behavioral Health, Tahlequah, OK
| | - Melvin D Livingston
- Kelli A. Komro and Alexander C. Wagenaar are with the Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. Melvin D. Livingston is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Health Sciences Center, University of North Texas, Fort Worth. Terrence K. Kominsky, Dallas W. Pettigrew, and Brady A. Garrett are with Cherokee Nation Behavioral Health, Tahlequah, OK
| | - Alexander C Wagenaar
- Kelli A. Komro and Alexander C. Wagenaar are with the Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. Melvin D. Livingston is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Health Sciences Center, University of North Texas, Fort Worth. Terrence K. Kominsky, Dallas W. Pettigrew, and Brady A. Garrett are with Cherokee Nation Behavioral Health, Tahlequah, OK
| | - Terrence K Kominsky
- Kelli A. Komro and Alexander C. Wagenaar are with the Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. Melvin D. Livingston is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Health Sciences Center, University of North Texas, Fort Worth. Terrence K. Kominsky, Dallas W. Pettigrew, and Brady A. Garrett are with Cherokee Nation Behavioral Health, Tahlequah, OK
| | - Dallas W Pettigrew
- Kelli A. Komro and Alexander C. Wagenaar are with the Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. Melvin D. Livingston is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Health Sciences Center, University of North Texas, Fort Worth. Terrence K. Kominsky, Dallas W. Pettigrew, and Brady A. Garrett are with Cherokee Nation Behavioral Health, Tahlequah, OK
| | - Brady A Garrett
- Kelli A. Komro and Alexander C. Wagenaar are with the Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. Melvin D. Livingston is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Health Sciences Center, University of North Texas, Fort Worth. Terrence K. Kominsky, Dallas W. Pettigrew, and Brady A. Garrett are with Cherokee Nation Behavioral Health, Tahlequah, OK
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- Kelli A. Komro and Alexander C. Wagenaar are with the Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. Melvin D. Livingston is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Health Sciences Center, University of North Texas, Fort Worth. Terrence K. Kominsky, Dallas W. Pettigrew, and Brady A. Garrett are with Cherokee Nation Behavioral Health, Tahlequah, OK
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Harding FM, Hingson RW, Klitzner M, Mosher JF, Brown J, Vincent RM, Dahl E, Cannon CL. Underage Drinking: A Review of Trends and Prevention Strategies. Am J Prev Med 2016; 51:S148-57. [PMID: 27476384 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Underage drinking and its associated problems have profound negative consequences for underage drinkers themselves, their families, their communities, and society as a whole, and contribute to a wide range of costly health and social problems. There is increased risk of negative consequences with heavy episodic or binge drinking. Alcohol is a factor related to approximately 4,300 deaths among underage youths in the U.S. every year. Since the mid-1980s, the nation has launched aggressive underage drinking prevention efforts at the federal, state, and local levels, and national epidemiologic data suggest that these efforts are having positive effects. For example, since 1982, alcohol-related traffic deaths among youth aged 16-20 years have declined by 79%. Evidence-based or promising strategies for reducing underage drinking include those that limit the physical, social, and economic availability of alcohol to youth, make it illegal for drivers aged <21 years to drive after drinking, and provide mechanisms for early identification of problem drinkers. Strategies may be implemented through a comprehensive prevention approach including policies and their enforcement, public awareness and education, action by community coalitions, and early brief alcohol intervention and referral programs. This paper focuses on underage drinking laws and their enforcement because these constitute perhaps the most fundamental component of efforts to limit youth access to and use of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M Harding
- Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Ralph W Hingson
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Jorielle Brown
- Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Robert M Vincent
- Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Rockville, Maryland.
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Flewelling RL, Hanley SM. Assessing Community Coalition Capacity and its Association with Underage Drinking Prevention Effectiveness in the Context of the SPF SIG. Prev Sci 2016; 17:830-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s11121-016-0675-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Van Hoof JJ, Roodbeen RT, Krokké J, Gosselt JF, Schelleman-Offermans K. Alcohol sales to underage buyers in the Netherlands in 2011 and 2013. J Adolesc Health 2015; 56:468-70. [PMID: 25650111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Measuring vendors' compliance and possible change in compliance with the legal age limits on alcohol sales in 2011 and 2013. METHODS In 2011 and 2013, representative mystery shopping studies were conducted. In total, 2,737 underage mystery shopping alcohol purchase attempts were conducted both in off-premise (supermarkets, liquor stores, and take away restaurants) and on-premise (bars and sports bars) outlets as well as from alcohol home delivery services. RESULTS Average compliance increased significantly from 28.2% in 2011 to 46.5% in 2013, and asking proof of age (ID) also increased significantly from 43.9% in 2011 to 54.1% in 2013. CONCLUSIONS Both asking proof of age and, ultimately, compliance with the legal age limits increased significantly. Nevertheless, still 53.5% of the adolescents could purchase alcohol themselves, which makes alcohol largely available through the various premises.
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Jones SC. Using social marketing to create communities for our children and adolescents that do not model and encourage drinking. Health Place 2014; 30:260-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Erickson DJ, Lenk KM, Toomey TL, Nelson TF, Jones-Webb R, Mosher JF. Measuring the Strength of State-Level Alcohol Control Policies. World Med Health Policy 2014; 6:171-186. [PMID: 25574422 DOI: 10.1002/wmh3.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We describe a multi-step method of coding the strength of 18 alcohol policies included in the Alcohol Policy Information System for each of the 50 states. METHOD After thoroughly reviewing each policy area, we chose components that were most important in categorizing the strength or restrictiveness of the policy using the following criteria: overall reach, enforceability, and implementation. We determined a unique coding scheme for each policy area. RESULTS The total number of categories per policy area ranged from two to six, with categories numbered in an ordered sequence from least to most restrictive. We provide three examples of our coding schemes: Keg Registration, Underage Possession, and Sunday Sales. We also rank the states on their alcohol policy sum score. DISCUSSION This study demonstrates how alcohol policies can be measured quantitatively, an important step for assessing the effects of alcohol policies on various outcomes.
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Giesbrecht N, Bosma LM, Juras J, Quadri M. Implementing and Sustaining Effective Alcohol-Related Policies at the Local Level: Evidence, Challenges, and Next Steps. World Medical & Health Policy 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/wmh3.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
In this introductory article we define environmental change strategies (ECS), summarize the primary challenges associated with evaluating ECS, and provide an overview of the methods researchers have employed to begin to address these challenges. This special issue provides a range of examples, from researchers and practitioners in the field, of different approaches for addressing these challenges. These articles present new methods to understand and test how ECS are implemented and propose methods to evaluate their implementation. The content of the articles covers multiple public health issues, including substance abuse prevention, tobacco control, HIV prevention, and obesity prevention. This special issue is intended to build the evidence base for effective ECS, generate compelling discussion, critical analyses, and spur future research that will help improve the implementation and evaluation of ECS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristianna G Pettibone
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 530 Davis Dr., Morrisville, NC 27650, USA.
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Moore RS, Roberts J, McGaffigan R, Calac D, Grube JW, Gilder DA, Ehlers CL. Implementing a reward and reminder underage drinking prevention program in convenience stores near Southern California American Indian reservations. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2013; 38:456-60. [PMID: 22931080 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2012.696758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Underage drinking is associated with a number of social and public health consequences. Preventing access to alcohol is one approach to reducing underage drinking. OBJECTIVES This study assesses the efficacy of a culturally tailored "reward and reminder" program aimed at reducing convenience store alcohol sales to youth living on or near nine American Indian reservations. METHODS First, tribal council proclamations were sought to support underage drinking prevention, including reward and reminder efforts. Then, decoys (volunteers over 21 years of age but judged to look younger) attempted to purchase alcohol without identification. Clerks who asked for identification were given "rewards" (gift cards and congratulatory letters), whereas clerks who did not were given "reminders" of the law regarding sales to minors. Following an initial baseline of 12 purchase attempts, three repeated reward and reminder visits were made to 13 convenience stores selling alcohol within 10 miles of the reservations (n = 51 total attempts). RESULTS Five of nine tribal councils passed resolutions in support of the program. The baseline sales rate without requesting ID was 33%. Similarly, 38% of stores in the first reward and reminder visit round failed to request identification. However, in the following two reward and reminder rounds, 0% of the stores failed to request identification. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that environmental community-level underage drinking prevention strategies to reduce alcohol sales near rural reservations are feasible and can be effective. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Environmental prevention strategies within reservation communities support integrated supply and demand reduction models for reducing underage drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland S Moore
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation , Berkeley, CA 94704, USA.
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