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Dina NE, Tahir MA, Bajwa SZ, Amin I, Valev VK, Zhang L. SERS-based antibiotic susceptibility testing: Towards point-of-care clinical diagnosis. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 219:114843. [PMID: 36327563 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Emerging antibiotic resistant bacteria constitute one of the biggest threats to public health. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is highly promising for detecting such bacteria and for antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST). SERS is fast, non-destructive (can probe living cells) and it is technologically flexible (readily integrated with robotics and machine learning algorithms). However, in order to integrate into efficient point-of-care (PoC) devices and to effectively replace the current culture-based methods, it needs to overcome the challenges of reliability, cost and complexity. Recently, significant progress has been made with the emergence of both new questions and new promising directions of research and technological development. This article brings together insights from several representative SERS-based AST studies and approaches oriented towards clinical PoC biosensing. It aims to serve as a reference source that can guide progress towards PoC routines for identifying antibiotic resistant pathogens. In turn, such identification would help to trace the origin of sporadic infections, in order to prevent outbreaks and to design effective medical treatment and preventive procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Elena Dina
- Department of Molecular and Biomolecular Department, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 400293, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Muhammad Ali Tahir
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Sadia Z Bajwa
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P.O. Box No. 577, Jhang Road, 38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Imran Amin
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P.O. Box No. 577, Jhang Road, 38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ventsislav K Valev
- Centre for Photonics and Photonic Materials, Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom; Centre for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom; Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom.
| | - Liwu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Sadanandan S, V. S M, Ramkumar K, Pillai NP, P A, P. J S, V D, K R, R JS, Sreejaya M. Biorecognition elements appended gold nanoparticle biosensors for the detection of food-borne pathogens - A review. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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3
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Jiang G, Li Y, Liu J, Liu L, Pi F. Progress on aptamer-based SERS sensors for food safety and quality assessment: methodology, current applications and future trends. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:783-800. [PMID: 35943403 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2108370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that food safety has aroused extensive attentions from governments to researchers and to food industries. As a versatile technology based on molecular interactions, aptamer sensors which could specifically identify a wide range of food contaminants have been extensively studied in recent years. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy integrated aptamer combines the advantages of both technologies, not only in the ability to specifically identify a wide range of food contaminants, but also in the ultra-high sensitivity, simplicity, portable and speed. To provide beneficial insights into the evaluation techniques in the field of food safety, we offer a comprehensive review on the design strategies for aptamer-SERS sensors in different scenarios, including non-nucleic acid amplification methods ("on/off" mode, sandwich mode, competition model and catalytic model) and nucleic acid amplification methods (hybridization chain reaction, rolling circle amplification, catalytic hairpin assembly). Meanwhile, a special attention is paid to the application of aptamer-SERS sensors in biological (foodborne pathogenic, bacteria and mycotoxins) and chemical contamination (drug residues, metal ions, and food additives) of food matrix. Finally, the challenges and prospects of developing reliable aptamer-SERS sensors for food safety were discussed, which are expected to offer a strong guidance for further development and extended applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Liu
- Wuxi Institute of Technology, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuwei Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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4
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Chavva SR, Bhat N, San Juan AMT, Jaitpal S, Mabbott S. Simultaneous Thermal and Spectroscopic Screening of Morphologically Complex Theranostic Gold Nanoparticles. JNT 2022; 3:102-16. [DOI: 10.3390/jnt3020007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles absorb light energy and convert it to thermal energy that transfers to the surrounding environment, making them potentially useful for the hyperthermic treatments well known as photothermal therapy (PTT). Further, it is well documented that noble metal nanoparticles are capable of significantly enhancing the Raman scattering of molecules attached to their surfaces, a technique which is termed surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). SERS combined with PTT has the ability to locate nanoparticles at depth and trigger heat production, providing an effective methodology to both seek and destroy diseased tissues. While PTT and SERS are often used in tandem and there are several ways of individually measuring SERS and thermal output, there is currently no method available that pre-screens both properties prior to in vitro or in vivo application. In this work, we have designed a 3D printed platform capable of coupling a commercially available Raman probe to a sample cuvette for SERS and heat output to be monitored simultaneously. We have compared the performance of morphologically complex gold nanoparticles, nanostars (AuNSs) and nanoplates (AuNPLs), which are both well utilized in SERS and photothermal experiments; and measured the SERS activity originating from common Raman reporter analytes 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA) and 1,4-benzenedithiol (BDT). We were able to show that the system effectively measures the thermal output and SERS activity of the particles and can evaluate the effect that multiple irradiation cycles have on the SERS signal.
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Shen M, Liao X, Xianyu Y, Liu D, Ding T. Polydimethylsiloxane Membranes Incorporating Metal-Organic Frameworks for the Sustained Release of Antibacterial Agents. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:12662-12673. [PMID: 35239326 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin metal-organic frameworks (CD-MOFs) possess great potential in environmental applications due to their high specific surface area and good biocompatibility properties. However, the hydrophilicity of the CD-MOF hinders its ability to maintain a sustained release in water as a carrier. In this study, we prepared a CD-MOF that has codelivery ability for both phytochemicals [caffeic acid (CA)] and silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and further incorporated this material (CA@Ag@CD-MOF) into the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix to construct a hybrid membrane. This hybrid membrane could effectively maintain the release capacity of the CD-MOF in water, while endowing PDMS with swelling ability in water. The hybrid membrane can achieve a sustained release for up to 48 h in water. In addition, the elastic modulus of the hybrid membrane increases by nearly 100%, and the swelling degree of the hybrid membrane in water increases by 42% compared with that of the pure PDMS membrane, indicating better mechanical properties. The hybrid membrane exhibits excellent antibacterial effects on Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). We expect that this work will be beneficial to the delivery research of the CD-MOF in more environmental scenarios, especially in water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mofei Shen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xinyu Liao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yunlei Xianyu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Donghong Liu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Tian Ding
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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Abdelmoaty AS, El-beih AA, Hanna AA. Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Copper-Metal Organic Framework (Cu-MOF) and Its Modification by Melamine. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-021-02187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Yang Q, Guo W, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Ming R, Yuan Y, Tan J, Zhang W. Novel Single Primer Isothermal Amplification Method for the Visual Detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ahmad W, Wang J, Li H, Jiao T, Chen Q. Trends in the bacterial recognition patterns used in surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Trends Analyt Chem 2021; 142:116310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Jiang L, Hassan MM, Ali S, Li H, Sheng R, Chen Q. Evolving trends in SERS-based techniques for food quality and safety: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
Bacterial infections are a major threat to human health, exacerbated by increasing antibiotic resistance. These infections can result in tremendous morbidity and mortality, emphasizing the need to identify and treat pathogenic bacteria quickly and effectively. Recent developments in detection methods have focused on electrochemical, optical, and mass-based biosensors. Advances in these systems include implementing multifunctional materials, microfluidic sampling, and portable data-processing to improve sensitivity, specificity, and ease of operation. Concurrently, advances in antibacterial treatment have largely focused on targeted and responsive delivery for both antibiotics and antibiotic alternatives. Antibiotic alternatives described here include repurposed drugs, antimicrobial peptides and polymers, nucleic acids, small molecules, living systems, and bacteriophages. Finally, closed-loop therapies are combining advances in the fields of both detection and treatment. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current trends in detection and treatment systems for bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Deusenbery
- School of Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Yingying Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Anita Shukla
- School of Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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12
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Zhu Y, Wu L, Yan H, Lu Z, Yin W, Han H. Enzyme induced molecularly imprinted polymer on SERS substrate for ultrasensitive detection of patulin. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1101:111-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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McConnell EM, Morrison D, Rey Rincon MA, Salena BJ, Li Y. Selection and applications of synthetic functional DNAs for bacterial detection. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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14
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Shen M, Forghani F, Kong X, Liu D, Ye X, Chen S, Ding T. Antibacterial applications of metal-organic frameworks and their composites. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:1397-1419. [PMID: 33337086 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous coordination materials composed of multidentate organic ligands and metal ions or metal clusters. MOFs have the great potential to be utilized in antibacterial materials for biological, environmental, and food antimicrobial fields. In recent years, MOFs have been applied to various antibacterial fields due to their sustained release capability, porosity, and structural flexibility in combination with many chemicals and/or materials (such as nanoparticles, antibiotics, phytochemicals, and polymers). This review offers a detailed summary of the antibacterial applications of MOFs and their composites, focusing on the combination types of MOFs composites and the antibacterial effect in different applications. These applications are illustrated by the examples discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mofei Shen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fereidoun Forghani
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, Georgia
| | - Xueqian Kong
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Donghong Liu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingqian Ye
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiguo Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Ding
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Zhang L, Wang J, Deng J, Wang S. A novel fluorescent "turn-on" aptasensor based on nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots and hexagonal cobalt oxyhydroxide nanoflakes to detect tetracycline. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:1343-51. [PMID: 31901961 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02361-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel fluorescent "turn-on" aptasensor was developed for sensitive and rapid detection of tetracycline (TC) in animal-derived food. It is based on aptamer-functionalized nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs-aptamer) coupled with cobalt oxyhydroxide (CoOOH) nanoflakes. The CoOOH nanoflakes are efficient fluorescence quenchers in homogeneous solutions, and this is due to their advantages of excellent optical properties, superior flexibility, and water dispersibility. The proposed method's mechanism is driven by quenching based on the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the donor (N-GQDs) and the acceptor (CoOOH nanoflakes). On the other hand, fluorescence recovery is caused by the structure switching behavior of the aptamer. Compared with previous methods, our developed method exhibits better behavior in terms of being easy to fabricate and being simple in detection procedure and maintains the detection limit low enough in TC determination: a linear range from 1 to 100 ng mL-1 and a detection limit of 0.95 ng mL-1 (S/N = 3). Furthermore, the proposed method was applied to five animal-derived food samples (milk, honey, fish, eggs, and chicken muscle) and demonstrated practical applicability. As well, the method has the advantages of simplicity in pre-treatment and convenience in instruments, saves times, and is cost-effective. Finally, the proposed method demonstrates significant potential for sensitive and rapid detection of specific components in real samples. Graphical abstract.
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Zhao D, Liu Y, Pei Z, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Sang S. Surface stress-induced membrane biosensor based on double-layer stable gold nanostructures for E. coli detection. IET Nanobiotechnol 2019; 13:905-910. [PMID: 31811758 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2019.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface stress-based biosensor has been applied in fast and sensitive identification of Escherichia coli (E. coli)with significance for public health, food, and water safety. However, the stable sensitive element of flexible biosensor based on surface stress is still crucial and challengeable. Here, the authors reported surface stress-induced biosensors based on double-layer stable gold nanostructures (D-AuNS-SSMB) for E. coli O157:H7 detection. Bacterial detection demonstrates the high stability of the biosensor. The resistance change of biosensor is linear to the logarithmic value of the E. coli O157:H7 concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 CFU/mL with a limit of detection (LOD) of 43 CFU/mL. The captured signals of D-AuNS-SSMB comes from surface stress generated by antigen-antibody binding. In addition, the biosensor exhibits good stability, reproducibility and specificity in detection of E. coli O157:H7 as well. This study provides a new preparation method of stable sensitive element for the E. coli detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhao
- MicroNano System Research Center, Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education & College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- MicroNano System Research Center, Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education & College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Pei
- MicroNano System Research Center, Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education & College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- MicroNano System Research Center, Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education & College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixia Zhang
- MicroNano System Research Center, Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education & College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wendong Zhang
- MicroNano System Research Center, Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education & College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengbo Sang
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Wang HX, Zhao YW, Li Z, Liu BS, Zhang D. Development and Application of Aptamer-Based Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Sensors in Quantitative Analysis and Biotherapy. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:E3806. [PMID: 31484403 PMCID: PMC6749344 DOI: 10.3390/s19173806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is one of the most special and important Raman techniques. An apparent Raman signal can be observed when the target molecules are absorbed onto the surface of the SERS substrates, especially on the "hot spots" of the substrates. Early research focused on exploring the highly active SERS substrates and their detection applications in label-free SERS technology. However, it is a great challenge to use these label-free SERS sensors for detecting hydrophobic or non-polar molecules, especially in complex systems or at low concentrations. Therefore, antibodies, aptamers, and antimicrobial peptides have been used to effectively improve the target selectivity and meet the analysis requirements. Among these selective elements, aptamers are easy to use for synthesis and modifications, and their stability, affinity and specificity are extremely good; they have been successfully used in a variety of testing areas. The combination of SERS detection technology and aptamer recognition ability not only improved the selection accuracy of target molecules, but also improved the sensitivity of the analysis. Variations of aptamer-based SERS sensors have been developed and have achieved satisfactory results in the analysis of small molecules, pathogenic microorganism, mycotoxins, tumor marker and other functional molecules, as well as in successful photothermal therapy of tumors. Herein, we present the latest advances of the aptamer-based SERS sensors, as well as the assembling sensing platforms and the strategies for signal amplification. Furthermore, the existing problems and potential trends of the aptamer-based SERS sensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Xia Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yu-Wen Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Bo-Shi Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Di Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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