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Melikam ES, Magwood GS, Ford M, Salley J, Abraham-Hilaire L, Nelson J, McCrary-Quarles A, Berry C, Cartmell KB. Community Trust, Attitudes and Preferences Related to Participation in Cancer Research in South Carolina. J Community Health 2024; 49:100-107. [PMID: 37531048 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-023-01251-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
African American adults have the highest mortality rate for most cancers in the United States, and meaningful, community-driven research is needed to inform optimal strategies for addressing these disparities. Unfortunately, research mistrust, often driven by historical inequities, is well-documented among African Americans.This study explored trust, attitudes, and preferences regarding participation in cancer research activities among primarily African American and other medically underserved communities in South Carolina from August 2020 to December 2021. Trust was measured using the Trust in Medical Researchers Scale (TMRS).The mean TMRS score for all study participants (N = 179) was 26.54 (SD 7.57) out of 48 (maximum possible score). Significant differences in mean values of the TMRS scores were only observed for gender (p = 0.0056) and race (p < 0.0001), with White participants and males reporting higher levels of trust in medical researchers. Overall, 52.5% of participants were somewhat likely or likely to volunteer to participate in a cancer research opportunity, with White participants (73.81%) being more likely to participate in cancer research compared to African American participants (45.74%) (p = 0.0054). Furthermore, participants were most willing to provide saliva (80.85%) and urine samples (80.85%), new blood samples (60.64%), stool samples (54.26%), medical records or laboratory results (52.13%) and least willing to allow left-over blood, tissue, or other fluids from medical procedures to be used for research (50%).These results provide evidence of the need for concerted programmatic efforts to build trust in cancer researchers, particularly among females and African American adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezinne Sylvia Melikam
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, 513 Edwards Hall, Clemson, SC, 29634, U.S.A
| | - Gayenell S Magwood
- Department of Biobehavioral Health and Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of South Carolina, 1601 Greene St, Columbia, SC, 29208, U.S.A
| | - Marvella Ford
- Cancer Disparities, Hollings Cancer Center, Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, U.S.A
| | - Judith Salley
- Department of Biological & Physical Sciences, South Carolina State University, 300 College Street, Orangeburg, SC, 29117, U.S.A
| | - Latecia Abraham-Hilaire
- Academic Affairs Faculty, MUSC Library-PICO, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, U.S.A
| | - Joni Nelson
- Division of Population Oral Health, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue BSB 127, Charleston, SC, 29425, U.S.A
| | - Audrey McCrary-Quarles
- Department of Health Sciences & Physical Education, South Carolina State University, 300 College Street, Orangeburg, SC, 29117, U.S.A
| | - Cammie Berry
- Office of Institutional Research, South Carolina State University, 300 College Ave, Orangeburg, SC, 29117, U.S.A
| | - Kathleen B Cartmell
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, 513 Edwards Hall, Clemson, SC, 29634, U.S.A..
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Negrete M, Ademiluyi A, Karayeva E, Eskridge G, Huggins M, Eskridge CM, Price BD, Bendinskas KG, Watson KS, Kim SJ. Bridging the Gap: Engaging Black Men in Lung Cancer Research Through Barbershop Collaboration. Am J Mens Health 2024; 18:15579883241229417. [PMID: 38339791 PMCID: PMC10859066 DOI: 10.1177/15579883241229417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Health disparities persist among Black men, notably in the context of lung cancer and stress-related health outcomes. This study explores these disparities through a community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach, citizen science, and social network theory, leveraging the expertise and trust of Black barbers as community leaders. The purpose is to understand the nuanced connections between stress and lung cancer in this demographic. Engaging 161 Black men across four Chicago neighborhoods, the study successfully collected hair samples and survey data, emphasizing the importance of culturally sensitive recruitment strategies. Findings highlight the effectiveness of the collaboration, showcasing the role of barbershops as community hubs for research. The study concludes by advocating for sustained partnerships with community leaders, emphasizing transparency in research communication, and promoting culturally grounded approaches to address health disparities and enhance research participation among underrepresented populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Karriem S. Watson
- National Institutes of Health (NIH) All of Us Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sage J. Kim
- University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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3
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Allen CG, Jefferson M, Magwood G, Melvin C, Babatunde OA, Halbert CH. Understanding men's beliefs and concerns about linking health data in the context of precision medicine. J Clin Transl Sci 2023; 7:e150. [PMID: 37456269 PMCID: PMC10346034 DOI: 10.1017/cts.2023.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective Linking data is a critical feature of precision medicine initiatives that involves integrating information from multiple sources to improve researchers' and clinicians' ability to deliver care. We have limited understanding of how individuals perceive linking data as it relates to precision medicine. The aim of this study was to identify how sociodemographics, comorbidities, and beliefs about precision medicine influence two outcomes related to linking data: beliefs about linking data and concerns about linking data among men. Methods We recruited 124 adult men from primary care practices at a large clinical research university to complete a cross-sectional survey that included questions about sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, beliefs, benefits, and limitations of precision medicine, and two outcomes of interest: beliefs about the value of linking data and concerns about linking data. Descriptive statistics, bivariate associations, and multivariable regression were conducted. Results Participants had positive beliefs about linking data for precision medicine (M = 4.05/5) and average concern about linking data (M = 2.1/5). Final multivariable models revealed that higher levels of loneliness are associated with more positive beliefs about linking data (β = 0.41, p = 0.027). Races other than African American (β = -0.64, p = 0.009) and those with lower perceived limitations of precision medicine were less likely to be concerned about linking data (β = -0.75, p = 0.0006). Conclusion Our results advance the literature about perceptions of linking data for use in clinical and research studies among men. Better understanding of factors associated with more positive perceptions of data linkages could help improve how researchers recruit and engage participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin G. Allen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Melanie Jefferson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Gayenell Magwood
- Department of Biobehavioral Health and Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Cathy Melvin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Oluwole Adeyemi Babatunde
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Chanita Hughes Halbert
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Li X, Roy S, Damonte J, Park HY, Hoogland AI, Jamison K, Komrokji KR, Yeo CD, Kim Y, Dhillon J, Gudenkauf LM, Oswald LB, Jim HS, Yamoah K, Pow-Sang JM, Kanetsky PA, Gwede CK, Park JY, Gonzalez BD. Recruiting African American Prostate Cancer Survivors for a Population-based Biobank Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023; 32:768-775. [PMID: 36958853 PMCID: PMC10308568 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-22-1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer affects African American men disproportionately compared with men of other racial/ethnic groups. To identify biological bases for this health disparity, we sought to create a state-wide biobank of African American prostate cancer survivors in Florida. METHODS African American men diagnosed with prostate cancer between 2013 and 2017 and living in Florida at diagnosis were identified through the State of Florida's cancer registry. Individuals were approached via mail and telephone, assessed for eligibility, and asked for informed consent. χ2 and t tests were conducted to identify differences between eligible and reachable individuals (i.e., had valid contact information) versus consented participants. RESULTS Of the 5,960 eligible and reachable individuals, 3,904 were eligible and contacted at least once, and 578 consented [overall consent rate = 10% (578/5,960); adjusted consent rate = 15% (578/3,904)]. Statistically significant (Ps < 0.05) but small differences in demographic and clinical variables were observed. Consented participants were less likely to be older than 64 (35% vs. 41%) and less likely to have received radiotherapy (36% vs. 41%) and hormone therapy (16% vs. 21%), but more likely to have regional prostate cancer (13% vs. 11%) and have undergone surgery (44% vs. 39%). Consented participants did not differ from reachable individuals on other demographic and clinical factors (Ps > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Recruiting African American prostate cancer survivors to biobanking research through a cancer registry is feasible. However, the consent rate was low, and existing challenges limit consent and participation. IMPACT Strategies for overcoming barriers to informed consent and increasing participation in biospecimen research are needed to address cancer disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyin Li
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Siddhartha Roy
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Jennifer Damonte
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Hyun Y. Park
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Aasha I. Hoogland
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Kala Jamison
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Khaled R. Komrokji
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Chang Dong Yeo
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Youngchul Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | | | - Lisa M. Gudenkauf
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Laura B. Oswald
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Heather S.L. Jim
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Kosj Yamoah
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Julio M. Pow-Sang
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | | | - Clement K. Gwede
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Jong Y. Park
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Brian D. Gonzalez
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
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Ashford MT, Zhu D, Bride J, McLean E, Aaronson A, Conti C, Cypress C, Griffin P, Ross R, Duncan T, Deng X, Ulbricht A, Fockler J, Camacho MR, Flenniken D, Truran D, Mackin SR, Hill C, Weiner MW, Byrd D, Turner Ii RW, Cham H, Rivera Mindt M, Nosheny RL. Understanding Online Registry Facilitators and Barriers Experienced by Black Brain Health Registry Participants: The Community Engaged Digital Alzheimer's Research (CEDAR) Study. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 2023; 10:551-561. [PMID: 37357297 PMCID: PMC10395260 DOI: 10.14283/jpad.2023.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Failure of Alzheimer's disease and related diseases (ADRD) research studies to include and engage Black participants is a major issue, which limits the impact and generalizability of research findings. Little is known about participation of Black adults in online ADRD-related research registries. OBJECTIVES As part of the Community Engaged Digital Alzheimer's Research (CEDAR) Study, this study aims to increase our understanding of facilitators and barriers of Black adults to participating in ADRD-related online registries, as well as to understand their preferences for communication channels. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, MEASUREMENTS We invited all Black participants enrolled in the Brain Health Registry (BHR) to complete a cross-sectional online survey. The survey consisted of rating scales and open-text questions asking about their attitudes towards brain health research, reasons for joining and continuing to participate in BHR, difficulties with participating, and preferences for modes of contact and website usage. RESULTS Of all invited Black BHR participants (N=3,636), 198 (5.5%) completed the survey. The mean age was 58.4 (SD=11.3), mean years of education were 16.3 (SD=2.4), and 85.5% identified as female. Reported facilitators for joining and continuing to participate in BHR were personal interest (e.g., learning more about own brain health) and altruism (e.g., helping research). Among additional registry features which could encourage return, receiving feedback or scores about BHR tasks was rated the highest. Of those who found BHR participation difficult (21%), the most frequent reason was time burden. The most preferred way of receiving study information was via email. Participants reported that the websites that they used the most were YouTube and Facebook. DISCUSSION The results of our study can inform the development of culturally-responsive registry features and engagement efforts to improve inclusion and participation of Black adults in online ADRD research. Providing participants with feedback about their registry performance and reducing the number of registry tasks are among the recommended strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Ashford
- Miriam Ashford, 4150 Clement St, San Francisco, CA 94121, , Phone: (415) 750-6954, Fax number: (415) 750-9358
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6
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Scarinci IC, Hansen B, Green BL, Sodeke SO, Price-Haywood EG, Kim YI. Willingness to participate in various nontherapeutic cancer research activities among urban and rural African American and Latinx healthy volunteers. Cancer Causes Control 2022; 33:1059-1069. [PMID: 35404020 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-022-01576-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inclusion of racial/ethnic minorities in cancer research can reduce disparities in health outcomes; however, data regarding barriers and motivators to participation are sparse. This study assessed African American (AA) and Latinx healthy volunteers' perspectives regarding willingness to participate in noninvasive and invasive research activities. METHODS Using a 38-item questionnaire adapted from the Tuskegee Legacy Project Questionnaire, we assessed willingness to participate in 12 research activities, offering 27 possible barriers and 14 motivators. The sample was segmented into four subgroups by AA/Latinx and rural/urban. RESULTS Across five states and Puerto Rico, 533 participants completed questionnaires. Overall, participants were more willing to participate in noninvasive versus invasive procedures, although, all subgroups were willing to participate in research if asked. Rural AA were most willing to complete a survey or saliva sample, while rural Latinx were least willing. Urban AA were least willing to provide cheek swab, while rural counterparts were most willing. Self-benefit and benefit to others were among the top three motivators for all subgroups. Curiosity was a primary motivator for urban AA while obtaining health information motivated rural Latinx. Primary barriers included fears of side effects and being experimented on, lack of information, and lack of confidentiality. CONCLUSIONS Latinx and AAs are willing to participate in the continuum of nontherapeutic research activities suggesting their lack of participation may be related to not being asked. Inclusive enrollment may be achieved by assessing needs of participants during the design phase of a study in order to reduce barriers to participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel C Scarinci
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, 10360F, Birmingham, Albama, 35249, USA.
| | - Barbara Hansen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, 10360F, Birmingham, Albama, 35249, USA
| | | | | | | | - Young-Il Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, 10360F, Birmingham, Albama, 35249, USA
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Fink AKC, DeRenzis AC, Awasthi S, Jahan N, Johnstone PAS, Pow‐Sang J, Torres‐Roca J, Grass D, Fernandez D, Naghavi A, Tan S, Manley B, Li R, Poch M, Yu A, Little N, Bass E, Ercole CE, Katsoulakis E, Burri R, Smith R, Stanley NB, Vadaparampil ST, Yamoah K. Identifying and overcoming barriers to participation of minority populations in clinical trials: Lessons learned from the VanDAAM study. Cancer Med 2022; 12:1869-1877. [PMID: 35796421 PMCID: PMC9883445 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Participation in cancer research trials by minority populations is imperative in reducing disparities in clinical outcomes. Even with increased awareness of the importance of minority patient inclusion in clinical research to improve cancer care and survival, significant barriers persist in accruing and retaining minority patients into clinical trials. This study sought to identify and address barriers to minority accrual to a minimal risk clinical research study in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina K. C. Fink
- Cancer EpidemiologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Amanda C. DeRenzis
- Cancer EpidemiologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Shivanshu Awasthi
- Cancer EpidemiologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaFloridaUSA
| | | | | | - Julio Pow‐Sang
- Genitourinary OncologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Javier Torres‐Roca
- Radiation OncologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Daniel Grass
- Radiation OncologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Daniel Fernandez
- Radiation OncologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Arash Naghavi
- Radiation OncologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Susan Tan
- Radiation OncologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Brandon Manley
- Genitourinary OncologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Roger Li
- Genitourinary OncologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Michael Poch
- Genitourinary OncologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Alice Yu
- Genitourinary OncologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Nikki Little
- Genitourinary OncologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Eppie Bass
- Genitourinary OncologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Cesar E. Ercole
- Urology SectionJames A. Haley Veterans' HospitalTampaFloridaUSA
| | | | - Ryan Burri
- RadiationBay Pines VA Healthcare SystemBay PinesFloridaUSA
| | - Riley Smith
- Cancer EpidemiologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Nathanael B. Stanley
- Office of Community Outreach, Engagement & Equity (COEE)H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Susan T. Vadaparampil
- Office of Community Outreach, Engagement & Equity (COEE)H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaFloridaUSA,Health Outcomes & BehaviorH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Kosj Yamoah
- Cancer EpidemiologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaFloridaUSA,Radiation OncologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaFloridaUSA
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Kikut A, Sanyal M, Vaughn M, Ridley-Merriweather KE, Head K, Salowe R, Lomax-Reese S, Lewis M, Ross AG, Cui QN, Addis V, Sankar PS, Miller-Ellis E, O’Brien JM. Learning from Black/African American Participants: Applying the Integrated Behavioral Model to Assess Recruitment Strategies for a Glaucoma Genetic Study. Health Commun 2022; 37:515-524. [PMID: 33345602 PMCID: PMC8213868 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2020.1853897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The underrepresentation of African American (AA) participants in medical research perpetuates racial health disparities in the United States. Open-ended phone interviews were conducted with 50 AA adults from Philadelphia who had previously participated in a genetic study of glaucoma that included complimentary ophthalmic screenings. Recruitment for the genetic study was done in partnership with a Black-owned radio station. Thematic analysis of interview transcripts, guided by the integrated behavior model (IBM), identified self-reported motivations for participating in this care-focused and community-promoted research program. Findings revealed that decisions to enroll were influenced by strong instrumental attitudes regarding learning more about personal health and contributing to future care options for others. Notable normative influences that factored into participants' decisions to enroll in the study included hearing about the study from a respected community media outlet, friends, and family. About one-third of respondents discussed past and current racial discrimination in medical research as an important sociocultural frame within which they thought about participation, suggesting that experiential attitudes play a continuing role in AA's decisions to enroll in medical research studies. Medical researchers seeking to recruit AA participants should collaborate with community partners, combine enrollment opportunities with access to health services, and emphasize the potential for new research to mitigate racial inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Kikut
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mohima Sanyal
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marquis Vaughn
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Katharine Head
- Department of Communication Studies, Indiana
University–Purdue University Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rebecca Salowe
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Ahmara G. Ross
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qi N. Cui
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Victoria Addis
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Prithvi S. Sankar
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eydie Miller-Ellis
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joan M. O’Brien
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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9
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Enard KR, Nicks SE, Campbell BA, McClure SM. In pursuit of equity: partnering to improve breast and prostate cancer outcomes among African Americans. Cancer Causes Control 2021; 32:473-482. [PMID: 33742258 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-021-01412-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is a collaborative partnership approach that leverages the strengths of academic-community groups to address local problems. CBPR emphasizes equity (e.g., co-learning, power-sharing, participatory decision-making) among groups to achieve goals and promote sustainability. This study examines group dynamics, and their influence on achieving shared goals, within a CBPR-guided partnership established to improve breast and prostate cancer outcomes among underserved African American communities in St. Louis, Missouri. METHODS We conducted in-person, semi-structured interviews with key academic and community informants and surveyed via email community collaborators involved in outreach activities. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and independently coded by two authors using an iterative, open-coding process to identify major themes. Surveys were summarized using similar coding criteria for open-ended responses and descriptive statistics for discrete responses. Using a grounded theory approach, we summarized and compared themes from each data source to identify similarities and differences and triangulated results to generate overarching thematic findings. RESULTS Participants described benefits from the partnership (funding; clinical, public health and evaluation expertise; training and networking opportunities) and found beneficial ways to leverage the partners' strengths in collaborating Participants expressed long-term commitment to sustaining the partnership and building capacity to address cancer disparities, but faced challenges related to power-sharing and participatory decision-making. CONCLUSIONS Using CBPR to address cancer disparities is an effective approach to capacity-building and achieving shared goals. By evaluating the structures and processes within CBPR collaborations through the lens of equity, partners may identify and address challenges that threaten long-term partnership sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Enard
- Department of Health Management & Policy, Saint Louis University, 3545 Lafayette Ave, Room 365, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.
| | - S E Nicks
- Department of Social and Public Health, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Grover Center W356, 53 Richland Ave, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - B A Campbell
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, 1450 3rd Street, Room HD-556, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - S M McClure
- Department of Anthropology, University of Alabama, 15 ten Hoor Hall, PO Box 870210, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35475, USA
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10
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Edmonds MC, Sutton AL, Cummings Y, Sheppard VB. Opportunities to Improve Women's Health: Engaging Racial/Ethnic Diverse Women to Provide Biospecimens for Research. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2021; 30:1321-1327. [PMID: 33428522 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2020.8502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Inclusion of women in biomedical cancer research have the potential to close gaps in cancer health disparities and improve adjuvant therapies for women; yet samples needed to advance this area of science are lacking. We developed low-cost educational recruitment strategies to increase our collection of biospecimens from women. Materials and Methods: Women diagnosed with hormone receptor positive (HR+) breast cancer that initiated hormonal therapy were recruited from three integrated health systems. The analytical sample (n = 144) consisted of women who consented but did not return a saliva sample within 1 year of the initial assessment (baseline). Brief informational recruitment materials were developed via published literature and preliminary data. Women received recruitment materials, which included a personalized information letter, a colorful low-literacy instruction sheet, a postage-paid envelope, and collection kits. We evaluated intervention materials and performed descriptive and bivariate statistics to describe factors associated with biospecimen donation. Results: Of the total sample, 61% were white and 34% were black. Overall, 29 surveys (20%) and 25 (17%) saliva kits were returned. Women found the materials helpful and easy to read and understand. Women with higher levels of functional well-being and lower ratings of religiosity were more likely to return biospecimens (p < 0.005) after receiving enhanced materials. Conclusion: This article provides recruitment strategies to enhance biospecimen samples among women. Receipt of brief informational print materials inclusive of personalized messages enhanced our outreach strategies and increased our overall biospecimen provision rate by 17%. The inclusion of messages with a focus on spirituality and other cultural messages may further increase biospecimen provision in racial/ethnic diverse groups of women; however, further study is needed to support this claim. Clinical Trail Registration Number: NCT02992730.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Edmonds
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,VCU Massey Cancer Center Office of Health Equity and Disparities Research, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Arnethea L Sutton
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,VCU Massey Cancer Center Office of Health Equity and Disparities Research, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Yvonne Cummings
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,VCU Massey Cancer Center Office of Health Equity and Disparities Research, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Vanessa B Sheppard
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,VCU Massey Cancer Center Office of Health Equity and Disparities Research, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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11
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Owen-Smith AA, Sesay MM, Lynch FL, Massolo M, Cerros H, Croen LA. Factors Influencing Participation in Biospecimen Research among Parents of Youth with Mental Health Conditions. Public Health Genomics 2020; 23:122-132. [PMID: 32698180 DOI: 10.1159/000509120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biospecimens are tools that have the potential to improve early identification and treatment for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and bipolar disorders (BPD). Unfortunately, most biobanks lack racial/ethnic diversity. One challenge to including a diverse sample of youth is recruiting and engaging families. OBJECTIVE We sought to better understand facilitators and barriers to participation in biospecimen research among a diverse group of parents of youth with ASD and BPD. METHODS The current study involved 3 Mental Health Research Network sites. At each site, parents participated in an interview that explored attitudes and beliefs about genetic research. Interviews were audio-recorded, and audio files were transcribed and coded using content analysis. RESULTS A total of 58 interviews were conducted. Four challenges emerged: (1) contacting and engaging potential research participants, (2) motivating potential participants to read recruitment and consent materials, (3) motivating participation in research, in general, and (4) motivating participation in research involving biospecimen donation, specifically. CONCLUSIONS Participants were eager to participate as long as the research process involved trust, clarity, and flexibility. Future research involving youth with mental health conditions would benefit from implementing multimodal strategies for recruitment and data collection and sharing knowledge gained by the research with study participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashli A Owen-Smith
- Georgia State University, School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, .,Kaiser Permanente Georgia, Center for Research and Evaluation, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,
| | - Musu M Sesay
- Kaiser Permanente Georgia, Center for Research and Evaluation, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Frances L Lynch
- Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Maria Massolo
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Hilda Cerros
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Lisa A Croen
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research, Oakland, California, USA
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12
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Asare M, Heckler CE, Culakova E, Kamen CS, Kleckner AS, Minasian LM, Wendler DS, Feige M, Weil CJ, Long J, Cole SK, Onitilo AA, Peppone LJ, Morrow GR, Janelsins MC. Racial/Ethnic Differences in Comprehension of Biospecimen Collection: a Nationwide University of Rochester Cancer Center NCI Community Oncology Research Program Study. J Cancer Educ 2020; 35:292-300. [PMID: 30612315 PMCID: PMC6612536 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-018-1464-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To examine whether (a) non-minority participants differed from racial minority participants in the understanding of biospecimens collected for research purposes, (b) patients differed from comparison group in their understanding of the ways their biospecimens could be used by researchers, and (c) participants received adequate information before consenting to donate blood for research studies. We analyzed cross-sectional data from female breast cancer patients scheduled to receive chemotherapy at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Community Oncology Research Program (NCORP) clinical sites and a healthy comparison group. After reading a consent form related to biospecimens and consenting to participate in a clinical trial, participants' understanding of biospecimen collection was evaluated. Linear models were used to compare scores between non-minority and racial minority participants as well as cancer and non-cancer comparisons adjusting for possible confounding factors. A total of 650 participants provided evaluable data; 592 were non-minority (Caucasian) and 58 participants were a racial minority (71% Black and 29% other). There were 427 cancer patients and 223 comparisons. Non-minority participants scored higher than racial minorities on relevance-to-care items (diff. = 0.48, CI 0.13-0.80, p = 0.001). Comparison group scored higher than cancer patients on relevance-to-care items (diff. = 0.58, CI 0.37-0.78). A moderate number of the participants exhibited a poor understanding of biospecimen collection across all racial/ethnic backgrounds, but racial minority participants' scores remained lower in the relevance-to-care subscale even after adjusting for education and reading level. Differences were also noted among the patients and comparison group. Researchers should facilitate comprehension of biospecimen collection for all study participants, especially racial minority participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Asare
- Department of Public Health, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, One Bear Place, Waco, TX, 97343, USA.
| | - Charles E Heckler
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Eva Culakova
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Charles S Kamen
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Amber S Kleckner
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Michelle Feige
- Association for the Accreditation of Human Research Protection Programs, Inc. (AAHRPP), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Carol J Weil
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joan Long
- Cancer Research Consortium of West Michigan NCORP, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Luke J Peppone
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Gary R Morrow
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michelle C Janelsins
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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13
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Edwardson MA, Fernandez SJ. Recruiting Control Participants into Stroke Biomarker Studies. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 11:861-70. [PMID: 31912324 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-020-00780-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The number of scientists using -omics technologies to investigate biomarkers with the potential to gauge risk and aid in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of stroke continues to rise, yet there are few resources to aid investigators in recruiting control participants. In this review, we describe two major strategies to match control participants to a stroke cohort-propensity score matching and one-to-one matching-including statistical approaches to gauge the balance between groups. We then explore the advantages and disadvantages of traditional recruitment methods including approaching spouses of enrolled stroke participants, direct recruitment from clinics, community outreach events, approaching retirement communities, and buying samples from a 3rd party vendor. Newer methods to identify controls by screening the electronic health record and using an online screening questionnaire are also described. Finally, we cover compensation for control participants and special considerations. The hope is that this review will serve as a roadmap whereby an investigator can successfully tailor their control recruitment strategy to the research question at hand and the local research environment. While this review is focused on blood-based biomarker studies, the principles will apply to investigators studying a broad range of biological materials.
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14
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Ewing AT, Kalu N, Cain G, Erby LH, Ricks-Santi LJ, Tetteyfio-Kidd Telemaque E, Scott DM. Factors associated with willingness to provide biospecimens for genetics research among African American cancer survivors. J Community Genet 2019; 10:471-480. [PMID: 30877487 PMCID: PMC6754482 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-019-00411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated factors associated with willingness to provide biospecimens for cancer genetic research among African American cancer survivors. A total of 200 African American adults diagnosed with breast, colon, and/or prostate cancers completed a self-administered survey. Family history information, beliefs about cancer research, cancer genetics and disparities knowledge, willingness to provide a biospecimen, and demographics were obtained. Chi-square, independent samples t tests, and logistic regression analyses were performed. Overall, 79% of this sample was willing to provide a biospecimen for cancer genetics research. Independent associations of willingness to provide a biospecimen existed among demographics (males (p = 0.041)), those who believed in the importance of genetic causes of cancer (p < 0.001), individuals who believe it is important to participate in genetics research (p < 0.001), and those who indicated they would participate in genetics research to help future generations (p = 0.026). Overall, 12.5-56% of participants demonstrated some level of genetics and cancer disparities. This study identified factors that may be incorporated into future research interventions to engage the African American cancer population in cancer genetics biobanking research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nnenna Kalu
- College of Medicine Alcohol Research Center, Howard University, Washington, DC USA
| | - Gloria Cain
- College of Medicine Alcohol Research Center, Howard University, Washington, DC USA
| | - Lori H. Erby
- Genetic Counseling Training Program, Johns Hopkins University/National Human Genome Research Institute (JHU/NHGRI), 31 Center Dr B1B36, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Luisel J. Ricks-Santi
- Department of Cancer Research Center, Hampton University Cancer Center, Hampton, VA USA
| | | | - Denise M. Scott
- College of Medicine Alcohol Research Center, Howard University, Washington, DC USA
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15
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Scherr CL, Ramesh S, Marshall-Fricker C, Perera MA. A Review of African Americans' Beliefs and Attitudes About Genomic Studies: Opportunities for Message Design. Front Genet 2019; 10:548. [PMID: 31258547 PMCID: PMC6587098 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision Medicine, the practice of targeting prevention and therapies according to an individual’s lifestyle, environment or genetics, holds promise to improve population health outcomes. Within precision medicine, pharmacogenomics (PGX) uses an individual’s genome to determine drug response and dosing to tailor therapy. Most PGX studies have been conducted in European populations, but African Americans have greater genetic variation when compared with most populations. Failure to include African Americans in PGX studies may lead to increased health disparities. PGX studies focused on patients of African American descent are needed to identify relevant population specific genetic predictors of drug responses. Recruitment is one barrier to African American participation in PGX. Addressing recruitment challenges is a significant, yet potentially low-cost solution to improve patient accrual and retention. Limited literature exists about African American participation in PGX research, but studies have explored barriers and facilitators among African American participation in genomic studies more broadly. This paper synthesizes the existing literature and extrapolates these findings to PGX studies, with a particular focus on opportunities for message design. Findings from this review can provide guidance for future PGX study recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L Scherr
- Department of Communication Studies, Center for Communication and Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sanjana Ramesh
- Department of Communication Studies, Center for Communication and Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Charlotte Marshall-Fricker
- Department of Communication Studies, Center for Communication and Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Minoli A Perera
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Pharmacogenomics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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16
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Carcioppolo N, Christy KR, Jensen JD, King AJ, Goonewardene J, Raftery D. Biomarker profiling for breast cancer detection: translational research to determine acceptance of a novel breast cancer screening technique. Health Syst (Basingstoke) 2018; 8:44-51. [PMID: 31214353 DOI: 10.1080/20476965.2017.1414740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study seeks to determine how the psychosocial predictors of the health belief model are related to willingness to adopt biomarker screening practices among women above and below current screening age recommendations, as biomarker profiling can potentially detect cancer much earlier than current breast cancer detection methods. Patients (N = 205) at an Obstetrician/Gynaecology office in a mid-sized Midwest city. Participants completed a survey in the waiting room before their doctor appointment. Results revealed that benefits (p < .001), barriers (p = .02), cancer worry severity (p = .01), and self-efficacy (p = .002) were significant predictors of willingness to adopt biomarker profiling, and susceptibility was marginally related (p = .09). The direct effects are qualified by two interactions between psychosocial predictors of the health belief model and participants' age. The model predicted willingness to adopt biomarker screening well (R 2 = 28%), and may be used successfully as a framework to assess the diffusion of biomarker screening acceptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Carcioppolo
- Department of Communication Studies and Affiliate Faculty at the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Katheryn R Christy
- Department of Communication and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jakob D Jensen
- Department of Communication and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Andy J King
- Department of Public Relations, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Julie Goonewardene
- American Medical Association, Chicago, IL, USA.,Innovation and Entrepreneurship, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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17
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Sheppard VB, Hurtado-de-Mendoza A, Zheng YL, Wang Y, Graves KD, Lobo T, Xu H, Jennings Y, Tolsma D, Trout M, Robinson BE, McKinnon B, Tadesse M. Biospecimen donation among black and white breast cancer survivors: opportunities to promote precision medicine. J Cancer Surviv 2017; 12:74-81. [PMID: 29147853 DOI: 10.1007/s11764-017-0646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Advances in precision medicine (PM) have potential to reduce and/or eliminate breast cancer disparities in both treatment and survivorship. However, compared to white Americans, black Americans are often underrepresented in genetic research. This report assessed factors that influence receipt of buccal cells via saliva kits. METHODS This prospective study recruited women with confirmed hormonal-positive (HR+) breast cancer (BC). A standardized telephone survey collected sociodemographic, socio-cultural (e.g., religiosity), and healthcare process factors. Clinical information was abstracted from medical records. After the baseline survey, return postage-paid envelopes and mouthwash collection kits were mailed. Univariate and adjusted logistic regression models estimated the probability of biospecimen donation. RESULTS Seventy percent of the sample provided buccal cells which were of good quality. No differences were noted by race or other demographic factors. In the multivariable logistic model, time spent with providers (OR 1.61 per 1-point increase; 95% CI 1.242, 2.088) and religiosity (OR 0.957 per 1-point increase; 95% CI 0.931, 0.984) remained associated with biospecimen provision. Women with lower-stage cancer (vs. higher stage III+) were more likely to donate biospecimens (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Cancer care experiences predicted specimen donation. Understanding the contextual reasons for lower receipt among women with higher religiosity scores and higher stage warrants further examination. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS PM is relevant to cancer survivors because of its potential to inform targeted therapies, understand disease resistance, and aide in prediction of toxicity and/or recurrence. Future efforts to launch precision medicine trials with BC survivors may benefit from engaging medical oncologists and/or leveraging patient-provider encounters for trial participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa B Sheppard
- School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | | | - Yun-Ling Zheng
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kristi D Graves
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tania Lobo
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hanfei Xu
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yvonne Jennings
- School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Martha Trout
- Southeast Permanente Medical Group, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Mahlet Tadesse
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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