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Yasobant S, Lekha KS, Saxena D. Risk Assessment Tools from the One Health Perspective: A Narrative Review. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2024; 17:955-972. [PMID: 38645899 PMCID: PMC11032120 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s436385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background 61% of the infections around the world that have emerged to date are zoonotic. Evidence warns that the threat posed by zoonoses is on the rise, and the risk of a new pandemic is higher now than ever. Early identification of risk, populations at risk, and risk of transmission are essential steps towards a prevention, preparation and response to outbreaks. This review aims to look at the tools available for identifying and estimating risks and threats from one health perspective and finally propose a list of indicators which could assess the risk of transmission of disease at the humans, animals and the environment intersection. Methods The databases like PubMed, google scholar, Embase and Scopus were used to extract the relevant articles. A search was carried out using a keyword. A total of 1311 articles were listed initially after the search and reviewed. Out of 1311, only 26 tools which assessed the risk of diseases mainly infectious or were relevant to risk of transmission of any infectious diseases were included in the review. Results The tools included in this review involve risk assessment at the environmental, animal and human dimensions. The tools are used to evaluate the contamination of the environment due to chemicals or toxins or the risk of transmission of infection due to environmental factors like air contamination, to identify the animal diseases like bovine respiratory disease and foot and mouth disease and to estimate the human health risk at the community or individual levels. Conclusion Risk assessment tools are an essential part of the prevention of pandemics. These tools are helpful in assessing the risk of transmission of infections either from human to human, between human and animals, between animals and animals and so on. Thus this review gives us an insight into the existing risk assessment tools and the need for a One Health risk assessment tools to prevent outbreaks in future. It also provides a list of factors that can be included in a one health risk assessment tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandul Yasobant
- Centre for One Health Education, Research & Development (COHERD), Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar (IIPHG), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
- School of Epidemiology & Public Health, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (DMIMS), Wardha, MH, India
- Global Health, Institute for Hygiene & Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - K Shruti Lekha
- Centre for One Health Education, Research & Development (COHERD), Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar (IIPHG), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Centre for One Health Education, Research & Development (COHERD), Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar (IIPHG), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
- School of Epidemiology & Public Health, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (DMIMS), Wardha, MH, India
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Singh S, Sharma P, Pal N, Sarma DK, Tiwari R, Kumar M. Holistic One Health Surveillance Framework: Synergizing Environmental, Animal, and Human Determinants for Enhanced Infectious Disease Management. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:808-826. [PMID: 38415654 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Recent pandemics, including the COVID-19 outbreak, have brought up growing concerns about transmission of zoonotic diseases from animals to humans. This highlights the requirement for a novel approach to discern and address the escalating health threats. The One Health paradigm has been developed as a responsive strategy to confront forthcoming outbreaks through early warning, highlighting the interconnectedness of humans, animals, and their environment. The system employs several innovative methods such as the use of advanced technology, global collaboration, and data-driven decision-making to come up with an extraordinary solution for improving worldwide disease responses. This Review deliberates environmental, animal, and human factors that influence disease risk, analyzes the challenges and advantages inherent in using the One Health surveillance system, and demonstrates how these can be empowered by Big Data and Artificial Intelligence. The Holistic One Health Surveillance Framework presented herein holds the potential to revolutionize our capacity to monitor, understand, and mitigate the impact of infectious diseases on global populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samradhi Singh
- ICMR - National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhouri, Bhopal-462030, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Poonam Sharma
- ICMR - National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhouri, Bhopal-462030, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Namrata Pal
- ICMR - National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhouri, Bhopal-462030, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Devojit Kumar Sarma
- ICMR - National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhouri, Bhopal-462030, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rajnarayan Tiwari
- ICMR - National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhouri, Bhopal-462030, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- ICMR - National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhouri, Bhopal-462030, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Rocha-Ortega M, Nava-Bolaños A, Córdoba-Aguilar A. Merging socioecological variables to predict risk of Chagas disease. Acta Trop 2024; 251:107098. [PMID: 38215899 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
How far are we from predicting the occurrence of zoonotic diseases? In this paper we have made use of both socioecological and ecological variables to predict Chagas disease occurrence. Chagas disease involves, Trypanosoma cruzi, a complex life-cycle parasite which requires two hosts: blood-feeding triatomine insects and vertebrate hosts including humans. We have used a common risk assessment method combined with datasets that imply critical environmental and socioeconomic drivers of Chagas dynamics to predict the occurrence of this disease. We also carried out a network analysis to assess the interactions among triatomines and mammal host species given their human contact via whether hunted, domesticated or associated with anthropogenic landscapes in Mexico. We found that social backwardness variation, lack of health services and altitude had the largest relative influence Chagas events. Triatoma pallidipennis made use of the largest host diversity. Host species shared by the highest number of different triatomines were a woodrat, the highly appreciated bushmeat, and racoon. These results indicate both the predominance of socio-economic factors over ecological ones, and how close we are from predicting zoonotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Rocha-Ortega
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. P. 70-275, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Angela Nava-Bolaños
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 76230, Juriquilla, Mexico
| | - Alex Córdoba-Aguilar
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. P. 70-275, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, Mexico.
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4
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Galindo-González J. Avoiding novel, unwanted interactions among species to decrease risk of zoonoses. Conserv Biol 2023:e14232. [PMID: 38111356 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Circumstances that precipitate interactions among species that have never interacted during their evolutionary histories create ideal conditions for the generation of zoonoses. Zoonotic diseases have caused some of the most devastating epidemics in human history. Contact among species that come from different ecosystems or regions creates the risk of zoonoses. In certain situations, humans are generating and promoting conditions that contribute to the creation of infectious diseases and zoonoses. These conditions lead to interactions between wildlife species that have hitherto not interacted under normal circumstances. I call for recognition of the zoonotic potential that novel and unwanted interactions have; identification of these new interactions that are occurring among wild animals, domestic animals, and humans; and efforts to stop these kinds of interactions because they can give rise to zoonotic outbreaks. Live animal markets, the exotic pet trade, illegal wildlife trade, human use and consumption of wild animals, invasive non-native species, releasing of exotic pets, and human encroachment in natural areas are among the activities that cause the most interactions among wild species, domestic species, and humans. These activities should not occur and must be controlled efficiently to prevent future epidemic zoonoses. Society must develop a keen ability to identify these unnatural interactions and prevent them. Controlling these interactions and efficiently addressing their causal factors will benefit human health and, in some cases, lead to positive environmental, ethical, and socioeconomic outcomes. Until these actions are taken, humanity will face future zoonoses and zoonotic pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Galindo-González
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, México
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Rollins RL, Medeiros MC, Cowie RH. Stressed snails release Angiostrongylus cantonensis (rat lungworm) larvae in their slime. One Health 2023; 17:100658. [PMID: 38116454 PMCID: PMC10728333 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of stress on release of Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae from a snail host, Parmarion martensi. We subjected 140 infected, wild-caught P. martensi to three stress-inducing treatments (heat, molluscicide, physical disturbance) and an unstressed control treatment for 24 h, after which larval presence and abundance in the slime were quantified by qPCR targeting the ITS1 region of the parasite's DNA, and compared among treatments. The significance of stress and host infection load on larval release was determined by generalized linear mixed models and permutation tests. The results indicated that stress significantly increased the probability of larval presence in slime and the number of larvae released, and highly infected snails were also more likely to release larvae. Among stressed snails, 13.3% released larvae into slime, the number of larvae present in the slime ranging from 45.5 to 4216. Unstressed controls released no larvae. This study offers a partial explanation for conflicting results from prior studies regarding A. cantonensis presence in snail slime and sheds light on the broader One Health implications. Stress-induced larval release highlights the potential role of slime as a medium for pathogen transmission to accidental, paratenic, definitive and other intermediate hosts. These findings emphasize the importance of considering stress-mediated interactions in host-parasite systems and their implications for zoonotic disease emergence. As stressors continue to escalate because of anthropogenic activities and climate change, understanding the role of stress in pathogen shedding and transmission becomes increasingly important for safeguarding human and wildlife health within the One Health framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi L. Rollins
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore 408, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, 3190 Maile Way, St. John 101, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Matthew C.I. Medeiros
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, 1800 East West Road, LSB 316, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Robert H. Cowie
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore 408, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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Wilk-da-Silva R, Medeiros-Sousa AR, Mucci LF, Alonso DP, Alvarez MVN, Ribolla PEM, Marrelli MT. Genetic Structuring of One of the Main Vectors of Sylvatic Yellow Fever: Haemagogus ( Conopostegus) leucocelaenus (Diptera: Culicidae). Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1671. [PMID: 37761811 PMCID: PMC10531017 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic diversity and population structuring for the species Haemogogus leucocelaenus, a sylvatic vector of yellow fever virus, were found to vary with the degree of agricultural land use and isolation of fragments of Atlantic Forest in municipalities in the state of São Paulo where specimens were collected. Genotyping of 115 mitochondrial SNPs showed that the populations with the highest indices of genetic diversity (polymorphic loci and mean pairwise differences between the sequences) are found in areas with high levels of agricultural land use (northeast of the State). Most populations exhibited statistically significant negative values for the Tajima D and Fu FS neutrality tests, suggesting recent expansion. The results show an association between genetic diversity in this species and the degree of agricultural land use in the sampled sites, as well as signs of population expansion of this species in most areas, particularly those with the highest forest edge densities. A clear association between population structuring and the distance between the sampled fragments (isolation by distance) was observed: samples from a large fragment of Atlantic Forest extending along the coast of the state of São Paulo exhibited greater similarity with each other than with populations in the northwest of the state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Wilk-da-Silva
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Antônio Ralph Medeiros-Sousa
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil; (A.R.M.-S.); (D.P.A.)
| | - Luis Filipe Mucci
- State Department of Health, Pasteur Institute, São Paulo 01027-000, Brazil;
| | - Diego Peres Alonso
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil; (A.R.M.-S.); (D.P.A.)
- UNESP—Biotechnology Institute and Biosciences Institute, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (M.V.N.A.); (P.E.M.R.)
| | - Marcus Vinicius Niz Alvarez
- UNESP—Biotechnology Institute and Biosciences Institute, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (M.V.N.A.); (P.E.M.R.)
| | - Paulo Eduardo Martins Ribolla
- UNESP—Biotechnology Institute and Biosciences Institute, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (M.V.N.A.); (P.E.M.R.)
| | - Mauro Toledo Marrelli
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil; (A.R.M.-S.); (D.P.A.)
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Petrone-García VM, Castellanos-Huerta I, Tellez-Isaias G. Editorial: High-impact respiratory RNA virus diseases. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1273650. [PMID: 37675076 PMCID: PMC10478262 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1273650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
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8
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Bardhan M, Ray I, Roy S, Bhatt P, Patel S, Asri S, Shariff S, Shree A, Mitra S, Roy P, Anand A. Emerging zoonotic diseases and COVID-19 pandemic: global Perspective and Indian Scenario. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:3997-4004. [PMID: 37554903 PMCID: PMC10406085 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is one example of the scores of zoonotic diseases responsible for various outbreaks resulting in the deaths of millions of people for centuries. The COVID-19 pandemic has broken the age-old healthcare infrastructure and led to utter chaos. In the shadow of this pandemic, other zoonotic infections like the nipah virus, monkeypox, and langya virus, to name a few, have been neglected. Hence, outbreaks caused by such zoonotic viruses are rising in their endemic areas, like the Indian subcontinent. The mortality and morbidity due to such zoonoses are greater than usual due to the shortage of healthcare professionals caused by the COVID-19 crisis. Due to the lack of vaccines and therapeutics directed against this viral infection, treatment of patients is limited to supportive management and prevention, making preparedness for these potential zoonotic viral outbreaks essential. This paper highlights some of these zoonotic infections, which perpetuated and wreaked havoc while the world was occupied with containing the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mainak Bardhan
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi
- Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health, South Florida, USA
| | - Ishita Ray
- Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Indore
| | | | | | | | - Sucharu Asri
- SGT Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Haryana
| | | | - Anagha Shree
- SGT Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Haryana
| | - Saloni Mitra
- OO Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Priyanka Roy
- Department of Labor, Government of West Bengal, Kolkatta, West Bengal, India
| | - Ayush Anand
- B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
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Marie V, Gordon ML. The (Re-)Emergence and Spread of Viral Zoonotic Disease: A Perfect Storm of Human Ingenuity and Stupidity. Viruses 2023; 15:1638. [PMID: 37631981 PMCID: PMC10458268 DOI: 10.3390/v15081638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases that are transmitted from vertebrate animals to humans are referred to as zoonotic diseases. Although microbial agents such as bacteria and parasites are linked to zoonotic events, viruses account for a high percentage of zoonotic diseases that have emerged. Worryingly, the 21st century has seen a drastic increase in the emergence and re-emergence of viral zoonotic disease. Even though humans and animals have coexisted for millennia, anthropogenic factors have severely increased interactions between the two populations, thereby increasing the risk of disease spill-over. While drivers such as climate shifts, land exploitation and wildlife trade can directly affect the (re-)emergence of viral zoonotic disease, globalisation, geopolitics and social perceptions can directly facilitate the spread of these (re-)emerging diseases. This opinion paper discusses the "intelligent" nature of viruses and their exploitation of the anthropogenic factors driving the (re-)emergence and spread of viral zoonotic disease in a modernised and connected world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronna Marie
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Analytical Services, Rand Water, Vereeniging 1939, South Africa
| | - Michelle L. Gordon
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa;
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Wilk-da-Silva R, Prist PR, Medeiros-Sousa AR, Laporta GZ, Mucci LF, Marrelli MT. The role of forest fragmentation in yellow fever virus dispersal. Acta Trop 2023:106983. [PMID: 37419378 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The intense process of deforestation in tropical forests poses serious challenges for the survival of biodiversity, as well as for the human species itself. This scenario is supported by the increase in the incidence of epidemics of zoonotic origin observed over the last few decades. In the specific case of sylvatic yellow fever (YF), it has already been shown that an increase in the transmission risk of the causative agent (yellow fever virus - YFV) is associated with areas with a high degree of forest fragmentation, which can facilitate the spread of the virus. In this study we tested the hypothesis that areas with more fragmented landscapes and a higher edge density (ED) but a high degree of connectivity between forest patches favor YFV spread. To this end, we used YF epizootics in non-human primates (NHPs) in the state of São Paulo to build direct networks, and used a multi-selection approach to analyze which landscape features could facilitate YFV spread. Our results showed that municipalities with the potential to spread the virus exhibited a higher amount of forest edge. Additionally, the models with greater empirical support showed a strong association between forest edge density and the risk of occurrence of epizootic diseases, as well as the need for a minimum threshold of native vegetation cover to restrict their transmission. These findings corroborate our hypothesis that more fragmented landscapes with a higher degree of connectivity favor the spread of YFV, while landscapes with fewer connections tend to act as dead zones for the circulation of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Wilk-da-Silva
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar 470, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Antônio Ralph Medeiros-Sousa
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Zorello Laporta
- Graduate Studies, Research and Innovation Center, FMABC University Center, ABC Foundation, Av. Laure Gomes, 2000, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Filipe Mucci
- Institute Pasteur, São Paulo State Department of Health, PA. Cal. Victorian 23, Taubaté, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauro Toledo Marrelli
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar 470, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Castelli C, Castellini M, Comincioli N, Parisi ML, Pontarollo N, Vergalli S. Ecosystem degradation and the spread of Covid-19. Environ Monit Assess 2023; 195:836. [PMID: 37308607 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11403-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The linkages between the emergence of zoonotic diseases and ecosystem degradation have been widely acknowledged by the scientific community and policy makers. In this paper we investigate the relationship between human overexploitation of natural resources, represented by the Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production Index (HANPP) and the spread of Covid-19 cases during the first pandemic wave in 730 regions of 63 countries worldwide. Using a Bayesian estimation technique, we highlight the significant role of HANPP as a driver of Covid-19 diffusion, besides confirming the well-known impact of population size and the effects of other socio-economic variables. We believe that these findings could be relevant for policy makers in their effort towards a more sustainable intensive agriculture and responsible urbanisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Castelli
- The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marta Castellini
- Department of Economics and Management "Marco Fanno", University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Comincioli
- Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Milan, Italy
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Parisi
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicola Pontarollo
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Sergio Vergalli
- Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Milan, Italy
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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12
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Lara-Arévalo J, Escobar-Burgos L, Moore ERH, Neff R, Spiker ML. COVID-19, Climate Change, and Conflict in Honduras: A food system disruption analysis. Glob Food Sec 2023; 37:100693. [PMID: 37155430 PMCID: PMC10106828 DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2023.100693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In Honduras, as in many settings between 2020 and 2022, food security was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, and conflicts-what some refer to as "The Three Cs." These challenges have had overlapping impacts on food supply chains, food assistance programs, food prices, household purchasing power, physical access to food, and food acceptability. This article applies a food system disruption analysis-adapted from a fault tree analysis originally developed for a municipal context in the United States-to the context of Honduras to systematically examine how the Three Cs affected food availability, accessibility, and acceptability. This article demonstrates the value of approaching food security through a disruption analysis, especially for settings impacted by multiple, interconnected, ongoing crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lara-Arévalo
- Nutritional Sciences Program, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - E R H Moore
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Roni Neff
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marie L Spiker
- Nutritional Sciences Program, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, United States
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Esposito MM, Turku S, Lehrfield L, Shoman A. The Impact of Human Activities on Zoonotic Infection Transmissions. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101646. [PMID: 37238075 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As humans expand their territories across more and more regions of the planet, activities such as deforestation, urbanization, tourism, wildlife exploitation, and climate change can have drastic consequences for animal movements and animal-human interactions. These events, especially climate change, can also affect the arthropod vectors that are associated with the animals in these scenarios. As the COVID-19 pandemic and other various significant outbreaks throughout the centuries have demonstrated, when animal patterns and human interactions change, so does the exposure of humans to zoonotic pathogens potentially carried by wildlife. With approximately 60% of emerging human pathogens and around 75% of all emerging infectious diseases being categorized as zoonotic, it is of great importance to examine the impact of human activities on the prevalence and transmission of these infectious agents. A better understanding of the impact of human-related factors on zoonotic disease transmission and prevalence can help drive the preventative measures and containment policies necessary to improve public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Marie Esposito
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York, NY 10314, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10314, USA
- Macaulay Honors College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10314, USA
| | - Sara Turku
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York, NY 10314, USA
- Macaulay Honors College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10314, USA
| | - Leora Lehrfield
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York, NY 10314, USA
- Macaulay Honors College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10314, USA
| | - Ayat Shoman
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York, NY 10314, USA
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14
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Gómez-Hernández EA, Moreno-Gómez FN, Bravo-Gaete M, Córdova-Lepe F. Concurrent dilution and amplification effects in an intraguild predation eco-epidemiological model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6425. [PMID: 37081120 PMCID: PMC10119278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33345-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The dilution and amplification effects are important concepts in the field of zoonotic diseases. While the dilution effect predicts that pathogen prevalence is negatively correlated with increased species diversity, the opposite trend is observed when the amplification effect occurs. Understanding how interspecific interactions such as predation and competition within a community influence disease transmission is highly relevant. We explore the conditions under which the dilution and amplification effects arise, using compartmental models that integrate ecological and epidemiological interactions. We formulate an intraguild predation model where each species is divided into two compartments: susceptible and infected individuals. We obtained that increasing predation increases the disease transmission potential of the predator and the density of infected individuals, but decreases the disease transmission potential of the prey, as well as their density. Also, we found that interspecific competition always helps to decrease the number of infected individuals in the population of the two species. Therefore, dilution and amplification effects can be observed simultaneously but depending on different types of cological interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enith A Gómez-Hernández
- Doctorado en Modelamiento Matemático Aplicado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile.
| | - Felipe N Moreno-Gómez
- Departamento de Biología y Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Moisés Bravo-Gaete
- Departamento de Matemática, Física y Estadística, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Fernando Córdova-Lepe
- Departamento de Matemática, Física y Estadística, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
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15
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Paula NMD, Pereira W, Giordani RCF. [COVID-19 in the midst of a "perfect storm" in neoliberal capitalism: critical reflections on its impacts in Brazil]. Cien Saude Colet 2023; 28:761-770. [PMID: 36888860 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232023283.10262022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The impacts of the recent coronavirus pandemic on Brazilian society revealed a scenario that goes beyond a health crisis. This article sets out to present the causes and consequences of a systemic crisis in the neoliberal economic order based on the prominence of markets and social exclusion, while the role of the State - as the guardian of social rights - is neglected. The methodology adopted follows a critical interdisciplinary perspective from the fields of political economy and social sciences, located in socioeconomic reports referred to in this analysis. It is argued that the neoliberal rationale guiding government policies, which is deep rooted in the social environment, has contributed to the increase in structural inequalities in Brazil, thus creating favorable conditions for exacerbating the impacts caused by the pandemic in society, particularly among the most vulnerable social groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilson Maciel de Paula
- Universidade Federal do Paraná. R. Pref. Lothario Meissner 632, Jardim Botânico. 80210-170 Curitiba PR Brasil.
| | - Wellington Pereira
- Universidade Federal do Paraná. R. Pref. Lothario Meissner 632, Jardim Botânico. 80210-170 Curitiba PR Brasil.
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16
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Tiwari S, Dhakal T, Kim TS, Lee DH, Jang GS, Oh Y. Climate Change Influences the Spread of African Swine Fever Virus. Vet Sci 2022; 9:606. [PMID: 36356083 PMCID: PMC9698898 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9110606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change is an inevitable and urgent issue in the current world. African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a re-emerging viral animal disease. This study investigates the quantitative association between climate change and the potential spread of ASFV to a global extent. ASFV in wild boar outbreak locations recorded from 1 January 2019 to 29 July 2022 were sampled and investigated using the ecological distribution tool, the Maxent model, with WorldClim bioclimatic data as the predictor variables. The future impacts of climate change on ASFV distribution based on the model were scoped with Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP 2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5) scenarios of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) bioclimatic data for 2050 and 2070. The results show that precipitation of the driest month (Bio14) was the highest contributor, and annual mean temperature (Bio1) was obtained as the highest permutation importance variable on the spread of ASFV. Based on the analyzed scenarios, we found that the future climate is favourable for ASFV disease; only quantitative ratios are different and directly associated with climate change. The current study could be a reference material for wildlife health management, climate change issues, and World Health Organization sustainability goal 13: climate action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Thakur Dhakal
- Department of Life Science, Yeungnam University, Daegu 38541, Korea
| | - Tae-Su Kim
- Department of Life Science, Yeungnam University, Daegu 38541, Korea
| | - Do-Hun Lee
- National Institute of Ecology (NIE), Seocheon 33657, Korea
| | - Gab-Sue Jang
- Department of Life Science, Yeungnam University, Daegu 38541, Korea
| | - Yeonsu Oh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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17
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van der Voorn T, van den Berg C, Quist J, Kok K. Making waves in resilience: Drawing lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic for advancing sustainable development. Curr Res Environ Sustain 2022; 4:100171. [PMID: 35720270 PMCID: PMC9189097 DOI: 10.1016/j.crsust.2022.100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic has affected societies across the world while its economic impact has cut deeper than any recession since the Second World War. Climate change is potentially an even more disruptive and complex global challenge. Climate change could cause social and economic damage far larger than that caused by COVID-19. The current pandemic has highlighted the extent to which societies need to prepare for disruptive global environmental crises. Although the dynamics of combating COVID-19 and climate change are different, the priorities for action are the same: behavioral change, international cooperation to manage shared challenges, and technology's role in advancing solutions. For a sustainable recovery from the COVID-19 crisis to be durable and resilient, a return to 'business as usual' and the subsequent often environmentally destructive economic activities must be avoided as they have significantly contributed to climate change. To avoid this, we draw lessons from the experiences of the waves of the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond to advance sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom van der Voorn
- University of Osnabrück, Institute of Environmental Systems Research, Barbarastr. 12, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | | | - Jaco Quist
- Faculty of Technology, Policy, Management, Delft University of Technology, P.O Box 5015, 2600, GA, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Kasper Kok
- Wageningen University, Department of Environmental Sciences, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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18
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Patton D, Durand A, Whipple K, Albright DL. Local Autonomy and Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. State and Local Government Review 2022. [PMCID: PMC8968393 DOI: 10.1177/0160323x221089661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We examine local government response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States utilizing a unique dataset created by the National League of Cities. The most common action by local governments was changing administrative procedures and implementing policies aimed at prevention or “flattening the curve”. The general public was the most common population target. In addition to detailing the most common local action types, policy areas, and population targets, we analyze local response based on the autonomy granted to local governments by states. We expected local governments with greater levels of autonomy would have a greater level of response; however, some local governments did not ‘behave’ as expected based on their degree of policymaking autonomy granted by state governments. Some states with higher levels of autonomy enacted relatively few local actions in response to the pandemic, whereas some with little autonomy engaged in considerable activity to address COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Patton
- Department of Political Science, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Ann Durand
- Department of Political Science, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Kyle Whipple
- Department of Political Science, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - David L. Albright
- Hill Crest Foundation Endowed Chair in Mental Health Research, School of Social Work, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
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Zulkipli M, Mahbub N, Fatima A, Wan-Lin SL, Khoo TJ, Mahboob T, Rajagopal M, Samudi C, Kathirvalu G, Abdullah NH, Pinho AR, Oliveira SMR, Pereira MDL, Rahmatullah M, Hasan A, Paul AK, Butler MS, Nawaz M, Wilairatana P, Nissapatorn V, Wiart C. Isolation and Characterization of Werneria Chromene and Dihydroxyacidissimol from Burkillanthus malaccensis (Ridl.) Swingle. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:1388. [PMID: 35684161 PMCID: PMC9182682 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The secondary metabolites of endemic plants from the Rutaceae family, such as Burkillanthusmalaccensis (Ridl.) Swingle from the rainforest of Malaysia, has not been studied. Burkillanthusmalaccensis (Ridl.) Swingle may produce antibacterial and antibiotic-potentiating secondary metabolites. Hexane, chloroform, and methanol extracts of leaves, bark, wood, pericarps, and endocarps were tested against bacteria by broth microdilution assay and their antibiotic-potentiating activities. Chromatographic separations of hexane extracts of seeds were conducted to investigate effective phytochemicals and their antibacterial activities. Molecular docking studies of werneria chromene and dihydroxyacidissiminol against SARS-CoV-2 virus infection were conducted using AutoDock Vina. The methanol extract of bark inhibited the growth of Staphylococcusaureus, Escherichiacoli, and Pseudomonasaeruginosa with the minimum inhibitory concentration of 250, 500, and 250 µg/mL, respectively. The chloroform extract of endocarps potentiated the activity of imipenem against imipenem-resistant Acinetobacterbaumannii. The hexane extract of seeds increased the sensitivity of P. aeruginosa against ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. The hexane extract of seeds and chloroform extract of endocarps were chromatographed, yielding werneria chromene and dihydroxyacidissiminol. Werneria chromene was bacteriostatic for P.aeruginosa and P.putida, with MIC/MBC values of 1000 > 1000 µg/mL. Dihydroxyacidissiminol showed the predicted binding energies of −8.1, −7.6, −7.0, and −7.5 kcal/mol with cathepsin L, nsp13 helicase, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain S-RBD. Burkillanthusmalaccensis (Ridl.) Swingle can be a potential source of natural products with antibiotic-potentiating activity and that are anti-SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masyitah Zulkipli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia; (M.Z.); (N.M.); (S.L.W.-L.); (T.-J.K.)
| | - Nuzum Mahbub
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia; (M.Z.); (N.M.); (S.L.W.-L.); (T.-J.K.)
| | - Ayesha Fatima
- Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey;
| | - Stefanie Lim Wan-Lin
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia; (M.Z.); (N.M.); (S.L.W.-L.); (T.-J.K.)
| | - Teng-Jin Khoo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia; (M.Z.); (N.M.); (S.L.W.-L.); (T.-J.K.)
| | - Tooba Mahboob
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (T.M.); (C.S.); (G.K.)
| | - Mogana Rajagopal
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Chandramathi Samudi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (T.M.); (C.S.); (G.K.)
| | - Gheetanjali Kathirvalu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (T.M.); (C.S.); (G.K.)
| | - Nor Hayati Abdullah
- Natural Product Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong 52109, Malaysia;
| | - Ana Rita Pinho
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.R.P.); (M.d.L.P.)
- Neuroscience and Signaling Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine-IBIMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sonia M. R. Oliveira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Maria de Lourdes Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.R.P.); (M.d.L.P.)
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Mohammed Rahmatullah
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Lalmatia, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Anamul Hasan
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Lalmatia, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Alok K. Paul
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia;
| | - Mark S. Butler
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Muhammad Nawaz
- Department of Nano-Medicine, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRM), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Veeranoot Nissapatorn
- School of Allied Health Sciences, World Union for Herbal Drug Discovery (WUHeDD), Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products (RECIHP), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Christophe Wiart
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
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Okeke ES, Olovo CV, Nkwoemeka NE, Okoye CO, Nwankwo CEI, Onu CJ. Microbial ecology and evolution is key to pandemics: using the coronavirus model to mitigate future public health challenges. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09449. [PMID: 35601228 PMCID: PMC9113781 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pandemics are global challenges that lead to total disruption of human activities. From the inception of human existence, all pandemics have resulted in loss of human lives. The coronavirus disease caused by SAR-CoV-2 began in China and is now at the global scale with an increase in mortality and morbidity. Numerous anthropogenic activities have been implicated in the emergence and severity of pandemics, including COVID-19. These activities cause changes in microbial ecology, leading to evolution due to mutation and recombination. This review hypothesized that an understanding of these anthropogenic activities would explain the dynamics of pandemics. The recent coronavirus model was used to study issues leading to microbial evolution, towards preventing future pandemics. Our review highlighted anthropogenic activities, including deforestation, mining activities, waste treatment, burning of fossil fuel, as well as international travels as drivers of microbial evolution leading to pandemics. Furthermore, human-animal interaction has also been implicated in pandemic incidents. Our study recommends substantial control of such anthropogenic activities as having been highlighted as ways to reduce the frequency of mutation, reduce pathogenic reservoirs, and the emergence of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Sunday Okeke
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Natural Sciences Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 400001, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013, PR China
| | - Chinasa Valerie Olovo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka, 400001, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ndidi Ethel Nkwoemeka
- Natural Sciences Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 400001, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka, 400001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Charles Obinwanne Okoye
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 400001, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Chidiebele Emmanuel Ikechukwu Nwankwo
- Natural Sciences Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 400001, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka, 400001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chisom Joshua Onu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka, 400001, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Detroit, Michigan, 48202, USA
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Rajapaksha S, Nnachi RC, Tariq MAUR, Ng AWM, Abid MM, Sidiqui P, Rais MF, Aamir E, Herrera Diaz L, Kimiaei S, Mehdizadeh-rad H. An Estimation of the Anthropogenic Heat Emissions in Darwin City Using Urban Microclimate Simulations. Sustainability 2022; 14:5218. [DOI: 10.3390/su14095218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The energy consumption due to urbanization and man-made activities has resulted in production of waste, heat, and pollution in the urban environment. These have further resulted in undesirable environmental issues such as the production of excessive Anthropogenic Heat Emissions (AHE), thus leading to an increased Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. The aim of this study was to estimate the total AHE based on the contribution of three major sources of waste heat generation in an urban environment, i.e., buildings, vehicular traffic, and human metabolism. Furthermore, a comparison of dominating anthropogenic heat factor of Darwin with that of other major international cities was carried out. Field measurements of microclimate (temperatures, humidity, solar radiation, and other factors of climate measures) were conducted along Smith Street, Darwin City. Then, surveys were conducted to collect information regarding the buildings, vehicle traffic and Human population (metabolism) in the study area. Each individual component of AHE was calculated based on a conceptual framework of the anthropogenic heat model developed within this study. The results showed that AHE from buildings is the most dominant factor influencing the total AHE in Darwin, contributing to about 87% to 95% of total AHE. This is followed by vehicular traffic (4–13%) and lastly, human metabolism (0.1–0.8%). The study also shows that Darwin gains an average of 990 Wm−2 solar power on a peak day. This study proves that building anthropogenic heat is the major dominating factor influencing the UHI in tropical urban climates.
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22
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Maat H, Balabanova D, Mokuwa E, Richards P, Mohan V, Ssengooba F, Twinomuhangi R, Woldie M, Mayhew S. Towards Sustainable Community-Based Systems for Infectious Disease and Disaster Response; Lessons from Local Initiatives in Four African Countries. Sustainability 2021; 13:10083. [DOI: 10.3390/su131810083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper explores the role of decentralised community-based care systems in achieving sustainable healthcare in resource-poor areas. Based on case studies from Sierra Leone, Madagascar, Uganda and Ethiopia, the paper argues that a community-based system of healthcare is more effective in the prevention, early diagnosis, and primary care in response to the zoonotic and infectious diseases associated with extreme weather events as well as their direct health impacts. Community-based systems of care have a more holistic view of the determinants of health and can integrate responses to health challenges, social wellbeing, ecological and economic viability. The case studies profiled in this paper reveal the importance of expanding notions of health to encompass the whole environment (physical and social, across time and space) in which people live, including the explicit recognition of ecological interests and their interconnections with health. While much work still needs to be done in defining and measuring successful community responses to health and other crises, we identify two potentially core criteria: the inclusion and integration of local knowledge in response planning and actions, and the involvement of researchers and practitioners, e.g., community-embedded health workers and NGO staff, as trusted key interlocuters in brokering knowledge and devising sustainable community systems of care.
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23
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Arora NK, Pandey P, Egamberdieva D, Fatima T. COVID-19 pandemic: aggressive research, vaccination, testing, and environmental sustainability are the way forward. Environ Sustain (Singap) 2021; 4:443-445. [PMID: 38624978 PMCID: PMC8426109 DOI: 10.1007/s42398-021-00206-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar Arora
- Department of Environmental Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Piyush Pandey
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam India
| | - Dilfuza Egamberdieva
- Faculty of Biology, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan 100174
| | - Tahmish Fatima
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
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