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Helf MJ, Fox BW, Artyukhin AB, Zhang YK, Schroeder FC. Comparative metabolomics with Metaboseek reveals functions of a conserved fat metabolism pathway in C. elegans. Nat Commun 2022; 13:782. [PMID: 35145075 PMCID: PMC8831614 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Untargeted metabolomics via high-resolution mass spectrometry can reveal more than 100,000 molecular features in a single sample, many of which may represent unidentified metabolites, posing significant challenges to data analysis. We here introduce Metaboseek, an open-source analysis platform designed for untargeted comparative metabolomics and demonstrate its utility by uncovering biosynthetic functions of a conserved fat metabolism pathway, α-oxidation, using C. elegans as a model. Metaboseek integrates modules for molecular feature detection, statistics, molecular formula prediction, and fragmentation analysis, which uncovers more than 200 previously uncharacterized α-oxidation-dependent metabolites in an untargeted comparison of wildtype and α-oxidation-defective hacl-1 mutants. The identified metabolites support the predicted enzymatic function of HACL-1 and reveal that α-oxidation participates in metabolism of endogenous β-methyl-branched fatty acids and food-derived cyclopropane lipids. Our results showcase compound discovery and feature annotation at scale via untargeted comparative metabolomics applied to a conserved primary metabolic pathway and suggest a model for the metabolism of cyclopropane lipids. Untargeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics can reveal new biochemistry, but data analysis is challenging. Here, the authors develop Metaboseek, an open-source software that facilitates metabolite discovery, and apply it to characterize fatty acid alpha-oxidation in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian J Helf
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Bennett W Fox
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Alexander B Artyukhin
- Chemistry Department, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Ying K Zhang
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Frank C Schroeder
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y, Tsang S. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, trans-2-Hexenol, CAS Registry Number 928-95-0. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118 Suppl 1:S49-S58. [PMID: 29932994 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Belsito
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE-20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 58109, USA
| | - J Buschmann
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - M L Dagli
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M Date
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - W Dekant
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Francis
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Oregon Health Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - L Jones
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - S La Cava
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - D O'Brien
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Patel
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - N Sadekar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Salvito
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996- 4500, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - G Sullivan
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Editor-in-Chief, Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - S Tsang
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
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Islam MT, de Alencar MVOB, da Conceição Machado K, da Conceição Machado K, de Carvalho Melo-cavalcante AA, de Sousa DP, de Freitas RM. Phytol in a pharma-medico-stance. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 240:60-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Api AM, Belsito D, Bhatia S, Bruze M, Calow P, Dagli ML, Dekant W, Fryer AD, Kromidas L, La Cava S, Lalko JF, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, Miyachi Y, Politano VT, Ritacco G, Salvito D, Shen J, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Wall B, Wilcox DK. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, (2E,6Z)-Nona-2,6-dien-1-ol, CAS registry number 28069-72-9. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 84 Suppl:S57-65. [PMID: 26140952 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA.
| | - D Belsito
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - S Bhatia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo SE-20502, Sweden
| | - P Calow
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Nebraska Lincoln, 230 Whittier Research Center, Lincoln, NE 68583-0857, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - W Dekant
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - A D Fryer
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Oregon Health Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - L Kromidas
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - S La Cava
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - J F Lalko
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
| | - Y Miyachi
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - V T Politano
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - D Salvito
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - J Shen
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN 37996- 4500, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ 85724-5050, USA
| | - B Wall
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - D K Wilcox
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
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5
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Api AM, Belsito D, Bhatia S, Bruze M, Calow P, Dagli ML, Dekant W, Fryer AD, Kromidas L, La Cava S, Lalko JF, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, Miyachi Y, Politano VT, Ritacco G, Salvito D, Shen J, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Wall B, Wilcox DK. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, (Z)-2-penten-1-ol, CAS Registry Number 1576-95-0. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 84 Suppl:S66-75. [PMID: 26140953 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA.
| | - D Belsito
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - S Bhatia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo SE-20502, Sweden
| | - P Calow
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Nebraska Lincoln, 230 Whittier Research Center, Lincoln, NE 68583-0857, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - W Dekant
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - A D Fryer
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Oregon Health Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - L Kromidas
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - S La Cava
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - J F Lalko
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
| | - Y Miyachi
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - V T Politano
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - D Salvito
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - J Shen
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN 37996-4500, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ 85724-5050, USA
| | - B Wall
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - D K Wilcox
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
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6
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Abstract
In humans, peroxisomes harbor a complex set of enzymes acting on various lipophilic carboxylic acids, organized in two basic pathways, alpha-oxidation and beta-oxidation; the latter pathway can also handle omega-oxidized compounds. Some oxidation products are crucial to human health (primary bile acids and polyunsaturated FAs), whereas other substrates have to be degraded in order to avoid neuropathology at a later age (very long-chain FAs and xenobiotic phytanic acid and pristanic acid). Whereas total absence of peroxisomes is lethal, single peroxisomal protein deficiencies can present with a mild or severe phenotype and are more informative to understand the pathogenic factors. The currently known single protein deficiencies equal about one-fourth of the number of proteins involved in peroxisomal FA metabolism. The biochemical properties of these proteins are highlighted, followed by an overview of the known diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul P Van Veldhoven
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, LIPIT, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat, Leuven, Belgium.
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Abstract
A toxicological and dermatologic review of phytol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
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Jansen GA, Wanders RJA. Alpha-Oxidation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research 2006; 1763:1403-12. [PMID: 16934890 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Phytanic acid (3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecanoic acid) is a branched chain fatty acid, which is a constituent of the human diet. The presence of the 3-methyl group of phytanic acid prevents degradation by beta-oxidation. Instead, the terminal carboxyl group is first removed by alpha-oxidation. The mechanism of the alpha-oxidation pathway and the enzymes involved are described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerbert A Jansen
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Rontani JF, Mouzdahir A, Michotey V, Caumette P, Bonin P. Production of a polyunsaturated isoprenoid wax ester during aerobic metabolism of squalene by Marinobacter squalenivorans sp. nov. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:4167-76. [PMID: 12839795 PMCID: PMC165200 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.7.4167-4176.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2002] [Accepted: 04/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the production of 5,9,13-trimethyltetradeca-4E,8E,12-trienyl-5,9,13-trimethyltetradeca-4E,8E,12-trienoate during the aerobic degradation of squalene by a Marinobacter strain, 2Asq64, isolated from the marine environment. A pathway involving initial cleavage of the C(10)-C(11) or C(14)-C(15) double bonds of the squalene molecule is proposed to explain the formation of this polyunsaturated isoprenoid wax ester. The isoprenoid wax ester content reached 1.1% of the degraded squalene at the mid-exponential growth phase and then decreased during the stationary phase. The wax ester content increased by approximately threefold in N-limited cultures, in which the ammonium concentration corresponds to conditions often found in marine sediments. This suggests that the bacterial formation of isoprenoid wax esters might be favored in such environments. The bacterial strain is then characterized as a member of a new species, for which we propose the name Marinobacter squalenivorans sp. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Rontani
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie et de Biogéochimie (UMR 6535), Centre d'Océanologie de Marseille-OSU, Campus de Luminy, case 901, 13288 Marseille, France.
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Abstract
Phytanic acid (3,7,10,14-tetramethylhexadecanoic acid) is a branched-chain fatty acid which is known to accumulate in a number of different genetic diseases including Refsum disease. Due to the presence of a methyl-group at the 3-position, phytanic acid and other 3-methyl fatty acids can not undergo beta-oxidation but are first subjected to fatty acid alpha-oxidation in which the terminal carboxyl-group is released as CO(2). The mechanism of alpha-oxidation has long remained obscure but has been resolved in recent years. Furthermore, peroxisomes have been found to play an indispensable role in fatty acid alpha-oxidation, and the complete alpha-oxidation machinery is probably localized in peroxisomes. This Review describes the current state of knowledge about fatty acid alpha-oxidation in mammals with particular emphasis on the mechanism involved and the enzymology of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics/Emma Children's Hospital and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University Hospital Amsterdam, Room F0-224, P.O. Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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11
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Rontani JF, Rabourdin A, Marchand D, Aubert C. Photochemical oxidation and autoxidation of chlorophyll phytyl side chain in senescent phytoplanktonic cells: potential sources of several acyclic isoprenoid compounds in the marine environment. Lipids 2003; 38:241-54. [PMID: 12784864 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-003-1057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Visible light-induced degradation of the chlorophyll phytyl side chain was studied in senescent cells of two phytoplanktonic strains (Skeletonema costatum and Thalassiosira weissflogii). Particular attention was paid to the induction of autoxidation processes on the phytyl chain and its photoproducts by photochemically produced hydroperoxides. The combination of photochemical oxidation and autoxidation reactions resulted in the production of several acyclic isoprenoid compounds that have been unambiguously identified by comparison of their retention times and mass spectra with those of appropriate standards. Various mechanisms are proposed to explain the formation of these oxidation products. These processes appear to be potential sources of numerous oxidized acyclic isoprenoids that previously have been detected in lacustrine and marine environments. Some oxidation products newly described or whose presence in natural samples was never reported in the literature were then sought in particulate matter, sediment, and microbial mat samples. The results obtained supported the significance of photochemical oxidation and autoxidation of phytoplanktonic chlorophyll phytyl side chain in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Rontani
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie et de Biogéochimie (UMR 6535), Centre d'Océanologie de Marseille, 13288 Marseille, France.
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Abstract
Refsum disease was first recognized as a distinct disease entity by Sigvald Refsum in the 1940s. The discovery of markedly elevated levels of the branched-chain fatty acid phytanic acid in certain patients marked Refsum disease as a disorder of lipid metabolism. Although it was immediately recognized that the accumulation of phytanic acid is due to its deficient breakdown in Refsum disease patients, the true enzymatic defect remained mysterious until recently. A major breakthrough in this respect was the resolution of the mechanism of phytanic acid alpha-oxidation in humans. In this review we describe the many aspects of Refsum disease from the clinical signs and symptoms to the enzyme and molecular defect plus the recent identification of genetic heterogeneity in Refsum disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Wanders
- Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Department of Pediatrics, The Netherlands
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Jansen GA, Denis S, Verhoeven NM, Jakobs C, Wanders RJ. Phytanic acid alpha-oxidation in man: identification of 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase, a peroxisomal enzyme with normal activity in Zellweger syndrome. J Inherit Metab Dis 2000; 23:421-4. [PMID: 10896309 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005672406773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G A Jansen
- University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Emma Children's Hospital, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Synthetic 3-methyl-branched chain fatty acids were used to decipher the breakdown of phytanic acid. Based on results obtained in intact or permeabilized rat hepatocytes, rat liver homogenates or subcellular fractions, a revised alpha-oxidation pathway is proposed which appears to be functioning in man as well. In a first step, the 3-methyl-branched chain fatty acid is activated by an acyl-CoA synthetase. This reaction requires CoA, ATP and Mg2+. Subsequently, the acyl-CoA ester is hydroxylated at position 2 by a peroxisomal dioxygenase. This step is dependent on alpha-oxoglutarate, ascorbate (or glutathione), Fe2+ and O2. The 2-hydroxy-3-methylacyl-CoA intermediate is cleaved by a peroxisomal lyase to formyl-CoA and a 2-methyl-branched fatty aldehyde. Formyl-CoA is (partly enzymically) hydrolyzed to formate, which is then converted, most likely in the cytosol, to CO2. In the presence of NAD+, the aldehyde is dehydrogenated to a 2-methyl-branched fatty acid, presumably by a peroxisomal aldehyde dehydrogenase. This acid can--after activation--be degraded via a D-specific peroxisomal beta-oxidation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Van Veldhoven
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Afdeling Farmakologie Herestraat, Belgium.
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Rontani JF, Bonin PC, Volkman JK. Biodegradation of free phytol by bacterial communities isolated from marine sediments under aerobic and denitrifying conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:5484-92. [PMID: 10584007 PMCID: PMC91747 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.12.5484-5492.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradation of (E)-phytol [3,7,11, 15-tetramethylhexadec-2(E)-en-1-ol] by two bacterial communities isolated from recent marine sediments under aerobic and denitrifying conditions was studied at 20 degrees C. This isoprenoid alcohol is metabolized efficiently by these two bacterial communities via 6,10, 14-trimethylpentadecan-2-one and (E)-phytenic acid. The first step in both aerobic and anaerobic bacterial degradation of (E)-phytol involves the transient production of (E)-phytenal, which in turn can be abiotically converted to 6,10,14-trimethylpentadecan-2-one. Most of the isoprenoid metabolites identified in vitro could be detected in a fresh sediment core collected at the same site as the sediments used for the incubations. Since (E)-phytenal is less sensitive to abiotic degradation at the temperature of the sediments (15 degrees C), the major part of (E)-phytol appeared to be biodegraded in situ via (E)-phytenic acid. (Z)- and (E)-phytenic acids are present in particularly large quantities in the upper section of the core, and their concentrations quickly decrease with depth in the core. This degradation (which takes place without significant production of phytanic acid) is attributed to the involvement of alternating beta-decarboxymethylation and beta-oxidation reaction sequences induced by denitrifiers. Despite the low nitrate concentration of marine sediments, denitrifying bacteria seem to play a significant role in the mineralization of (E)-phytol.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Rontani
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie et de Biogéochimie (UMR 6535), Centre d'Océanologie de Marseille (OSU), Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France.
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Rontani JF, Bonin PC, Volkman JK. Production of wax esters during aerobic growth of marine bacteria on isoprenoid compounds. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:221-30. [PMID: 9872783 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.65.1.221-230.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the production of isoprenoid wax esters during the aerobic degradation of 6,10,14-trimethylpentadecan-2-one and phytol by four bacteria (Acinetobacter sp. strain PHY9, Pseudomonas nautica [IP85/617], Marinobacter sp. strain CAB [DSMZ 11874], and Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus [ATCC 49840]) isolated from the marine environment. Different pathways are proposed to explain the formation of these compounds. In the case of 6,10, 14-trimethylpentadecan-2-one, these esters result from the condensation of some acidic and alcoholic metabolites produced during the biodegradation, while phytol constitutes the alcohol moiety of most of the esters produced during growth on this isoprenoid alcohol. The amount of these esters formed increased considerably in N-limited cultures, in which the ammonium concentration corresponds to conditions often found in marine sediments. This suggests that the bacterial formation of isoprenoid wax esters might be favored in such environments. Although conflicting evidence exists regarding the stability of these esters in sediments, it seems likely that, under some conditions, bacterial esterification can enhance the preservation potential of labile compounds such as phytol.
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Huang S, Van Veldhoven PP, Asselberghs S, Eyssen HJ, de Hoffmann E, Mannaerts GP. Comparison of fatty acid alpha-oxidation by rat hepatocytes and by liver microsomes fortified with NADPH, Fe3+ and phosphate. Lipids 1994; 29:671-8. [PMID: 7861933 DOI: 10.1007/bf02538910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Rat liver microsomes, when fortified with NADPH, Fe3+ and phosphate, can catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation (alpha-oxidation) of 3-methyl-substituted fatty acids (phytanic and 3-methylheptadecanoic acids) at rates that equal 60-70% of those observed in isolated hepatocytes (Huang, S., Van Veldhoven, P.P., Vanhoutte, F., Parmentier, G., Eyssen, H.J., and Mannaerts, G.P., 1992, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 296, 214-223). In the present study we set out to identify and compare the products and possible intermediates of alpha-oxidation formed in rat hepatocytes and by rat liver microsomes. In the presence of NADPH, Fe3+ and phosphate, microsomes decarboxylated not only 3-methyl fatty acids but also 2-methyl fatty acids and even straight chain fatty acids. The decarboxylation products of 3-methylheptadecanoic and palmitic acids were purified by high-performance liquid chromatography and identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry as 2-methylhexadecanoic and pentadecanoic acids, respectively. Inclusion in the incubation mixtures of glutathione plus glutathione peroxidase inhibited decarboxylation by more than 90%, suggesting that a 2-hydroperoxy fatty acid is formed as a possible intermediate. However, we have not yet been able to unequivocally identify this intermediate. Instead, several possible rearrangement metabolites were identified. In isolated rat hepatocytes incubated with 3-methylheptadecanoic acid, the formation of the decarboxylation product, 2-methylhexadecanoic acid, was demonstrated, but no accumulation of putative intermediates or rearrangement products was observed. Our data do not allow us to draw conclusions on whether the reconstituted microsomal system is representative of the cellular alpha-oxidation system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S Huang
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Afdeling Farmacologie, Belgium
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Abstract
We studied the oxidation of [1-14C]phytanic acid, 3-methyl substituted fatty acid, to pristanic acid and 14CO2 in human skin fibroblasts. The specific activity for alpha-oxidation of phytanic acid in peroxisomes was 29- and 124-fold higher than mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. This finding demonstrates for the first time the presence of fatty acid alpha-oxidation enzyme system in peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425
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Abstract
It was established 20 years ago that phytanic acid is degraded by an initial alpha-oxidation, and that alpha-hydroxyphytanic acid is an intermediate in the reaction. Patients with Refsum's disease, as well as those with the so-called peroxisomal disorders, have an enzymatic defect in this alpha-oxidation. The present work shows that when cultured skin fibroblasts from both groups of patients as well as from healthy controls are incubated with (1-14C)phytanic acid, the only radioactive compounds which can be detected are 14CO2 and unmetabolised phytanic acid. The degradation of (1-14C)alpha-hydroxyphytanic acid to 14CO2 takes place in the mitochondrial fraction of rat liver. Unlabelled alpha-hydroxyphytanic acid added to rat liver homogenate or mitochondria and (1-14C)phytanic acid reduced considerably the production of 14CO2. However, 14C-labelling of the alpha-hydroxyphytanic acid pool did not occur. Thus, we have been unable to confirm the previous demonstration of alpha-hydroxyphytanic acid as an intermediate in the degradation of phytanic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- O H Skjeldal
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet, Norway
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Abstract
A previously unreported metabolite of mammalian phytanic acid catabolism, 2-oxophytanic acid, was identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. The formation of 2-oxophytanic acid was demonstrated to result from the oxidation of L-2-hydroxyphytanic acid, a reaction catalysed by a rat-kidney-cortex H2O2-generating oxidase. The pH optimum for the L-2-hydroxyphytanate oxidase activity was 8.5 and its apparent Km and Vm were about 0.15 mM and 0.35 mumol min-1 (g tissue)-1, respectively. L-2-Hydroxyisocaproate, a substrate of rat kidney L-alpha-hydroxyacid oxidase type B, inhibited the formation of 2-oxophytanate from L-2-hydroxyphytanic acid. Fractionation studies have indicated that 40% of L-2-hydroxyphytanate oxidase was associated with a particulate fraction and that the activity distribution of the oxidase closely paralleled that of catalase, a well known peroxisomal marker enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Draye
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physiologique, Université de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
Three of six kin were identified, by high performance thin layer chromatography, capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, as having phytanic acid storage disease. Phytanic acid was found in triacylglycerol and, to a lesser degree, in phosphatidylcholine and free fatty acids. An unsaturated analogue of phytanic acid was additionally identified in plasma and erythrocyte triacylglycerols. In plasma, branched chain fatty acids were primarily localized in the low density lipoprotein fraction. The concentration of plasma major fatty acids was not affected by the presence of these branched chain fatty acids. In contrast to plasma, only small amounts of phytanic acid were found in cerebrospinal fluid and biopsied sural nerve. The nerve phytanate was mainly associated with triacylglycerol in epineurial and perineurial tissues. Lack of phytanate accumulation in sural endoneurium, even in cases with severe fiber degeneration, suggests that demyelination in Refsum's disease may not be due to myelin instability resulting from the incorporation of branched chain fatty acids into peripheral nerve membrane.
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Yao JK, Jardine I, Dyck PJ. Presence of plasma branched-chain fatty acids in multineuronal degeneration, hepatosplenomegaly and adrenocortical insufficiency. J Neurol Sci 1982; 55:185-95. [PMID: 7131031 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(82)90100-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported a unique disorder in two brothers with multi-system neuronal degeneration, hepatosplenomegaly and adrenocortical deficiency. The clinical features were different from Refsum's disease. Biochemical analysis suggested that a metabolic defect of the omega 6 polyenoic fatty acid pathway may be involved. In the present study, were have further identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry two branched-chain fatty acids, phytanate and pristanate, in these two patients' plasma. This small, but unequivocally elevated elevated amount of branched-chain fatty acids were primarily localized in the triacylglycerols of plasma low density lipoprotein. Such branched-chain fatty acids were not detected in skin, liver and sural nerve samples. These two cases may represent an alternative metabolic error to that found in Refsum's disease leading to phytanate accumulation.
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Masters-Thomas A, Bailes J, Billimoria JD, Clemens ME, Gibberd FB, Page NG. Heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis (Refsum's disease): 1. Clinical features and dietary management. J Hum Nutr 1980; 34:245-50. [PMID: 6157716 DOI: 10.3109/09637488009143444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In a patient with Refsum's disease successful dietary control of the disease has been shown to depend on adequate energy and protein intake from phytanic acid-free sources and restriction of dietary phytanic acid to a maximum of 10 mg per day, with the provision of a generous amount of the essential fatty acid, linoleic acid. The present work gives data on the phytanic-acid content of various foodstuffs and suggests dietary manipulation of the patient. Although the role that chlorophyll-bound phytol plays in Refsum's disease is uncertain, it is advisable that this is eliminated until its role is more clearly identified.
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Su KL, Schmid HH. Metabolism of long-chain isoprenoid alcohols. Incorporation of phytol and dihydrophytol into the lipids of rat brain. Biochim Biophys Acta 1975; 380:119-26. [PMID: 1122306 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(75)90050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
[U-14-C]Phytol (3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol) and [U-14-C]dihydrophytol (3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecanol) were administered intracerebrally to 18-day-old rats and incorporation of radioactivity into brain lipids was determined after 6 and 24 h. Radioactivity from [U-14-C]phytol was found in free phytenic (3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-enoic), phytanic (3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecanoic) and pristanic (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoic) acids, in phytanic and pristanic acid moieties of neutral and polar lipids, and in esters of phytol. In addition, evidence is presented for the utilization of phytol to form 1-O-phytenyl-2-acyl glycerophosphatides. Radioactivity from [U-14-C]dihydrophytol was found in free phytanic and pristanic acids, the corresponding acyl groups of neutral and polar lipids, esters of dihydrophytol and 1-O-phytanyl-2-acyl glycerophosphatides. Incorporation of either substrate into O-alkylglycerols was very low, and labeled branched-chain alk-1-enylglycerols could not be detected.
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Hutton D, Steinberg D. Identification of Propionate as a Degradation Product of Phytanic Acid Oxidation in Rat and Human Tissues. J Biol Chem 1973; 248:6871-5. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)43431-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Tsai SC, Steinberg D, Avigan J, Fales HM. Studies on the Stereospecificity of Mitochondrial Oxidation of Phytanic Acid and of α-Hydroxyphytanic Acid. J Biol Chem 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)44375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Lenk W. Biochemical acyl hydroxylations. Prog Drug Res 1972; 16:229-308. [PMID: 4567341 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7081-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Steinberg D, Hutton D. Phytanic Acid Storage Disease. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1972. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-6570-0_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
The "inert" hydrocarbon pristane (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane) can be utilized as the sole source of carbon and energy for growth of a coryneform soil isolate. Identification of the metabolites 4,8,12-trimethyltridecanoic acid and alpha-methylglutaric acid indicates that two pathways of fatty acid metabolism operate in this bacterial strain. The widespread use of pristane as a biological marker appears to be predicated on its structural similarity to phytol and its apparent stability, which may be only a reflection of the inability of microorganisms to carry out its anaerobic destruction.
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Nelson EC, Mayberry M, Reid R, John KV. The decarboxylation of retinoic acid by horseradish peroxidase and an acetone-butanol-ether-dried liver powder. Biochem J 1971; 121:731-3. [PMID: 4398892 PMCID: PMC1176651 DOI: 10.1042/bj1210731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Herndon JH, Steinberg D, Uhlendorf BW. Refsum's disease: defective oxidation of phytanic acid in tissue cultures derived from homozygotes and heterozygotes. N Engl J Med 1969; 281:1034-8. [PMID: 4188238 DOI: 10.1056/nejm196911062811903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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