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Yang HJ, Cheng WJ, Hsiao MC, Huang SC, Kubo T, Hang LW, Lee WS. Rest-activity rhythm associated with depressive symptom severity and attention among patients with major depressive disorder: a 12-month follow-up study. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1214143. [PMID: 37663595 PMCID: PMC10469591 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1214143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Patients with depressive disorder demonstrate rest-activity rhythm disturbances and cognitive function impairment. This study examined the association of individual rest-activity rhythm changes over time with mood symptoms and attention. Methods We recruited 15 adult outpatients with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder from a single medical center and observed them for 12 months. Weekly rest-activity parameters, including rhythm characteristics generated from nonparametric circadian rhythm analysis, were retrieved from actigraphy data. Attention was evaluated weekly with a smartphone-based psychomotor vigilance test upon awakening. Depressive symptom severity was evaluated using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) fortnightly. The association of rest-activity parameters with BDI score and attention was examined using generalized linear mixed regression. A fixed-effects analysis was used to examine the association between rest-activity parameters and depressive episodes. Results An advanced bedtime and most active continuous 10 h starting time were associated with depressive symptom severity but also associated with higher vigilance test performance. A longer sleep duration, mainly due to an earlier bedtime, was associated with depressive symptom severity. Compared to remission, sleep duration was 27.8 min longer during depressive episodes, and bed time was 24 min earlier. A shorter sleep duration and increased activity during sleep were associated with poorer attention. Discussion Rest-activity rhythms change with mood symptoms among patients with depressive disorder. The circadian rhythms of rest-activity among patients with depressive disorder should be distinguished during various mood states in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Ju Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jen Ai Hospital Dali Branch, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ju Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- National Center for Geriatrics and Welfare Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Mi-Chun Hsiao
- Center for Drug Abuse and Addiction, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Che Huang
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tomohide Kubo
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Liang-Wen Hang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sleep Medicine Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Nursing and Graduate Institute of Nursing, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Sheng Lee
- Center for Drug Abuse and Addiction, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Glacet R, Reynaud E, Robin-Choteau L, Reix N, Hugueny L, Ruppert E, Geoffroy PA, Kilic-Huck Ü, Comtet H, Bourgin P. A comparison of four methods to estimate dim light melatonin onset: a repeatability and agreement study. Chronobiol Int 2022; 40:123-131. [PMID: 36519316 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2150554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) is considered the most reliable circadian phase marker in humans. However, the methods to calculate it are diverse, which limits the comparability between studies. Given the key role of DLMO to diagnose circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders and determine the optimal timing of chronotherapies, the establishment of clear and validated guidelines on the methodology to assess DLMO is very important. We performed a repeatability study (n = 31) and an agreement study (n = 62) in healthy young adults with hourly blood samples collected under dim light conditions (<8 lux) during a chronobiological protocol. We assessed the repeatability of DLMO with three different methods (fixed threshold, dynamic threshold and hockey stick) across two nights and assessed agreement of each method with the mean visual estimation made by four chronobiologists. Analyses included Bland-Altman diagrams, intraclass correlation coefficients and equivalence tests. The repeatability of the four methods across two nights ranged from good to perfect. The agreement study highlighted that the hockey stick showed equivalent or superior performance (ICC: 0.95, mean difference with visual estimation: 5 min) in healthy subjects compared to the dynamic and fixed thresholds. Thanks to its objective nature, the hockey stick method may provide better estimates than the mean of the visual estimations of several raters. These findings suggest that the hockey stick method provides the most reliable estimate of DLMO within the tested methods and should be considered for use in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Glacet
- CNRS UPR 3212, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eve Reynaud
- CNRS UPR 3212, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ludivine Robin-Choteau
- CNRS UPR 3212, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,CIRCSom (International Research Center for ChronoSomnology) & Sleep Disorder Center, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France.,CEED (European Center for Diabetes Studies), Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathalie Reix
- ICube UMR 7357, University of Strasbourg/CNRS, Federation of Medicine of Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Surgery Unit, Institute of Cancerology, Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurence Hugueny
- CNRS UPR 3212, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,CIRCSom (International Research Center for ChronoSomnology) & Sleep Disorder Center, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elisabeth Ruppert
- CNRS UPR 3212, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,CIRCSom (International Research Center for ChronoSomnology) & Sleep Disorder Center, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre A Geoffroy
- CNRS UPR 3212, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,CIRCSom (International Research Center for ChronoSomnology) & Sleep Disorder Center, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France.,Département de psychiatrie et d'addictologie, AP-HP, GHU Paris Nord, DMU Neurosciences, Hopital Bichat - Claude Bernard, Paris, France.,GHU Paris - Psychiatry & Neurosciences, Paris, France.,Neuro Diderot, Inserm, FHU I2-D2, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ülker Kilic-Huck
- CNRS UPR 3212, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,CIRCSom (International Research Center for ChronoSomnology) & Sleep Disorder Center, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Henri Comtet
- CNRS UPR 3212, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,CIRCSom (International Research Center for ChronoSomnology) & Sleep Disorder Center, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Patrice Bourgin
- CNRS UPR 3212, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,CIRCSom (International Research Center for ChronoSomnology) & Sleep Disorder Center, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
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3
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Wescott DL, Wallace ML, Hasler BP, Klevens AM, Franzen PL, Hall MH, Roecklein KA. Sleep and circadian rhythm profiles in seasonal depression. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 156:114-121. [PMID: 36244199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sleep and circadian rhythm disruptions are symptoms of, and hypothesized underlying mechanisms in, seasonal depression. Discrepant observational findings and mixed responses to sleep/circadian-based treatments suggest heterogenous sleep and circadian disruptions in seasonal depression, despite these disruptions historically conceptualized as delayed circadian phase and hypersomnia. This study used a data-driven cluster analysis to characterize sleep/circadian profiles in seasonal depression to identify treatment targets for future interventions. Biobehavioral measures of sleep and circadian rhythms were assessed during the winter in individuals with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), subsyndromal-SAD (S-SAD), or nonseasonal, never depressed controls (total sample N = 103). The following variables were used in the cluster analysis: circadian phase (from dim light melatonin onset), midsleep timing, total sleep time, sleep efficiency, regularity of midsleep timing, and nap duration (all from wrist actigraphy). Sleep and circadian variables were compared across clusters and controls. Despite limited sleep/circadian differences between diagnostic groups, there were two reliable (Jaccard Coefficients >0.75) sleep/circadian profiles in SAD/S-SAD individuals: a 'Disrupted sleep' cluster, characterized by irregular and fragmented sleep and an 'Advanced' cluster, characterized by early sleep and circadian timing and longer total sleep times (>7.5 h). Clusters did not differ by depression severity. Midsleep correlated with DLMO (r = 0.56), irregularity (r = 0.3), and total sleep time (r = -0.27). Sleep and circadian disruptions in seasonal depression are not uniformly characterized by hypersomnia and circadian phase delay. Presence of distinct sleep and circadian subgroups in seasonal depression may predict successful treatment response. Prospective assessment and tailoring of individual sleep and circadian disruptions may reduce treatment failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delainey L Wescott
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Meredith L Wallace
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Statistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brant P Hasler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alison M Klevens
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peter L Franzen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Martica H Hall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kathryn A Roecklein
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Behavior, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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He X, Zhang R, Li Z, Yao Z, Xie X, Bai R, Li L, Zhang X, Zhang S, Shen Y, Li S, Hui Z, Liu R, Chen J. Sini powder with paroxetine ameliorates major depressive disorder by modulating circadian rhythm: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Pineal Res 2022; 73:e12832. [PMID: 36073608 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm disorder is a significant risk factor for mental diseases, and the recovery of circadian rhythm function has gradually become a signal of effective antidepressant therapy. Sini powder (SNP) is a classical, traditional Chinese formula for depression treatment. However, few clinical reports have been recorded. This randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial (ChiCTR1900022700) aimed to explore the efficacy of SNP on depression via regulating circadian rhythm. In total, 36 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) were enrolled for 4-weeks medication and 6-weeks follow-up. HAMD-24 score and circadian rhythm index, including dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) and phase angle difference (PAD), were included in the assessment. DLMO and PAD were statistically significant in the SNP group after 4 weeks of treatment (p < .05) and with greater improvement in DLMO (p = .03). In addition, DLMO and the HAMD-24 score showed a positive correlation (p < .05); the HAMD-24 score degree decreased significantly over time (p < .001). Similarly, interaction effects were shown significantly between group and time (p = .049). The duration of SNP supplementation was relatively short, and the sample size was relatively small. SNP granules combined with paroxetine tablets have definite efficacy in improving the circadian rhythms of MDD patients, reflecting the therapeutic advantages of traditional Chinese medicine as antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu He
- Department of First Clinical Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xian Yang, China
| | - Ruihuan Zhang
- Department of Encephalopathy, Yulin Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yulin, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of First Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xian Yang, China
| | - Zhen Yao
- Department of First Clinical Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xian Yang, China
| | - Xiaoxia Xie
- Department of First Clinical Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xian Yang, China
| | - Ruoxue Bai
- Department of First Clinical Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xian Yang, China
| | - Lan Li
- Department of First Clinical Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xian Yang, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of First Clinical Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xian Yang, China
| | - Sha Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xian Yang, China
| | - Yan Shen
- Department of Encephalopathy, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Shaowei Li
- Department of Encephalopathy, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenliang Hui
- Department of Encephalopathy, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Rongrong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Encephalopathy, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
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5
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Moreno JP, Dadabhoy H, Musaad S, Baranowski T, Thompson D, Alfano CA, Crowley SJ. Evaluation of Circadian Rhythm and Sleep Focused mHealth Intervention for the Prevention of Accelerated Summer Weight Gain among Elementary School-Age Children: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Feasibility Study (Preprint). JMIR Res Protoc 2022; 11:e37002. [PMID: 35576573 PMCID: PMC9152728 DOI: 10.2196/37002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The i♥rhythm project is a mobile health adaptation of interpersonal and social rhythm therapy designed to promote healthy sleep and behavioral rhythms among 5-8-year olds during summer for the prevention of accelerated summer weight gain. Objective This pilot study will examine the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of the i♥rhythm intervention. This will ensure that the research protocol and procedures work as desired and are acceptable to families in preparation for the fully powered randomized controlled trial. The proposed study will examine the willingness of participants to participate in the intervention and determine whether modifications to the intervention, procedures, and measures are needed before conducting a fully powered study. We will assess our ability to (1) recruit, consent, and retain participants; (2) deliver the intervention; (3) implement the study and assessment procedures; (4) assess the reliability of the proposed measures; and (5) assess the acceptability of the intervention and assessment protocol. Methods This study will employ a single-blinded 2-group randomized control design (treatment and no-treatment control) with randomization occurring after baseline (Time 0) and 3 additional evaluation periods (postintervention [Time 1], and 9 months [Time 2] and 12 months after intervention [Time 3]). A sample of 40 parent-child dyads will be recruited. Results This study was approved by the institutional review board of Baylor College of Medicine (H-47369). Recruitment began in March 2021. As of March 2022, data collection and recruitment are ongoing. Conclusions This study will address the role of sleep and circadian rhythms in the prevention of accelerated summer weight gain and assess the intervention’s effects on the long-term prevention of child obesity. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04445740; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04445740. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/37002
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennette P Moreno
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics-Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hafza Dadabhoy
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics-Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Salma Musaad
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics-Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Tom Baranowski
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics-Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Debbe Thompson
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics-Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Candice A Alfano
- Sleep and Anxiety Center of Houston, Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Stephanie J Crowley
- Biological Rhythms Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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6
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Dermanowski MM, Hejduk A, Kuczyńska J, Wichniak A, Urbańska A, Mierzejewski P. Assessment of dim light melatonin onset based on plasma and saliva samples. Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:626-635. [PMID: 35168448 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.2016796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin (MELA) is a nocturnal hormone involved in the regulation of the circadian rhythm. MELA can be detected in plasma and saliva, and its salivary concentration strongly correlates with its plasma concentration. Dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) is considered to be the most accurate objective marker for assessing the circadian phase. The purpose of the study was to establish a method for the determination of MELA in plasma and saliva based on the liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and compare DLMO using both plasma and saliva matrices. The validation of the LC-MS/MS methods was performed in accordance with the European Medicines Agency (EMA) guideline. The study was conducted on a group of 21 volunteers, male and females, aged 26-54 years. Plasma and saliva were collected at five time points: between 20:00 and 00:00 hours. The MELA concentration was determined by the LC-MS/MS. The DLMO was considered as the point in time when MELA concentration exceeds 20 pg/mL in plasma and 7 pg/mL in saliva. The correlation coefficient between the plasma and salivary MELA concentration was r = 0.764 (p < .001). The ratio of the plasma/saliva MELA concentrations was 2.87. The mean time of the DLMO in the plasma was 21:30 ± 0:45 hours, and in the saliva was as follows: 21:34 ± 1:00 hours. The correlation between the DLMO, calculated based on the plasma and saliva MELA profiles, was r = 0.679 (p < .05). The determination of salivary MELA concentration using LC-MS/MS allows for the determination of the DLMO. Our method may be applied in clinical practice for the diagnosis and monitoring of circadian rhythm disorders.Abbreviations: CE: Collision Energy; CID: Collision-Induced Dissociation; DL: Desolvation Module; DLMO: Dim Light Melatonin Onset; EFSA: European Food Safety Authority; EMA: European Medicines Agency; ESI: electrospray ionization; HB: heat block; HPLC: high performance liquid chromatography; IS: internal standard; K3EDTA: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tripotassium salt; LC-MS/MS: liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry; LLE: liquid-liquid extraction; LLOQ: lower limit of quantification; MELA: melatonin; MELA-D4: melatonin-d4; MRM: multiple reaction monitoring; Q1: quadrupole 1; Q3: quadrupole 3; RE: relative error; RIA: radioimmunoassay; RSD: relative standard deviation; SD: standard deviation; ULOQ: upper limit of quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arkadiusz Hejduk
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Research and Development Department, LEK-AM Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, Zakroczym, Poland
| | - Julita Kuczyńska
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Wichniak
- Third Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Urbańska
- Research and Development Department, LEK-AM Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, Zakroczym, Poland
| | - Paweł Mierzejewski
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
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Ng MG, Ng KY, Koh RY, Chye SM. Potential role of melatonin in prevention and treatment of leukaemia. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2021; 42:445-461. [PMID: 34355548 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2021-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Leukaemia is a haematological malignancy originated from the bone marrow. Studies have shown that shift work could disrupt the melatonin secretion and eventually increase leukaemia incidence risk. Melatonin, a pineal hormone, has shown promising oncostatic properties on a wide range of cancers, including leukaemia. We first reviewed the relationship between shift work and the incidence rate of leukaemia and then discussed the role of melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and their functions in leukaemia. Moreover, the connection between inflammation and leukaemia, and melatonin-induced anti-leukaemia mechanisms including anti-proliferation, apoptosis induction and immunomodulation are comprehensively discussed. Apart from that, the synergistic effects of melatonin with other anticancer compounds are also included. In short, this review article has compiled the evidence of anti-leukaemia properties displayed by melatonin and discuss its potential to act as adjunct for anti-leukaemia treatment. This review may serve as a reference for future studies or experimental research to explore the possibility of melatonin serving as a novel therapeutic agent for leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Guan Ng
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khuen Yen Ng
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soi Moi Chye
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Reiter RJ, Sharma R, Rodriguez C, Martin V, Rosales-Corral S, Zuccari DAPDC, Chuffa LGDA. Part-time cancers and role of melatonin in determining their metabolic phenotype. Life Sci 2021; 278:119597. [PMID: 33974932 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This brief review describes the association of the endogenous pineal melatonin rhythm with the metabolic flux of solid tumors, particularly breast cancer. It also summarizes new information on the potential mechanisms by which endogenously-produced or exogenously-administered melatonin impacts the metabolic phenotype of cancer cells. The evidence indicates that solid tumors may redirect their metabolic phenotype from the pathological Warburg-type metabolism during the day to the healthier mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation on a nightly basis. Thus, they function as cancer cells only during the day and as healthier cells at night, that is, they are only part-time cancerous. This switch to oxidative phosphorylation at night causes cancer cells to exhibit a reduced tumor phenotype and less likely to rapidly proliferate or to become invasive or metastatic. Also discussed is the likelihood that some solid tumors are especially aggressive during the day and much less so at night due to the nocturnal rise in melatonin which determines their metabolic state. We further propose that when melatonin is used/tested in clinical trials, a specific treatment paradigm be used that is consistent with the temporal metabolic changes in tumor metabolism. Finally, it seems likely that the concurrent use of melatonin in combination with conventional chemotherapies also would improve cancer treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Ramaswamy Sharma
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Carmen Rodriguez
- Departamento de Morfologia y Biologia Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
| | - Vanesa Martin
- Departamento de Morfologia y Biologia Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
| | - Sergio Rosales-Corral
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara CP 45150, Mexico
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9
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Abstract
The pineal gland hormone melatonin continues to be of considerable interest to biomedical researchers. Of particular interest is the pattern of secretion of melatonin in relation to sleep timing as well as its potential role in certain diseases. Measuring melatonin in biological fluids such as blood and saliva presents particular methodological challenges since the production and secretion of the hormone are known to be extremely low during the light phase in almost all situations. Active secretion only occurs around the time of lights out in a wide range of species. The challenge then is to develop practical high-throughput assays that are sufficiently sensitive and accurate enough to detect levels of melatonin less than 1 pg/mL in biological fluids. Mass spectrometry assays have been developed that achieve the required sensitivity, but are really not practical or even widely available to most researchers. Melatonin radioimmunoassays and ELISA have been developed and are commercially available. But the quality of the results that are being published is very variable, partly not only because of poor experimental designs, but also because of poor assays. In this review, I discuss issues around the design of studies involving melatonin measurement. I then provide a critical assessment of 21 immunoassay kits marketed by 11 different companies with respect to validation, specificity and sensitivity. Technical managers of the companies were contacted in an attempt to obtain information not available online or in kit inserts. A search of the literature was also conducted to uncover papers that have reported the use of these assays, and where possible, both daytime and night-time plasma or saliva melatonin concentrations were extracted and tabulated. The results of the evaluations are disturbing, with many kits lacking any validation studies or using inadequate validation methods. Few assays have been properly assessed for specificity, while others report cross-reaction profiles that can be expected to result in over estimation of the melatonin levels. Some assays are not fit for purpose because they are not sensitive enough to determine plasma or saliva DLMO of 10 and 3 pg/mL, respectively. Finally, some assays produce unrealistically high daytime melatonin levels in humans and laboratory animals in the order of hundreds of pg/mL. In summary, this review provides a comprehensive and unique assessment of the current commercial melatonin immunoassays and their use in publications. It provides researchers new to the field with the information they need to design valid melatonin studies from both the perspective of experimental/clinical trial design and the best assay methodologies. It will also hopefully help journal editors and reviewers who may not be fully aware of the pitfalls of melatonin measurement make better informed decisions on publication acceptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Kennaway
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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10
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Postolache TT, Gulati A, Okusaga OO, Stiller JW. An Introduction to Circadian Endocrine Physiology: Implications for Exercise and Sports Performance. Endocrinology of Physical Activity and Sport 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-33376-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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11
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Cho CH, Yoon HK, Kang SG, Kim L, Lee EI, Lee HJ. Impact of Exposure to Dim Light at Night on Sleep in Female and Comparison with Male Subjects. Psychiatry Investig 2018; 15:520-530. [PMID: 29551048 PMCID: PMC5976009 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2018.03.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Light pollution has become a social and health issue. We performed an experimental study to investigate impact of dim light at night (dLAN) on sleep in female subjects, with measurement of salivary melatonin. METHODS The 25 female subjects (Group A: 12; Group B: 13 subjects) underwent a nocturnal polysomnography (NPSG) session with no light (Night 1) followed by an NPSG session randomly assigned to two conditions (Group A: 5; Group B: 10 lux) during a whole night of sleep (Night 2). Salivary melatonin was measured before and after sleep on each night. For further investigation, the female and male subjects of our previous study were collected (48 subjects), and differences according to gender were compared. RESULTS dLAN during sleep was significantly associated with decreased total sleep time (TST; F=4.818, p=0.039), sleep efficiency (SE; F=5.072, p=0.034), and Stage R latency (F=4.664, p=0.041) for female subjects, and decreased TST (F=14.971, p<0.001) and SE (F=7.687, p=0.008), and increased wake time after sleep onset (F=6.322, p=0.015) and Stage R (F=5.031, p=0.03), with a night-group interaction (F=4.579, p=0.038) for total sample. However, no significant melatonin changes. There was no significant gender difference of the impact of dLAN on sleep, showing the negative changes in the amount and quality of sleep and the increase in REM sleep in the both gender group under 10 lux condition. CONCLUSION We found a negative impact of exposure to dLAN on sleep in female as well as in merged subjects. REM sleep showed a pronounced increase under 10 lux than under 5 lux in merged subjects, suggesting the possibility of subtle influences of dLAN on REM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Hyun Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Korea University Chronobiology Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Kyoung Yoon
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Korea University Chronobiology Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Gul Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Leen Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Korea University Chronobiology Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Il Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Jeong Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Korea University Chronobiology Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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12
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Carpenter JS, Robillard R, Hermens DF, Naismith SL, Gordon C, Scott EM, Hickie IB. Sleep-wake profiles and circadian rhythms of core temperature and melatonin in young people with affective disorders. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 94:131-8. [PMID: 28711776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While disturbances of the sleep-wake cycle are common in people with affective disorders, the characteristics of these disturbances differ greatly between individuals. This heterogeneity is likely to reflect multiple underlying pathophysiologies, with different perturbations in circadian systems contributing to the variation in sleep-wake cycle disturbances. Such disturbances may be particularly relevant in adolescents and young adults with affective disorders as circadian rhythms undergo considerable change during this key developmental period. This study aimed to identify profiles of sleep-wake disturbance in young people with affective disorders and investigate associations with biological circadian rhythms. Fifty young people with affective disorders and 19 control participants (aged 16-31 years) underwent actigraphy monitoring for approximately two weeks to derive sleep-wake cycle parameters, and completed an in-laboratory assessment including evening dim-light saliva collection for melatonin assay and overnight continuous core body temperature measurement. Cluster analysis based on sleep-wake cycle parameters identified three distinct patient groups, characterised by 'delayed sleep-wake', 'disrupted sleep', and 'long sleep' respectively. The 'delayed sleep-wake' group had both delayed melatonin onset and core temperature nadir; whereas the other two cluster groups did not differ from controls on these circadian markers. The three groups did not differ on clinical characteristics. These results provide evidence that only some types of sleep-wake disturbance in young people with affective disorders are associated with fundamental circadian perturbations. Consequently, interventions targeting endogenous circadian rhythms to promote a phase shift may be particularly relevant in youth with affective disorders presenting with delayed sleep-wake cycles.
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13
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Nováková M, Praško J, Látalová K, Sládek M, Sumová A. The circadian system of patients with bipolar disorder differs in episodes of mania and depression. Bipolar Disord 2015; 17:303-14. [PMID: 25359533 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bipolar disorder is a common psychiatric disease characterized by mood disturbances with alternating episodes of mania and depression. Moreover, disturbances in the sleep/wake cycle are prevalent. We tested a hypothesis that the function of the circadian system, which drives the sleep/wake cycle, may differ in patients with bipolar disorder depending on whether they are experiencing an episode of mania or depression. METHODS To assess the functional state of the central circadian clock, daily profiles of melatonin levels in saliva were determined. The functional state of the peripheral clocks was assessed by determining daily profiles of Per1 and Nr1d1 clock gene expression in buccal mucosa cells. Sixteen patients with bipolar disorder in a manic episode, 22 patients in a depressive episode, and 19 healthy control subjects provided samples at regular intervals during a 24-hour cycle. RESULTS During episodes of mania, the daily profiles of melatonin differed compared with healthy controls and patients in an episode of depression, mainly due to elevated melatonin levels during the daytime. No difference was found between melatonin profiles of control subjects and patients in depression. The Per1 and Nr1d1 profiles were advanced in patients in mania compared with those in depression. Compared with controls, a trend toward an advance was apparent in the profiles of patients during an episode of mania but not depression. The amplitude of the Nr1d1 expression profile was higher in mania than in depression. CONCLUSIONS The data revealed differences in the functional state of the circadian system in patients with bipolar disorder depending on whether they were experiencing a manic or a depressive episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Nováková
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague
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14
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Asarnow LD, Soehner AM, Harvey AG. Basic sleep and circadian science as building blocks for behavioral interventions: a translational approach for mood disorders. Behav Neurosci 2014; 128:360-70. [PMID: 24773429 DOI: 10.1037/a0035892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Sleep and circadian functioning has been of particular interest to researchers focused on improving treatments for psychiatric illness. The goal of the present paper is to highlight the exciting research that utilizes basic sleep and circadian science as building blocks for intervention in the mood disorders. The reviewed evidence suggests that the sleep and circadian systems are a) disrupted in the mood disorders and linked to symptoms, b) open systems that can be modified, c) the focus of interventions which have been developed to effectively treat sleep disturbance within mood disorders, and d) intimately linked with mood, such that improvements in sleep are associated with improvements in mood. Although significant positive treatment effects are evident, more research is needed to fill the gap in our basic understanding of the relationship between sleep and mood.
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15
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Kim KL, Weissman AB, Puzia ME, Cushman GK, Seymour KE, Wegbreit E, Carskadon MA, Dickstein DP. Circadian Phase Preference in Pediatric Bipolar Disorder. J Clin Med 2014; 3:255-66. [PMID: 26237260 PMCID: PMC4449662 DOI: 10.3390/jcm3010255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric bipolar disorder (BD) rates have notably increased over the past three decades. Given the significant morbidity and mortality associated with BD, efforts are needed to identify factors useful in earlier detection to help address this serious public health concern. Sleep is particularly important to consider given the sequelae of disrupted sleep on normative functioning and that sleep is included in diagnostic criteria for both Major Depressive and Manic Episodes. Here, we examine one component of sleep—i.e., circadian phase preference with the behavioral construct of morningness/eveningness (M/E). In comparing 30 BD and 45 typically developing control (TDC) participants, ages 7–17 years, on the Morningness-Eveningness Scale for Children (MESC), no between-group differences emerged. Similar results were found when comparing three groups (BD−ADHD; BD+ADHD; TDC). Consistent with data available on circadian phase preference in adults with BD, however, we found that BD adolescents, ages 13 years and older, endorsed significantly greater eveningness compared to their TDC peers. While the current findings are limited by reliance on subjective report and the high-rate of comorbid ADHD among the BD group, this finding that BD teens demonstrate an exaggerated shift towards eveningness than would be developmentally expected is important. Future studies should compare the circadian rhythms across the lifespan for individuals diagnosed with BD, as well as identify the point at which BD youth part ways with their healthy peers in terms of phase preference. In addition, given our BD sample was overall euthymic, it may be that M/E is more state vs. trait specific in latency age youth. Further work would benefit from assessing circadian functioning using a combination of rating forms and laboratory-based measures. Improved understanding of sleep in BD may identify behavioral targets for inclusion in prevention and intervention protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri L Kim
- PediMIND Program at E.P. Bradley Hospital and the Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02915, USA.
| | - Alexandra B Weissman
- PediMIND Program at E.P. Bradley Hospital and the Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02915, USA.
| | - Megan E Puzia
- PediMIND Program at E.P. Bradley Hospital and the Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02915, USA.
| | - Grace K Cushman
- PediMIND Program at E.P. Bradley Hospital and the Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02915, USA.
| | - Karen E Seymour
- PediMIND Program at E.P. Bradley Hospital and the Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02915, USA.
| | - Ezra Wegbreit
- PediMIND Program at E.P. Bradley Hospital and the Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02915, USA.
| | - Mary A Carskadon
- Chronobiology and Sleep Program at E.P. Bradley Hospital and the Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02915, USA.
- Centre for Sleep Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
| | - Daniel P Dickstein
- PediMIND Program at E.P. Bradley Hospital and the Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02915, USA.
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Bamne MN, Ponder CA, Wood JA, Mansour H, Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Young MW, Nimgaonkar VL. Application of an ex vivo cellular model of circadian variation for bipolar disorder research: a proof of concept study. Bipolar Disord 2013; 15:694-700. [PMID: 23782472 PMCID: PMC3762935 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Disruption of circadian function has been observed in several human disorders, including bipolar disorder (BD). Research into these disorders can be facilitated by human cellular models that evaluate external factors (zeitgebers) that impact circadian pacemaker activity. Incorporating a firefly luciferase reporter system into human fibroblasts provides a facile, bioluminescent readout that estimates circadian phase, while leaving the cells intact. We evaluated whether this system can be adapted to clinical BD research and whether it can incorporate zeitgeber challenge paradigms. METHODS Fibroblasts from patients with bipolar I disorder (BD-I) (n = 13) and controls (n = 12) were infected ex vivo with a lentiviral reporter incorporating the promoter sequences for Bmal1, a circadian gene to drive expression of the firefly luciferase gene. Following synchronization, the bioluminescence was used to estimate period length. Phase response curves (PRCs) were also generated following forskolin challenge and the phase response patterns were characterized. RESULTS Period length and PRCs could be estimated reliably from the constructs. There were no significant case-control differences in period length, with a nonsignificant trend for differences in PRCs following the phase-setting experiments. CONCLUSIONS An ex vivo cellular fibroblast-based model can be used to investigate circadian function in BD-I. It can be generated from specific individuals and this could usefully complement ongoing circadian clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhil N Bamne
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Abstract
Daily rhythms of behavioral and physiological processes are believed to arise from endogenous circadian clocks. Unlike model organisms, genetic studies of human behavioral traits present extra challenges due to many factors such as the heterogeneous genetic background and environmental influences. Identifying molecular components of the human circadian clock were not possible until the recognition of Mendelian circadian traits in human subjects in recent years. Characterizing these rare Mendelian traits therefore established the foundation for identification of the genetic components for human circadian and sleep mechanisms. This line of investigation has proven fruitful and provided new insights into these pathways. Genetic association studies have also offered many possible genetic contributions to these mechanisms. Studies of these genes/proteins in conjunction with modeling human mutations in model organisms afford the opportunity to unravel the molecular mechanisms which in time will lead to pharmacological interventions that may not only help modify these behavioral traits but also may prove effective for treating other sleep-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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18
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de Almeida EA, Di Mascio P, Harumi T, Warren Spence D, Moscovitch A, Hardeland R, Cardinali DP, Brown GM, Pandi-Perumal SR. Measurement of melatonin in body fluids: standards, protocols and procedures. Childs Nerv Syst 2011; 27:879-91. [PMID: 21104186 PMCID: PMC3128751 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-010-1278-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The circadian rhythm of melatonin in saliva or plasma, or of the melatonin metabolite 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (a6MTs) in urine, is a defining feature of suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) function, the body's endogenous oscillatory pacemaker. The primary objective of this review is to ascertain the clinical benefits and limitations of current methodologies employed for detection and quantification of melatonin in biological fluids and tissues. DATA IDENTIFICATION A search of the English-language literature (Medline) and a systematic review of published articles were carried out. STUDY SELECTION Articles that specified both the methodology for quantifying melatonin and indicated the clinical purpose were chosen for inclusion in the review. DATA EXTRACTION The authors critically evaluated the methodological issues associated with various tools and techniques (e.g. standards, protocols, and procedures). RESULTS OF DATA SYNTHESIS Melatonin measurements are useful for evaluating problems related to the onset or offset of sleep and for assessing phase delays or advances of rhythms in entrained individuals. They have also become an important tool for psychiatric diagnosis, their use being recommended for phase typing in patients suffering from sleep and mood disorders. Additionally, there has been a continuous interest in the use of melatonin as a marker for neoplasms of the pineal region. Melatonin decreases such as found with aging are or post pinealectomy can cause alterations in the sleep/wake cycle. The development of sensitive and selective methods for the precise detection of melatonin in tissues and fluids has increasingly been shown to have direct relevance for clinical decision making. CONCLUSIONS Due to melatonin's low concentration, as well as the coexistence of numerous other compounds in the blood, the routine determination of melatonin has been an analytical challenge. The available evidence indicates however that these challenges can be overcome and consequently that evaluation of melatonin's presence and activity can be an accessible and useful tool for clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Alves de Almeida
- Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais, IBILCE, UNESP, Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, CEP 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Paolo Di Mascio
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, USP Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, CEP 05513-970 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Tatsuo Harumi
- Department of Anatomy, Asahikawa Medical College, Nishikagura, Asahikawa Japan
| | | | - Adam Moscovitch
- Sleep and Fatigue Institute, 106 Codsell Ave, Toronto, ON Canada M3H 3W1
| | - Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel P. Cardinali
- Departamento de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, 1107 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gregory M. Brown
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON Canada M5T 1R8
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Administered in supraphysiologic doses, the hormone melatonin may reduce blood pressure, particularly nocturnal blood pressure. However, whether lower physiologic levels of melatonin are an independent risk factor for the development of hypertension has never been reported. METHODS We examined the association between first morning urine melatonin levels and the risk of developing hypertension among 554 young women without baseline hypertension who were followed for 8 years. Cox proportional hazards models were adjusted for age, BMI, physical activity, alcohol intake, smoking status, urinary creatinine, and family history of hypertension. RESULTS During 8 years of follow-up, a total of 125 women developed hypertension. The relative risk for incident hypertension among women in the highest quartile of urinary melatonin (>27.0 ng/mg creatinine) as compared with the lowest quartile (<10.1 ng/mg creatinine) was 0.49 (95% confidence interval 0.28-0.85, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION First morning melatonin levels are independently and inversely associated with incident hypertension; low melatonin production may be a pathophysiologic factor in the development of hypertension.
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20
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Schernhammer ES, Berrino F, Krogh V, Secreto G, Micheli A, Venturelli E, Grioni S, Sempos CT, Cavalleri A, Schünemann HJ, Strano S, Muti P. Urinary 6-Sulphatoxymelatonin levels and risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women: the ORDET cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:729-37. [PMID: 20200429 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower urinary melatonin levels are associated with a higher risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Literature for premenopausal women is scant and inconsistent. METHODS In a prospective case-control study, we measured the concentration of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) in the 12-hour overnight urine of 180 premenopausal women with incident breast cancer and 683 matched controls. RESULTS In logistic regression models, the multivariate odds ratio (OR) of invasive breast cancer for women in the highest quartile of total overnight aMT6s output compared with the lowest was 1.43 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.83-2.45; P(trend) = 0.03]. Among current nonsmokers, no association was existent (OR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.52-1.94; P(trend) = 0.29). We observed an OR of 0.68 between overnight urinary aMT6s level and breast cancer risk in women with invasive breast cancer diagnosed >2 years after urine collection and a significant inverse association in women with a breast cancer diagnosis >8 years after urine collection (OR, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.04-0.71; P(trend) = 0.01). There were no important variations in ORs by tumor stage or hormone receptor status of breast tumors. CONCLUSION Overall, we observed a positive association between aMT6s and risk of breast cancer. However, there was some evidence to suggest that this might be driven by the influence of subclinical disease on melatonin levels, with a possible inverse association among women diagnosed further from recruitment. Thus, the influence of lag time on the association between melatonin and breast cancer risk needs to be evaluated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva S Schernhammer
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Hallam KT, Begg DP, Olver JS, Norman TR. Abnormal dose-response melatonin suppression by light in bipolar type I patients compared with healthy adult subjects. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2009; 21:246-55. [PMID: 26952772 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2009.00416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Among potential endophenotypes proposed for bipolar affective disorder focusing on circadian abnormalities associated with the illness has particularly high face validity. Melatonin sensitivity to light is one circadian endophenotype proposed as useful in bipolar disorder. The aim of this study was to investigate melatonin sensitivity to light over a range of light intensities in order to compare and contrast responses in bipolar I patients with those of healthy adult volunteers. METHODS The study included seven patients (4 females, 3 males) with bipolar I disorder and 34 control participants (22 females, 12 males) with no personal or family history of affective illness. Melatonin sensitivity to light was determined in all patients and participants across a range of light intensities (0, 200, 500 and 1000 lux). RESULTS The results indicated that patients showed melatonin super-sensitivity to light in comparison with controls, a response that was consistent across the entire light intensity range investigated. CONCLUSION The study provides further evidence for a super sensitive response in bipolar I patients and suggests that its potential usefulness as an endophenotypic marker of the illness is deserving of further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen T Hallam
- 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Denovan P Begg
- 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - James S Olver
- 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Trevor R Norman
- 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
The specific circadian role proposed for endogenous melatonin production was based on a study of sighted people who took low pharmacological doses (500 microg) of this chemical signal for the "biological night": the magnitude and direction of the induced phase shifts were dependent on what time of day exogenous melatonin was administered and were described by a phase-response curve that turned out to be the opposite of that for light. We now report that lower (physiological) doses of up to 300 microg can entrain (synchronize) free-running circadian rhythms of 10 totally blind subjects that would otherwise drift later each day. The resulting log-linear dose-response curve in the physiological range adds support for a circadian function of endogenous melatonin in humans. Efficacy of exogenous doses in the physiological range are of clinical significance for totally blind people who will need to take melatonin daily over their entire lifetimes in order to remain entrained to the 24 h day. Left untreated, their free-running endocrine, metabolic, behavioral, and sleep/wake cycles can be almost as burdensome as not having vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred J Lewy
- Sleep and Mood Disorders Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA.
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Schernhammer ES, Berrino F, Krogh V, Secreto G, Micheli A, Venturelli E, Sieri S, Sempos CT, Cavalleri A, Schünemann HJ, Strano S, Muti P. Urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 100:898-905. [PMID: 18544743 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djn171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low urinary melatonin levels have been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women. However, the association between melatonin levels and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women remains unclear. METHODS We investigated the association between melatonin levels and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women in a prospective case-control study nested in the Hormones and Diet in the Etiology of Breast Cancer Risk cohort, which included 3966 eligible postmenopausal women. The concentration of melatonin's major metabolite, 6-sulfatoxymelatonin, was measured in a baseline 12-hour overnight urine sample from 178 women who later developed incident breast cancer and from 710 matched control subjects. We used multivariable-adjusted conditional logistic regression models to investigate associations. Relative risks are reported as odds ratios (ORs). All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Increased melatonin levels were associated with a statistically significantly lower risk of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women (for women in the highest quartile of total overnight 6-sulfatoxymelatonin output vs the lowest quartile, multivariable OR also adjusted for testosterone = 0.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.33 to 0.97; P(trend) = .02). This association was strongest among never and past smokers (OR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.20 to 0.74; P(trend) = .001) and after excluding women who were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer within 4 years after urine collection (OR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.15 to 0.75; P(trend) = .002). We did not observe substantial variation in relative risks by hormone receptor status of breast tumors. Among the 3966 women in the cohort, 40 of the 992 women in the highest quartile of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin developed breast cancer during follow-up, compared with 56 of the 992 women in the lowest quartile of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin. CONCLUSION Results from this prospective study provide evidence for a statistically significant inverse association between melatonin levels, as measured in overnight morning urine, and invasive breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva S Schernhammer
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Pandi-Perumal SR, Smits M, Spence W, Srinivasan V, Cardinali DP, Lowe AD, Kayumov L. Dim light melatonin onset (DLMO): a tool for the analysis of circadian phase in human sleep and chronobiological disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007; 31:1-11. [PMID: 16884842 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Revised: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The circadian rhythm of melatonin in saliva or plasma, or of the melatonin metabolite 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6S) in urine, is a defining feature of suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) function, the endogenous oscillatory pacemaker. A substantial number of studies have shown that, within this rhythmic profile, the onset of melatonin secretion under dim light conditions (the dim light melatonin onset or DLMO) is the single most accurate marker for assessing the circadian pacemaker. Additionally, melatonin onset has been used clinically to evaluate problems related to the onset or offset of sleep. DLMO is useful for determining whether an individual is entrained (synchronized) to a 24-h light/dark (LD) cycle or is in a free-running state. DLMO is also useful for assessing phase delays or advances of rhythms in entrained individuals. Additionally, it has become an important tool for psychiatric diagnosis, its use being recommended for phase typing in patients suffering from sleep and mood disorders. More recently, DLMO has also been used to assess the chronobiological features of seasonal affective disorder (SAD). DLMO marker is also useful for identifying optimal application times for therapies such as bright light or exogenous melatonin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seithikurippu R Pandi-Perumal
- Comprehensive Center for Sleep Medicine, Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Hallam KT, Olver JS, Chambers V, Begg DP, McGrath C, Norman TR. The heritability of melatonin secretion and sensitivity to bright nocturnal light in twins. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2006; 31:867-75. [PMID: 16769177 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2005] [Revised: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The super-sensitivity of the neurohormone melatonin to light in patients with bipolar disorder provides evidence of the circadian nature of the disorder. This response has been proposed as an endophenotype for identifying people at risk of the disorder and guiding investigations of molecular genetic targets. However, before this response is used as an endophenotypic marker, the heritable nature of melatonin sensitivity in the normal population must be established. The aim of this study was to investigate the heritability of nocturnal melatonin secretion and sensitivity to light in monozygotic and dizygotic twins with no psychiatric history. This study investigated overall melatonin levels (between 2000 and 2400 h) and suppression by 500 lx of light (between 2400 and 0100 h) in 20 pairs of twins (nine monozygotic, 11 dizygotic). The results indicate that melatonin secretion is highly heritable with secretion in one twin being a significant predictor of secretion in their twin in both monozygotic and dizygotic pairs. In relation to light sensitivity, genetic loading appears to play a significant role with the greatest concordance between monozygotic twins, followed by dizygotic twins and finally low concordance in unrelated individuals. This provides additional support for the usefulness of melatonin sensitivity to light as a potential endophenotypic marker of bipolar affective disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen T Hallam
- Department of Psychiatry, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg Vic., Australia.
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Hallam KT, Berk M, Kader LF, Conus P, Lucas NC, Hasty M, Macneil CM, McGorry PD. Seasonal influences on first-episode admission in affective and non-affective psychosis. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2006; 18:154-61. [PMID: 26989967 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2006.00147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since bipolar affective disorder has been recorded, clinicians treating patients with this disorder have noted the cyclic nature of episodes, particularly an increase in mania in the spring and summer months and depression during winter. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate seasonality in symptom onset and service admissions over a period of 10 years in a group of patients (n= 359) with first-episode (FE) mania (n= 133), FE schizoaffective disorder (n= 49) and FE schizophrenia (n= 177). METHOD Patients were recruited if they were between 15 and 28 years of age and if they resided in the geographical mental health service catchment area. The number of patients experiencing symptom onset and service admission over each month and season was recorded. RESULTS In terms of seasonality of time of service admission, the results indicate a high overall seasonality (particularly in men), which was observed in both the schizoaffective and the bipolar groups. In terms of seasonality of symptom onset, the results indicate that seasonality remains in the male bipolar group, but other groups have no seasonal trend. CONCLUSIONS This provides further evidence that systems mediating the entrainment of biological rhythms to the environment may be more pronounced in BPAD than in schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia. These results may help facilitate the preparedness of mental heath services for patients at different times of the year.
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Mansour HA, Wood J, Logue T, Chowdari KV, Dayal M, Kupfer DJ, Monk TH, Devlin B, Nimgaonkar VL. Association study of eight circadian genes with bipolar I disorder, schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia. Genes Brain Behav 2006; 5:150-7. [PMID: 16507006 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2005.00147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesize that circadian dysfunction could underlie, at least partially, the liability for bipolar 1 disorder (BD1). Our hypothesis motivated tests for the association between the polymorphisms of genes that mediate circadian function and liability for BD1. The US Caucasian patients with BD1 (DSM-IV criteria) and available parents were recruited from Pittsburgh and surrounding areas (n = 138 cases, 196 parents) and also selected from the NIMH Genetics Collaborative Initiative (n = 96 cases, 192 parents). We assayed 44 informative single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from eight circadian genes in the BD1 samples. A population-based sample, specifically cord blood samples from local live births, served as community-based controls (n = 180). It was used as a contrast for genotype and haplotype distributions with those of patients. US patients with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder (SZ/SZA, n = 331) and available parents from Pittsburgh (n = 344) were assayed for a smaller set of SNPs based on the results from the BD1 samples. Modest associations with SNPs at ARNTL (BmaL1) and TIMELESS genes were observed in the BD1 samples. The associations were detected using family-based and case-control analyses, albeit with different SNPs. Associations with TIMELESS and PERIOD3 were also detected in the Pittsburgh SZ/SZA group. Thus far, evidence for association between specific SNPs at the circadian gene loci and BD1 is tentative. Additional studies using larger samples are required to evaluate the associations reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Mansour
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, PA, USA
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Abstract
Exposure to light at night, as experienced by rotating night shift workers, has been related to lower circulating levels of melatonin, a hormone with recognized cancer protective properties. However, little is known about the relationship of other lifestyle factors or endogenous sex steroid hormones with melatonin levels. We examined cross-sectional associations of age, reproductive and menopausal factors, body mass index (BMI), alcohol consumption, smoking history, night shift work, as well as several other breast cancer risk factors, and circulating sex steroid hormone levels with creatinine-adjusted morning urinary melatonin (6-sulfatoxymelatonin, aMT6s) levels. Participants were 459 healthy, primarily premenopausal (age range 33-50 yr) women from the Nurses' Health Study II (NHS II). Using multiple linear regression, we computed least-square mean hormone levels across categories of lifestyle factors. Age was inversely related to aMT6s levels, particularly before menopause (premenopausal women, <or=39 yr versus >or=49 yr; aMT6s, 20.8 ng/mg versus 11.8 ng/mg creatinine; P for trend, 0.02). In multivariate analyses, BMI was significantly and inversely associated with aMT6s levels (P for trend, <0.01). Higher pack-years of smoking were associated with significantly lower aMT6s levels (never smoker versus 15+ pack-years, aMT6s = 17.4 ng/mg versus 12.3 ng/mg creatinine; P for trend, 0.04). We also observed a positive association between parity and aMT6s levels (P for trend, <0.01), but no other reproductive factors nor any of the sex hormones (estradiol, progesterone, estrone, estrone sulfate, dehydroepiandrostenedione, dehydroepiandrostenedione sulfate, testosterone, and androstenedione), as measured either in the luteal or the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, were significantly associated with aMT6s. In conclusion, higher age, BMI, and heavy smoking were significantly related to lower levels of melatonin, whereas parity was significantly associated with higher aMT6s levels. Melatonin levels may be one mechanism through which these factors influence the development of cancer, but more studies are needed to elucidate these mechanisms definitively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva S Schernhammer
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Abstract
Exposure to light at night suppresses melatonin production, and night-shift work (a surrogate for such exposure) has been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. However, the association between circulating melatonin levels and breast cancer risk is unclear. In a prospective case-control study nested within the Nurses' Health Study II cohort, we measured the concentration of the major melatonin metabolite, 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s), in the first morning urine of 147 women with invasive breast cancer and 291 matched control subjects. In logistic regression models, the relative risk (reported as the odds ratio [OR]) of invasive breast cancer for women in the highest quartile of urinary aMT6s compared with those in the lowest was 0.59 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.36 to 0.97). This association was essentially unchanged after adjustment for breast cancer risk factors or plasma sex hormone levels but was slightly weakened when the analysis included 43 case patients with in situ breast cancer and their 85 matched control subjects (OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.47 to 1.06). The exclusion of women who had a history of night-shift work left our findings largely unchanged. These prospective data support the hypothesis that higher melatonin levels, as measured in first morning urine, are associated with a lower risk of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva S Schernhammer
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Abstract
Sensitivity of the pineal hormone melatonin to bright light at night has been proposed as a putative marker of bipolar affective disorder. Patients with bipolar disorder have a super-sensitive melatonin response to light. No studies have investigated whether super-sensitivity is due to agents used to treat the illness or is associated with the disorder per se. We investigated the effect of valproate on this phenomenon. Melatonin sensitivity to light was determined on two nights in 12 healthy volunteers (5M, 7F). Between testing nights participants received 200 mg of valproate b.d. for 5 days. Valproate significantly decreased the sensitivity of melatonin to light. On the other hand, valproate had no effect on overall melatonin secretion or dim light melatonin onset. The ability of valproate to decrease the sensitivity of melatonin to light may relate to its therapeutic effect in bipolar disorder--an ability to lengthen circadian period similar to that of lithium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen T Hallam
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
Recent work in young and middle-aged subjects suggests that melatonin levels in saliva may represent a viable alternative to serum melatonin measurement. We hypothesized that it may be a valid measure of melatonin levels in older adults as well, but features unique to the elderly may limit its utility. To study this, subjects were admitted to an academic medical center where saliva and serum specimens were collected concurrently in dim light conditions during a 14-hr overnight study period and analyzed for melatonin levels with radioimmunoassays (RIAs). Eighty-five subjects over the age of 65 with a broad range of medical conditions participated in the study. Subjects with dementia, depression and anemia were excluded. We found that saliva volume was inadequate for analysis (<200 microL) in 23.6% of specimens, with the majority of inadequate volume specimens occurring after midnight and inadequate specimens occurring more frequently in females than in males. The correlation coefficient for saliva melatonin and serum melatonin was r = 0.659 (Spearman, P < 0.001), and r = 0.466 for saliva dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) and serum DLMO. Saliva melatonin levels were 30.9% of serum melatonin levels, with a wide range of ratios noted between subjects. Overall melatonin levels influenced both the correlation and ratio of saliva melatonin to serum melatonin; higher correlations and lower ratios were noted when melatonin levels were high. Saliva specimens provide an economical and practical method for melatonin assessment, however, in older adults, issues such as hyposalivation and low melatonin levels limit the feasibility and validity, respectively, of saliva melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalaka S Gooneratne
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, USA.
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Abstract
Salival and serum melatonin levels after melatonin ingestion were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Ingestion of 3 mg melatonin caused a marked increase in serum melatonin (3561+/-1201 pg/mL) within 20 min, followed by a gradual decrease, but the level still remained higher than the basal level at 240 min after the ingestion. The saliva melatonin 60 min after the ingestion showed the highest level (1177+/-403 pg/mL) which was one-third of the plasma level. The saliva melatonin level was highly correlated with the serum level throughout the experimental period (r=0.82, P=0.0001). These data indicate that the measurement of saliva melatonin level may be a suitable indicator for the melatonin secretion into general circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shirakawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Japan
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