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Hakkour M, Badaoui B, El Hamiani Khatat S, Sahibi H, Fellah H, Sadak A, Sebti F. Genetic diversity in Leishmania infantum and Leishmania tropica isolates from human and canine hosts in northern Morocco. Gene 2024:148484. [PMID: 38642857 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated nine provinces in northern Morocco and collected 275 skin scraping, 22 bone marrow aspirates, and 89 fine needle aspirations from suspected cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients and potentially infected dogs. Molecular analysis using ITS1 RFLP PCR and RT-PCR revealed a higher prevalence of L. infantum (66.18 %; χ2 = 28.804; df = 1; P-value = 8.01e-08) than L. tropica in skin scraping, with L. infantum being the sole causative agent for both VL and canine leishmaniasis. L. infantum was predominantly found in most provinces, while L. tropica was relatively more dominant in Taza Province. Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components (DAPC) revealed distinct clustering between L. tropica and the other three species. However, no small subset of SNPs could clearly differentiate between Infantum_CL, Infantum_VL, and CanL, as they likely share a significant genetic background. The high rate of L. infantum could be attributed to the abundance of sand fly species transmitting VL. In Taza Province, Phlebotomus sergenti, responsible for anthroponotic CL, is the most abundant species. DNA sequencing demonstrated sequence heterogeneity in L. infantum (variants 1 to 9) and L. tropica (variants 1 to 7). Phylogenetic analysis showed a distinct separation between L. tropica and L. infantum strains, with an overlap among L. infantum strains isolated from cutaneous, visceral, and canine cases, and dogs serving as the central population for L. infantum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hakkour
- Laboratory of Zoology and General Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco; National Reference Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Bouabid Badaoui
- Laboratory of Zoology and General Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco; African Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (ASARI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Laayoune, Morocco.
| | | | - Hamid Sahibi
- Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Hajiba Fellah
- National Reference Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Abderrahim Sadak
- Laboratory of Zoology and General Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Faiza Sebti
- National Reference Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco.
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Saidi N, Blaizot R, Prévot G, Aoun K, Demar M, Cazenave PA, Bouratbine A, Pied S. Clinical and immunological spectra of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in North Africa and French Guiana. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1134020. [PMID: 37575260 PMCID: PMC10421664 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1134020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by infection with the parasite Leishmania exhibits a large spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from single healing to severe chronic lesions with the manifestation of resistance or not to treatment. Depending on the specie and multiple environmental parameters, the evolution of lesions is determined by a complex interaction between parasite factors and the early immune responses triggered, including innate and adaptive mechanisms. Moreover, lesion resolution requires parasite control as well as modulation of the pathologic local inflammation responses and the initiation of wound healing responses. Here, we have summarized recent advances in understanding the in situ immune response to cutaneous leishmaniasis: i) in North Africa caused by Leishmania (L.) major, L. tropica, and L. infantum, which caused in most cases localized autoresolutives forms, and ii) in French Guiana resulting from L. guyanensis and L. braziliensis, two of the most prevalent strains that may induce potentially mucosal forms of the disease. This review will allow a better understanding of local immune parameters, including cellular and cytokines release in the lesion, that controls infection and/or protect against the pathogenesis in new world compared to old world CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasreddine Saidi
- Univ. Lille, Univ. French Guiana, CNRS UMR 9017-INSERM U1019, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille-CIIL, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche, LR 16-IPT-06, Parasitoses Médicales, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Romain Blaizot
- Univ. Lille, Univ. French Guiana, CNRS UMR 9017-INSERM U1019, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille-CIIL, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, Laboratoire Associé, Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Ghislaine Prévot
- Univ. Lille, Univ. French Guiana, CNRS UMR 9017-INSERM U1019, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille-CIIL, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Karim Aoun
- Laboratoire de Recherche, LR 16-IPT-06, Parasitoses Médicales, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Magalie Demar
- Univ. Lille, Univ. French Guiana, CNRS UMR 9017-INSERM U1019, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille-CIIL, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, Laboratoire Associé, Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Pierre André Cazenave
- Univ. Lille, Univ. French Guiana, CNRS UMR 9017-INSERM U1019, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille-CIIL, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Aida Bouratbine
- Laboratoire de Recherche, LR 16-IPT-06, Parasitoses Médicales, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sylviane Pied
- Univ. Lille, Univ. French Guiana, CNRS UMR 9017-INSERM U1019, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille-CIIL, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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Abstract
This review is an update of an earlier narrative review published in 2015 on developments in the clinical management of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) including diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control measurements. CL is a vector-borne infection caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania. The vector is the female sandfly. Globally, CL affects 12 million cases and annually 2 million new cases occur. CL is endemic in almost 100 countries and the total risk population is approximately 350 million people. WHO lists CL an emerging and uncontrolled disease and a neglected tropical disease. Local experience-based evidence remains the mainstay for the management of CL. Whereas intralesional therapeutic options are the first treatment option for most CL patients, those with mucocutaneous and disseminated involvement require a systemic therapeutic approach. Moreover, different Leishmania species can vary in their treatment outcomes. Therefore, species determination is critical for optimal CL clinical management. New DNA techniques allow for relatively easy Leishmania species determination, yet they are not easily implemented in resource-limited settings. There is a desperate need for novel, less toxic, and less painful treatment options, especially for children with CL. Yet, the large and well conducted studies required to provide the necessary evidence are lacking. To further control and potentially eliminate CL, we urgently need to improve vector control, and diagnostics, and we require efficient and safe vaccines. Alas, since CL primarily affects poor people, biotechnical companies dedicate little investment into the research programs that could lead to diagnostic, pharmaceutical, and vaccine innovations.
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Benallal KE, Garni R, Harrat Z, Volf P, Dvorak V. Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of the Maghreb region: A systematic review of distribution, morphology, and role in the transmission of the pathogens. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0009952. [PMID: 34990451 PMCID: PMC8735671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are important vectors of various human and animal pathogens such as Bartonella bacilliformis, Phlebovirus, and parasitic protozoa of the genus Leishmania, causative agent of leishmaniases that account among most significant vector-borne diseases. The Maghreb countries Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya occupy a vast area of North Africa and belong to most affected regions by these diseases. Locally varying climatic and ecological conditions support diverse sand fly fauna that includes many proven or suspected vectors. The aim of this review is to summarize often fragmented information and to provide an updated list of sand fly species of the Maghreb region with illustration of species-specific morphological features and maps of their reported distribution. MATERIALS AND METHODS The literature search focused on scholar databases to review information on the sand fly species distribution and their role in the disease transmissions in Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, surveying sources from the period between 1900 and 2020. Reported distribution of each species was collated using Google Earth, and distribution maps were drawn using ArcGIS software. Morphological illustrations were compiled from various published sources. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS In total, 32 species of the genera Phlebotomus (Ph.) and Sergentomyia (Se.) were reported in the Maghreb region (15 from Libya, 18 from Tunisia, 23 from Morocco, 24 from Algeria, and 9 from Mauritania). Phlebotomus mariae and Se. africana subsp. asiatica were recorded only in Morocco, Ph. mascitti, Se. hirtus, and Se. tiberiadis only in Algeria, whereas Ph. duboscqi, Se. dubia, Se. africana africana, Se. lesleyae, Se. magna, and Se. freetownensis were reported only from Mauritania. Our review has updated and summarized the geographic distribution of 26 species reported so far in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, excluding Mauritania from a detailed analysis due to the unavailability of accurate distribution data. In addition, morphological differences important for species identification are summarized with particular attention to closely related species such as Ph. papatasi and Ph. bergeroti, Ph. chabaudi, and Ph. riouxi, and Se. christophersi and Se. clydei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Eddine Benallal
- Laboratory of Parasitic Eco-Epidemiology and Genetic of Populations, Institut Pasteur of Algiers, Algiers, Algeria
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rafik Garni
- Laboratory of Parasitic Eco-Epidemiology and Genetic of Populations, Institut Pasteur of Algiers, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Zoubir Harrat
- Laboratory of Parasitic Eco-Epidemiology and Genetic of Populations, Institut Pasteur of Algiers, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vít Dvorak
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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El Idrissi Saik I, Benlabsir C, Fellah H, Lemrani M, Riyad M. Transmission patterns of Leishmania tropica around the Mediterranean basin: Could Morocco be impacted by a zoonotic spillover? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010009. [PMID: 35025884 PMCID: PMC8757988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) due to Leishmania tropica is a neglected tropical disease characterized by a wide geographical distribution in the Mediterranean basin and is endemic in several of its countries. In addition, the vector Phlebotomus sergenti is abundantly present all around the basin. Its transmission cycle is still subject to debate. In some countries, the presence of an animal reservoir has been confirmed. In Morocco, CL due to L. tropica has risen since the 1980s and has spread widely to become the most abundant form of leishmaniasis in the territory. However, the anthroponotic transmission is so far the only recognized mode, despite recordings of L. tropica infection in animal hosts. In this review article, we assess the situation of CL due to L. tropica in the Mediterranean basin with a focus on Morocco and gather knowledge about any potential zoonotic transmission in the country. A concomitant zoonotic transmission could explain the persistence of the disease in areas where human protective measures combined with vector management did not help reduce the disease burden. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) due to Leishmania tropica is a neglected tropical disease still considered to be anthroponotic in Morocco despite evidence of zoonotic transmission in other endemic countries of the Mediterranean basin. Its high incidence in the country makes it necessary to investigate whether or not a potential concomitant zoonotic transmission exists alongside the anthroponotic one. Moreover, several reports of natural animal infection have been noted in the country. In this paper, we review how CL due to L. tropica is present around the Mediterranean basin, with a particular focus on the Moroccan foci, and try to unveil the existence of a zoonotic transmission in the area. A deep understanding of the transmission patterns of L. tropica in the region is necessary for the implementation of effective control measures and a better assessment of the disease burden. In addition, the complexity of this neglected disease requires more fundamental and applied research to unveil potential factors involved in its spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane El Idrissi Saik
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Research Team on Immunopathology of Infectious and Systemic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Chaimaa Benlabsir
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Research Team on Immunopathology of Infectious and Systemic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Hassan Fellah
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Research Team on Immunopathology of Infectious and Systemic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Meryem Lemrani
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Myriam Riyad
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Research Team on Immunopathology of Infectious and Systemic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
- * E-mail:
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Izri A, Bendjaballah-Laliam A, Sereno D, Akhoundi M. Updates on Geographical Dispersion of Leishmania Parasites Causing Cutaneous Affections in Algeria. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030267. [PMID: 33669099 PMCID: PMC7996526 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are neglected tropical diseases of public health concern in Algeria. To update the geographical distribution of Leishmania spp. causing cutaneous affection, we examined a set of Giemsa-stained smears prepared from skin lesions of the patients suspected to have cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in various geographical areas in Algeria. The identification of Leishmania parasites was performed using microscopy, conventional PCR, and PCR-RFLP (PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) targeting ITS1-rDNA. Among 32 smears provided from 27 suspected patients with cutaneous lesions, no trace of parasites was observed in the smear of three patients using microscopy and molecular approaches. Furthermore, four patients presented at least two lesions. PCR-RFLP confirmed the presence of Leishmania in 29 smears prepared from 24 patients. Two biopsies, negative after microscopic examination, were found positive by PCR. Of these 29 PCR positive smears (24 patients), 20 were identified using RFLP-PCR as L. major, two as L. tropica, and two as L. infantum. We found L. major infected patients from Ain skhouna, Biskra, El M'hir, Ghardaïa, M'Sila, and Saida, in agreement with previously reported cases. Furthermore, we highlighted for the first time, the identification of L. major in the patients from Bourkika, Bou Kremissa, Bou Saada Clef, Hajout, Maghnia, Médéa, Menaceur, Messad, Mostaghanem, Nador, Oran, and Sidi Okba. A phylogenetic reconstruction performed with sequences collected from the PCR products confirmed these identifications. Our data provide additional information on the geographical extension of CL caused by L. tropica and L. infantum in Algeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezki Izri
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, 93009 Bobigny, France;
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13005 Marseille, France
| | | | - Denis Sereno
- MIVEGEC, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier University, 34394 Montpellier, France;
- InterTryp, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier University, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Mohammad Akhoundi
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, 93009 Bobigny, France;
- Correspondence:
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Al-Koleeby Z, El Aboudi A, Aboulfadl S, Faraj C. Diversity and Bionomics of Sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of an Endemic Focus of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Zagora Province, Southeast of Morocco. J Parasitol Res 2021; 2021:8812691. [PMID: 33552595 PMCID: PMC7847331 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8812691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity and seasonality for sandflies were studied in 2019 at a focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Zagora province, southern Morocco. Standardized sampling with CDC light traps was used. A total of 4504 sandflies (4024 Phlebotomus and 480 Sergentomyia) was collected during the study period. Seven species belonging to genus Phlebotomus and six species of genus Sergentomyia were identified. The most abundant species were Ph. papatasi (33.6%) and Ph. longicuspis (25.7%), highlighting the risk for local disease transmission foci. The seasonal activity of sandflies extended from April to November, showing two peaks, one in June-July and one, less important, in late-September-October. Abundance was highest during the months May, June, and July and lowest in August, September, and October. Results of this study provide important baseline data for planning control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zalalham Al-Koleeby
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco
- Plant and Microbial Biotechnology, Biodiversity and the Environment, Faculty of Science, Agdal University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ahmed El Aboudi
- Plant and Microbial Biotechnology, Biodiversity and the Environment, Faculty of Science, Agdal University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Souhail Aboulfadl
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Chafika Faraj
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco
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Remadi L, Chargui N, Jiménez M, Molina R, Haouas N, González E, Chaabane-Banaouas R, Ben Salah E, Haddaji M, Chaabouni Y, Babba H. Molecular detection and identification of Leishmania DNA and blood meal analysis in Phlebotomus (Larroussius) species. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008077. [PMID: 32214313 PMCID: PMC7098558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phlebotomus (Larroussius) perniciosus and Canis familiaris are respectively the only confirmed vector and reservoir for the transmission of Leishmania (L.) infantum MON-1 in Tunisia. However, the vector and reservoir hosts of the two other zymodemes, MON-24 and MON-80, are still unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze the L. infantum life cycle in a Tunisian leishmaniasis focus. For this purpose, we have focused on: i) the detection, quantification and identification of Leishmania among this sand fly population, and ii) the analysis of the blood meal preferences of Larroussius (Lar.) subgenus sand flies to identify the potential reservoirs. METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS A total of 3,831 sand flies were collected in seven locations from the center of Tunisia affected by human visceral leishmaniasis. The collected sand flies belonged to two genus Phlebotomus (Ph.) (five species) and Sergentomyia (four species). From the collected 1,029 Lar. subgenus female sand flies, 8.26% was positive to Leishmania by ITS1 nested PCR. Three Leishmania spp. were identified: L. infantum 28% (24/85), L. killicki 13% (11/85), and L. major 22% (19/85). To identify the blood meal sources in Ph. Lar. subgenus sand flies, engorged females were analyzed by PCR-sequencing targeting the vertebrate cytochrome b gene. Among the 177 analyzed blood-fed females, 169 samples were positive. Sequencing results showed seven blood sources: cattle, human, sheep, chicken, goat, donkey, and turkey. In addition, mixed blood meals were detected in twelve cases. Leishmania DNA was found in 21 engorged females, with a wide range of blood meal sources: cattle, chicken, goat, chicken/cattle, chicken/sheep, chicken/turkey and human/cattle. The parasite load was quantified in fed and unfed infected sand flies using a real time PCR targeting kinetoplast DNA. The average parasite load was 1,174 parasites/reaction and 90 parasites/reaction in unfed and fed flies, respectively. CONCLUSION Our results support the role of Ph. longicuspis, Ph. perfiliewi, and Ph. perniciosus in L. infantum transmission. Furthermore, these species could be involved in L. major and L. killicki life cycles. The combination of the parasite detection and the blood meal analysis in this study highlights the incrimination of the identified vertebrate in Leishmania transmission. In addition, we quantify for the first time the parasite load in naturally infected sand flies caught in Tunisia. These findings are relevant for a better understanding of L. infantum transmission cycle in the country. Further investigations and control measures are needed to manage L. infantum transmission and its spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latifa Remadi
- University of Monastir, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology LP3M (code LR12ES08), Department of Clinical Biology B, Tunisia
| | - Najla Chargui
- University of Monastir, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology LP3M (code LR12ES08), Department of Clinical Biology B, Tunisia
- * E-mail:
| | - Maribel Jiménez
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Molina
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Najoua Haouas
- University of Monastir, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology LP3M (code LR12ES08), Department of Clinical Biology B, Tunisia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Estela González
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raja Chaabane-Banaouas
- University of Monastir, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology LP3M (code LR12ES08), Department of Clinical Biology B, Tunisia
| | - Eya Ben Salah
- University of Monastir, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology LP3M (code LR12ES08), Department of Clinical Biology B, Tunisia
| | - Mohsen Haddaji
- Regional Commissariat for Agricultural Development of Kairouan, Tunisia
| | | | - Hamouda Babba
- University of Monastir, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology LP3M (code LR12ES08), Department of Clinical Biology B, Tunisia
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Baghad B, Razanapinaritra R, Maksouri H, El Bouri H, Outlioua A, Fellah H, Lemrani M, Akarid K, Martin-Sanchez J, Chiheb S, Riyad M. Possible introduction of Leishmania tropica to urban areas determined by epidemiological and clinical profiles of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Casablanca (Morocco). Parasite Epidemiol Control 2020; 9:e00129. [PMID: 32322694 PMCID: PMC7171526 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2019.e00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are a group of infectious diseases caused by protozoan Leishmania parasites and are transmitted by the bites of infected phlebotomine sandflies. The heterogeneity of these diseases is influenced by both parasitic properties and host factors. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a major public health problem in Morocco, where the geographical expansion of CL (particularly CL caused by Leishmania tropica), the heterogeneous appearance of lesions and the difficulty in diagnosing CL contribute to late diagnosis of CL and delayed treatment of patients. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to describe the epidemiological and clinical profiles of patients with CL diagnosed in Casablanca (Morocco), which is a non-endemic area for CL. A cross-sectional study was conducted between 2010 and 2016, during which epidemiological and clinical data were collected from patients that met the inclusion criteria through an information sheet. Then, samples were obtained from each patient for parasitological and molecular diagnosis, and only patients with positive polymerase chain reaction and genotyping results were included in the study. Overall, 106 cases of CL were genotyped, of which 61 (57.5%) were caused by L. tropica, 38 (35.9%) by L. major and 7 (6.6%) by L. infantum. While all age groups were affected, CL cases wherein L. tropica was the causative agent were most frequently diagnosed in children aged 0–9 years (p = 0.005), whereas those caused by L. major were more frequently diagnosed in elderly patients (p = 0.004). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that two clinical variables were significantly associated with CL caused by L. tropica: lesion size (p = 0.002) and occurrence of lesion on the face (p = 0.005). Furthermore, the results of our survey highlighted the association of Leishmania infection when travelling to endemic areas. The high number of endemic foci where patients with CL were infected with L. tropica illustrated the tendency of this form to spread and generate epidemics, exposing young people to a greater degree to the disease. The epidemic status of CL caused by L. tropica in Morocco and the increased movement of the population from rural to urban areas indicate a possible introduction of this species to urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouchra Baghad
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Ibn Rochd Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco.,Immunopathology of Infectious and Systemic Diseases (Lab. Cellular and Molecular Pathology), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Rojosoa Razanapinaritra
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Ibn Rochd Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco.,Immunopathology of Infectious and Systemic Diseases (Lab. Cellular and Molecular Pathology), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Hasnaa Maksouri
- Immunopathology of Infectious and Systemic Diseases (Lab. Cellular and Molecular Pathology), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Morocco.,Centre of Doctoral Studies on Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Hicham El Bouri
- Department of Social and Community Medicine, Laboratory of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Hassan II of Casablanca and Ibn Rochd Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Outlioua
- Research team on Molecular Genetics and Immunophysiopathology (Lab. Health and Environment), Ain Chock Faculty of Sciences, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Hassan Fellah
- Immunopathology of Infectious and Systemic Diseases (Lab. Cellular and Molecular Pathology), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Meryem Lemrani
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Khadija Akarid
- Research team on Molecular Genetics and Immunophysiopathology (Lab. Health and Environment), Ain Chock Faculty of Sciences, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco
| | | | - Soumiya Chiheb
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Ibn Rochd Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco.,Immunopathology of Infectious and Systemic Diseases (Lab. Cellular and Molecular Pathology), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Myriam Riyad
- Immunopathology of Infectious and Systemic Diseases (Lab. Cellular and Molecular Pathology), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Morocco.,Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Morocco
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El Omari H, Chahlaoui A, Talbi F, Ouarrak K, El Ouali Lalami A. Impact of Urbanization and Socioeconomic Factors on the Distribution of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Center of Morocco. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2020; 2020:2196418. [PMID: 32377183 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2196418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parasitic diseases, in particular leishmaniasis, are still a public health problem in several countries and in Morocco. Methods The data used are those of epidemiological surveillance collected in the registers of the prefectural epidemiology cell (PEC); however, the socioeconomic data were obtained from the High Commissioner for Planning. The Pearson correlation test was used to determine the correlation between the different variables. Results In total, 70 cases were recorded by the prefectural epidemiology cell (PEC) during the period from 2009 to 2015. 46% of the cases come from rural areas while 54% of the cases come from urban areas. The Pearson test shows the existence of a significant relationship between the number of cases recorded and the type of environment (r = 0.49, p value = 0.02), and population rate (R = 0.849 and p ≤ 0.001). However, in our case, the poverty rate does not influence CL's distribution. Conclusion Our results show that the CL affects the majority of the municipalities with predominance of the urban environment, so the distribution of cases of this pathology is not influenced by the poverty; however, the urbanization and the number of inhabitants have a positive impact on the distribution of this scourge.
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Eroglu F, Ozgoztasi O. The increase in neglected cutaneous leishmaniasis in Gaziantep province of Turkey after mass human migration. Acta Trop 2019; 192:138-143. [PMID: 30710533 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) due to war-related factors have been reported in different areas in Turkey and Syria. CL has become the most serious of the infectious diseases which have been reported in Gaziantep in southeast Turkey, during the last three years due to the influx of Syrian refugees. The present research involves an analytical cross-sectional epidemiological study of CL cases diagnosed in the Gaziantep Leishmaniasis Diagnosis and Treatment Center. The patient demographic data, the location of the lesions, the number of the lesions, the duration of the lesions, and the treatment of the lesions are included. The diagnosis of CL was made by microscopic examination of smears in all cases, and 81.1% (900/1110) of which were found to be positive. Out of 900 CL patients, 93.8% (845/900) were Syrian citizens and 6.2% (55/900) were Turkish citizens. The disease was more frequent in females with 53.5% (482/900) and in the age group between 0-20 years with 68.3% (615/900). Distribution of lesions in the body showed that the face was the most affected location with 37% (333/900), and the generation time of lesions was 0-6 months with 71.2% (641/900). 94.7% (852/900) of the CL patients healed without relapse, and 5.3% (48/900) of the CL patients relapsed. CL patients have re-emerged in Gaziantep, located in the southeast of Turkey, as a result of Syrian refugees. The increase in CL frequency is alarming and requires control and prevention measures in highly infected areas including this region.
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Laboudi M, Sahibi H, Elabandouni M, Nhammi H, Ait Hamou S, Sadak A. A review of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Morocco: A vertical analysisto determine appropriate interventions for control and prevention. Acta Trop 2018; 187:275-283. [PMID: 30056074 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is considered one of the most neglected diseases worldwide. In Morocco, cutaneous leishmaniasis is an important public health problem. Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica are the two major species in this country. Despite all efforts, monitoring and control of the cutaneous leishmaniasis is still challenging. We used for the first time a vertical analysis of the control of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Morocco from the document review and publications. This analysis allowed us to develop an epidemiological model that emphasized key possible interventions. No evaluation studies of these interventions in Morocco were done. Global Evidence underline the effectiveness of preventive interventions produced in integrate inter-sectorial strategy framework (e.g use of insecticide-treated bednets, indoor residual spraying and rodents' control) rather than treatments such as based thermotherapy, cryotherapy, photodynamic therapy, CO2 laser and paromomycin. Therefore, integrated vector management control (IVMC) with communityc participation is recommended as effective strategy. Strengthening of the IVMC with community involvement are necessary conditions to improve the program of cutaneous leishmaniasis and prevent epidemic foci appearance.
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Remadi L, Jiménez M, Chargui N, Haouas N, Babba H, Molina R. The vector competence of Phlebotomus perniciosus for Leishmania infantum zymodemes of Tunisia. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:2499-506. [PMID: 29804194 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5939-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Experimental infections of Phlebotomus (L.) perniciosus from a colony established in Madrid (Spain) carried out with the Leishmania (L.) infantum zymodemes MON-1, MON-24, and MON-80 isolated in Tunisia are reported here. Laboratory-reared female sand flies were experimentally fed via membrane feeding device on a suspension of L. infantum promastigotes in defibrinated rabbit blood (107/ml). Engorged females were dissected at progressive time points postfeeding to observe the intravectorial cycle of different L. infantum zymodemes. Development in the sand fly midgut of L. infantum parasites to the infective metacyclic promastigotes and monitoring the forward progression of parasites to finally reach the stomodeal valve (SV) of the sand fly were assessed. All tested L. infantum zymodemes developed properly in P. perniciosus. Experimental feeding with suspensions of promastigotes of all zymodemes led to very heavy late-stage infections. MON-24 and MON-80 zymodemes colonized the (SV) of P. perniciosus earlier than zymodeme MON-1, 2 and 4 days, respectively. Metacyclic promastigotes were observed in all experimental infections. The study shows for the first time that colonized P. perniciosus is able to acquire, retain, and develop in its midgut the zymodemes MON-24 and MON-80 isolated in Tunisia and highlights the putative role of this sand fly species in the transmission of such zymodemes to mammalian hosts in this country. The ability of experimentally infected sand fly species to transmit by bite such zymodemes needs to be assessed.
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Eddaikra N, Ait-Oudhia K, Kherrachi I, Oury B, Moulti-Mati F, Benikhlef R, Harrat Z, Sereno D. Antimony susceptibility of Leishmania isolates collected over a 30-year period in Algeria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006310. [PMID: 29561842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Algeria, the treatment of visceral and cutaneous leishmanioses (VL and CL) has been and continues to be based on antimony-containing drugs. It is suspected that high drug selective pressure might favor the emergence of chemoresistant parasites. Although treatment failure is frequently reported during antimonial therapy of both CL and VL, antimonial resistance has never been thoroughly investigated in Algeria. Determining the level of antimonial susceptibility, amongst Leishmania transmitted in Algeria, is of great importance for the development of public health policies. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Within the framework of the knowledge about the epidemiology of VL and CL amassed during the last 30 years, we sampled Leishmania isolates to determine their susceptibility to antimony. We analyzed a total of 106 isolates including 88 isolates collected between 1976 and 2013 in Algeria from humans, dogs, rodents, and phlebotomines and 18 collected from dogs in France. All the Algerian isolates were collected in 14 localities where leishmaniasis is endemic. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of potassium antimony tartrate (the trivalent form of antimony, Sb(III)) and sodium stibogluconate (the pentavalent form of antimony, Sb(V)) were determined in promastigotes and intramacrophage amastigotes, respectively. The epidemiological cutoff (ECOFF) that allowed us to differentiate between Leishmania species causing cutaneous or visceral leishmaniases that were susceptible (S+) or insusceptible (S-) to the trivalent form of antimony was determined. The computed IC50 cutoff values were 23.83 μg/mL and 15.91 μg/mL for VL and CL, respectively. We report a trend of increasing antimony susceptibility in VL isolates during the 30-year period. In contrast, an increase in the frequency of S- phenotypes in isolates causing CL was observed during the same period. In our study, the emergence of S- phenotypes correlates with the inclusion of L. killicki (syn: L. tropica) isolates that cause cutaneous leishmaniasis and that have emerged in Algeria during the last decade. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Our results provide insight into the spatiotemporal dynamics of Leishmania antimony susceptibility in Algeria. We highlight the need for the future implementation of an effective methodology to determine the antimony susceptibility status of Leishmania isolates to detect the emergence of and prevent the dissemination of drug-resistant strains.
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Hmamouch A, El Alem MM, Hakkour M, Amarir F, Daghbach H, Habbari K, Fellah H, Bekhti K, Sebti F. Circulating species of Leishmania at microclimate area of Boulemane Province, Morocco: impact of environmental and human factors. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:100. [PMID: 28228154 PMCID: PMC5322673 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is widely distributed in Morocco where its geographical range and incidence are related to environmental factors. This study aimed to examine the impact of several factors on the distribution of CL in Boulemane Province, which is characterized by several microclimates, and to identify the Leishmania species circulating in these areas. METHODS Ordinary least squares regression (OLSR) analysis was performed to study the impact of poverty, vulnerability, population density, urbanization and bioclimatic factors on the distribution of CL in this province. Molecular characterization of parasites was performed using a previously described PCR-RFLP method targeting the ITS1 of ribosomal DNA of Leishmania. RESULTS A total of 1009 cases were declared in Boulemane Province between the years 2000 and 2015 with incidences fluctuating over the years (P = 0.007). Analyzing geographical maps of the study region identified four unique microclimate areas; sub-humid, semi-arid, arid and Saharan. The geographical distribution and molecular identification of species shows that the Saharan microclimate, characterized by the presence of Leishmania major was the most affected (47.78%) followed by semi-arid area where Leishmania tropica was identified in three districts. Among several environmental factors included in the study, poverty had the greatest influence on the spatial extension of the disease in this province. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of CL in Boulemane Province varies between microclimate areas, and environmental factors partly explain this variation. However, the existence of CL in the most affected districts is mainly related to poverty, population movement and human behavior. To our knowledge, this the first study utilizing molecular techniques to confirm L. tropica and L. major as the causative agents of CL in Boulemane Province. Our findings indicate that the spatial and temporal distribution of CL in Boulemane Province is strongly related to poverty and population movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmae Hmamouch
- National Reference Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco. .,Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Sciences and Techniques Faculty, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco.
| | - Mahmoud Mohamed El Alem
- National Reference Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco.,Laboratory of Zoology and General Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Maryam Hakkour
- National Reference Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco.,Laboratory of Zoology and General Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Fatima Amarir
- Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Hassan Daghbach
- Delegation of Ministry of health, Provincial Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Boulemane, Morocco
| | - Khalid Habbari
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Hajiba Fellah
- National Reference Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco.,Laboratory of Zoology and General Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Khadija Bekhti
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Sciences and Techniques Faculty, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Faiza Sebti
- National Reference Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco.,Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
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Khezzani B, Bouchemal S. Demographic and spatio-temporal distribution of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Souf oasis (Eastern South of Algeria): Results of 13 years. Acta Trop 2017; 166:74-80. [PMID: 27840067 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is one of many dangerous parasitic diseases. It remains a serious public health problem not only in Souf oasis, but also in Algeria and all developing countries. The results of our thirteen-year study shows a recording of 4813 confirmed cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis and the details shows that this disease affects all municipalities and all age groups, from infants to elderly, but the most affected ones are teenagers aging (10-19) years with 1512 cases (31.41%) and infants less than 9 years old with 1237 cases (25.70%). In addition, males are more prone to this disease than females (65% and 35% respectively). Among the 18 municipalities in the Souf, the most affected were El-Oued with 1171 cases (24.33%) followed by Guemar with 997 cases (20.71%). Furthermore, more than 40.03% of all cases (1927 cases), were record just in one year in 2010. A parallel, this study shows that the original factors of the studied area, such as climatological, agricultural and environmental factors, was the reason do not apparition this epidemic for a long time, but the changes in these conditions, resulting from various human activities create new environmental conditions, which help with the emergence and spread of leishmaniasis disease. The effective fight against this disease should be based on the elimination of the vectors and reservoirs populations, by the overall improvement of sanitary conditions and hygiene, extensive research in epidemiology of leishmaniasis could also reduce the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bachir Khezzani
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Oum El-Bouaghi, Algeria; Laboratory of Natural Resources and Development of Sensitive Environments, University of Oum El-Bouaghi, Algeria; Department of Biology, University of El-Oued, Algeria.
| | - Salah Bouchemal
- Laboratory of Natural Resources and Development of Sensitive Environments, University of Oum El-Bouaghi, Algeria; Institute of Urban Management Techniques, University of Oum El-Bouaghi, Algeria.
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Britta EA, da Silva CC, Rubira AF, Nakamura CV, Borsali R. Generating nanoparticles containing a new 4-nitrobenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone compound with antileishmanial activity. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2016; 69:1159-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hakkour M, Hmamouch A, El Alem MM, Rhalem A, Amarir F, Touzani M, Sadak A, Fellah H, Sebti F. New epidemiological aspects of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in Taza, Morocco. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:612. [PMID: 27899126 PMCID: PMC5129210 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1910-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis is considered among the main endemic diseases in Morocco. However, further knowledge about epidemiological aspects of this disease is needed in several provinces to plan control and preventive strategies to tackle the disease. The present study aims to determine the epidemiological aspect of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in Taza Province from 2007–2014 and to identify the circulating species in this province. Results The temporal study from 2007 to 2014 showed that the number of cutaneous leishmaniasis cases increased since 2010. During the period of study, most leishmaniasis cases were detected in both urban and rural areas with 34% of cases detected in two urban localities, Bab Zitouna and Bab tété with 297 and 106 cases, respectively. The molecular study of cutaneous leishmaniasis showed the presence of non-sporadic Leishmania infantum and Leishmania tropica in this province. Regarding visceral leishmaniasis, Leishmania infantum is the species that has been identified. Conclusions The epidemio-molecular study of leishmaniasis in Taza Province showed the coexistence of two species of Leishmania in the same foci. They also indicated that CL due to Leishmania infantum is more prevalent than reported in the literature. These results will be helpful for the implementation of control strategies by targeting dogs that constitute a reservoir of Leishmania infantum. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1910-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hakkour
- National Reference Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, National Institute of Hygiene, Agdal, Rabat, Morocco. .,Laboratory of Zoology and General Biology, Faculty of Science, Agdal, Rabat, Morocco. .,Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Asmae Hmamouch
- National Reference Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, National Institute of Hygiene, Agdal, Rabat, Morocco.,Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Mahmoud El Alem
- National Reference Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, National Institute of Hygiene, Agdal, Rabat, Morocco.,Laboratory of Zoology and General Biology, Faculty of Science, Agdal, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Fatima Amarir
- Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Casablanca, Morocco
| | | | - Abderrahim Sadak
- Laboratory of Zoology and General Biology, Faculty of Science, Agdal, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hajiba Fellah
- National Reference Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, National Institute of Hygiene, Agdal, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Faiza Sebti
- National Reference Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, National Institute of Hygiene, Agdal, Rabat, Morocco
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El Miri H, Faraj C, Himmi O, Hmamouch A, Maniar S, Laaroussi T, Rhajaoui M, Sebti F, Benhoussa A. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ouazzane and Sidi Kacem provinces, Morocco (1997-2012). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 109:376-380. [PMID: 27646962 DOI: 10.1007/s13149-016-0522-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a major public health problem in Morocco. Three distinct parasites are involved; Leishmania tropica, Leishmania major and Leishmania infantum. The objective of this study is to investigate the epidemiological and the clinical features of endemic foci of CL in Sidi Kacem and Ouazzane provinces in the north of Morocco including molecular identification of parasites. We studied the evolution and the distribution of 1,656 CL cases coming from 39 sectors in these provinces between 1997 and 2012. The causative agents of CL in these areas were identified by using the ITS1-PCR-RFLP method. A tendency of seasonality in incidence was observed, showing a peak in April. Most infected patients were from Ouazzane province. The patients' ages ranged from 6 months to 85 years; 54% of them were females. The highest rate lesions were found in the age group of 9 years or less and most lesions were localized in the face (79.6%). The movement of populations from neighboring endemic areas and establishment of habitation in areas where housing conditions are unfavorable favored the emergence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H El Miri
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Hygiene, 27 av. Ibn Battuta, Agdal, 11400, Rabat, Morocco. .,Biology of Populations Laboratory, Faculty of sciences, Mohammed V Agdal University, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - C Faraj
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Hygiene, 27 av. Ibn Battuta, Agdal, 11400, Rabat, Morocco
| | - O Himmi
- Laboratory of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Scientific Institute, Mohammed V Agdal University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - A Hmamouch
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fes, Morocco
| | - S Maniar
- Regional Observatory of the Health Fes-Boulemane, Hospital Al Ghassani, Fes, Morocco
| | - T Laaroussi
- Provincial Delegation of the Ministry of Health, Sidi Kacem, Morocco
| | - M Rhajaoui
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Hygiene, 27 av. Ibn Battuta, Agdal, 11400, Rabat, Morocco
| | - F Sebti
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Hygiene, 27 av. Ibn Battuta, Agdal, 11400, Rabat, Morocco
| | - A Benhoussa
- Biology of Populations Laboratory, Faculty of sciences, Mohammed V Agdal University, Rabat, Morocco
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Lafri I, Almeras L, Bitam I, Caputo A, Yssouf A, Forestier CL, Izri A, Raoult D, Parola P. Identification of Algerian Field-Caught Phlebotomine Sand Fly Vectors by MALDI-TOF MS. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004351. [PMID: 26771833 PMCID: PMC4714931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phlebotomine sand flies are known to transmit Leishmania parasites, bacteria and viruses that affect humans and animals in many countries worldwide. Precise sand fly identification is essential to prevent phlebotomine-borne diseases. Over the past two decades, progress in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has emerged as an accurate tool for arthropod identification. The objective of the present study was to investigate the usefulness of MALDI-TOF MS as a tool for identifying field-caught phlebotomine. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Sand flies were captured in four sites in north Algeria. A subset was morphologically and genetically identified. Six species were found in these areas and a total of 28 stored frozen specimens were used for the creation of the reference spectrum database. The relevance of this original method for sand fly identification was validated by two successive blind tests including the morphological identification of 80 new specimens which were stored at -80°C, and 292 unknown specimens, including engorged specimens, which were preserved under different conditions. Intra-species reproducibility and inter-species specificity of the protein profiles were obtained, allowing us to distinguish specimens at the gender level. Querying of the sand fly database using the MS spectra from the blind test groups revealed concordant results between morphological and MALDI-TOF MS identification. However, MS identification results were less efficient for specimens which were engorged or stored in alcohol. Identification of 362 phlebotomine sand flies, captured at four Algerian sites, by MALDI-TOF MS, revealed that the subgenus Larroussius was predominant at all the study sites, except for in M'sila where P. (Phlebotomus) papatasi was the only sand fly species detected. CONCLUSION The present study highlights the application of MALDI-TOF MS for monitoring sand fly fauna captured in the field. The low cost, reliability and rapidity of MALDI-TOF MS analyses opens up new ways in the management of phlebotomine sand fly-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Lafri
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Marseille, France
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d’Alger, Alger, Algérie
- Institut des Sciences Vétérinaires, Université Blida 1, Blida, Algérie
| | - Lionel Almeras
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Marseille, France
| | - Idir Bitam
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Marseille, France
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d’Alger, Alger, Algérie
- Université de Bab Ezzouar, Laboratoire d’Ecologie et Environnement, Bab Ezzouar, Algérie
| | - Aurelia Caputo
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Marseille, France
| | - Amina Yssouf
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Marseille, France
| | - Claire-Lise Forestier
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Marseille, France
| | - Arezki Izri
- Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Avicenne, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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22
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Faiza S, Asmae H, Fatima A, Afafe F, Bouchra D, Ibrahim A, Abderrahim S, Khalid H, Mohamed R, Hajiba F. Molecular epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Beni Mellal and Fquih Ben Saleh provinces in Morocco. Acta Trop 2015; 149:106-12. [PMID: 26026716 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniases are parasitic diseases frequent in the Mediterranean Basin. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) has been recently emerged in several new foci, causing a public health problem in Morocco. This study was performed to evaluate the epidemiological status of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Beni Mellal and Fquih Ben Saleh Provinces and to identify the causative agent. A total of 584 (56% female, 44% male) confirmed cases of CL were enrolled during the study period 2000-2012. Majority of cases (56%) were recorded in three sectors: Zaouiat Cheikh, Beni Mellal and Oulad Ayad. Fisher statistical test showed that there is a significant effect of the total cases of CL affected in the 185 localities. The age distribution of CL cases was relatively stable, with the majority of patients (62.34%) aged less than 9 years old with significant differences (p-value<2.2e-16). CL lesions were mostly located on the face (89%). The average number of lesions per patient was 1.38. Leishmania tropica was identified as the causative agent based on species-specific ITS1-PCR-RFLP assay.
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23
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Abstract
This review focuses on recent developments in the diagnosis, treatment, management, and strategies for the prevention and control of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by both Old and New World Leishmania species. CL is caused by the vector-borne protozoan parasite Leishmania and is transmitted via infected female sandflies. The disease is endemic in more than 98 countries and an estimated 350 million people are at risk. The overall prevalence is 12 million cases and the annual incidence is 2–2.5 million. The World Health Organization considers CL a severely neglected disease and a category 1 emerging and uncontrolled disease. The management of CL differs from region to region and is primarily based on local experience-based evidence. Most CL patients can be treated with topical treatments, but some Leishmania species can cause mucocutaneous involvement requiring a systemic therapeutic approach. Moreover, Leishmania species can vary in their sensitivity to available therapeutic options. This makes species determination critical for the choice of treatment and the clinical outcome of CL. Identification of the infecting parasite used to be laborious, but now the Leishmania species can be identified relatively easy with new DNA techniques that enable a more rational therapy choice. Current treatment guidelines for CL are based on poorly designed and reported trials. There is a lack of evidence for potentially beneficial treatments, a desperate need for large well-conducted studies, and standardization of future trials. Moreover, intensified research programs to improve vector control, diagnostics, and the therapeutic arsenal to contain further incidence and morbidity are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J C de Vries
- Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22700, 1100 DE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
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24
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Garni R, Tran A, Guis H, Baldet T, Benallal K, Boubidi S, Harrat Z. Remote sensing, land cover changes, and vector-borne diseases: use of high spatial resolution satellite imagery to map the risk of occurrence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ghardaïa, Algeria. Infect Genet Evol 2014; 28:725-34. [PMID: 25305006 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Ghardaïa, central Algeria, experienced a major outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in 2005. Two Leishmania species occur in this region: Leishmania major (MON-25) and Leishmania killicki (MON-301). The two species are transmitted respectively by the sandflies Phlebotomus papatasi and Phlebotomus sergenti and probably involve rodent reservoirs with different ecologies, suggesting distinct epidemiological patterns and distribution areas. The aims of this study were to establish risk maps for each Leishmania species in Ghardaïa, taking into account the specificities of their vectors and reservoirs biotopes, using land cover and topographical characteristics derived from remote sensing imagery. Using expert and bibliographic knowledge, habitats of vectors and reservoirs were mapped. Hazard maps, defined as areas of presence of both vectors and reservoirs, were then combined with vulnerability maps, defined as areas with human presence, to map the risk of CL occurrence due to each species. The vector habitat maps and risk maps were validated using available entomological data and epidemiological data. The results showed that remote sensing analysis can be used to map and differentiate risk areas for the two species causing CL and identify palm groves and areas bordering the river crossing the city as areas at risk of CL due to L. major, whereas more limited rocky hills on the outskirts of the city are identified as areas at risk of CL due to L. killicki. In the current context of urban development in Ghardaïa, this study provides useful information for the local authorities on the respective risk areas for CL caused by both parasites, in order to take prevention and control measures to prevent future CL outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafik Garni
- Service d'Eco-Epidémiologie Parasitaire, Institut Pasteur Alger, Algiers, Algeria; UPR AGIRs, CIRAD, F-34398 Montpellier, France.
| | - Annelise Tran
- UPR AGIRs, CIRAD, F-34398 Montpellier, France; UMR TETIS, CIRAD, F-34398 Montpellier, France.
| | - Hélène Guis
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, F-34398 Montpellier, France; INRA, UMR CMAEE, F-34398 Montpellier, France.
| | - Thierry Baldet
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, F-34398 Montpellier, France; INRA, UMR CMAEE, F-34398 Montpellier, France.
| | - Kamel Benallal
- Service d'Eco-Epidémiologie Parasitaire, Institut Pasteur Alger, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Said Boubidi
- Service d'Eco-Epidémiologie Parasitaire, Institut Pasteur Alger, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Zoubir Harrat
- Service d'Eco-Epidémiologie Parasitaire, Institut Pasteur Alger, Algiers, Algeria.
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25
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Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is hypoendemic in Mediterranean countries, where it is caused by the flagellate protozoan Leishmania infantum. VL cases in this area account for 5%–6% of the global burden. Cases of Leishmania/HIV coinfection have been reported in the Mediterranean region, mainly in France, Italy, Portugal, and Spain. Since highly active antiretroviral therapy was introduced in 1997, a marked decrease in the number of coinfected cases in this region has been reported. The development of new diagnostic methods to accurately identify level of parasitemia and the risk of relapse is one of the main challenges in improving the treatment of coinfected patients. Clinical trials in the Mediterranean region are needed to determine the most adequate therapeutic options for Leishmania/HIV patients as well as the indications and regimes for secondary prophylaxis. This article reviews the epidemiological, diagnostic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects of Leishmania/HIV coinfection in the Mediterranean region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Monge-Maillo
- Tropical Medicine & Clinical Parasitology, Infectious Diseases Department, Ramón y Cajal Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesca F. Norman
- Tropical Medicine & Clinical Parasitology, Infectious Diseases Department, Ramón y Cajal Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Cruz
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Alvar
- Visceral Leishmaniasis Program, Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rogelio López-Vélez
- Tropical Medicine & Clinical Parasitology, Infectious Diseases Department, Ramón y Cajal Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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