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Ewing EL, Xia M, Gunn HE. Affiliative Parent-Adolescent Bedtime and Waketime Interactions are Associated with Adolescent Sleep. Behav Sleep Med 2024; 22:168-178. [PMID: 37318033 PMCID: PMC10721726 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2023.2217970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current study examined whether evening and morning affiliation (i.e., warmth) and autonomy (i.e., more or less in charge) around sleep routines predicted adolescent sleep on weekdays. METHOD Participants were 28 parent (Mage = 43.19; 85.17% mothers) and adolescent (Mage = 12.34 years) dyads who completed the same electronic diaries morning and evening for 10 days, with a total number of 221 nights observed across dyads. Sleep duration and sleep quality were assessed via the Pittsburgh Sleep Diary; degree of affiliation and autonomy around bedtime and waketime routines were assessed with single items on a visual analog scale. Multilevel modeling was utilized to evaluate the effects of more or less affiliation or autonomy on sleep outcomes (i.e., duration and quality) between and within dyads. RESULTS Across all participants, adolescents who reported more affiliative interactions with their parent around bedtime and waketime slept longer and had better sleep quality at night. Further, when adolescents experienced greater than average affiliative interactions with their parent than was typical for them, they had better sleep quality that night. Adolescent sleep quality and duration were not impacted by whether or not adolescents were in charge of their bedtime and waketime routines. CONCLUSIONS Findings support parents' role in social and emotional security and highlight the importance of affiliative parent interactions around the sleep period for optimal sleep for young adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Ewing
- University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Department of Psychology
| | - Mengya Xia
- University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Department of Psychology
- Arizona State University, Tempe, T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics
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Gillis BT, McWood LM, Brigham EF, Hinnant JB, El-Sheikh M. Family income as a moderator of relations between sleep and physical health during adolescence. Sleep Health 2023; 9:868-875. [PMID: 37914634 PMCID: PMC10841177 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2023.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sleep duration, quality, and consistency are associated with overall physical health in adolescence, yet the effects of sleep on development may be not uniform because both sleep and physical health vary systematically along gradients of family income. To understand "for whom" sleep may be particularly beneficial, the present study tested family income as a moderator of relations between youth sleep and physical health. METHODS Three hundred twenty-three youth (M age=17.39years; 53% female; 41% Black, 59% White) wore wrist actigraphs for 1week at home. Four well-recognized sleep parameters were derived: minutes, efficiency, long wake episodes, and variability in minutes across the week. Parents reported family income, and mothers rated adolescents' physical health. In independent path models, physical health was regressed onto each indicator of sleep, family income, and Sleep × Family Income interactions to test potential moderation effects. RESULTS Associations between sleep and physical health were moderated by family income. Lower sleep efficiency, more long wake episodes, and more variability in sleep minutes were associated with poorer physical health among adolescents from lower-income families. At optimal levels of all sleep variables, income-based differences in physical health were mitigated. Youth from higher-income families tended to have better physical health regardless of their sleep. CONCLUSIONS Findings build evidence that sleep has relations with physical health for low-income youth in particular. Clinicians and other service providers working with youth might benefit from considering the role of sleep in prevention and interventions programs geared toward improving health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Gillis
- Department of Human Development & Family Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Leanna M McWood
- Department of Human Development & Family Science, North Dakota Stata University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Emily F Brigham
- Department of Human Development & Family Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - J Benjamin Hinnant
- Department of Human Development & Family Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Mona El-Sheikh
- Department of Human Development & Family Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA.
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Williamson AA, Min J, Fay K, Cicalese O, Meltzer LJ, Mindell JA. A multimethod evaluation of bed provision and sleep education for young children and their families living in poverty. J Clin Sleep Med 2023; 19:1583-1594. [PMID: 37086055 PMCID: PMC10476044 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.10614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES We evaluated the impact of bed provision and sleep education through the Beds for Kids (BfK) program on early childhood sleep and behavior and maternal mood and sleep. METHODS Twenty-seven mother-child dyads (childage= 2-5 years, 85.2% Black) living in poverty and without an individual child bed were randomly assigned (multimethod randomized waitlist control trial design) to BfK intervention ∼1 week postbaseline (initial intervention) or ∼2 weeks postbaseline (waitlist control), with follow-up at 1 month. BfK intervention (home bed delivery and written sleep health education) was provided to all families. Children wore actigraphs and mothers completed daily diaries to assess child and maternal sleep, child behavior, and maternal mood for the initial 1-week comparison period. Maternal-reported child sleep and behavior (internalizing and externalizing problems) were collected at 1 month after BfK participation for all families; 11 families completed a qualitative interview at 1-month follow-up. RESULTS At 1 week after BfK, mothers' sleep duration increased by 1 hour compared to that of waitlist controls. No changes were found in child sleep, child behavior, or maternal mood. However, at 1 month after BfK intervention, improvements were found in mother-reported child night awakenings, sleep quality, sleep problems, and behavior. Mothers qualitatively reported significant BfK benefits for child sleep and family well-being, although they noted challenges to transitioning young children to sleeping independently. CONCLUSIONS Bed provision and sleep education for families living in poverty has an immediate impact on maternal sleep and reported well-being. Child sleep and behavioral improvements are seen by 1 month, with children experiencing an initial adjustment period to sleeping independently. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov; Name: Impact of Beds for Kids Program on Child Sleep; URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03392844; Identifier: NCT03392844. CITATION Williamson AA, Min J, Fay K, Cicalese O, Meltzer LJ, Mindell JA. A multimethod evaluation of bed provision and sleep education for young children and their families living in poverty. J Clin Sleep Med. 2023;19(9):1583-1594.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel A. Williamson
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Beds for Kids Program, One House at a Time, Huntingdon Valley, Pennsylvania
| | - Jungwon Min
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kate Fay
- Beds for Kids Program, One House at a Time, Huntingdon Valley, Pennsylvania
| | - Olivia Cicalese
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jodi A. Mindell
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Psychology, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Johnson KG, Malow BA. Implications of Sleep Health Policy: Daylight Saving and School Start Times. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2023; 29:1253-1266. [PMID: 37590832 DOI: 10.1212/con.0000000000001331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Two proposed public policies, ending seasonal clock change with a transition to permanent Standard Time and moving middle school and high school start times later, are population-based initiatives to improve sleep health. Daylight Saving Time and early school start times are associated with reduced sleep duration and increased circadian misalignment, the effects of which impact not only long-term health outcomes including obesity, cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease, and cancer, but also mental health, academics, workforce productivity, and safety outcomes. This article highlights studies that led to the endorsement of these public policies by multiple scientific and medical organizations. Neurologists should advocate at the state and federal levels and educate the population about the importance of sleep health.
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Zhang LG, Cheng LF, Wang TT, Wang LL, Zhou SJ, Luo YH, Chen JX. Chain mediating effect of insomnia, depression, and anxiety on the relationship between nightmares and cognitive deficits in adolescents. J Affect Disord 2023; 322:2-8. [PMID: 36343783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study explored the differences in nightmare, insomnia, depression, anxiety, and cognitive deficits among adolescents and the chain mediating effects of insomnia, depression, and anxiety on the relationship between nightmares and cognitive deficits in adolescents. METHODS An online survey was used to collect demographic data of 6014 adolescents and assess nightmare, insomnia, depression, anxiety, and cognitive deficits using the Chinese Version of Nightmare Distress Questionnaire, Insomnia Severity Index, Patient Health Questionnaire 9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7, and Perceived Deficits Questionnaire-Depression. Spearman correlation analysis and the SPSS function "PROCESS macro" were used for correlation and mediation analyses, respectively. RESULTS Female adolescents, senior high school, and poor academic performance had higher nightmare, insomnia, and cognitive deficit scores; those living in the city had higher depression and anxiety scores. Cognitive deficits were positively correlated with nightmares, insomnia, depression, and anxiety. Further, insomnia, depression, and anxiety had a chain mediating effect between nightmares and cognitive deficits in adolescents. Nightmares indirectly affect cognition deficits by affecting insomnia and then depression and anxiety symptoms. LIMITATIONS As this was a cross-sectional study, the causal relationship between the variables could not be determined. Moreover, reporting bias and volunteer bias might be present. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that clinicians should identify adolescents with frequent nightmares early and provide timely treatment to minimize negative outcomes and possibly limit the chronicity of nightmare disorder. It is significant to maintain the physical and mental health development of adolescents to reduce the risk of insomnia, depression, anxiety, and cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Gang Zhang
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Ling-Fei Cheng
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wang
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Lei-Lei Wang
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang-Jiang Zhou
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Hong Luo
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Jing-Xu Chen
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China.
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Hansen M, Simon KR, Strack J, He X, Noble KG, Merz EC. Socioeconomic disparities in sleep duration are associated with cortical thickness in children. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e2859. [PMID: 36575851 PMCID: PMC9927856 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disrupted sleep has been consistently linked with lower academic achievement and worse mental health in children. Less is understood about sleep as a potential factor underlying socioeconomic differences in brain morphometry in children. The goals of this study were to investigate the associations among socioeconomic factors, sleep duration, and brain morphometry in children, and to examine the roles of the sleep environment and family routines in these associations. METHODS Participants were 5- to 9-year-old children from socioeconomically diverse families (N = 94; 61% female). Parents reported on children's weekday and weekend sleep durations, sleep environment, and family routines. High-resolution, T1-weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were acquired. Analyses focused on cortical thickness, cortical surface area, and amygdala and hippocampal volume. RESULTS Results indicated that lower family income-to-needs ratio and parental education were significantly associated with shorter weekday sleep duration in children. Shorter weekday sleep duration was significantly associated with reduced thickness in the left middle temporal, right postcentral, and right superior frontal cortices and smaller basolateral but not centromedial amygdala volume. Family routines significantly mediated the associations of family income-to-needs ratio and parental education with weekday sleep duration in children. CONCLUSION These results contribute to our understanding of sleep factors as proximal mechanisms through which socioeconomic context may alter neural development during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Hansen
- Department of PsychologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Katrina R. Simon
- Department of Human DevelopmentTeachers College, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUSA
| | - Jordan Strack
- Department of PsychologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Xiaofu He
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUSA
| | - Kimberly G. Noble
- Department of Human DevelopmentTeachers College, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUSA
| | - Emily C. Merz
- Department of PsychologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
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Kater MJ, Werner A, Schlarb AA, Lohaus A. Sleep Reactivity and Related Factors in Adolescence: An Increased Risk for Insomnia? A Longitudinal Assessment. Nat Sci Sleep 2023; 15:207-216. [PMID: 37069845 PMCID: PMC10105585 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s401452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The individual vulnerability for stress-related sleep difficulties (eg, sleep reactivity) is known as a predisposing factor of insomnia in adults, yet relatively little is known about sleep reactivity in adolescence. The study goal is to determine factors related to sleep reactivity and to investigate whether sleep reactivity and related factors predict current and new incidents of insomnia in adolescents. Patients and Methods At baseline, 11-to-17-year-olds (N = 185, Mage = 14.3 years, SD = 1.8, 54% female) answered an age-appropriate version of the Ford Insomnia Response to Stress Test, questionnaires about sleep, stress, psychological symptoms, and resources, filled out a sleep diary and used actigraphy. Insomnia diagnoses according to ISCD-3 criteria were assessed at baseline, after 9 months and after one and a half years. Results Adolescents with high compared to low sleep reactivity had increased pre-sleep arousal, negative sleep-related cognitions, pre-sleep mobile phone use, stress experience, stress vulnerability, internalizing and externalizing symptoms, less social resources, and a later midpoint of bedtime. High sleep reactivity increased the likelihood for currently having insomnia, but not for the development of insomnia at subsequent assessments. Conclusion The findings suggest that high sleep reactivity is related to poor sleep health and mental health but cast doubt on sleep reactivity as a pivotal predisposing factor for the development of insomnia in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren-Jo Kater
- Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Department of Developmental Psychology and Developmental Psychopathology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, North Rhine Westphalia, Germany
- Correspondence: Maren-Jo Kater, Bielefeld University, Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Developmental Psychology and Developmental Psychopathology, P.O. Box 10 01 31, Bielefeld, 33501, Germany, Tel +49 0521 - 106 4461, Email
| | - Anika Werner
- Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Department of Developmental Psychology and Developmental Psychopathology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, North Rhine Westphalia, Germany
| | - Angelika Anita Schlarb
- Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science Clinical, Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy of Children and Adolescents, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, North Rhine Westphalia, Germany
| | - Arnold Lohaus
- Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Department of Developmental Psychology and Developmental Psychopathology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, North Rhine Westphalia, Germany
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Nouri A, Panjeh S, Cogo-Moreira H, Pompeia S. Factors that influence morningness-eveningness and daytime sleepiness: A cross-cultural comparison of Iranian and Brazilian adolescents. Chronobiol Int 2022; 40:162-173. [PMID: 36530145 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2157735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As adolescents get older, they become more evening oriented and, because they are usually expected to wake early to attend school, they often present daytime sleepiness, which is associated with negative outcomes. It is still unclear if this is similar cross-culturally. Here, we studied morningness-eveningness and daytime sleepiness in early adolescence from two different developing nations (Brazil and Iran). A total sample of 697 Iranian and Brazilian early adolescents (9- to 15-year-old; 358 boys) from Tehran, Iran, and São Paulo, Brazil, varying in age and parental schooling (a proxy of socioeconomic status: SES) completed the Morningness-Eveningness Scale for Children (MESC) and the Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale (PDSS) and reported their total sleep time on school nights. They also filled in the Pubertal Developmental Scale to determine their pubertal status. A negligible cross-cultural difference in morningness-eveningness was found, indicating that Brazilians showed a slight circadian-phase delay compared with Iranians throughout all tested ages. There was also seen a very slight increase in phase delay as early adolescents aged, indicative of more eveningness. However, there were no country differences in daytime sleepiness once total sleep time during school nights was controlled for, which was the only factor that affects PDSS scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nouri
- Division of Curriculum and Pedagogy, Department of Education Studies, Faculty of Humanities, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
| | - Sareh Panjeh
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hugo Cogo-Moreira
- Department of Education, ICT and Learning, Østfold University College, Østfold, Norway
| | - Sabine Pompeia
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Gillis BT, Hinnant JB, Erath SA, El‐Sheikh M. Relationship between family income and trajectories of adjustment in adolescence: Sleep and physical activity as moderators. J Adolesc 2022; 95:494-508. [PMID: 36458567 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Youth from lower-income families experience adjustment problems at higher rates than higher-income peers. While adolescents have little control over family income, they do have some agency over their sleep and physical activity, two factors that have been shown to mitigate the risk of maladjustment. To test this, sleep and physical activity were examined as moderators of the longitudinal relationship between family income (indexed by income-to-needs ratio) and trajectories of adolescent adjustment problems. METHODS Participants included a socioeconomically diverse community sample of 252 US youth (53% female; 33% Black, 67% White) in 2012-2015. Actigraphy-based sleep duration and quality were indexed, respectively, by minutes (sleep onset to wake excluding awakenings) and efficiency (% minutes scored as sleep from onset to wake). Physical activity and adjustment were youth-reported. Outcomes included internalizing (anxious/depressive) and rule-breaking behavior. Latent growth models estimated trajectories of adjustment across ages 16 and 18 years conditional on family income, sleep, physical activity, and their interactions. RESULTS Relationships between family income and change in internalizing symptoms were moderated by sleep minutes, and associations between income and change in internalizing symptoms and rule-breaking behavior were moderated conjointly by sleep efficiency and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS Under conditions of high-quality sleep and more physical activity, adolescents with lower income reported fewer adjustment problems. Conversely, youth with both poor sleep and low physical activity were at the highest risk for maladjustment over time. Findings enhance understanding of individual differences in trajectories of mental health associated with bioregulation, health behaviors, and the sociocultural context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T. Gillis
- Department of Human Development and Family Science Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
| | - J. Benjamin Hinnant
- Department of Human Development and Family Science Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
| | - Stephen A. Erath
- Department of Human Development and Family Science Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
| | - Mona El‐Sheikh
- Department of Human Development and Family Science Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
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10
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Giddens NT, Juneau P, Manza P, Wiers CE, Volkow ND. Disparities in sleep duration among American children: effects of race and ethnicity, income, age, and sex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2120009119. [PMID: 35858412 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120009119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Children in the United States sleep less than the recommended amount and sleep deficiencies may be worse among disadvantaged children. Prior studies that compared sleep time in children of different race/ethnic groups mostly relied on questionnaires or were limited to small sample sizes. Our study takes advantage of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study to compare total sleep time using a week of actigraphy data among American children (n = 4,207, 9 to 13 y old) of different racial/ethnic and income groups. We also assessed the effects of neighborhood deprivation, experience of discrimination, parent's age at child's birth, body mass index (BMI), and time the child fell asleep on sleep times. Daily total sleep time for the sample was 7.45 h and race/ethnicity, income, sex, age, BMI, were all significant predictors of total sleep time. Black children slept less than White children (∼34 min; Cohen's d = 0.95), children from lower income families slept less than those from higher incomes (∼16 min; Cohen's d = 0.44), boys slept less than girls (∼7 min; Cohen's d = 0.18), and older children slept less than younger ones (∼32 min; Cohen's d = 0.91); mostly due to later sleep times. Children with higher BMI also had shorter sleep times. Neither area deprivation index, experience of discrimination, or parent's age at child's birth significantly contributed to sleep time. Our findings indicate that children in the United States sleep significantly less than the recommended amount for healthy development and identifies significant racial and income disparities. Interventions to improve sleep hygiene in children will help improve health and ameliorate racial disparities in health outcomes.
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Palmer CA, Powell SL, Deutchman DR, Tintzman C, Poppler A, Oosterhoff B. Sleepy and Secluded: Sleep Disturbances are Associated With Connectedness in Early Adolescent Social Networks. J Res Adolesc 2022; 32:756-768. [PMID: 34338382 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Studies in adults suggest that sleep disturbances predict poorer socioemotional skills and impaired social interactions. However, little is known regarding how sleep disturbances are associated with social processes during adolescence, a period when both sleep neurobiology and social relationships are undergoing dramatic developmental changes. The current study examined associations among sleep disturbances and peer connectedness in a sample of middle-school students (N = 213, 11-15 years old, 57% female) using a social network approach. Findings suggested that youth with greater sleep disturbances reported having fewer social connections, were rated as a social connection by fewer peers, and were less likely to have reciprocated nominations, even after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and mental health symptoms.
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Kouros CD, Keller PS, Martín-Piñón O, El-Sheikh M. Bidirectional associations between nightly sleep and daily happiness and negative mood in adolescents. Child Dev 2022; 93:e547-e562. [PMID: 35596680 PMCID: PMC9545079 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined bidirectional associations between daily happiness and negative mood and subjective and objective sleep measures. Participants were 311 adolescents (Mage = 17.37 years; 51.8% female; 59.2% White/European American, 38.6% Black/African American, 1% Hispanic/Latinx American, 1.4% multi‐racial; 19.3% below poverty line) observed over a 7‐day period (2017–2018) using sleep diaries and actigraphy. Daily negative mood was related to greater subjective sleep/wake problems, and happiness was related to lower subjective sleep/wake problems. Conversely, shorter self‐reported sleep duration was related to higher negative mood the next day. For actigraphy measures, daily negative mood was related to greater sleep duration and efficiency, whereas happiness was related to lower sleep efficiency. Differences in associations based on subjective versus objective sleep measures are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystyna D Kouros
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Peggy S Keller
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Olivia Martín-Piñón
- Human Development and Family Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Mona El-Sheikh
- Human Development and Family Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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13
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Vazsonyi AT, Liu D, Blatny M. Longitudinal bidirectional effects between sleep quality and internalizing problems. J Adolesc 2022; 94:448-461. [DOI: 10.1002/jad.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Family Sciences University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Marek Blatny
- Department of Psychology Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
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Peltz JS, Buckhalt JA. Equal Benefits? An Examination of the Potential Consequences of Later School Start Times for Adolescents and Their Mental Health. J Sch Health 2022; 92:309-315. [PMID: 34951014 DOI: 10.1111/josh.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the documented benefits of later school start times on adolescents' mental health, the aim of the current study was to examine if the association between school start times and depressive symptoms differed across adolescents from families of different socioeconomic status levels. METHODS Using a cross-sectional design, the current study incorporated an online survey for high school students and their parents across the United States, with average sleep duration measured through a 7-day sleep diary. A total of 193 adolescent (Meanage = 15.7 years old, SD = .94; 54.4% female; 71% white) and parent (Meanage = 47.6 years old, SD = 5.4; 80% female; 79% white) dyads participated. Adolescents reported on depressive symptoms, sleep quality and duration, chronotype, and demographic covariates; parents reported on school start times and socioeconomic status. RESULTS Results suggested that only in adolescents from higher socioeconomic status families (+1 SD) did the association between later start times and fewer depressive symptoms emerge as significant. CONCLUSIONS Although more school start times research is needed to understand its impact across diverse groups of students, current findings suggest a disproportionate benefit of reduced depression for youth from families of higher socioeconomic status with having a later start time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack S Peltz
- Daemen College, 4380 Main Street, Amherst, NY, 14226, USA
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Rea-Sandin G, Breitenstein RS, Doane LD, Vakulskas E, Valiente C, Lemery-Chalfant K. Early Life Socioeconomic Differences in Associations between Childhood Sleep and Academic Performance. J Appl Dev Psychol 2022; 79. [PMID: 35250138 PMCID: PMC8896821 DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2022.101392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Poor sleep can negatively impact children's academic performance. However, it is unknown whether early-life socioeconomic status (SES) moderates later sleep and academics. We tested associations between actigraphy-based sleep duration and midpoint time, and parent-reported sleep problems with objective and subjective measures of academic performance. We also examined whether relations varied by early and concurrent SES. Children (n=707; 52% female; M age=8.44 years; 28.7% Hispanic/Latinx; 29.7% at/below poverty line) were assessed at 12 months for SES and eight years for SES, sleep, and academics. There were no main effects of sleep on academics. More sleep problems predicted lower Applied Problems performance for low SES children (b=-.73, p<.05) and better performance for high SES children (b=.69, p<.05). For high SES children, greater sleep problems (b=-.11, p<.05) and longer sleep duration (b=-.11, p<.05) predicted lower academic achievement. However, most associations were consistent across SES, illustrating the complex interplay between sleep, academic outcomes, and SES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianna Rea-Sandin
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
| | - Reagan S Breitenstein
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America.,Department of Psychology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States of America
| | - Leah D Doane
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
| | - Emily Vakulskas
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America.,School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Carlos Valiente
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
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Abstract
Reciprocal relations between sleep and adjustment were investigated. Participants included 246 adolescents (M = 15.80 years; 67.5% White, 32.5% Black/African American; 53% female, 47% male) at Time 1 (data collected 2012-2013), 227 at Time 2 (M = 16.78 years) and 215 at Time 3 (M = 17.70 years). Sleep-wake variables were measured with self-reports (sleepiness) and actigraphy (average sleep minutes and efficiency, variability in sleep minutes and efficiency). Adolescents reported on depression and anxiety symptoms, and parents reported on externalizing problems. Greater variability in sleep duration and efficiency as well as sleepiness predicted adjustment problems (range of R2 : 36%-60%). Reciprocal relations were supported mostly for sleepiness (range of R2 : 16%-32%). Results help understand bidirectional relations between sleep and adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Kelly
- Department of Individual, Family and Community Education, University of New Mexico
| | - Megan M. Zeringue
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Auburn University
| | - Mona El-Sheikh
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Auburn University
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17
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Abstract
Many adolescents experience or witness aggression by peers at school. The purpose of the current study was to examine associations between exposure to peer aggression (i.e., peer victimization and witnessing school violence) and sleep problems and whether these associations are moderated by parental acceptance. Participants included 272 adolescents attending high school (M age = 17.27 years; 49% female; 59% White/European American, 41% Black/African American). Adolescents reported on exposure to peer aggression, parental acceptance, and two key sleep domains: sleep quality problems and daytime sleepiness. Results indicated that exposure to peer aggression was directly associated with poor sleep quality and sleepiness. Furthermore, peer victimization and witnessing school violence interacted with parental acceptance to predict sleep quality. Specifically, exposure to peer aggression was associated with sleep quality problems at higher (but not lower) levels of parental acceptance. The lowest levels of sleep quality problems were apparent at low levels of peer aggression and high levels of parental acceptance, but parental acceptance did not protect adolescents with high exposure to peer aggression against sleep problems. Findings illustrate the importance of considering moderators of effects and the conjoint roles of family and peer processes when considering individual differences in adolescents' sleep. Future research should examine whether parental strategies targeted to address peer victimization are protective against the detrimental effects of exposure to peer aggression. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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18
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Blume M, Rattay P. Association between Physical Activity and Sleep Difficulties among Adolescents in Germany: The Role of Socioeconomic Status. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:9664. [PMID: 34574590 PMCID: PMC8469412 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined sleep difficulties among adolescents in Germany and the association with physical activity (PA). Furthermore, we analyzed whether the association varied with the socioeconomic status (SES) among adolescent girls and boys in Germany. Using data from the German Health Interview Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS) study (Wave 2), 6599 adolescents aged 11 to 17 years were included in the analyses. We conducted sex-stratified logistic regression analyses. Dependent variables were unrecommended sleep duration (defined as a duration of sleep that does not meet the recommended duration), sleep-onset difficulties, trouble sleeping, and daytime sleepiness. Most adolescent girls and boys reported sleep difficulties. While no associations between PA and sleep difficulties were observed, a significant interaction between PA and SES was found for sleep duration in boys and daytime sleepiness in girls. Thus, adolescents with low SES had fewer sleep difficulties if they met the recommendation for PA, compared with those in other SES groups. In Germany, a large proportion of adolescents have sleep difficulties. We found that the experience of sleep difficulties varied according to PA, sex, and the family SES. Future sleep promotion programs should consider these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Blume
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch-Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
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19
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El-Sheikh M, Zeringue MM, Saini EK, Fuller-Rowell TE, Yip T. Discrimination and adjustment in adolescence: The moderating role of sleep. Sleep 2021; 45:6366353. [PMID: 34495321 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES We examined multiple actigraphy-based sleep parameters as moderators of associations between experiences of general and racial discrimination and adolescent internalizing symptoms (anxiety, depression) and externalizing behavior (rule-breaking). Adolescent sex and race were examined as additional moderators. METHODS Participants were 272 adolescents (Mage = 17.3 years, SD = 0.76; 51% male; 59% White/European American, 41% Black/African American). Sleep was assessed using actigraphs for 7 consecutive nights from which sleep duration (minutes), efficiency, and variability in minutes over the week were derived. Youth reported on their experiences of general discrimination, racial discrimination, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and rule-breaking behavior. RESULTS Both types of discrimination were associated with poorer adjustment outcomes. Longer sleep duration, greater sleep efficiency, and less variability in sleep duration were protective in associations between race-specific and general discrimination and internalizing symptoms. Findings for duration and efficiency were more pronounced for females such that the adverse effects of discrimination were minimized among females with longer and more efficient sleep. Greater variability in sleep exacerbated rule-breaking behavior among adolescents experiencing general or racial discrimination. Associations did not differ by adolescent race. CONCLUSIONS Short and poor-quality sleep may exacerbate internalizing symptoms for adolescents experiencing discrimination, particularly females. Variability in sleep duration was a key moderator of associations between discrimination and internalizing symptoms as well as rule-breaking behavior. Findings illustrate that actigraphy-assessed sleep parameters play a key role in ameliorating or exacerbating adjustment problems associated with discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona El-Sheikh
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Megan M Zeringue
- Department of Psychology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA
| | - Ekjyot K Saini
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | - Tiffany Yip
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY USA
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20
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Williamson AA, Davenport M, Cicalese O, Mindell JA. Sleep Problems, Cumulative Risks, and Psychological Functioning in Early Childhood. J Pediatr Psychol 2021; 46:878-890. [PMID: 33738501 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep problems and cumulative risk factors (e.g., caregiver depression, socioeconomic disadvantage) have independently been linked to adverse child development, but few studies have examined the interplay of these factors. We examined whether cumulative risk exposure moderated the link between sleep problems, including insomnia and poor sleep health, and child psychological outcomes. METHODS 205 caregiver-child dyads (child Mage = 3.3 years; 53.7% girls; 62.9% Black, 22.4% non-Latinx White, and 4.4% Latinx; 85.4% maternal caregiver reporter) completed child sleep, family sociodemographic, and child psychological functioning (internalizing, externalizing, and executive functioning) questionnaires. Indexes of cumulative risk exposure, insomnia symptoms, and poor sleep health were created. RESULTS Ninety percent of children had ≥1 cumulative risks, 62.9% had ≥1 insomnia symptom, and 84.5% had ≥1 poor sleep health behavior. Increased insomnia symptoms were significantly associated with increased child internalizing, externalizing, and global executive functioning impairments controlling for child age, race/ethnicity, and sex. Poor sleep health behaviors were associated with internalizing concerns. Cumulative risk exposure was not associated with outcomes but moderated the association between insomnia symptoms and all psychological outcomes, such that children with higher cumulative risk exposure and insomnia symptoms had the greatest impairments. Children with the poorest sleep health behaviors and highest cumulative risks had the greatest internalizing concerns. CONCLUSIONS Insomnia symptoms in particular are associated with poor child outcomes, which are exacerbated when accompanied by greater cumulative risk exposure. Clinicians should assess sleep when treating early psychological concerns, especially within the context of increased cumulative risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel A Williamson
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.,University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Mattina Davenport
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.,University of Missouri School of Medicine
| | | | - Jodi A Mindell
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.,University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine.,Department of Psychology, Saint Joseph's University
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