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Shamim MA, Satapathy P, Padhi BK, Veeramachaneni SD, Akhtar N, Pradhan A, Agrawal A, Dwivedi P, Mohanty A, Pradhan KB, Kabir R, Rabaan AA, Alotaibi J, Al Ismail ZA, Alsoliabi ZA, Al Fraij A, Sah R, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Pharmacological treatment and vaccines in monkeypox virus: a narrative review and bibliometric analysis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1149909. [PMID: 37214444 PMCID: PMC10196034 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1149909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mpox (earlier known as monkeypox) virus infection is a recognized public health emergency. There has been little research on the treatment options. This article reviews the specific drugs used to treat mpox virus infection and the vaccines used here. Instead of focusing on the mechanistic basis, this review narrates the practical, real-life experiences of individual patients of mpox virus disease being administered these medicines. We conducted a bibliometric analysis on the treatment of the mpox virus using data from several databases like PubMed, Scopus, and Embase. The research on this topic has grown tremendously recently but it is highly concentrated in a few countries. Cidofovir is the most studied drug. This is because it is indicated and also used off-label for several conditions. The drugs used for mpox virus infection include tecovirimat, cidofovir, brincidofovir, vaccinia immune globulin, and trifluridine. Tecovirimat is used most frequently. It is a promising option in progressive mpox disease in terms of both efficacy and safety. Brincidofovir has been associated with treatment discontinuation due to elevated hepatic enzymes. Cidofovir is also not the preferred drug, often used because of the unavailability of tecovirimat. Trifluridine is used topically as an add-on agent along with tecovirimat for ocular manifestations of mpox virus disease. No study reports individual patient data for vaccinia immune globulin. Though no vaccine is currently approved for mpox virus infection, ACAM 2000 and JYNNEOS are the vaccines being mainly considered. ACAM 2000 is capable of replicating and may cause severe adverse reactions. It is used when JYNNEOS is contraindicated. Several drugs and vaccines are under development and have been discussed alongside pragmatic aspects of mpox virus treatment and prevention. Further studies can provide more insight into the safety and efficacy of Tecovirimat in actively progressing mpox virus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prakisini Satapathy
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bijaya Kumar Padhi
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Naushaba Akhtar
- Indian Council of Medical Research—Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Anindita Pradhan
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Abhimanyu Agrawal
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
| | - Pradeep Dwivedi
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
- Centre of Excellence for Tribal Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Aroop Mohanty
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India
| | | | - Russell Kabir
- School of Allied Health, Anglia Ruskin University, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawaher Alotaibi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Department of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zainab A. Al Ismail
- Long Term Care Department, Dhahran Long Term Hospital, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ali Al Fraij
- Medical Laboratories and Blood Bank Department, Jubail Health Network, Jubail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Rabaan AA, Abas AH, Tallei TE, Al-Zaher MA, Al-Sheef NM, Fatimawali, Al-Nass EZ, Al-Ebrahim EA, Effendi Y, Idroes R, Alhabib MF, Al-Fheid HA, Adam AA, Bin Emran T. Monkeypox outbreak 2022: What we know so far and its potential drug targets and management strategies. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28306. [PMID: 36372558 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Monkeypox is a rare zoonotic disease caused by infection with the monkeypox virus. The disease can result in flu-like symptoms, fever, and a persistent rash. The disease is currently spreading throughout the world and prevention and treatment efforts are being intensified. Although there is no treatment that has been specifically approved for monkeypox virus infection, infected patients may benefit from using certain antiviral medications that are typically prescribed for the treatment of smallpox. The drugs are tecovirimat, brincidofovir, and cidofovir, all of which are currently in short supply due to the spread of the monkeypox virus. Resistance is also a concern, as widespread replication of the monkeypox virus can lead to mutations that produce monkeypox viruses that are resistant to the currently available treatments. This article discusses monkeypox disease, potential drug targets, and management strategies to overcome monkeypox disease. With the discovery of new drugs, it is hoped that the problem of insufficient drugs will be resolved, and it is not anticipated that drug resistance will become a major issue in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Rabaan
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Hawil Abas
- Faculty of Bioscience and Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Trina Ekawati Tallei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Mona A Al-Zaher
- Department of Commitment management, Directorate of Health Affairs in the Eastern Province, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noor M Al-Sheef
- Department of Commitment management, Directorate of Health Affairs in the Eastern Province, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimawali
- Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Esraa Z Al-Nass
- Department of Commitment management, Directorate of Health Affairs in the Eastern Province, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eba A Al-Ebrahim
- Department of Commitment management, Directorate of Health Affairs in the Eastern Province, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yunus Effendi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Azhar Indonesia University, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rinaldi Idroes
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Mather F Alhabib
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Dammam Regional Laboratory and Blood Bank, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain A Al-Fheid
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Dammam Regional Laboratory and Blood Bank, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Akroman Adam
- Dentistry Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Abstract
Forty years after the last endemic smallpox case, variola virus (VARV) is still considered a major threat to humans due to its possible use as a bioterrorism agent. For many years, the risk of disease reemergence was thought to solely be through deliberate misuse of VARV strains kept in clandestine laboratories. However, recent experiments using synthetic biology have proven the feasibility of recreating a poxvirus de novo, implying that VARV could, in theory, be resurrected. Because of this new perspective, the WHO Advisory Committee on VARV Research released new recommendations concerning research on poxviruses that strongly encourages pursuing the development of new antiviral drugs against orthopoxviruses. In 2018, the U.S. FDA advised in favor of two molecules for smallpox treatment, tecovirimat and brincidofovir. This review highlights the difficulties to develop new drugs targeting an eradicated disease, especially as it requires working under the FDA "animal efficacy rule" with the few, and imperfect, animal models available.
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Prichard MN, Kern ER. Orthopoxvirus targets for the development of new antiviral agents. Antiviral Res 2012; 94:111-25. [PMID: 22406470 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Investments in the development of new drugs for orthopoxvirus infections have fostered new avenues of research, provided an improved understanding of orthopoxvirus biology and yielded new therapies that are currently progressing through clinical trials. These broad-based efforts have also resulted in the identification of new inhibitors of orthopoxvirus replication that target many different stages of viral replication cycle. This review will discuss progress in the development of new anti-poxvirus drugs and the identification of new molecular targets that can be exploited for the development of new inhibitors. The prototype of the orthopoxvirus group is vaccinia virus and its replication cycle will be discussed in detail noting specific viral functions and their associated gene products that have the potential to serve as new targets for drug development. Progress that has been achieved in recent years should yield new drugs for the treatment of these infections and might also reveal new approaches for antiviral drug development with other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark N Prichard
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233-1711, United States.
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Prichard MN, Kern ER. Antiviral Activity of 4'-thioIDU and Thymidine Analogs against Orthopoxviruses. Viruses 2010; 2:1968-83. [PMID: 21994716 DOI: 10.3390/v2091968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for effective therapies for orthopoxvirus infections has identified diverse classes of molecules with antiviral activity. Pyrimidine analogs, such as 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (idoxuridine, IDU) were among the first compounds identified with antiviral activity against a number of orthopoxviruses and have been reported to be active both in vitro and in animal models of infection. More recently, additional analogs have been reported to have improved antiviral activity against orthopoxviruses including several derivatives of deoxyuridine with large substituents in the 5 position, as well as analogs with modifications in the deoxyribose moiety including (north)-methanocarbathymidine, and 5-iodo-4'-thio-2'-deoxyuridine (4'-thioIDU). The latter molecule has proven to have good antiviral activity against the orthopoxviruses both in vitro and in vivo and has the potential to be an effective therapy in humans.
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Caillat C, Topalis D, Agrofoglio LA, Pochet S, Balzarini J, Deville-Bonne D, Meyer P. Crystal structure of poxvirus thymidylate kinase: an unexpected dimerization has implications for antiviral therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:16900-5. [PMID: 18971333 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0804525105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike most DNA viruses, poxviruses replicate in the cytoplasm of host cells. They encode enzymes needed for genome replication and transcription, including their own thymidine and thymidylate kinases. Some herpes viruses encode only 1 enzyme catalyzing both reactions, a peculiarity used for prodrug activation to obtain maximum specificity. We have solved the crystal structures of vaccinia virus thymidylate kinase bound to TDP or brivudin monophosphate. Although the viral and human enzymes have similar sequences (42% identity), they differ in their homodimeric association and active-site geometry. The vaccinia TMP kinase dimer arrangement is orthogonal and not antiparallel as in human enzyme. This different monomer orientation is related to the presence of a canal connecting the edge of the dimer interface to the TMP base binding pocket. Consequently, the pox enzyme accommodates nucleotides with bulkier bases, like brivudin monophosphate and dGMP; these are efficiently phosphorylated and stabilize the enzyme. The brivudin monophosphate-bound structure explains the structural basis for this specificity, opening the way to the rational development of specific antipox agents that may also be suitable for poxvirus TMP kinase gene-based chemotherapy of cancer.
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McSharry JJ, Deziel MR, Zager K, Weng Q, Drusano GL. Pharmacodynamics of cidofovir for vaccinia virus infection in an in vitro hollow-fiber infection model system. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:129-35. [PMID: 18852271 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00708-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Variola major virus remains a potent weapon of bioterror. There is currently an investigational-new-drug application for cidofovir for the therapy of variola major virus infections. Stittelaar and colleagues compared the levels of effectiveness of postexposure smallpox vaccination (Elstree-RIVM) and antiviral treatment with cidofovir or an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogue 6-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)alkoxy]-2,4-diaminopyrimidine (HPMPO-DAPy) after lethal intratracheal infection of cynomolgus monkeys with monkeypox virus, a variola virus surrogate. Their results demonstrated that either compound was more effective than vaccination with the Ellstree vaccine (K. J. Stittelaar et al., Nature 439:745-748, 2006). An unanswered question is how to translate this information into therapy for poxvirus infections in people. In a proof-of-principle study, we used a novel in vitro hollow-fiber infection model system to determine the pharmacodynamics of vaccinia virus infection of HeLa-S3 cells treated with cidofovir. Our results demonstrate that the currently licensed dose of cidofovir of 5 mg/kg of body weight weekly with probenecid (which ameliorates nephrotoxicity) is unlikely to provide protection for patients intentionally exposed to Variola major virus. We further demonstrate that the antiviral effect is independent of the schedule of drug administration. Exposures (area under the concentration-time curve) to cidofovir that will have a robust protective effect will require doses that are 5 to 10 times that currently administered to humans. Such doses may cause nephrotoxicity, and therefore, approaches that include probenecid administration as well as schedules of administration that will help ameliorate the uptake of cidofovir into renal tubular epithelial cells need to be considered when addressing such treatment for people.
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Boto A, Hernández D, Hernández R, Álvarez E. One-Pot Synthesis of Acyclic Nucleosides from Carbohydrate Derivatives, by Combination of Tandem and Sequential Reactions. J Org Chem 2007; 72:9523-32. [DOI: 10.1021/jo701608p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Boto
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, and Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (CSIC-USe), Isla de la Cartuja, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Dácil Hernández
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, and Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (CSIC-USe), Isla de la Cartuja, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rosendo Hernández
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, and Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (CSIC-USe), Isla de la Cartuja, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eleuterio Álvarez
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, and Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (CSIC-USe), Isla de la Cartuja, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
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Abstract
The third generation of cycloSal-pronucleotides, 5-diacetoxymethyl-cycloSal-d4T-monophosphates (5-di-AM-cycloSal-d4TMPs), is reported as a new class of "lock-in"-modified cycloSal-pronucleotides. These compounds bear an esterase-cleavable geminal dicarboxylate (acylal) attached to the aromatic ring of the saligenyl unit. The conversion into a strong acceptor group (aldehyde) leads to a strong decrease in hydrolytic stability. As a consequence, a fast release of a nucleoside monophosphate (i.e., d4TMP) follows. The concept of this enzymatic activation is proven by hydrolysis studies in phosphate buffer, cell extracts, and human serum. These investigations showed the conversion of the acylal group into a polar aldehyde by enzymatic cleavage. Besides, antiviral activities against HIV are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gisch
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Cleri
- Department of Medicine, Seton Hall University School of Graduate Medical Education, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA.
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Meier C, Balzarini J. Application of the cycloSal-prodrug approach for improving the biological potential of phosphorylated biomolecules. Antiviral Res 2006; 71:282-92. [PMID: 16735066 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Revised: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pronucleotides represent a promising tool to improve the biological activity of nucleoside analogs in antiviral and cancer chemotherapy. The cycloSal-approach is one of several conceptually different pronucleotide systems. This approach can be applied to various nucleoside analogs. A salicyl alcohol as a cyclic bifunctional masking unit is used, and shown to afford a chemically driven release of the particular nucleotide from the lipophilic phosphate triester precursor molecule. A conceptual extension of the cycloSal-approach results in the design of "lock-in"-cycloSal-derivatives. The cycloSal-approach is not restricted to the delivery of bioactive nucleotides but also useful for the intracellular delivery of hexose-1-phosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Meier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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Sauerbrei A, Meier C, Meerbach A, Wutzler P. Inhibitory efficacy of cyclosal-nucleoside monophosphates of aciclovir and brivudin on DNA synthesis of orthopoxvi ruses. Antivir Chem Chemother 2006; 17:25-31. [PMID: 16542003 DOI: 10.1177/095632020601700104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that cycloSaligenyl-monophosphate (cycloSal-MP) derivatives of aciclovir (ACV), penciclovir (PCV) and brivudin (BVDU) can act as inhibitors of vaccinia virus and cowpox virus replication in vitro. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the inhibatory efficacy on DNA synthesis in vaccinia and cowpox viruses of several cycloSal-pro-nucleotides of ACV and BVDU, which have proven activity against pox viruses. Viral DNA was quantified in treated and non-treated virus-infected cells by semi-quantitative PCR on the basis of the haemagglutinin protein gene of orthopoxviruses. As result, an inhibitory efficacy on vaccinia and cowpox virus DNA replication could be demonstrated for 3-methyl-cycloSal-ACVMP, 5-H-cycloSal-ACVMP, 6-chloro-7-ECM-cycloSal-3'-OH-BVDUMP, and 6-chloro-7-methyl-cycloSal-3'-OH-BVDUMP. At concentrations of 32-128 mg/ml, 3-methyl-cyc/oSal-ACVMP and 6-chloro-7-ECM-cycloSal-3'OH-BVDUMP inhibited synthesis of viral DNA to a similar extent as the well-known inhibitors of pox viruses, cidofovir and 5-iodo-dUrd (deoxyuridine). When concentrations of 128 mg/ml were administered, both test substances diminished the amount of viral genome copies by > or =4 log10 corresponding to > or =99.99% reduction. In conclusion, selected cycloSal-pro-nucleotide derivatives of ACV and BVDU can inhibit orthopoxviral DNA synthesis. The high inhibitory efficacy on both replication of viral DNA and infectious viral particles in cell cultures makes these compounds promising candidates for in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sauerbrei
- Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
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