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Poblete Jara C, Nogueira G, Morari J, do Prado TP, de Medeiros Bezerra R, Velloso LA, Velander W, de Araújo EP. An older diabetes-induced mice model for studying skin wound healing. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281373. [PMID: 36800369 PMCID: PMC9937492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in wound treatment depend on the availability of animal models that reflect key aspects of human wound healing physiology. To this date, the accepted mouse models do not reflect defects in the healing process for chronic wounds that are associated with type two diabetic skin ulcers. The long term, systemic physiologic stress that occurs in middle aged or older Type 2 diabetes patients is difficult to simulate in preclinical animal model. We have strived to incorporate the essential elements of this stress in a manageable mouse model: long term metabolic stress from obesity to include the effects of middle age and thereafter onset of diabetes. At six-weeks age, male C57BL/6 mice were separated into groups fed a chow and High-Fat Diet for 0.5, 3, and 6 months. Treatment groups included long term, obesity stressed mice with induction of diabetes by streptozotocin at 5 months, and further physiologic evaluation at 8 months old. We show that this model results in a severe metabolic phenotype with insulin resistance and glucose intolerance associated with obesity and, more importantly, skin changes. The phenotype of this older age mouse model included a transcriptional signature of gene expression in skin that overlapped that observed with elderly patients who develop diabetic foot ulcers. We believe this unique old age phenotype contrasts with current mice models with induced diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Poblete Jara
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
| | - Guilherme Nogueira
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Joseane Morari
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Thaís Paulino do Prado
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Renan de Medeiros Bezerra
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lício A. Velloso
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - William Velander
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
| | - Eliana Pereira de Araújo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Brain macrophages and microglia are centrally involved in immune surveillance of the central nervous system. Upon inflammatory stimuli, they become reactive and release key molecules to prevent further damage to the neuronal network. In the hypothalamic area, perivascular macrophages (PVMs) are the first line of host defence against pathogenic organisms, particles and/or substances from the blood. They are distributed throughout the circumventricular organ median eminence, wrapping endothelial cells from fenestrated portal capillaries and in the hypothalamic vascular network, where they are localised in the perivascular space of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Some studies have indicated that PVMs from the hypothalamus increase the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and vascular endothelial growth factor upon feeding for a long time on a high-fat diet. This adaptive response contributes to the impairment of glucose uptake, facilitates BBB leakage and leads to increased lipid and inflammatory cell influx towards the hypothalamic parenchyma. Despite these early findings, there is still a lack of studies exploring the mechanisms by which PVMs contribute to the development of obesity-related hypothalamic dysfunction, particularly at the early stages when there is chemotaxis of peripheral myeloid cells into the mediobasal hypothalamus. Here, we reviewed the studies involving the ontogeny, hallmarks and main features of brain PVMs in vascular homeostasis, inflammation and neuroendocrine control. This review provides a framework for understanding the potential involvement of PVMs in diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia F Mendes
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Rua Carl Von Linnaeus s/n, Instituto de Biologia - Bloco Z. Campus Universitário Zeferino Vaz - Barão Geraldo, Campinas, SP, 13083-864, Brazil.
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Rua Carl Von Linnaeus s/n, Instituto de Biologia - Bloco Z. Campus Universitário Zeferino Vaz - Barão Geraldo, Campinas, SP, 13083-864, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Bobbo VC, Engel DF, Jara CP, Mendes NF, Haddad-Tovolli R, Prado TP, Sidarta-Oliveira D, Morari J, Velloso LA, Araujo EP. Interleukin-6 actions in the hypothalamus protects against obesity and is involved in the regulation of neurogenesis. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:192. [PMID: 34465367 PMCID: PMC8408946 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02242-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-6 (IL6) produced in the context of exercise acts in the hypothalamus reducing obesity-associated inflammation and restoring the control of food intake and energy expenditure. In the hippocampus, some of the beneficial actions of IL6 are attributed to its neurogenesis-inducing properties. However, in the hypothalamus, the putative neurogenic actions of IL6 have never been explored, and its potential to balance energy intake can be an approach to prevent or attenuate obesity. Methods Wild-type (WT) and IL6 knockout (KO) mice were employed to study the capacity of IL6 to induce neurogenesis. We used cell labeling with Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), immunofluorescence, and real-time PCR to determine the expression of markers of neurogenesis and neurotransmitters. We prepared hypothalamic neuroprogenitor cells from KO that were treated with IL6 in order to provide an ex vivo model to further characterizing the neurogenic actions of IL6 through differentiation assays. In addition, we analyzed single-cell RNA sequencing data and determined the expression of IL6 and IL6 receptor in specific cell types of the murine hypothalamus. Results IL6 expression in the hypothalamus is low and restricted to microglia and tanycytes, whereas IL6 receptor is expressed in microglia, ependymocytes, endothelial cells, and astrocytes. Exogenous IL6 reduces diet-induced obesity. In outbred mice, obesity-resistance is accompanied by increased expression of IL6 in the hypothalamus. IL6 induces neurogenesis-related gene expression in the hypothalamus and in neuroprogenitor cells, both from WT as well as from KO mice. Conclusion IL6 induces neurogenesis-related gene expression in the hypothalamus of WT mice. In KO mice, the neurogenic actions of IL6 are preserved; however, the appearance of new fully differentiated proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons is either delayed or disturbed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02242-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa C Bobbo
- Nursing School, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Rua Cinco de Junho, 350, Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP, 13083-877, Brazil
| | - Daiane F Engel
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Rua Cinco de Junho, 350, Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP, 13083-877, Brazil
| | - Carlos Poblete Jara
- Nursing School, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Rua Cinco de Junho, 350, Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP, 13083-877, Brazil
| | - Natalia F Mendes
- Nursing School, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Rua Cinco de Junho, 350, Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP, 13083-877, Brazil
| | - Roberta Haddad-Tovolli
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Rua Cinco de Junho, 350, Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP, 13083-877, Brazil
| | - Thais P Prado
- Nursing School, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Rua Cinco de Junho, 350, Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP, 13083-877, Brazil
| | - Davi Sidarta-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Rua Cinco de Junho, 350, Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP, 13083-877, Brazil
| | - Joseane Morari
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Rua Cinco de Junho, 350, Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP, 13083-877, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Rua Cinco de Junho, 350, Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP, 13083-877, Brazil
| | - Eliana P Araujo
- Nursing School, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Rua Cinco de Junho, 350, Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP, 13083-877, Brazil.
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Razolli DS, Moura-Assis A, Bombassaro B, Velloso LA. Hypothalamic neuronal cellular and subcellular abnormalities in experimental obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 43:2361-2369. [PMID: 31548571 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0451-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of the hypothalamic neuronal network, that controls food intake and energy expenditure, has provided great advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of obesity. Most of the advances in this field were obtained thanks to the development of a number of genetic and nongenetic animal models that, at least in part, overtook the anatomical constraints that impair the study of the human hypothalamus. Despite the undisputed differences between human and rodent physiology, most seminal studies undertaken in rodents that have unveiled details of the neural regulation of energy homeostasis were eventually confirmed in humans; thus, placing experimental studies in the forefront of obesity research. During the last 15 years, researchers have provided extensive experimental proof that supports the existence of hypothalamic dysfunction, which leads to a progressive whole-body positive energy balance, and thus, to obesity. Here, we review the experimental work that unveiled the mechanisms behind hypothalamic dysfunction in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S Razolli
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Center University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Moura-Assis
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Center University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Bruna Bombassaro
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Center University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Center University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13084-970, Brazil.
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