1
|
Boruah T, Deka H. Comparative investigation on synergistic changes in enzyme activities during vermicomposting of cereal grain processing industry sludge employing three epigeic earthworm species. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:123324-123334. [PMID: 37985586 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The management of cereal grain processing industry sludge through vermicomposting is an emerging prospect for researchers interested in the green economy. This work is designed to enumerate the enzymatic influence of three epigeic earthworm species - Eisenia fetida, Eudrilus eugeniae, and Perionyx excavatus on the industrial sludge. The vermicomposting experiment was conducted in plastic pots by blending the waste materials with 5% cow dung. The dynamics in activities of cellulase, amylase, invertase, phosphatase, protease, dehydrogenase, and urease were studied on 15 days intervals till the harvesting period. The periodical observations confirmed that the enzyme activities (in terms of μg reducing sugar/g/hr) of cellulase (26.45-128.09) amylase (205.43-878.96), invertase (105.32-841.65), phosphatase (85.29-435.54), protease (64.21-359.47), dehydrogenase (111.17-587.72), and urease (94.16-476.71) was low in the first 15 days of the vermicomposting experiment followed by a sharp increase in the next 45 days accompanied by a steady decline until the harvesting is carried out. Emerging statistical tools such as principal component analysis were employed to study the synergistic deviations of the enzymes during the vermicomposting process. The results confirmed that the enzyme activity efficiently influences the bio-oxidation of industrial waste at an individual level as well as synergistic level thereby allowing the vermicompost to mature much before the appearance of any physical symptoms on the surface of the vermireactors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tridip Boruah
- Ecology and Environmental Remediation Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati-14, Assam, India
| | - Hemen Deka
- Ecology and Environmental Remediation Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati-14, Assam, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Enebe MC, Erasmus M. Vermicomposting technology - A perspective on vermicompost production technologies, limitations and prospects. J Environ Manage 2023; 345:118585. [PMID: 37421723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
The need for environmental sustainability while increasing the quantity, quality, and the rate of waste treatment to generate high-value environmental friendly fertilizer products is highly in demand. Vermicomposting is a good technology for the valorisation of industrial, domestic, municipal and agricultural wastes. Various vermicomposting technologies have been in use from time past to present. These technologies range from windrow, small - scale batch vermicomposting to large - scale continuous flow systems. Each of these processes has its own merits and demerits, necessitating advancement in the technology for efficient treatment of wastes. This work explores the hypothesis that the use of a continuous flow vermireactor system of a composite frame structure performs better than batch, windrow and other continuous systems operated in a single container. Following an in-depth review of the literature on vermicomposting technologies, treatment techniques, and reactor materials used, to explore the hypothesis, it was found that vermireactors operating in continuous flow fashion perform better in waste bioconversion than the batch and windrow techniques. Overall, the study concludes that batch techniques using plastic vermireactors predominate over the other reactor systems. However, the use of frame compartmentalized composite vermireactors performs considerably better in waste valorisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Chekwube Enebe
- Centre for Mineral Biogeochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9031, South Africa.
| | - Mariana Erasmus
- Centre for Mineral Biogeochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9031, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Borah G, Deka H. Vermiremediation of heavy metals (HMs)-contaminated agricultural land: synergistic changes in soil enzyme activities and earthworm's growth parameters. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:115266-115278. [PMID: 37880396 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation the heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr and Ni) remediation potential of Eisenia fetida was studied in the crude oil polluted soil. The potential of E. fetida was evaluated based on the decrease in concentrations of Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr and Ni, and improvement in the soil enzyme activities at the end of 90 days of experimental trials. Moreover, soil health quality, inter-relationship between the enzyme activities and the growth parameters of E. fetida and synergistic relation among the enzyme activities were also evaluated through G-Mean and T-QSI indices, chord plot analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) to confirm the performance of E. fetida during vermiremediation. The results revealed that the soil treated with E. fetida showed a reduction in the concentration of Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr and Ni by 17.4% 19.45%, 9.44%, 23.8% and 9.6% respectively by end of the experimental trials. The cellulase, amylase, polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, urease, dehydrogenase and catalase activities in the E. fetida-treated soil were enhanced by 89.83%, 99.17%, 142%, 109.9%, 92.9%, 694.3% and 274.5% respectively. The results of SEM-EDS revealed enhancement in the O, K, Na, Mg and P content by 62.36%, 96.2%, 97.9%, 93.7% and 98.2% respectively by the end of the experimental trial. The G-Mean and T-QSI indices also confirmed the improvement in soil enzyme activities thereby indicating the positive influence of E. fetida on soil decontamination process. The chord plot indicated the interrelationship between the earthworm's growth parameters and enzyme activities of the soil as indicated by the high linkage between the nodes. Finally, the PCA confirmed the negative effect of the heavy metals on the soil enzyme activities and synergistic interrelationship between the enzyme activities during the vermiremediation process. Thus, this study demonstrated the changes in the soil enzyme activities and their interconnected influences during vermiremediation of crude oil sourced heavy metals from polluted soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glory Borah
- Ecology and Environmental Remediation Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Hemen Deka
- Ecology and Environmental Remediation Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jing L, Kakati LN, Ao B, Kiewhuo P. Augmentation of plant biomass productivity using epigeic earthworm Perionyx excavatus and Eisenia fetida as soil nutrient facilitators. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18648. [PMID: 37903848 PMCID: PMC10616193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing demand for organic food production, the earthworm is used as a soil nutrient facilitator. The present study was conducted to assess the effect of epigeic earthworms Perionyx excavatus and Eisenia. fetida on soil nutrients and the consequent improvement of biomass productivity and yield of Capsicum chinense Jacq and Zea mays L. The experiment was conducted in 5 L and 15 L capacity plastic pots for C. chinense and Z. mays with 150 g and 300 g of half-decomposed cow dung, respectively. It was observed that the weekly harvest rate of ripened chili was 17.59 g, 13.91 g, and 9.24 g in P. excavatus, control, and E. fetida pot showing 26.49% higher in P. excavatus. Also, the total kernel count per corn was significantly different (F(2, 9) = 37.78, p < 0.05), with the highest kernel present in P. excavatus(333.5 ± 13.5), followed by E. fetida(261.5 ± 16.5) and control (235 ± 22). The impact of P. excavatus was more perceptible in C. chinense, indicated by higher leaf biomass (69.16%), root length (30.14%), and fruit harvest (71.03%). However, the effect of E. fetida was noticed more in Z. mays (stem length, 19.24%, stem biomass, 14.39%, root biomass, 20.9%, kernel count, 41.91%, and kernel weight, 95.07%). Enhanced plant productivity was also supported by an increasing soil nutrient turnover in organic carbon (OC) (25.76% and 23.4%), Phosphorus (P) (31.03% and 25.67%), and Potassium (K) (41.67% and 12.26) in P. excavatus and E. fetida worked soil respectively. The findings indicate that earthworms have a notable impact on plant biomass productivity by promoting the mineralization of soil nutrients and imply on possibility of organic cultivation of seasonal vegetables without using synthetic fertilizers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lirikum Jing
- Department of Zoology, Don Bosco College, Kohima, Nagaland, India
- Department of Zoology, Nagaland University, Lumami, Zunheboto, Nagaland, India
| | - Lakhmi Nandan Kakati
- Faculty of Science, Assam Down Town University, Panikhaiti, Guwahati-26, Guwahati, Assam, India.
| | - Bendang Ao
- Department of Zoology, Nagaland University, Lumami, Zunheboto, Nagaland, India
| | - Patricia Kiewhuo
- Department of Zoology, Don Bosco College, Kohima, Nagaland, India
- Department of Zoology, Nagaland University, Lumami, Zunheboto, Nagaland, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Keniya B, Patel H, Patel K, Bhatt S, Patel T. Vermistabilization of mango tree pruning waste with five earthworm species: A biochemical and heavy metal assessment. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19908. [PMID: 37810132 PMCID: PMC10559316 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mango tree pruning results in high biomass output, which is a serious agricultural and environmental problem. Vermicomposting is a potential, fast and sustainable tool to address these challenges. For sixty days, the experiment was carried out in six vermireactors containing five earthworm species by Eudrilus eugeniae, Eisenia fetida, Aporrectodea rosea, Lumbricus rubellus, and Lampito mauritii, as well as composting (without earthworm) using mango tree pruning waste biomass along with cattle dung as an instant preferred feeding material for earthworms. The pH, TOC, C/N and C/P ratios of the waste were substantially reduced by the earthworm activity. However, after vermicomposting, the levels of macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu) and microbial count substantially increased. The TOC content of waste was reduced by 42-55%, and the C/N of vermicompost ranged from 5.58 to 11.38. The results showed that earthworm fecundity was highest in vermireactors containing Eudrilus eugeniae and Eisenia fetida. The current study was ultimately determine that vermicomposting using Eudrilus eugeniae or Eisenia fetida is an effective strategy for utilising mango tree pruning waste, ensuring environmental sustainability and improving farmer revenue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhavik Keniya
- N.M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, 396450, Gujarat, India
| | - Hemant Patel
- ASPEE College of Horticulture , Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, 396450, Gujarat, India
| | - Ketan Patel
- ASPEE College of Horticulture , Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, 396450, Gujarat, India
| | - Shivam Bhatt
- ASPEE College of Horticulture , Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, 396450, Gujarat, India
| | - Tushar Patel
- College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Bharuch, 393010, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tikoria R, Kaur A, Ohri P. Physiological, biochemical and structural changes in tomato plants by vermicompost application in different exposure periods under glass house conditions. Plant Physiol Biochem 2023; 197:107656. [PMID: 37001305 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In modern era, various inorganic fertilizers and pesticides are used as plant growth supplements in a variety of crop in order to gain maximum output and also reported as hazardous to mankind as well as environment. In addition, some of the plants died in initial phase of the growth after germination due to poor nutrient content of the soil or exposure to biotic stresses. In the beginning of sustainable agriculture, these chemical fertilizers were replaced with some alternative growth boosters such as organic fertilizers. In the present study, vermicompost was prepared using garden waste and cattle dung followed by analysis of various physico-chemical properties. Then tomato seeds were allowed to germinate in soil and supplemented with different doses of vermicompost (0-100%). The plants were harvested after 10 and 45 days of their germination and tissues were subjected to analysis of various morphological and biochemical parameters. Morphological parameters included root length, shoot length, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight and number of leaves. Whereas biochemical parameters such as protein content, antioxidative enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase), non-enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbic acid, glutathione, tocopherol), osmolytes (proline, carbohydrate), photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll, carotenoid) and secondary metabolites (phenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin) were estimated on UV-visible spectrophotometer using standard protocols. Further, structural analysis of plant tissue was done using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra (FTIR) and carbon hydrogen nitrogen (CHN) elemental analyzer. Results obtained from the present study revealed significant difference in all morphological and biochemical markers at both 10 and 45 days intervals of time. Further, growth of all plants was found to be directly proportional to the concentration of vermicompost and exposure duration. FTIR spectra and CHN analyses reveal the breakdown of various complex compounds and their transformation from Vcom amended soil to roots of plants. This is the first study in which significant changes were observed in growth, physiology and structural composition of tomato plants at two different exposure periods (10 and 45 days) under glass house conditions which further concluded that vermicompost has a significant potential for increasing plant growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raman Tikoria
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Arvinder Kaur
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Puja Ohri
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
da Silva LF, da Silva EF, Morais FMS, Portela JC, de Oliveira FHT, de Freitas DF, de Almeida Ferreira E, Gurgel MT, Pinheiro AM, Lima RB, Vasconcelos AA, Antunes LFS. Potential of vermicomposting with mixtures of animal manure and vegetable leaves in the development of Eisenia foetida, microbial biomass, and enzymatic activity under semi-arid conditions. J Environ Manage 2023; 330:117169. [PMID: 36621314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Vermicomposting is the bio-oxidation and stabilization of organic matter involving relationships between the action of earthworms and microorganisms and the activation and dynamics of several enzyme activities. Semi-arid farmers to make (extra) money and organic production, produce their vermicompost using plant residues and animal manure, but there is no information about the final product generated. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the potential of vermicomposting with mixtures of animal manure and vegetable leaves in the development of Eisenia foetida, microbial biomass, and enzymatic activity in the semi-arid region, Brazil. The experimental design applied was randomized block in a 6 × 4 factorial scheme with four replicates, with six treatments (mixtures of cattle manure, goat manure, cashew leaves, and catanduva leaves) and evaluated at four-time intervals (30, 60, 90, and 120 days of vermicomposting). The treatments were placed in polyethylene pots in the same site, environmental conditions, and residues proportions as used by farmers. The characteristics analyzed were the number of earthworms (NE), total earthworm biomass (TEB) and earthworm multiplication index (MI), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and activities of enzymes β-glucosidase, dehydrogenase, alkaline and acid phosphatases. The cattle manure vermicomposted shows the highest average values observed for NE, MI, TEB, MBC, and enzymatic activity, regardless of the plant leaves mix. In general, the enzymes activities were found in the descending order of β-glucosidase > alkaline phosphatase > dehydrogenase > acid phosphatase. The maturation dynamics of vermicompost were characterized by a decline in the microbial population and number and biomass of earthworms in the substrate and consequently a decrease in new enzyme synthesis and degradation of the remaining enzyme pool. Microbial biomass and enzymatic activity were indicators for changes in the quality of vermicompost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa F da Silva
- Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Center of Agrarian Sciences, 59625900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Eulene F da Silva
- Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Center of Agrarian Sciences, 59625900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Francimar Maik S Morais
- Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Center of Agrarian Sciences, 59625900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Jeane C Portela
- Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Center of Agrarian Sciences, 59625900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Diana F de Freitas
- Federal University of Ceará, Center of Agrarian Sciences, 60020181, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - E de Almeida Ferreira
- Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Center of Bioscience, 59625900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Marcelo T Gurgel
- Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Center of Agrarian Sciences, 59625900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Antônio M Pinheiro
- Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Center of Agrarian Sciences, 59625900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Renner B Lima
- Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Center of Agrarian Sciences, 59625900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Aline A Vasconcelos
- Federal University of São João Del-Rei, Departament of Agrarian Sciences, 35702031, Sete Lagoas, MG, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dutta R, Angmo D, Singh J, Bala Chowdhary A, Quadar J, Singh S, Pal Vig A. Synergistic effect of biochar amendment in milk processing industry sludge and cattle dung during the vermiremediation. Bioresour Technol 2023; 371:128612. [PMID: 36640814 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The effective and sustainable management of fast growing and large quantities of industrial waste is a serious issue. The purpose of the present study was to assess the synergistic effect of biochar (BC) amended in milk processing industry sludge (MS) mixed with cattle dung (CD) in different ratios through vermiremediation. The MS25 and MS25BC10 (25:75 + 10 % BC) showed the least mortality and greatest earthworm growth and development. The final product from all feed mixtures recorded a decrease in pH, total organic carbon and C/N ratio. Other parameters viz., electrical conductivity, total available phosphorus, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total sodium, total potassium and ash content was observed to be increased after vermicomposting. Significantly lower heavy metal content was found in all biochar amended feed mixtures than in mixtures without biochar. The germination index of Trigonella foenum-graecum showed a value ranging from 89.14 to 131.46 % for mixtures without BC and 115.18-153.47 % for biochar amended mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahil Dutta
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
| | - Deachen Angmo
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Jaswinder Singh
- P.G. Department of Zoology, Khalsa College Amritsar, Punjab, India.
| | - Anu Bala Chowdhary
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Jahangeer Quadar
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Sharanpreet Singh
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Adarsh Pal Vig
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cui J, Cui J, Li J, Wang W, Xu B, Yang J, Li B, Chang Y, Liu X, Yao D. Improving earthworm quality and complex metal removal from water by adding aquatic plant residues to cattle manure. J Hazard Mater 2023; 443:130145. [PMID: 36368070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Vermicomposting is an economical and environmentally friendly process. However, related knowledge of vermicomposting aquatic plant residues (APRs), earthworm quality, and mechanisms for metal removal from water is still lacking. Nelumbo and Oenanthe javanica residues and their mixture were treated with Eisenia foetida and cattle manure for 45 days. Compared with the control comprising only cattle manure, addition of the APR mixture improved earthworm quality, mainly for low crude ash, high alkaloid compounds and different fat compositions in the Nelumbo residue and the balanced protein proportion of the APR mixture. All the vermicompost especial O. javanica residue added (VO) played efficient roles in removing metals from water initially containing 2.0 mg Cu L-1 and 8.0 mg Zn L-1. There were higher removal efficiencies (Ers) at the dosage of 4 g L-1 with a small microbial contribution. VO significantly increased Ers, which could be from the decrease of phylum Firmicutes (especial Bacteroides) abundance, stronger CH2, C = O, and CH, the addition of COOH groups, and higher organic matter and total phosphorus contents. The combination of VO and Hippuris vulgaris was optimized as an ecological and economical method for treating complex-metal polluted water. Moreover, our study widened the route for APR reuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cui
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Botanical Garden, Mem. Sun Yat-Sen, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Plant Resources and Water Environment Remediation, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Jianwei Cui
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Botanical Garden, Mem. Sun Yat-Sen, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Plant Resources and Water Environment Remediation, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jinfeng Li
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Botanical Garden, Mem. Sun Yat-Sen, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Plant Resources and Water Environment Remediation, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Botanical Garden, Mem. Sun Yat-Sen, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Plant Resources and Water Environment Remediation, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - John Yang
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Science & Cooperative Research, Lincoln University of Missouri, Jefferson City, MO 65201, USA
| | - Bei Li
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Botanical Garden, Mem. Sun Yat-Sen, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Plant Resources and Water Environment Remediation, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yajun Chang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Botanical Garden, Mem. Sun Yat-Sen, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Plant Resources and Water Environment Remediation, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Botanical Garden, Mem. Sun Yat-Sen, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Plant Resources and Water Environment Remediation, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Dongrui Yao
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Botanical Garden, Mem. Sun Yat-Sen, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Plant Resources and Water Environment Remediation, Nanjing 210014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sheikh T, Baba Z, Yatoo AM, Hamid B, Iqbal S, Wani F, Fatima S, Alfarraj S, Javed Ansari M. Deciphering waste bound nitrogen by employing psychrophillic Aporrectodea caliginosa and priming of coprolites by associated heterotrophic nitrifiers under high altitude Himalayas. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9556. [PMID: 35688921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12972-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Himalayan ecosystem is characterized by its fragile climate with rich repositories of biodiversity. Waste collection and disposal are becoming increasingly difficult due to topographical variations. Aporrectodea caligenosa, a versatile psychrophillic soil dweller, is a useful biocatalyst with potent bio-augmented capability for waste treatment at low temperatures. Microcosm experiments were conducted to elucidate the comprehensive nature of biogenic nitrogen transformation to NH4+ and NO3− produced by coupling of earthworm-microbes. Higher biogenic recovery of NH4+-N from coprolites of garden soil (47.73 ± 1.16%) and Himalayan goat manure (86.32 ± 0.92%) with an increment of 14.12 and 47.21% respectively over their respective control (without earthworms) with a linear decline beyond 4th week of incubation was reported. NO3–-N recovery progressively sustained in garden soil and goat manure coprolites during entire incubation with highest 81.81 ± 0.45 and 87.20 ± 1.08 µg-N g−1dry weight recorded in 6th and 5th week of incubation respectively and peak increments as 38.58 and 53.71% relative to respective control (without earthworms). Declined NH4+–N in coprolites at low temperature (15.0 ± 2.0 °C) evidenced increased nitrification rates by taking over the process by abundant nitrifying microbes. Steady de-nitrification with progressive incubation on an average was 16.95 ± 0.46 ng-N g−1 per week and 21.08 ± 0.87 ng-N g−1 per week compared to 14.03 ± 0.58 ng-N g−1 per week and 4.50 ± 0.31 ng-N g−1 per week in respective control treatments. Simultaneous heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification (SHNAD) was found to be a prominent bioprocess at low temperature that resulted in high and stable total nitrogen and nitrate accumulation from garden soil and goat manure with relative recovery efficiency of 11.12%, 14.97% and 14.20%; 19.34%. A. caligenosa shows promising prospects for mass applicability in biogenic N removal from manure of Himalayan goat.
Collapse
|
11
|
Mago M, Gupta R, Yadav A, Kumar Garg V. Sustainable treatment and nutrient recovery from leafy waste through vermicomposting. Bioresour Technol 2022; 347:126390. [PMID: 34822988 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the vermicomposting potential of two cruciferous vegetables' residual biomasses under laboratory conditions. Cabbage and cauliflower residual biomasses were spiked with 60% cow dung and vermicomposted for 90 days. The results showed a decrease in pH (5.3-9.8%), Total Organic Carbon (36.7-42.8%); increase in Electrical Conductivity (33-99.4%) and ash content (144.7-187.8%) after vermicomposting. Significant reduction in C:N ratio (49.5-76.4%) and C:P ratio (62.8-66.04%), increase in Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (49.3-85.3%), Total Available Phosphorus (68.2-98.1%), Total Potassium (91.8-120.3%) were observed. FT-IR spectra of the vermicomposts had lesser band heights and peak intensities than raw materials. This evidenced decomposition of organic compounds and vermicompost stability. Germination Index values was calculated to determine the phytotoxicity level. Earthworms' growth and prolificacy was evaluated in terms of biomass gain, cocoons production and worm growth rate. Finally, it was inferred that cruciferous vegetables' biomass can be used for vermicomposting. The cauliflower residual biomass has shown better decomposition efficiency than cabbage residual biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Mago
- J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, Faridabad 121006, India
| | - Renuka Gupta
- J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, Faridabad 121006, India
| | - Anoop Yadav
- Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Garg
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rajadurai M, Karmegam N, Kannan S, Yuvaraj A, Thangaraj R. Vermiremediation of engine oil contaminated soil employing indigenous earthworms, Drawida modesta and Lampito mauritii. J Environ Manage 2022; 301:113849. [PMID: 34619586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Engine oil consists of hazardous substances that adversely affect the environment and soil quality. Bioremediation (employing organisms) is an appropriate technique to mitigate engine oil pollution. In the present study, the earthworm species, Drawida modesta (epigeic) and Lampito mauritii (anecic) were used to restore the soil polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) from used engine oil. Four treatments were set up in addition to positive and negative controls. A maximum of 68.6% PAHs and 34.3% TPHs removal in the treatment with soil (1 kg), cow dung (50 g), used engine oil (7.5 mL) and earthworms was recorded after 60 days. Undoubtedly, earthworms effectively removed PAHs and TPHs from the oil-contaminated soil. PAHs were more strongly accumulated in D. modesta (16.25 mg kg-1) than in L. mauritii (13.25 mg kg-1). Further, histological analysis revealed the epidermal surface irregularity, cellular disintegration, and cellular debris in earthworms. The pH (6.3%), electrical conductivity (12.7%), and total organic carbon (35.4%) were significantly (at P < 0.05) decreased after 60 days; while, total nitrogen (62%), total potassium (76.2%), and total phosphorus (19.2%) were substantially increased at the end of the experiment. The seed germination assay with fenugreek indicates that germination percentage (95%), and germination index (179), were dramatically increased in earthworm inoculated treatments when compared to the negative control (without earthworms). The results reveal that there is a great scope for utilizing the earthworms, D. modesta and L. mauritii for the bioremediation of soils contaminated with PAHs and TPHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Rajadurai
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 007, India.
| | - Soundarapandian Kannan
- Cancer Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India
| | - Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India
| | - Ramasundaram Thangaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sohal B, Ahmad Bhat S, Vig AP. Vermiremediation and comparative exploration of physicochemical, growth parameters, nutrients and heavy metals content of biomedical waste ash via ecosystem engineers Eisenia fetida. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 227:112891. [PMID: 34649139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Vermicomposting of Biomedical waste ash (BA) by the earthworm Eisenia fetida was studied with cow dung (CD) as nutrient medium. For 105 days, experiment was carried out in seven vermireactors containing varying ratios of BA and CD. Earthworm activity significantly reduced the pH (8.61-7.24), Electrical conductivity (EC) (4.1-1.62), Total organic carbon (TOC) (38.6-14.92), and Carbon and nitrogen (C/N ratios) (145.4-8.2) of all BA ratios. Levels of Total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) (0.26-1.82), Total available phosphorus (TAP) (0.22-0.64), Total potassium (TK) (2.05-12.08), and Total sodium (TNa) (47.53-92.26) were found to be increasing in the postvermicompost mixture. Although heavy metals content decreased from initial to final, it becomes below the permissible limits in the end product. The results showed that earthworm growth and fecundity were best in vermireactors containing 10-25% of BA. The best reproduction and growth of earthworms, demonstrate the vermicomposting's ability to manage hazardous solid wastes like BA. Use of vermitechnology to manage BA has not been performed yet in any kind of the research. Finally, it was determined that vermicomposting can be incorporated into overall plan for BA management. Thus nutrient-rich, detoxified, and physiochemically stable product may be used safely in agricultural processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhawana Sohal
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India.
| | - Sartaj Ahmad Bhat
- River Basin Research center, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Department of Environmental Sciences, Government Degree College Anantnag, Khanabal, Jammu and Kashmir 192101, India.
| | - Adarsh Pal Vig
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lu Y, Kronzucker HJ, Shi W. Stigmasterol root exudation arising from Pseudomonas inoculation of the duckweed rhizosphere enhances nitrogen removal from polluted waters. Environ Pollut 2021; 287:117587. [PMID: 34182390 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rhizospheric microorganisms such as denitrifying bacteria are able to affect 'rhizobioaugmention' in aquatic plants and can help boost wastewater purification by benefiting plant growth, but little is known about their effects on the production of plant root exudates, and how such exudates may affect microorganismal nitrogen removal. Here, we assess the effects of the rhizospheric Pseudomonas inoculant strain RWX31 on the root exudate profile of the duckweed Spirodela polyrrhiza, using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Compared to untreated plants, inoculation with RWX31 specifically induced the exudation of two sterols, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol. An authentic standard assay revealed that stigmasterol significantly promoted nitrogen removal and biofilm formation by the denitrifying bacterial strain RWX31, whereas β-sitosterol had no effect. Assays for denitrifying enzyme activity were conducted to show that stigmasterol stimulated nitrogen removal by targeting nitrite reductase in bacteria. Enhanced N removal from water by stigmasterol, and a synergistic stimulatory effect with RWX31, was observed in open duckweed cultivation systems. We suggest that this is linked to a modulation of community composition of nirS- and nirK-type denitrifying bacteria in the rhizosphere, with a higher abundance of Bosea, Rhizobium, and Brucella, and a lower abundance of Rubrivivax. Our findings provide important new insights into the interaction of duckweed with the rhizospheric bacterial strain RWX31 and their involvement in the aquatic N cycle and offer a new path toward more effective bio-formulations for the purification of N-polluted waters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Herbert J Kronzucker
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Weiming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tian X, Han B, Liang J, Yang F, Zhang K. Tracking antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during earthworm conversion of cow dung in northern China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 222:112538. [PMID: 34325199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Using cow dung to breed earthworms poses a risk of environmental transmission of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The purpose of this study was to address the occurrence, persistence and environmental fate of ARGs during earthworm conversion of cow dung. The results showed that ARGs persisted through the whole process. Notably, earthworm conversion effectively reduced some ARGs in cow dung, but a definite concentration of ARGs still remained in earthworms and vermicompost (up to 10-1 and 10-2 copies/16S copies, respectively). We found that tet-ARGs were the most abundant in 15 earthworm farms (10-6~10-1 copies/16S copies) and some high-risk ARGs (i.e., blaampC, blaOXA-1 and blaTEM-1) were even prevalent in these farms. Interestingly, although ARGs differ widely in cow dung (10-10~10-1 copies/16S copies), the ARGs levels were comparable in vermicompost samples from different farms (10-8~10-2 copies/16S copies). Notably, earthworm conversion effectively reduced some ARGs in cow dung, but significant level of ARGs still remained in earthworms and vermicompost (up to 10-1 and 10-2 copies/16S copies, respectively). Nevertheless, the concentrations of some heavy metals (Cu, Zn and Ni), the abundance of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and total nitrogen content were confirmed to be correlated to the enrichment of some ARGs. Overall, this study demonstrated the high prevalence of ARGs contamination in earthworm farms, and also highlighted the dissemination risk of ARGs during the earthworm conversion of cow dung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Tian
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Bingjun Han
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Junfeng Liang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Fengxia Yang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China.
| | - Keqiang Zhang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sohal B, Singh S, Singh SIK, Bhat SA, Kaur J, Singh J, Vig AP. Comparing the nutrient changes, heavy metals, and genotoxicity assessment before and after vermicomposting of thermal fly ash using Eisenia fetida. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:48154-48170. [PMID: 33904127 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13726-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fly ash (FA) is available in an unstable state and can be ameliorated by vermicomposting. The different ratios of FA viz (FA10, FA15, FA20, FA25, FA50, FA75) were mixed with another organic waste, i.e., cattle dung. Supportive effects of FA were seen on the reproductive parameters of the earthworms up to FA25. Some beneficial changes have been reported in pH, EC, TOC, TKN, TAP, TNa, TK, and potentially toxic heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Co, Ni, Cr, Pb). The genotoxicity test was performed to assess the toxic effects of the fly ash which has not been done till now. Low genotoxicity potential and high onion root growth were observed in the post-vermicompost samples which were not even reported yet by any other study. These results clearly indicated that the vermicomposting process offers the best option to manage the FA by converting it into an ecofriendly, nutrient-rich, and properly detoxified manure with the help of earthworms which also indicate its economically best-fit applications for the large scale agricultural practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhawana Sohal
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Sharanpreet Singh
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | | | | | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Jaswinder Singh
- Department of Zoology, Khalsa College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Adarsh Pal Vig
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sheikh T, Baba Z, Iqbal S, Hamid B, Wani FJ, Bhat MA, Suhail S. Unveiling the Efficiency of Psychrophillic Aporrectodea caliginosa in Deciphering the Nutrients from Dalweed and Cow Manure with Bio-Optimization of Coprolites. Sustainability 2021; 13:5338. [DOI: 10.3390/su13105338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
There is an immense demand for vermicomposting employing psychrophilic vermiculture (Aporrectodea caliginosa) for management of wastes under the Himalayan ecosystem. Dalweed (weeds from the world-famous urban Dal Lake) and cow manure (CM) are cheaply and abundantly available bio resources in Kashmir valley. Dalweed (DW), disposed of in the heart of the city, ascribes unpleasant effects on tourism and the natural ecosystem. Initial substrate mixtures of DW and CM with different ratios (CM100, DW100, CM80:DW20, CM60:DW40, CM40:DW60 and CM20:DW80) and castings harvested were analyzed for the following parameters: pH, TOC, TN, NO3- P, K, Fe, Zn, C:N, C:P, and C:S ratio. The results of a 56day study revealed in consistency and disparity towards the bio-optimization of coprolites depending upon the type of waste residue and mixture ratio used. Treatments with medium to low dalweed residues (CM60:DW40 followed by CM80:DW20) were found to be optimum and significantly primed chemical properties of castings using A. caligenosa. C:N, C:P, and C:S ratios showed a non-linear response with maximum decrease in C:N ratio by 35%, C:P ratio by 38% in CM100, and C:S ratio by 67% in DW100. Humification ratio, humification index, and percent humic acids were changed across all the treatments with the highest respective values of 21.33 ± 1.05, 11.33 ± 0.76, and 47.83 ± 0.76 for CM60:DW40. Results also showed that the earthworm population and biomass significantly increased with the highest respective increments of 57.53% and 74.88% in CM60:DW40 over initial values. Moreover, the highest number of cocoons (95.67 ± 1.17) were recorded within CM60:DW40 and the lowest in the control (43.33 ± 1.53). Dehydrogenase and fluorescein diacetate activities were inconsistent with the highest in CM40:DW60 (64.64%) and CM20:DW80 (63.54%) respectively over the initial substrates, while highest urease activity (74.40%) was observed from CM100. The results highlight the role of A. caliginosa in sustainable transformation of CM and DW with insightful, beneficial, and priming impacts on castings for its agronomic value.
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang Z, Chen Z, Niu Y, Ren P, Hao M. Feasibility of vermicomposting for spent drilling fluid from a nature-gas industry employing earthworms Eisenia fetida. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 214:111994. [PMID: 33711576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the vermicomposting of spent drilling fluid (SDF) from the nature-gas industry mixed with cow dung in 0% (T1), 20% (T2), 30% (T3), 40% (T4), 50% (T5), and 60% (T6) ratio employing Eisenia fetida under a 6 weeks trial. Eisenia. fetida showed better growth and reproduction performances in the first three vermireactors (T1-T3), and the mortality was higher in the vermireactors that contained more spent drilling fluid (≥40%). Vermicomposting results in a decrease in total organic carbon, C/N ratio, and an increase in EC, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, total potassium compared to their initial values. The RadViz and VizRank showed that vermicomposting results in a greater impact on the C/N ratio (15.24-35.48%) and EC (7.29-26.45%) compared to other parameters. Activities of urease and alkaline phosphatase during vermicomposting initially increased and then declined suggesting vermicompost maturity. Also, seed germination, mitotic index and chromosomal abnormality assays using cowpea signified that the vermicomposts T2 is suitable for agricultural use due to the lower phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity. The results indicated that SDF could be converted into good quality manure by vermicomposting if mixed up to 20% with cow dung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhikun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soil Resource & Biotech Application, Shaanxi Academy of Sciences, Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yuhua Niu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng Ren
- Research Institute of Oil and Gas Technology, PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Branch, Xi'an 710200, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingde Hao
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Alshehrei F, Ameen F. Vermicomposting: A management tool to mitigate solid waste. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:3284-3293. [PMID: 34121866 PMCID: PMC8176053 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid waste management is a serious ecological problem in Saudi Arabia due to rapid industrialization, population growth and urbanization. Recycling and sorting are in their infancy in Saudi Arabia and huge amounts of mixed household and industrial wastes are still dumped without any pre-treatment. Solid waste management techniques such as incineration, pyrolysis and gasification have high investment costs. Composting and vermicomposting of solid organic waste have been considered as an economically viable and sustainable waste management technologies. However, wastes often contain pollutants, such as heavy metals that are toxic to decomposer micro-organisms. Thus, heavy metals are a challenge for the successful biological treatments. Waste may also contain a mixture of organic pollutants that certain microbes, such as micro-algae are known to degrade. The present review paper focuses on understanding the role of vermicomposting as a management tool in mitigating solid organic wastes. It is noteworthy to mention that the microbes also play a pivotal role in the degradation process, wherein the enzymes secreted during the process aid in decomposition of complex molecules into simpler compounds. Also, the extracellular polymeric substance secreted by the earthworm under metal stress serves a source of nutrient for the bacteria to flourish. Henceforth the goal of discussion in present review shows the way forward in using vermicomposting as a novel approach in dealing with solid organic waste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah Alshehrei
- Department of Biology, Jumum College University, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O Box 7388, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fuad Ameen
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Deepthi MP, Kathireswari P, Rini J, Saminathan K, Karmegam N. Vermitransformation of monogastric Elephas maximus and ruminant Bos taurus excrements into vermicompost using Eudrilus eugeniae. Bioresour Technol 2021; 320:124302. [PMID: 33129096 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation of monogastric (Elephas maximus) and ruminant (Bos taurus) excrements with Eudrilus eugeniae was assessed by establishing five different treatments in triplicate: 100% elephant dung (T1), 50% elephant dung + 50% garden soil (T2), 50% elephant dung + 50% cow dung (T3), 100% cow dung (T4) and 50% cow dung + 50% garden soil (T5) and maintained for 90 days under experimental conditions. An increment of macronutrients and reduction of C/N ratio (<20) in the vermicomposts was recorded, where T3 presented higher NPK contents with the relative nutrient recovery efficiency of 1.65, 2.94 and 1.76, respectively. Cycle I (45 days) endorsed cocoons and juveniles, while Cycle II (90 days) supported sub-adults and adults. Seed germination and 28 days growth studies with Vigna unguiculata signified that the vermicomposts were phytotoxicity-free. The binary ratio in T3 (1:1) is suitable for the biotransformation of elephant dung into advantageous vermicompost with Eudrilus eugeniae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madathil Peedika Deepthi
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Coimbatore 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palanisamy Kathireswari
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Coimbatore 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Joseph Rini
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Coimbatore 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kulandaivel Saminathan
- Department of Chemistry, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Coimbatore 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Karmegam N, Jayakumar M, Govarthanan M, Kumar P, Ravindran B, Biruntha M. Precomposting and green manure amendment for effective vermitransformation of hazardous coir industrial waste into enriched vermicompost. Bioresour Technol 2021; 319:124136. [PMID: 32966968 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vermitransformation of coir pith (CP) into enriched vermifertilizer has been achieved by amending a green-manure plant, Sesbania sesban (SS) for the first time, and cow dung (CD) in five different combinations: T1(1:0:1), T2(4:3:3), T3(5:3:2), T4(5:4:1) and T5(1:1:0). The substrates were 28 days precomposted with Pleurotus sajor-caju followed by 50 days vermicomposting with Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae. Results showed a significant reduction in cellulose, lignin, organic carbon, C/N ratio, C/P ratio and an increase in plant nutrients compared to control. The fertilization index and efficiency of nutrient recovery rate were higher in SS and CD amended CP vermicompost, with a maximum in T2(4:3:3) for E. fetida and T3(5:3:2) for E. eugeniae. The activity of dehydrogenase, urease and cellulase, and phytotoxicity assays further revealed vermicompost stability. The study concludes that T2(4:3:3) and T3(5:3:2) combinations respectively for E. fetida and E. eugeniae is suitable for vermitransformation of CP into enriched vermicompost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mani Jayakumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Haramaya Institute of Technology, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ponnuchamy Kumar
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong - Gu, Gyeonggi -Do 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Muniyandi Biruntha
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|