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Břehová P, Chaloupecká E, Česnek M, Skácel J, Dračínský M, Tloušťová E, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H, Soto-Velasquez MP, Watts VJ, Janeba Z. Acyclic nucleoside phosphonates with 2-aminothiazole base as inhibitors of bacterial and mammalian adenylate cyclases. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 222:113581. [PMID: 34102377 PMCID: PMC8373703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) was synthesized as potential adenylate cyclase inhibitors, where the adenine nucleobase of adefovir (PMEA) was replaced with a 5-substituted 2-aminothiazole moiety. The design was based on the structure of MB05032, a potent and selective inhibitor of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and a good mimic of adenosine monophosphate (AMP). From the series of eighteen novel ANPs, which were prepared as phosphoroamidate prodrugs, fourteen compounds were potent (single digit micromolar or submicromolar) inhibitors of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT), mostly without observed cytotoxicity in J774A.1 macrophage cells. Selected phosphono diphosphates (nucleoside triphosphate analogues) were potent inhibitors of ACT (IC50 as low as 37 nM) and B. anthracis edema factor (IC50 as low as 235 nM) in enzymatic assays. Furthermore, several ANPs were found to be selective mammalian AC1 inhibitors in HEK293 cell-based assays (although with some associated cytotoxicity) and one compound exhibited selective inhibition of mammalian AC2 (only 12% of remaining adenylate cyclase activity) but no observed cytotoxicity. The mammalian AC1 inhibitors may represent potential leads in development of agents for treatment of human inflammatory and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Břehová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ema Chaloupecká
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic; Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Česnek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Skácel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Tloušťová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Monica P Soto-Velasquez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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2
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Nie P, Groaz E, De Jonghe S, Andrei G, Herdewijn P. Synthesis of a 3′-Deoxy- C-Nucleoside Phosphonate Bearing 9-Deazaadenine as Base Moiety. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Nie
- Medicinal Chemistry; Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven; Herestraat 49 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Elisabetta Groaz
- Medicinal Chemistry; Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven; Herestraat 49 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Steven De Jonghe
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy; Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven; Herestraat 49 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy; Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven; Herestraat 49 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Medicinal Chemistry; Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven; Herestraat 49 3000 Leuven Belgium
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3
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Shen GH, Hong JH. Recent advances in the synthesis of cyclic 5′-nornucleoside phosphonate analogues. Carbohydr Res 2018; 463:47-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarup De
- Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Jonghe
- Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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5
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Sizun G, Pierra C, Peyronnet J, Badaroux E, Rabeson C, Benzaria-Prad S, Surleraux D, Loi AG, Musiu C, Liuzzi M, Seifer M, Standring D, Sommadossi JP, Gosselin G. Design, synthesis and antiviral evaluation of 2'-C-methyl branched guanosine pronucleotides: the discovery of IDX184, a potent liver-targeted HCV polymerase inhibitor. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:1675-700. [PMID: 26424162 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ribonucleoside analogs possessing a β-methyl substituent at the 2'-position of the d-ribose moiety have been previously discovered to be potent and selective inhibitors of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication, their triphosphates acting as alternative substrate inhibitors of the HCV RdRp NS5B. Results/methodology: In this article, the authors detail the synthesis, anti-HCV evaluation in cell-based replicon assays and structure-activity relationships of several phosphoramidate diester derivatives of 2'-C-methylguanosine (2'-MeG). CONCLUSION The most promising compound, namely the O-[S-(hydroxyl)pivaloyl-2-thioethyl]{abbreviated as O-[(HO)tBuSATE)]} N-benzylamine phosphoramidate diester derivative (IDX184), was selected for further in vivo studies, and was the first clinical pronucleotide evaluated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C up to Phase II trials.
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Pradere
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | | | - Franck Amblard
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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7
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Jang MY, Song XP, Froeyen M, Marlière P, Lescrinier E, Rozenski J, Herdewijn P. A synthetic substrate of DNA polymerase deviating from the bases, sugar, and leaving group of canonical deoxynucleoside triphosphates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:416-23. [PMID: 23521798 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The selection of artificial nucleic acids to be used for synthetic biology purposes is based on their structural and biochemical orthogonality to the natural system. We describe the example of a nucleotide mimic that functions as a substrate for polymerases and in which the carbohydrate moiety as well as the base moiety and the leaving group are different from that of the natural building blocks. The nucleotides themselves have two anomeric centers, and different leaving group properties of substituents at both anomeric centers need to be exploited to perform selective glycosylation reactions for their synthesis. In addition, the reversibility of the polymerase reaction at the level of the template has been demonstrated when pyrophosphate functions as leaving group and not with the alternative leaving groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Yeon Jang
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrinivas G. Dumbre
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for
Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat
10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mi-Yeon Jang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for
Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat
10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for
Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat
10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Roux L, Priet S, Payrot N, Weck C, Fournier M, Zoulim F, Balzarini J, Canard B, Alvarez K. Ester prodrugs of acyclic nucleoside thiophosphonates compared to phosphonates: synthesis, antiviral activity and decomposition study. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 63:869-81. [PMID: 23603046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
9-[2-(Thiophosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine [S-PMEA, 8] and (R)-9-[2-(Thiophosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine [S-PMPA, 9] are acyclic nucleoside thiophosphonates we described recently that display the same antiviral spectrum (DNA viruses) as approved and potent phosphonates PMEA and (R)-PMPA. Here, we describe the synthesis, antiviral activities in infected cell cultures and decomposition study of bis(pivaloyloxymethoxy)-S-PMEA [Bis-POM-S-PMEA, 13] and bis(isopropyloxymethylcarbonyl)-S-PMPA [Bis-POC-S-PMPA, 14] as orally bioavailable prodrugs of the S-PMEA 8 and S-PMPA 9, in comparison to the equivalent "non-thio" derivatives [Bis-POM-PMEA, 11] and [Bis-POC-PMPA, 12]. Compounds 11, 12, 13 and 14 were evaluated for their in vitro antiviral activity against HIV-1-, HIV-2-, HBV- and a broad panel of DNA viruses, and found to exhibit moderate to potent antiviral activity. In order to determine the decomposition pathway of the prodrugs 11, 12, 13 and 14 into parent compounds PMEA, PMPA, 8 and 9, kinetic data and decomposition pathways in several media are presented. As expected, bis-POM-S-PMEA 13 and bis-POC-S-PMPA 14 behaved as prodrugs of S-PMEA 8 and S-PMPA 9. However, thiophosphonates 8 and 9 were released very smoothly in cell extracts, in contrast to the release of PMEA and PMPA from "non-thio" prodrugs 11 and 12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Roux
- Laboratoire d'Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR CNRS 7257, Equipe Chimie Médicinale et Virologie Structurale, Université Aix-Marseille, Parc scientifique de Luminy, 163 av. de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
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10
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Hladezuk I, Chastagner V, Collins SG, Plunkett SJ, Ford A, Debarge S, Maguire AR. Development of O–H insertion for the attachment of phosphonates to nucleosides; synthesis of α-carboxy phosphononucleosides. Tetrahedron 2012; 68:1894-909. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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11
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Zhang H, Qin F, Ye W, Li Z, Ma S, Xia Y, Jiang Y, Zhu J, Li Y, Zhang J, Chen HF. Revealing the Drug-Resistant Mechanism for Diarylpyrimidine Analogue Inhibitors of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase. Chem Biol Drug Des 2011; 78:427-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Abstract
New isoelectronic, non-isosteric phosphonate analogues of nucleoside 5′-phosphates featuring the phosphorus moiety directly attached on the sugar ring in the C4′ position are described. The analogues were synthesised by a nucleosidation reaction from tetrofuranosyl phosphonate synthons and silylated nucleobases. The pyrimidine compounds with erythro and threo configuration in both D- and L-series were prepared, and the structures were assigned by NMR spectroscopy. The results of NMR conformational studies show that all calculated conformers have a maximum pucker in the range typical for nucleosides. In all compounds, the S-type conformer is preferred and is more significant in α-D-threo-compounds. Studies on inhibition of thymidine phosphorylase revealed that one of the prepared phosphonic acids was a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme (Ki = 4 μM).
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13
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Ora M, Mäntyvaara A, Lönnberg H. 3-Acetyloxy-2-cyano-2-(alkylaminocarbamoyl)propyl groups as biodegradable protecting groups of nucleoside 5´-mono-phosphates. Molecules 2011; 16:552-66. [PMID: 21240146 PMCID: PMC6259260 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16010552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymidine 5´-bis[3-acetyloxy-2-cyano-2-(2-phenylethylcarbamoyl)propyl]phosphate (1) has been prepared and the removal of phosphate protecting groups by hog liver carboxyesterase (HLE) at pH 7.5 and 37 °C has been followed by HPLC. The first detectable intermediates are the (RP)- and (SP)-diastereomers of the monodeacetylated triester 14, which subsequently undergo concurrent retro-aldol condensation to diester 4 and enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis to the fully deacetylated triester 15. The former pathway predominates, representing 90% of the overall breakdown of 14. The diester 4 undergoes the enzymatic deacetylation 700 times less readily than the triester, but gives finally thymidine 5´-monophosphate as the desired main product. To elucidate the potential toxicity of the electrophilic 2-cyano-N-(2-phenylethyl)acrylamideby-product 17 released upon the deprotection, the hydrolysis of 1 has also been studied in the presence of glutathione (GSH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Ora
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
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14
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Abstract
Rhodium catalyzed O-H insertion reactions employing α-diazophosphonate 20 with appropriately protected thymidine, uridine, cytosine, adenosine and guanosine derivatives leads to novel 5'-phosphononucleoside derivatives. Deprotection led to a novel series of phosphono derivatives bearing a carboxylic acid moiety adjacent to the phosphonate group with potential antiviral and/or anticancer activity. The phosphononucleosides bearing an α-carboxylic acid group are envisaged as potential diphosphate mimics. Conversion to mono- and diphosphorylated phosphononucleosides has been effected for evaluation as nucleoside triphosphate mimics. Most of the novel phosphononucleosides proved to be inactive against a variety of DNA and RNA viruses. Only the phosphono AZT derivatives 56-59 showed weak activity against HIV-1 and HIV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Debarge
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Ireland
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15
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Mackman RL, Ray AS, Hui HC, Zhang L, Birkus G, Boojamra CG, Desai MC, Douglas JL, Gao Y, Grant D, Laflamme G, Lin KY, Markevitch DY, Mishra R, McDermott M, Pakdaman R, Petrakovsky OV, Vela JE, Cihlar T. Discovery of GS-9131: Design, synthesis and optimization of amidate prodrugs of the novel nucleoside phosphonate HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor GS-9148. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:3606-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Khandazhinskaya A, Matyugina E, Shirokova E. Anti-HIV therapy with AZT prodrugs: AZT phosphonate derivatives, current state and prospects. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:701-14. [DOI: 10.1517/17425251003713501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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18
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19
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Kóšiová I, Točík Z, Buděšínský M, Šimák O, Liboska R, Rejman D, Pačes O, Rosenberg I. Methyl 4-toluenesulfonyloxymethylphosphonate, a new and versatile reagent for the convenient synthesis of phosphonate-containing compounds. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Ora M, Taherpour S, Linna R, Leisvuori A, Hietamäki E, Poijärvi-Virta P, Beigelman L, Lönnberg H. Biodegradable protections for nucleoside 5'-monophosphates: comparative study on the removal of O-acetyl and O-acetyloxymethyl protected 3-hydroxy-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl groups. J Org Chem 2009; 74:4992-5001. [PMID: 19462989 DOI: 10.1021/jo9005987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The applicability of 3-acetyloxy-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl and 3-acetyloxymethoxy-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl groups as biodegradable phosphate protecting groups for nucleoside 5'-monophosphates has been studied in a HEPES buffer at pH 7.5. Enzymatic deacetylation with porcine carboxyesterase triggers the removal of the resulting 3-hydroxy-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl and 3-hydroxymethoxy-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl groups by retro-aldol condensation and consecutive half acetal hydrolysis and retro-aldol condensation, respectively. The kinetics of these multistep deprotection reactions have been followed by HPLC, using appropriately protected thymidine 5'-monophosphates as model compounds. The enzymatic deacetylation of the 3-acetyloxymethoxy-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl 5'-triester (2) is 25-fold faster than the deacetylation of its 3-acetyloxy-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl-protected counterpart 1, and the difference in the deacetylation rates of the resulting diesters, 12b and 12a, is even greater. With 2, conversion to thymidine 5'-monophosphate (5'-TMP) is quantitative, while conversion of 1 to 5'-TMP is accompanied by formation of thymidine. Consistent with the preceding observations, quantitative release of 5'-TMP from 2 has been shown to take place in a whole cell extract of human prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Ora
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
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21
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Boojamra CG, Parrish JP, Sperandio D, Gao Y, Petrakovsky OV, Lee SK, Markevitch DY, Vela JE, Laflamme G, Chen JM, Ray AS, Barron AC, Sparacino ML, Desai MC, Kim CU, Cihlar T, Mackman RL. Design, synthesis, and anti-HIV activity of 4′-modified carbocyclic nucleoside phosphonate reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:1739-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Mackman RL, Lin KY, Boojamra CG, Hui H, Douglas J, Grant D, Petrakovsky O, Prasad V, Ray AS, Cihlar T. Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of 2′-fluorine modified nucleoside phosphonates: Analogs of GS-9148. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1116-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.11.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Cihlar T, Ray AS, Boojamra CG, Zhang L, Hui H, Laflamme G, Vela JE, Grant D, Chen J, Myrick F, White KL, Gao Y, Lin KY, Douglas JL, Parkin NT, Carey A, Pakdaman R, Mackman RL. Design and profiling of GS-9148, a novel nucleotide analog active against nucleoside-resistant variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, and its orally bioavailable phosphonoamidate prodrug, GS-9131. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:655-65. [PMID: 18056282 PMCID: PMC2224772 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01215-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Revised: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
GS-9148 [(5-(6-amino-purin-9-yl)-4-fluoro-2,5-dihydro-furan-2-yloxymethyl)phosphonic acid] is a novel ribose-modified human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nucleotide reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor (NRTI) selected from a series of nucleoside phosphonate analogs for its favorable in vitro biological properties including (i) a low potential for mitochondrial toxicity, (ii) a minimal cytotoxicity in renal proximal tubule cells and other cell types, (iii) synergy in combination with other antiretrovirals, and (iv) a unique resistance profile against multiple NRTI-resistant HIV-1 strains. Notably, antiviral resistance analysis indicated that neither the K65R, L74V, or M184V RT mutation nor their combinations had any effect on the antiretroviral activity of GS-9148. Viruses carrying four or more thymidine analog mutations showed a substantially smaller change in GS-9148 activity relative to that observed with most marketed NRTIs. GS-9131, an ethylalaninyl phosphonoamidate prodrug designed to maximize the intracellular delivery of GS-9148, is a potent inhibitor of multiple subtypes of HIV-1 clinical isolates, with a mean 50% effective concentration of 37 nM. Inside cells, GS-9131 is readily hydrolyzed to GS-9148, which is further phosphorylated to its active diphosphate metabolite (A. S. Ray, J. E. Vela, C. G. Boojamra, L. Zhang, H. Hui, C. Callebaut, K. Stray, K.-Y. Lin, Y. Gao, R. L. Mackman, and T. Cihlar, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52:648-654, 2008). GS-9148 diphosphate acts as a competitive inhibitor of RT with respect to dATP (K(i) = 0.8 muM) and exhibits low inhibitory potency against host polymerases including DNA polymerase gamma. Oral administration of GS-9131 to beagle dogs at a dose of 3 mg/kg of body weight resulted in high and persistent levels of GS-9148 diphosphate in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (with a maximum intracellular concentration of >9 microM and a half-life of >24 h). This favorable preclinical profile makes GS-9131 an attractive clinical development candidate for the treatment of patients infected with NRTI-resistant HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Cihlar
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Dr., Foster City, CA 94404, USA.
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24
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Mackman RL, Boojamra CG, Prasad V, Zhang L, Lin KY, Petrakovsky O, Babusis D, Chen J, Douglas J, Grant D, Hui HC, Kim CU, Markevitch DY, Vela J, Ray A, Cihlar T. Synthesis, anti-HIV activity, and resistance profiles of ribose modified nucleoside phosphonates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:6785-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Revised: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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