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Liu H, Xiao H, Lin S, Zhou H, Cheng Y, Xie B, Xu D. Effect of gut hormones on bone metabolism and their possible mechanisms in the treatment of osteoporosis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1372399. [PMID: 38725663 PMCID: PMC11079205 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1372399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone is a highly dynamic organ that changes with the daily circadian rhythm. During the day, bone resorption is suppressed due to eating, while it increases at night. This circadian rhythm of the skeleton is regulated by gut hormones. Until now, gut hormones that have been found to affect skeletal homeostasis include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and peptide YY (PYY), which exerts its effects by binding to its cognate receptors (GLP-1R, GLP-2R, GIPR, and Y1R). Several studies have shown that GLP-1, GLP-2, and GIP all inhibit bone resorption, while GIP also promotes bone formation. Notably, PYY has a strong bone resorption-promoting effect. In addition, gut microbiota (GM) plays an important role in maintaining bone homeostasis. This review outlines the roles of GLP-1, GLP-2, GIP, and PYY in bone metabolism and discusses the roles of gut hormones and the GM in regulating bone homeostasis and their potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacy Development, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Huimin Xiao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacy Development, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Sufen Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacy Development, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacy Development, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yizhao Cheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacy Development, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Baocheng Xie
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The 10th Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University (Dongguan People’s Hospital), Dongguan, China
| | - Daohua Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacy Development, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
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Mabilleau G, Bouvard B. Gut hormone analogues and skeletal health in diabetes and obesity: evidence from preclinical models. Peptides 2024; 177:171228. [PMID: 38657908 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus and obesity are rapidly growing worldwide. Aside from metabolic disturbances, these two disorders also affect bone with a higher prevalence of bone fractures. In the last decade, a growingbody of evidence suggested that several gut hormones, including ghrelin, gastrin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon, and glucagon-like peptide-1 and 2 (GLP-1 and GLP-2, respectively) may affect bone physiology. Several gut hormone analogues have been developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity, and could represent a new alternative in the therapeutic arsenal against bone fragility. In the present review, a summary of the physiological roles of these gut hormones and their analogues is presented at the cellular level but also in several preclinical models of bone fragility disorders including type 2 diabetes mellitus, especially on bone mineral density, microarchitecture and bone material properties. The present review also summarizes the impact of GLP-1 receptor agonists approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the more recent dual or triple analogue on bone physiology and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Mabilleau
- Univ Angers, Nantes Université, ONIRIS, Inserm, RMeS, UMR 1229, SFR ICAT, F-49000, Angers, France; CHU Angers, Département de Pathologie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, UF de Pathologie osseuse, 49933 Angers, France.
| | - Béatrice Bouvard
- Univ Angers, Nantes Université, ONIRIS, Inserm, RMeS, UMR 1229, SFR ICAT, F-49000, Angers, France; CHU Angers, Service de Rhumatologie, F-49933 Angers, France
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Lin A, Kitaura H, Ohori F, Noguchi T, Marahleh A, Ma J, Ren J, Miura M, Fan Z, Narita K, Mizoguchi I. (D-Ala 2)GIP Inhibits Inflammatory Bone Resorption by Suppressing TNF-α and RANKL Expression and Directly Impeding Osteoclast Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2555. [PMID: 38473802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucose-insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin hormone that induces insulin secretion and decreases blood glucose levels. In addition, it has been reported to suppress osteoclast formation. Native GIP is rapidly degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). (D-Ala2)GIP is a newly developed GIP analog that demonstrates enhanced resistance to DPP-4. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of (D-Ala2)GIP on osteoclast formation and bone resorption during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, mice received supracalvarial injections of LPS with or without (D-Ala2)GIP for 5 days. Osteoclast formation and bone resorption were evaluated, and TNF-α and RANKL expression were measured. In vitro, the influence of (D-Ala2)GIP on RANKL- and TNF-α-induced osteoclastogenesis, LPS-triggered TNF-α expression in macrophages, and RANKL expression in osteoblasts were examined. Compared to the LPS-only group, calvariae co-administered LPS and (D-Ala2)GIP led to less osteoclast formation, lower bone resorption, and decreased TNF-α and RANKL expression. (D-Ala2)GIP inhibited osteoclastogenesis induced by RANKL and TNF-α and downregulated TNF-α expression in macrophages and RANKL expression in osteoblasts in vitro. Furthermore, (D-Ala2)GIP suppressed the MAPK signaling pathway. The results suggest that (D-Ala2)GIP dampened LPS-triggered osteoclast formation and bone resorption in vivo by reducing TNF-α and RANKL expression and directly inhibiting osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angyi Lin
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hideki Kitaura
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Ohori
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Noguchi
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Aseel Marahleh
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Jinghan Ma
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Jiayi Ren
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mariko Miura
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ziqiu Fan
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kohei Narita
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Itaru Mizoguchi
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
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Gobron B, Couchot M, Irwin N, Legrand E, Bouvard B, Mabilleau G. Development of a First-in-Class Unimolecular Dual GIP/GLP-2 Analogue, GL-0001, for the Treatment of Bone Fragility. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:733-748. [PMID: 36850034 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Due to aging of the population, bone frailty is dramatically increasing worldwide. Although some therapeutic options exist, they do not fully protect or prevent against the occurrence of new fractures. All current drugs approved for the treatment of bone fragility target bone mass. However, bone resistance to fracture is not solely due to bone mass but relies also on bone extracellular matrix (ECM) material properties, i.e., the quality of the bone matrix component. Here, we introduce the first-in-class unimolecular dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/glucagon-like peptide-2 (GIP/GLP-2) analogue, GL-0001, that activates simultaneously the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPr) and the glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor (GLP-2r). GL-0001 acts synergistically through a cyclic adenosine monophosphate-lysyl oxidase pathway to enhance collagen maturity. Furthermore, bilateral ovariectomy was performed in 32 BALB/c mice at 12 weeks of age prior to random allocation to either saline, dual GIP/GLP-2 analogues (GL-0001 or GL-0007) or zoledronic acid groups (n = 8/group). Treatment with dual GIP/GLP-2 analogues was initiated 4 weeks later for 8 weeks. At the organ level, GL-0001 modified biomechanical parameters by increasing ultimate load, postyield displacement, and energy-to-fracture of cortical bone. GL-0001 also prevented excess trabecular bone degradation at the appendicular skeleton and enhanced bone ECM material properties in cortical bone through a reduction of the mineral-to-matrix ratio and augmentation in enzymatic collagen cross-linking. These results demonstrate that targeting bone ECM material properties is a viable option to enhance bone strength and opens an innovative pathway for the treatment of patients suffering from bone fragility. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Gobron
- Univ Angers, Nantes Université, ONIRIS, Inserm, RMeS, UMR 1229, SFR ICAT, Angers, France.,CHU Angers, Service de Rhumatologie, Angers, France
| | - Malory Couchot
- Univ Angers, Nantes Université, ONIRIS, Inserm, RMeS, UMR 1229, SFR ICAT, Angers, France.,SATT Ouest Valorisation, Nantes, France
| | - Nigel Irwin
- Ulster University, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Coleraine, UK
| | - Erick Legrand
- Univ Angers, Nantes Université, ONIRIS, Inserm, RMeS, UMR 1229, SFR ICAT, Angers, France.,CHU Angers, Service de Rhumatologie, Angers, France
| | - Béatrice Bouvard
- Univ Angers, Nantes Université, ONIRIS, Inserm, RMeS, UMR 1229, SFR ICAT, Angers, France.,CHU Angers, Service de Rhumatologie, Angers, France
| | - Guillaume Mabilleau
- Univ Angers, Nantes Université, ONIRIS, Inserm, RMeS, UMR 1229, SFR ICAT, Angers, France.,CHU Angers, Departement de Pathologie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, UF de Pathologie osseuse, Angers, France
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Hansen MS, Søe K, Christensen LL, Fernandez-Guerra P, Hansen NW, Wyatt RA, Martin C, Hardy RS, Andersen TL, Olesen JB, Hartmann B, Rosenkilde MM, Kassem M, Rauch A, Gorvin CM, Frost M. GIP reduces osteoclast activity and improves osteoblast survival in primary human bone cells. Eur J Endocrinol 2023; 188:6987865. [PMID: 36747334 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Drugs targeting the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor (GIPR) are emerging as treatments for type-2 diabetes and obesity. GIP acutely decreases serum markers of bone resorption and transiently increases bone formation markers in short-term clinical investigations. However, it is unknown whether GIP acts directly on bone cells to mediate these effects. Using a GIPR-specific antagonist, we aimed to assess whether GIP acts directly on primary human osteoclasts and osteoblasts. METHODS Osteoclasts were differentiated from human CD14+ monocytes and osteoblasts from human bone. GIPR expression was determined using RNA-seq in primary human osteoclasts and in situ hybridization in human femoral bone. Osteoclastic resorptive activity was assessed using microscopy. GIPR signaling pathways in osteoclasts and osteoblasts were assessed using LANCE cAMP and AlphaLISA phosphorylation assays, intracellular calcium imaging and confocal microscopy. The bioenergetic profile of osteoclasts was evaluated using Seahorse XF-96. RESULTS GIPR is robustly expressed in mature human osteoclasts. GIP inhibits osteoclastogenesis, delays bone resorption, and increases osteoclast apoptosis by acting upon multiple signaling pathways (Src, cAMP, Akt, p38, Akt, NFκB) to impair nuclear translocation of nuclear factor of activated T cells-1 (NFATc1) and nuclear factor-κB (NFκB). Osteoblasts also expressed GIPR, and GIP improved osteoblast survival. Decreased bone resorption and improved osteoblast survival were also observed after GIP treatment of osteoclast-osteoblast co-cultures. Antagonizing GIPR with GIP(3-30)NH2 abolished the effects of GIP on osteoclasts and osteoblasts. CONCLUSIONS GIP inhibits bone resorption and improves survival of human osteoblasts, indicating that drugs targeting GIPR may impair bone resorption, whilst preserving bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten S Hansen
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C DK-5000, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C DK-5000, Denmark
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) and Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Kent Søe
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C DK-5000, Denmark
- Clinical Cell Biology, Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C DK-5000, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Line L Christensen
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Paula Fernandez-Guerra
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Nina W Hansen
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Rachael A Wyatt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) and Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Martin
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) and Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Rowan S Hardy
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) and Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas L Andersen
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C DK-5000, Denmark
- Clinical Cell Biology, Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C DK-5000, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Jacob B Olesen
- Clinical Cell Biology, Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C DK-5000, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Alexander Rauch
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C DK-5000, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C DK-5000, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Centre Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense C DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Caroline M Gorvin
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) and Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Morten Frost
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C DK-5000, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C DK-5000, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Centre Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense C DK-5000, Denmark
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Tu Y, Kuang X, Zhang L, Xu X. The associations of gut microbiota, endocrine system and bone metabolism. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1124945. [PMID: 37089533 PMCID: PMC10116073 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1124945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota is of great importance in human health, and its roles in the maintenance of skeletal homeostasis have long been recognized as the "gut-bone axis." Recent evidence has indicated intercorrelations between gut microbiota, endocrine system and bone metabolism. This review article discussed the complex interactions between gut microbiota and bone metabolism-related hormones, including sex steroids, insulin-like growth factors, 5-hydroxytryptamine, parathyroid hormone, glucagon-like peptides, peptide YY, etc. Although the underlying mechanisms still need further investigation, the regulatory effect of gut microbiota on bone health via interplaying with endocrine system may provide a new paradigm for the better management of musculoskeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyi Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Ling Zhang,
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Xin Xu,
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Zhang L, He J, Sun X, Pang D, Hu J, Feng B. GIPR rs10423928 and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women in Shanghai. Endocr Connect 2022; 11:e210583. [PMID: 35029542 PMCID: PMC8859963 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrated previously that there is a correlation between glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Both GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide are incretins. The glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor (GIPR) SNP rs10423928 has been extensively studied. However, it is not clear whether GIPR gene mutations affect bone metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between rs10423928 and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women in Shanghai. rs10423928 was detected in 884 postmenopausal women in Shanghai, and the correlation between the GIPR SNP and bone mineral density was assessed. The dominant T/T genotype of rs10423928 was found to be related to the bone mineral density of the femoral neck (P = 0.035). Overall, our findings indicate that the dominant T/T genotype of rs10423928 in postmenopausal women is significantly associated with a higher bone mineral density and that the T/T genotype exerts a bone-protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiading Branch of Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinwei He
- Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongyue Pang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiading Branch of Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to B Feng:
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Katra B, Fedak D, Matejko B, Małecki MT, Wędrychowicz A. The enteroendocrine-osseous axis in patients with long-term type 1 diabetes mellitus. Bone 2021; 153:116105. [PMID: 34245933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The relationship between the gut and skeleton is increasingly recognized as a component of the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. The aim of our study was to assess the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD), incretin hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), intestinotrophic peptide glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) and osteocalcin isoforms in patients with long-term type 1 diabetes (T1D) when compared to healthy controls. METHODS Eighty two patients with long term T1D, treated in the Department of Metabolic Diseases and 53 healthy controls were recruited to the study. Long term disease duration was defined as lasting for more than 10 years. The control group was selected among age- and sex-matched healthy people. Fasting blood samples were collected to measure levels of incretin hormones (GLP-1, GLP-2, GIP), two forms of osteocalcin (uncarboxylated (ucOC), and carboxylated (cOC)), and additional biochemical parameters associated with glucose and bone metabolism (HbA1c, calcium, phosphorus, 25(OH)D3, PTH). RESULTS Patients with T1D had higher BMI than in controls (p = 0.02). There was no difference in BMD at the lumbar spine and the femoral neck between patients with long-term T1D and healthy ones. Z-score values in both groups were within normal ranges. The level of GIP was significantly higher in T1D patients (p = 0.0002) in comparison to the healthy ones. The levels of GLP-1 and GLP-2 did not differ between T1D patients and controls. In the T1D group, strong, positive associations were found between serum levels of GLP-1 and cOC (r = 0.546, p < 0.001) and between GLP-1 and total OC (r = 0.51, p < 0.001), also after adjusting for BMI (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). Significant positive associations were also found between serum levels of GLP-2 and cOC (r = 0.27, p = 0.013) and between GLP-2 and total OC (r = 0.25, p = 0.018), also in a multivariate regression (p = 0.009, p = 0,175, respectively). Moreover, in T1D patients, GLP-1 correlated positively with the femoral neck BMD (g/cm2) (r = 0.265, p = 0.016) and this association was statistically significant after adjusting for BMI (p = 0.011). These correlations were not present in the control group. The only significant correlation observed in the control group was between OC and BMD of the neck (p = 0.049 for neck BMD g/cm2, and p = 0.041 for neck Z-score). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggests an effect of gut hormones on bone in long-term T1D, which could be associated with OC activity, however we did not find a direct connection with glucose metabolism. GLP-1 could have a possible, protective role on bone mineral density in patients with T1D. The data from our study suggests that gut hormones could be considered as a new link in the skeleton - pancreatic endocrine loop in patients with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Katra
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Danuta Fedak
- Department of Diagnostics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Matejko
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej T Małecki
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Wędrychowicz
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology, Pediatric Institute, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
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Skov-Jeppesen K, Veedfald S, Madsbad S, Holst JJ, Rosenkilde MM, Hartmann B. Subcutaneous GIP and GLP-2 inhibit nightly bone resorption in postmenopausal women: A preliminary study. Bone 2021; 152:116065. [PMID: 34153529 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) are gut hormones secreted in response to food ingestion, and they have been suggested to regulate bone turnover. In humans, exogenous GIP and GLP-2 acutely inhibit bone resorption as measured by circulating levels of carboxy-terminal type 1 collagen crosslinks (CTX). OBJECTIVE The objective was to study the individual and combined acute effects of GIP and GLP-2 on bone turnover in postmenopausal women during nighttime - a period of increased bone resorption. METHODS Using a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, crossover design, each participant (n = 9) received on four separate study days: GIP, GLP-2, GIP + GLP-2, and placebo (saline) as subcutaneous injections at bedtime. Main outcomes were levels of CTX and procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP). RESULTS Compared with placebo, GIP and GLP-2 alone significantly inhibited bone resorption (measured by CTX). GIP rapidly reduced CTX levels in the period from 45 to 120 min after injection, while GLP-2 had a more delayed effect with reduced CTX levels in the period from 120 to 240 min after injection. Combining GIP and GLP-2 showed complementary effects resulting in a sustained inhibition of CTX with reduced levels from 45 to 240 min after injection. Furthermore, GIP acutely increased bone formation (measured by P1NP). CONCLUSION Both GIP and GLP-2 reduced CTX during the night and had complementary effects when combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsa Skov-Jeppesen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Veedfald
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Kettegaard Alle 30, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Kettegaard Alle 30, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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10
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Abstract
Gut hormones secreted from enteroendocrine cells following nutrient ingestion modulate metabolic processes including glucose homeostasis and food intake, and several of these gut hormones are involved in the regulation of the energy demanding process of bone remodelling. Here, we review the gut hormones considered or known to be involved in the gut-bone crosstalk and their role in orchestrating adaptions of bone formation and resorption as demonstrated in cellular and physiological experiments and clinical trials. Understanding the physiology and pathophysiology of the gut-bone axis may identify adverse effects of investigational drugs aimed to treat metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity and new therapeutic candidates for the treatment of bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Steen Hansen
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Morten Frost
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark.
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11
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Tanday N, Flatt PR, Irwin N. Metabolic responses and benefits of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor ligands. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:526-541. [PMID: 33822370 PMCID: PMC8820187 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone that has undergone a revolutionary turnaround from discovery to clinically approved therapeutic. Rapid progress in drug design and formulation has led from initial development of short- and long-acting drugs suitable for daily or weekly parenteral administration, respectively, through to the most recent approval of an orally active GLP-1 agent. The current review outlines the biological action profile of GLP-1 including the various beneficial metabolic responses in pancreatic and extra-pancreatic tissues, including the gastrointestinal tract, liver, bone and kidney as well as the reproductive cardiovascular and CNS. We then briefly consider clinically approved GLP-1 receptor ligands and recent advances in this field. Given the sustained evolution in the area of GLP-1 drug development and excellent safety profile, as well as the plethora of metabolic benefits, clinical approval for use in diseases beyond diabetes and obesity is very much conceivable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Tanday
- Diabetes Research Group, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Peter R Flatt
- Diabetes Research Group, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Nigel Irwin
- Diabetes Research Group, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
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12
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Mieczkowska A, Bouvard B, Legrand E, Mabilleau G. [Gly²]-GLP-2, But Not Glucagon or [D-Ala²]-GLP-1, Controls Collagen Crosslinking in Murine Osteoblast Cultures. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:721506. [PMID: 34421828 PMCID: PMC8371440 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.721506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue is organized at the molecular level to resist fracture with the minimum of bone material. This implies that several modifications of the extracellular matrix, including enzymatic collagen crosslinking, take place. We previously highlighted the role of several gut hormones in enhancing collagen maturity and bone strength. The present study investigated the effect of proglucagon-derived peptides on osteoblast-mediated collagen post-processing. Briefly, MC3T3-E1 murine osteoblasts were cultured in the presence of glucagon (GCG), [D-Ala²]-glucagon-like peptide-1 ([D-Ala²]-GLP-1), and [Gly²]-glucagon-like peptide-2 ([Gly²]-GLP-2). Gut hormone receptor expression at the mRNA and protein levels were investigated by qPCR and Western blot. Extent of collagen postprocessing was examined by Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy. GCG and GLP-1 receptors were not evidenced in osteoblast cells at the mRNA and protein levels. However, it is not clear whether the known GLP-2 receptor is expressed. Nevertheless, administration of [Gly²]-GLP-2, but not GCG or [D-Ala²]-GLP-1, led to a dose-dependent increase in collagen maturity and an acceleration of collagen post-processing. This mechanism was dependent on adenylyl cyclase activation. In conclusion, the present study highlighted a direct effect of [Gly²]-GLP-2 to enhance collagen post-processing and crosslinking maturation in murine osteoblast cultures. Whether this effect is translatable to human osteoblasts remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatrice Bouvard
- Univ Angers, GEROM, SFR ICAT, Angers, France
- CHU Angers, Rheumatology Department, Angers, France
| | - Erick Legrand
- Univ Angers, GEROM, SFR ICAT, Angers, France
- CHU Angers, Rheumatology Department, Angers, France
| | - Guillaume Mabilleau
- Univ Angers, GEROM, SFR ICAT, Angers, France
- CHU Angers, Bone Pathology Unit, Angers, France
- *Correspondence: Guillaume Mabilleau,
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13
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Helsted MM, Gasbjerg LS, Lanng AR, Bergmann NC, Stensen S, Hartmann B, Christensen MB, Holst JJ, Vilsbøll T, Rosenkilde MM, Knop FK. The role of endogenous GIP and GLP-1 in postprandial bone homeostasis. Bone 2020; 140:115553. [PMID: 32730920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The incretin hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) are well known for their insulinotropic effects and they are thought to affect bone homeostasis as mediators in the so-called entero-osseous axis. We examined the contributions of endogenous GIP and GLP-1, respectively, to postprandial bone homeostasis, in healthy subjects in two randomized and double-blind crossover studies. We included healthy men who received either four oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) (n = 18, median age 27 (range 20-70), BMI 27.2 (22.4-37.0) kg/m2) or liquid mixed meal tests (MMTs) (n = 12, age 23 (19-65), BMI 23.7 (20.3-25.5) kg/m2) with infusions of 1) the GIP receptor antagonist GIP(3-30)NH2, 2) the GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin(9-39)NH2, 3) both GIP(3-30)NH2 and exendin(9-39)NH2, or 4) placebo infusions (saline) on four separate visits. Bone resorption was evaluated from levels of circulating carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks (CTX) and bone formation from levels of procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide (P1NP). During placebo infusions, baseline-subtracted area under the curve values for CTX were -39 ± 5.0 (OGTT) and -57 ± 4.3 ng/ml × min (MMT). When GIP(3-30)NH2 was administered, CTX suppression was significantly diminished compared to placebo (-30 ± 4.8 (OGTT) and -45 ± 4.6 ng/ml × min (MMT), P = 0.0104 and P = 0.0288, respectively, compared to placebo. During exendin(9-39)NH2 infusion, CTX suppression after OGTT/MMT was similar to placebo (P = 0.28 (OGTT) and P = 0.93 (MMT)). The relative contribution of endogenous GIP to postprandial suppression of bone resorption during both OGTT and MMT was similar and reached 22-25%. There were no differences in P1NP concentrations between interventions. In conclusion, endogenous GIP contributes by up to 25% to postprandial suppression of bone resorption in humans whereas an effect of endogenous GLP-1 could not be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads M Helsted
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Lærke S Gasbjerg
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amalie R Lanng
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Natasha C Bergmann
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Signe Stensen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel B Christensen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark.
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14
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Christensen MB, Gasbjerg LS, Heimbürger SM, Stensen S, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. GIP's involvement in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Peptides 2020; 125:170178. [PMID: 31682875 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During the past four decades derangements in glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) biology has been viewed upon as contributing factors to various parts of the pathophysiology type 2 diabetes. This overview outlines and discusses the impaired insulin responses to GIP as well as the effect of GIP on glucagon secretion and the potential involvement of GIP in the obesity and bone disease associated with type 2 diabetes. As outlined in this review, it is unlikely that the impaired insulinotropic effect of GIP occurs as a primary event in the development of type 2 diabetes, but rather develops once the diabetic state is present and beta cells are unable to maintain normoglycemia. In various models, GIP has effects on glucagon secretion, bone and lipid homeostasis, but whether these effects contribute substantially to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes is at present controversial. The review also discusses the substantial uncertainty surrounding the translation of preclinical data relating to the GIP system and outline future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel B Christensen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Lærke S Gasbjerg
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sebastian M Heimbürger
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe Stensen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Vyavahare SS, Mieczkowska A, Flatt PR, Chappard D, Irwin N, Mabilleau G. GIP analogues augment bone strength by modulating bone composition in diet-induced obesity in mice. Peptides 2020; 125:170207. [PMID: 31765668 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Receptors to glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), have been identified on bone and GIP receptor (GIPr) knockout mice exhibit reduced bone strength and quality. Despite this, little is known on the potential beneficial bone effects of exogenous GIP on bone physiology. The aim of the present study was to assess whether stable GIP analogues were capable of ameliorating bone strength in mice with diet-induced obesity. The stable GIP analogue (D-Ala²)-GIP, and (D-Ala²)-GIP-Tag, a specific GIP analogue homing exclusively to bone, were employed. In vitro studies were used to assess effects of (D-Ala²)-GIP and (D-Ala²)-GIP-Tag on bone mineralization, lysyl oxidase activity, collagen maturity as well as osteoclast formation and activity. Subsequent in vivo studies employed obese-prediabetic Swiss NIH mice subjected to a 42-day period of daily administration of saline, (D-Ala²)-GIP or (D-Ala²)-GIP-Tag. In vitro studies confirmed that (D-Ala²)-GIP and (D-Ala²)-GIP-Tag had similar beneficial biological effects on bone cells. Administration of (D-Ala²)-GIP and (D-Ala²)-GIP-Tag resulted in lower blood glucose levels without any effects on body weight. Both GIP analogues augmented bone strength to a similar extent. Trabecular or cortical bone microarchitecture were not changed over the time course of the study. However, (D-Ala²)-GIP and (D-Ala²)-GIP-Tag augmented enzymatic collagen crosslinking as well as the heterogeneity of enzymatic collagen crosslinking, mineral-to-matrix ratio and significantly reduced the heterogeneity in mineral bone crystallite size. This study demonstrates that activation of skeletal GIPr by stable GIP analogues enhance bone strength in prediabetes and suggest that these analogues may be beneficial in the treatment of bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar S Vyavahare
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandra Mieczkowska
- Groupe études remodelage osseux et biomatériaux, GEROM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, 49933 Angers Cedex, France
| | - Peter R Flatt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Chappard
- Groupe études remodelage osseux et biomatériaux, GEROM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, 49933 Angers Cedex, France; Service commun d'imageries et d'analyses microscopiques, SCIAM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, 49933 Angers Cedex, France; Bone Pathology Unit, Angers University Hospital, 49933 Angers Cedex, France
| | - Nigel Irwin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Mabilleau
- Groupe études remodelage osseux et biomatériaux, GEROM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, 49933 Angers Cedex, France; Service commun d'imageries et d'analyses microscopiques, SCIAM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, 49933 Angers Cedex, France; Bone Pathology Unit, Angers University Hospital, 49933 Angers Cedex, France.
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16
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Regazzo D, Barbot M, Scaroni C, Albiger N, Occhi G. The pathogenic role of the GIP/GIPR axis in human endocrine tumors: emerging clinical mechanisms beyond diabetes. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2020; 21:165-183. [PMID: 31933128 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-019-09536-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin hormone produced in the gastrointestinal tract in response to nutrients. GIP has a variety of effects on different systems, including the potentiation of insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells after food intake (i.e. incretin effect), which is probably the most important. GIP effects are mediated by the GIP receptor (GIPR), a G protein-coupled receptor expressed in several tissues, including islet β-cells, adipocytes, bone cells, and brain. As well as its involvement in metabolic disorders (e.g. it contributes to the impaired postprandial insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and to the pathogenesis of obesity and associated insulin resistance), an inappropriate GIP/GIPR axis activation of potential diagnostic and prognostic value has been reported in several endocrine tumors in recent years. The ectopic GIPR expression seen in patients with overt Cushing syndrome and primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia or unilateral cortisol-producing adenoma has been associated with an inverse rhythm of cortisol secretion, with low fasting morning plasma levels that increase after eating. On the other hand, most acromegalic patients with an unusual GH response to oral glucose suppression have GIPR-positive somatotropinomas, and a milder phenotype, and are more responsive to medical treatment. Neuroendocrine tumors are characterized by a strong GIPR expression that may correlate positively or inversely with the proliferative index MIB-1, and that seems an attractive target for developing novel radioligands. The main purpose of this review is to summarize the role of the GIP/GIPR axis in endocrine neoplasia, in the experimental and the clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Regazzo
- Department of Medicine Endocrinology Unit, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Mattia Barbot
- Department of Medicine Endocrinology Unit, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Carla Scaroni
- Department of Medicine Endocrinology Unit, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Nora Albiger
- Endocrinology Service, ULSS 6 Euganea, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianluca Occhi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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17
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Irwin N, Gault VA, O'Harte FPM, Flatt PR. Blockade of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) action as a novel means of countering insulin resistance in the treatment of obesity-diabetes. Peptides 2020; 125:170203. [PMID: 31733230 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is a 42 amino acid hormone secreted from intestinal K-cells in response to nutrient ingestion. Despite a recognised physiological role for GIP as an insulin secretagogue to control postprandial blood glucose levels, growing evidence reveals important actions of GIP on adipocytes and promotion of fat deposition in tissues. As such, blockade of GIP receptor (GIPR) action has been proposed as a means to counter insulin resistance, and improve metabolic status in obesity and related diabetes. In agreement with this, numerous independent observations in animal models support important therapeutic applications of GIPR antagonists in obesity-diabetes. Sustained administration of peptide-based GIPR inhibitors, low molecular weight GIPR antagonists, GIPR neutralising antibodies as well as genetic knockout of GIPR's or vaccination against GIP all demonstrate amelioration of insulin resistance and reduced body weight gain in response to high fat feeding. These observations were consistently associated with decreased accumulation of lipids in peripheral tissues, thereby alleviating insulin resistance. Although the impact of prolonged GIPR inhibition on bone turnover still needs to be determined, evidence to date indicates that GIPR antagonists represent an exciting novel treatment option for obesity-diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Irwin
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Victor A Gault
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Finbarr P M O'Harte
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Peter R Flatt
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
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18
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Stensen S, Gasbjerg LS, Helsted MM, Hartmann B, Christensen MB, Knop FK. GIP and the gut-bone axis - Physiological, pathophysiological and potential therapeutic implications. Peptides 2020; 125:170197. [PMID: 31715213 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The influence by gut-derived hormones on bone remodelling appears increasingly important as research on the enteroendocrine-osseous axis accelerates. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is secreted from the gut and potentiates insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. GIP has, like the two other gut-derived hormones, glucagon-like peptide 1 and glucagon-like peptide 2, been shown to affect bone remodelling as part of the enteroendocrine-osseous axis. Observational studies have shown that a mutation in the GIP receptor causing reduced receptor signalling leads to lower bone mineral density and increased fracture risk. Rodent as well as human studies have shown that GIP causes serum levels of the bone resorption marker carboxy-terminal type 1 collagen crosslinks to decline. GIP may also increase bone formation indicating a potential uncoupling of bone resorption and formation. Here, we review past and recent discoveries elucidating the enteroendocrine-osseous axis with a special focus on GIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Stensen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Lærke Smidt Gasbjerg
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Marstrand Helsted
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Bring Christensen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip Krag Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark.
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19
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Abstract
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is best known as an incretin hormone released by enteroendocrine K-cells in response to feeding and stimulates insulin release to regulate blood glucose and nutrient homeostasis. More recently GIP has been ascribed a positive role in lipid metabolism, bone strength, cardiovascular function and cognition. The present paper considers an emerging role of GIP and related gut hormones in fertility and especially polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Key evidence concerns restoration of fertility in women with gross obesity and PCOS following bariatric surgery. This is considered to reflect indirect effects mediated by alleviation of insulin resistance together with possible direct effects of surgically induced changes of GIP, GLP-1 and related peptide hormones on ovaries and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Further studies are required to determine inter-relationships between the hormones and cellular mechanisms involved but these observations suggest that GIP and other gut may provide a novel therapeutic approach for PCOS and other reproductive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Charlotte Moffett
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Violetta Naughton
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
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Weivoda MM, Chew CK, Monroe DG, Farr JN, Atkinson EJ, Geske JR, Eckhardt B, Thicke B, Ruan M, Tweed AJ, McCready LK, Rizza RA, Matveyenko A, Kassem M, Andersen TL, Vella A, Drake MT, Clarke BL, Oursler MJ, Khosla S. Identification of osteoclast-osteoblast coupling factors in humans reveals links between bone and energy metabolism. Nat Commun 2020; 11:87. [PMID: 31911667 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone remodeling consists of resorption by osteoclasts followed by formation by osteoblasts, and osteoclasts are a source of bone formation-stimulating factors. Here we utilize osteoclast ablation by denosumab (DMAb) and RNA-sequencing of bone biopsies from postmenopausal women to identify osteoclast-secreted factors suppressed by DMAb. Based on these analyses, LIF, CREG2, CST3, CCBE1, and DPP4 are likely osteoclast-derived coupling factors in humans. Given the role of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP4) in glucose homeostasis, we further demonstrate that DMAb-treated participants have a significant reduction in circulating DPP4 and increase in Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 levels as compared to the placebo-treated group, and also that type 2 diabetic patients treated with DMAb show significant reductions in HbA1c as compared to patients treated either with bisphosphonates or calcium and vitamin D. Thus, our results identify several coupling factors in humans and uncover osteoclast-derived DPP4 as a potential link between bone remodeling and energy metabolism. Anti-resorptive bone therapies also inhibit bone formation, as osteoclasts secrete factors that stimulate bone formation by osteoblasts. Here, the authors identify osteoclast-secreted factors that couple bone resorption to bone formation in healthy subjects, and show that osteoclast-derived DPP4 may be a factor coupling bone resorption to energy metabolism.
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Wang Y, Xiang C, Sun X, Wu S, Lv J, Li P, Wei X, Wei L. DAla2GIP antagonizes H 2O 2-induced chondrocyte apoptosis and inflammatory factor secretion. Bone 2019; 127:656-663. [PMID: 31283994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effects of DAla2GIP against the apoptosis and inflammatory factor secretion in H2O2-induced chondrocyte, and explore the possible mechanisms of DAla2GIP underlying its protection. METHODS The chondrocytes were divided into the following four groups: Control, 300 μM H2O2, 100 pM DAla2GIP and 300 μM H2O2 + 100 pM DAla2GIP. The apoptosis of chondrocyte was measured by using mitochondrial membrane potential assay kit (JC-1) and TUNEL assay, the inflammatory factor secretion were assessed by ELISA assay, and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of DAla2GIP protection were investigated by using Real time-PCR, flow cytometry, Non- invasive calcium detection and western blotting techniques. RESULTS (1) DAPla2GIP prevents apoptosis of chondrocyte induced by H2O2. (2) DAla2GIP alleviated the inflammation of chondrocyte induced by H2O2. (3) DAla2GIP prevents chondrocyte apoptosis by inhibiting calcium influx of chondrocyte and regulating expression of Bcl-2 and Caspase-3induced by H2O2. (4) DAla2GIP inhibited the H2O2 mediated inflammation by up- regulating the expressions of Sox9 and Col2a1 and inhibiting PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSION Our experimental results revealed that DAla2GIP prevents chondrocyte apoptosis by inhibiting calcium influx of chondrocyte and induced regulating expression of Bcl-2 and Casp ase-3by H2O2. Further, molecular biology experiments confirmed that DAla2GIP inhibited the H2O2 mediated inflammation vis up-regulating the expressions of Sox9 and Col2a1 and inhibiting PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway. The results demonstrate that DAla2GIP has protective properties in H2O2-induced chondrocyte injury, this finding shows that novel GIP analogues have the potential as a novel therapeutic for osteoarthritis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuze Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Chuan Xiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaojuan Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Song Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jia Lv
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Pengcui Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaochun Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China.
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China; Department of Orthopaedics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital (RIH), Providence, RI, USA.
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Chen Q, Liu T, Zhou H, Peng H, Yan C. Risk of Fractures Associated with Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Diabetes Ther 2019; 10:1879-1892. [PMID: 31347093 PMCID: PMC6778576 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-019-0668-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION More and more studies suggest that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can lead to an increased fracture risk. Some previous clinical studies and experimental data have shown that some antidiabetic drugs can increase or decrease the incidence of fractures. METHODS We searched Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, and the ClinicalTrials.gov website ( https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ) for published or unpublished randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from inception through 2 December 2018 to compare the effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DDP-4) inhibitors with active control drugs or placebo in T2DM patients. All RCTs had a duration of at least 12 weeks, and the ultimate measure was whether a fracture occurs or not. We calculated odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals by the fixed effect Mantel-Haenszel model. Publication bias was investigated firstly through visual observation of funnel plot asymmetry and then through Begg's test or Egger's test. The Cochrane bias risk tools were used to assess the quality of included studies. RESULTS Eighty-seven eligible RCTs were included in this study. Of 93,772 participants, 49,270 patients received therapy and 44,502 were control patients. Five kinds of DDP-4 inhibitors were included: sitagliptin, saxagliptin, alogliptin, linagliptin and vildagliptin. There were 676 fractures in the DDP-4 inhibitor treatment group and 646 in the control group. The median average glycosylated hemoglobin level was 8.2%. DDP-4 inhibitor treatment did not seem to influence the fracture risk, no matter whether compared with placebo or active comparators in T2DM patients (Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio (MH-OR) = 1.01, 95% CI 0.90-1.12, P = 0.92). After three subgroup analyses which were defined by drug type, control regimen and duration, the results were still stable. CONCLUSION This systematic review and meta-analysis shows that DDP-4 inhibitors do not affect the fracture risk when compared with antidiabetic drugs or placebo in T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Haonan Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Huawei Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Caifeng Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, 225001, China.
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Lee E, Miedzybrodzka EL, Zhang X, Hatano R, Miyamoto J, Kimura I, Fujimoto K, Uematsu S, Rodriguez-Cuenca S, Vidal-Puig A, Gribble FM, Reimann F, Miki T. Diet-Induced Obese Mice and Leptin-Deficient Lepob/ob Mice Exhibit Increased Circulating GIP Levels Produced by Different Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184448. [PMID: 31509948 PMCID: PMC6769670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) possesses pro-adipogenic action, the suppression of the GIP hypersecretion seen in obesity might represent a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of obesity. However, the mechanism of GIP hypersecretion remains largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated GIP secretion in two mouse models of obesity: High-fat diet-induced obese (DIO) mice and leptin-deficient Lepob/ob mice. In DIO mice, plasma GIP was increased along with an increase in GIP mRNA expression in the lower small intestine. Despite the robust alteration in the gut microbiome in DIO mice, co-administration of maltose and the α-glucosidase inhibitor (α-GI) miglitol induced the microbiome-mediated suppression of GIP secretion. The plasma GIP levels of Lepob/ob mice were also elevated and were suppressed by fat transplantation. The GIP mRNA expression in fat tissue was not increased in Lepob/ob mice, while the expression of an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) was increased. Fat transplantation suppressed the expression of IL-1Ra. The plasma IL-1Ra levels were positively correlated with the plasma GIP levels. Accordingly, although circulating GIP levels are increased in both DIO and Lepob/ob mice, the underlying mechanisms differ, and the anti-obesity actions of α-GIs and leptin sensitizers may be mediated partly by the suppression of GIP secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Lee
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Emily L Miedzybrodzka
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Xilin Zhang
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Ryo Hatano
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Junki Miyamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Ikuo Kimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Fujimoto
- Department of Immunology and Genomics, Osaka City University School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
- Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Uematsu
- Department of Immunology and Genomics, Osaka City University School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
- Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Sergio Rodriguez-Cuenca
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Frank Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Takashi Miki
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
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Schiellerup SP, Skov-Jeppesen K, Windeløv JA, Svane MS, Holst JJ, Hartmann B, Rosenkilde MM. Gut Hormones and Their Effect on Bone Metabolism. Potential Drug Therapies in Future Osteoporosis Treatment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:75. [PMID: 30863364 PMCID: PMC6399108 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone homeostasis displays a circadian rhythm with increased resorption during the night time as compared to day time, a difference that seems-at least partly-to be caused by food intake during the day. Thus, ingestion of a meal results in a decrease in bone resorption, but people suffering from short bowel syndrome lack this response. Gut hormones, released in response to a meal, contribute to this link between the gut and bone metabolism. The responsible hormones appear to include glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), known as incretin hormones due to their role in regulating glucose homeostasis by enhancing insulin release in response to food intake. They interact with their cognate receptors (GIPR and GLP-1R), which are both members of the class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and already recognized as targets for treatment of metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), secreted concomitantly with GLP-1, acting via another class B receptor (GLP-2R), is also part of this gut-bone axis. Several studies, including human studies, have indicated that these three hormones inhibit bone resorption and, moreover, that GIP increases bone formation. Another hormone, peptide YY (PYY), is also secreted from the enteroendocrine L-cells (together with GLP-1 and GLP-2), and acts mainly via interaction with the class A GPCR NPY-R2. PYY is best known for its effect on appetite regulation, but recent studies have also shown an effect of PYY on bone metabolism. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of the actions of GIP, GLP-1, GLP-2, and PYY on bone metabolism, and to discuss future therapies targeting these receptors for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sine Paasch Schiellerup
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsa Skov-Jeppesen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF) Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johanne Agerlin Windeløv
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF) Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Saur Svane
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF) Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF) Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Mette Marie Rosenkilde
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Mabilleau G, Gobron B, Mieczkowska A, Perrot R, Chappard D. Efficacy of targeting bone-specific GIP receptor in ovariectomy-induced bone loss. J Endocrinol 2018; 239:215-227. [PMID: 30121578 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) has been recognized in the last decade as an important contributor of bone remodelling and is necessary for optimal bone quality. However, GIP receptors are expressed in several tissues in the body and little is known about the direct vs indirect effects of GIP on bone remodelling and quality. The aims of the present study were to validate two new GIP analogues, called [d-Ala2]-GIP-Tag and [d-Ala2]-GIP1-30, which specifically target either bone or whole-body GIP receptors, respectively; and to ascertain the beneficial effects of GIP therapy on bone in a mouse model of ovariectomy-induced bone loss. Both GIP analogues exhibited similar binding capacities at the GIP receptor and intracellular responses as full-length GIP1-42. Furthermore, only [d-Ala2]-GIP-Tag, but not [d-Ala2]-GIP1-30, was undoubtedly found exclusively in the bone matrix and released at acidic pH. In ovariectomized animals, [d-Ala2]-GIP1-30 but not [d-Ala2]-GIP-Tag ameliorated bone stiffness at the same magnitude than alendronate treatment. Only [d-Ala2]-GIP1-30 treatment led to significant ameliorations in cortical microarchitecture. Although alendronate treatment increased the hardness of the bone matrix and the type B carbonate substitution in the hydroxyapatite crystals, none of the GIP analogues modified bone matrix composition. Interestingly, in ovariectomy-induced bone loss, [d-Ala2]-GIP-Tag failed to alter bone strength, microarchitecture and bone matrix composition. Overall, this study shows that the use of a GIP analogue that target whole-body GIP receptors might be useful to improve bone strength in ovariectomized animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Mabilleau
- Groupe d'Etudes Remodelage Osseux et bioMatériaux, GEROM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, Angers Cedex, France
- Bone Pathology Unit, Angers University Hospital, Angers Cedex, France
| | - Benoit Gobron
- Groupe d'Etudes Remodelage Osseux et bioMatériaux, GEROM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, Angers Cedex, France
- Rheumatology Department, Angers University Hospital, Angers Cedex, France
| | - Aleksandra Mieczkowska
- Groupe d'Etudes Remodelage Osseux et bioMatériaux, GEROM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, Angers Cedex, France
| | - Rodolphe Perrot
- Service Commun d'Imageries et d'Analyses Microscopiques, SCIAM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, Angers Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Chappard
- Groupe d'Etudes Remodelage Osseux et bioMatériaux, GEROM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, Angers Cedex, France
- Bone Pathology Unit, Angers University Hospital, Angers Cedex, France
- Service Commun d'Imageries et d'Analyses Microscopiques, SCIAM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, Angers Cedex, France
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Abstract
Incretin hormones are gut peptides that are secreted after nutrient intake and stimulate insulin secretion together with hyperglycaemia. GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) und GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) are the known incretin hormones from the upper (GIP, K cells) and lower (GLP-1, L cells) gut. Together, they are responsible for the incretin effect: a two- to three-fold higher insulin secretory response to oral as compared to intravenous glucose administration. In subjects with type 2 diabetes, this incretin effect is diminished or no longer present. This is the consequence of a substantially reduced effectiveness of GIP on the diabetic endocrine pancreas, and of the negligible physiological role of GLP-1 in mediating the incretin effect even in healthy subjects. However, the insulinotropic and glucagonostatic effects of GLP-1 are preserved in subjects with type 2 diabetes to the degree that pharmacological stimulation of GLP-1 receptors significantly reduces plasma glucose and improves glycaemic control. Thus, it has become a parent compound of incretin-based glucose-lowering medications (GLP-1 receptor agonists and inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 or DPP-4). GLP-1, in addition, has multiple effects on various organ systems. Most relevant are a reduction in appetite and food intake, leading to weight loss in the long term. Since GLP-1 secretion from the gut seems to be impaired in obese subjects, this may even indicate a role in the pathophysiology of obesity. Along these lines, an increased secretion of GLP-1 induced by delivering nutrients to lower parts of the small intestines (rich in L cells) may be one factor (among others like peptide YY) explaining weight loss and improvements in glycaemic control after bariatric surgery (e.g., Roux-en-Y gastric bypass). GIP and GLP-1, originally characterized as incretin hormones, have additional effects in adipose cells, bone, and the cardiovascular system. Especially, the latter have received attention based on recent findings that GLP-1 receptor agonists such as liraglutide reduce cardiovascular events and prolong life in high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes. Thus, incretin hormones have an important role physiologically, namely they are involved in the pathophysiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes, and they have therapeutic potential that can be traced to well-characterized physiological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Nauck
- Diabetes Center Bochum-Hattingen, Medical Department I, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Juris J Meier
- Diabetes Center Bochum-Hattingen, Medical Department I, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
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Abstract
Chemical derivatives of the gut-derived peptide hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) are among the best-in-class pharmacotherapies to treat obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, GLP-1 analogs have modest weight lowering capacity, in the range of 5-10%, and the therapeutic window is hampered by dose-dependent side effects. Over the last few years, a new concept has emerged: combining the beneficial effects of several key metabolic hormones into a single molecular entity. Several unimolecular GLP-1-based polyagonists have shown superior metabolic action compared to GLP-1 monotherapies. In this review article, we highlight the history of polyagonists targeting the receptors for GLP-1, GIP and glucagon, and discuss recent progress in expanding of this concept to now allow targeted delivery of nuclear hormones via GLP-1 and other gut hormones, as a novel approach towards more personalized pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Brandt
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Business Campus Garching, Parkring 13, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Anna Götz
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Business Campus Garching, Parkring 13, 85748 Garching, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes und Regeneration, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Business Campus Garching, Parkring 13, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Business Campus Garching, Parkring 13, 85748 Garching, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Business Campus Garching, Parkring 13, 85748 Garching, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
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Mabilleau G, Gobron B, Bouvard B, Chappard D. Incretin-based therapy for the treatment of bone fragility in diabetes mellitus. Peptides 2018; 100:108-113. [PMID: 29412811 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bone fractures are common comorbidities of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Bone fracture incidence seems to develop due to increased risk of falls, poor bone quality and/or anti-diabetic medications. Previously, a relation between gut hormones and bone has been suspected. Most recent evidences suggest indeed that two gut hormones, namely glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), may control bone remodeling and quality. The GIP receptor is expressed in bone cells and knockout of either GIP or its receptor induces severe bone quality alterations. Similar alterations are also encountered in GLP-1 receptor knock-out animals associated with abnormal osteoclast resorption. Some GLP-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) have been approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and although clinical trials may not have been designed to investigate bone fracture, first results suggest that GLP-1RA may not exacerbate abnormal bone quality observed in T2DM. The recent design of double and triple gut hormone agonists may also represent a suitable alternative for restoring compromised bone quality observed in T2DM. However, although most of these new molecules demonstrated weight loss action, little is known on their bone safety. The present review summarizes the most recent findings on peptide-based incretin therapy and bone physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Mabilleau
- GEROM-LHEA UPRES EA4658, University of Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, Angers, France; SCIAM, University of Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, Angers, France; Bone Pathology Unit, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France.
| | - Benoît Gobron
- GEROM-LHEA UPRES EA4658, University of Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, Angers, France; Rheumatology Department, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Béatrice Bouvard
- GEROM-LHEA UPRES EA4658, University of Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, Angers, France; Rheumatology Department, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Daniel Chappard
- GEROM-LHEA UPRES EA4658, University of Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, Angers, France; SCIAM, University of Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, Angers, France; Bone Pathology Unit, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
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Westberg-Rasmussen S, Starup-Linde J, Hermansen K, Holst JJ, Hartmann B, Vestergaard P, Gregersen S. Differential impact of glucose administered intravenously or orally on bone turnover markers in healthy male subjects. Bone 2017; 97:261-266. [PMID: 28126633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with type-1 (T1D) and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) have an increased risk of hip fracture. The underlying mechanisms may involve disturbances in the incretin hormones. Our aim was to clarify if glucose administration i.e. orally or intravenously differentially affects bone turnover markers in healthy males. METHODS 12 healthy males were included in a cross-over study consisting of three tests following an 8hour fast. First, an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. Subsequently, we carried out an isoglycemic intravenous glucose infusion (IIGI) that closely mimicked the glucose response curve to the oral glucose load. We analyzed blood samples for the bone turnover markers serum C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (s-CTX) and serum procollagen type I N propeptide (s-P1NP), as well as insulin, glucose, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2). Finally, eight of the twelve participants underwent a control experiment where they fasted for 3h (Control). RESULTS While OGTT induced a 50% reduction in s-CTX, only a ~30% reduction was seen during the IIGI and the Control. Neither intervention influenced s-P1NP. The concentration of insulin was highest during the OGTT. However, insulin was also increased significantly during the IIGI compared to the Control. Plasma concentrations of GIP, GLP-1 and GLP-2 were higher under the OGTT than during the IIGI and Control. A linear regression indicated that peak p-GIP significantly predicts nadir s-CTX (p=0.03), and that peak p-GIP could explain 34% of the variability in nadir s-CTX (adjusted R2=0.34). CONCLUSION This study indicates that glucose per se does not acutely affect bone turnover markers. However, gastrointestinal hormones, especially GIP, possibly in combination with hyperglycemia, may have an acute, uncoupling effect on bone turnover leading to a decrease in bone resorption but no change in bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jakob Starup-Linde
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kjeld Hermansen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and The NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and The NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Vestergaard
- Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Clinical Institute, Aalborg University and University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Søren Gregersen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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