1
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Arbour CA, Vuksanovic N, Bernstein HM, Allen KN, Imperiali B. Characterization of PglJ, a Glycosyltransferase in the Campylobacter concisus N-Linked Protein Glycosylation Pathway that Expands Glycan Diversity. Biochemistry 2024; 63:141-151. [PMID: 38110367 PMCID: PMC10873021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The Campylobacter genus of Gram-negative bacteria is characterized by the expression of N-linked protein glycosylation (pgl) pathways. As Campylobacter concisus is an emerging human pathogen, a better understanding of the variation of the biosynthetic pathways across the genus is necessary to identify the relationships between protein glycosylation and disease. The pgl pathways of C. concisus strains have been reported to diverge from other Campylobacter in steps after the biosynthesis of N-acetylgalactosamine-α1,3-N,N'-diacetylbacillosamine-α-1-diphosphate undecaprenyl (GalNAc-diNAcBac-PP-Und), which is catalyzed by PglC and PglA, a phosphoglycosyltransferase (PGT) and a glycosyltransferase (GT), respectively. Here we characterize the PglJ GTs from two strains of C. concisus. Chemical synthesis was employed to access the stereochemically defined glycan donor substrates, uridine diphosphate N-acetyl-d-galactosaminuronic acid (UDP-GalNAcA) and uridine diphosphate N-acetyl-d-glucosaminuronic acid (UDP-GlcNAcA), to allow biochemical investigation of PglJ. Evidence for the PglJ substrate specificity structural determinants for the C6″ carboxylate-containing sugar was obtained through variant-based biochemical assays. Additionally, characterization of a UDP-sugar dehydrogenase encoded in the pgl operon, which is similar to the Pseudomonas aeruginosa WbpO responsible for the oxidization of a UDP-HexNAc to UDP-HexNAcA, supports the availability of a UDP-HexNAcA substrate for a GT that incorporates the modified sugar and provides evidence for the presence of a HexNAcA in the N-linked glycan. Utilizing sequence similarity network (SSN) analysis, we identified conserved sequence motifs among PglJ glycosyltransferases, shedding light on substrate preferences and offering predictive insights into enzyme functions across the Campylobacter genus. These studies now allow detailed characterization of the later steps in the pgl pathway in C. concisus strains and provide insights into enzyme substrate specificity determinants for glycan assembly enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Arbour
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nemanja Vuksanovic
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Hannah M Bernstein
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Karen N Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Barbara Imperiali
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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2
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Reed J, Orme A, El-Demerdash A, Owen C, Martin LBB, Misra RC, Kikuchi S, Rejzek M, Martin AC, Harkess A, Leebens-Mack J, Louveau T, Stephenson MJ, Osbourn A. Elucidation of the pathway for biosynthesis of saponin adjuvants from the soapbark tree. Science 2023; 379:1252-1264. [PMID: 36952412 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf3727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The Chilean soapbark tree (Quillaja saponaria) produces soap-like molecules called QS saponins that are important vaccine adjuvants. These highly valuable compounds are sourced by extraction from the bark, and their biosynthetic pathway is unknown. Here, we sequenced the Q. saponaria genome. Through genome mining and combinatorial expression in tobacco, we identified 16 pathway enzymes that together enable the production of advanced QS pathway intermediates that represent a bridgehead for adjuvant bioengineering. We further identified the enzymes needed to make QS-7, a saponin with excellent therapeutic properties and low toxicity that is present in low abundance in Q. saponaria bark extract. Our results enable the production of Q. saponaria vaccine adjuvants in tobacco and open the way for new routes to access and engineer natural and new-to-nature immunostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Reed
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Anastasia Orme
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Charlotte Owen
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Rajesh C Misra
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Shingo Kikuchi
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Martin Rejzek
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Alex Harkess
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Jim Leebens-Mack
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Thomas Louveau
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Anne Osbourn
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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3
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Zheng Y, Zhang J, Meisner J, Li W, Luo Y, Wei F, Wen L. Cofactor-Driven Cascade Reactions Enable the Efficient Preparation of Sugar Nucleotides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202115696. [PMID: 35212445 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is catalyzed by glycosyltransferases using sugar nucleotides or occasionally lipid-linked phosphosugars as donors. However, only very few common sugar nucleotides that occur in humans can be obtained readily, while the majority of sugar nucleotides that exist in bacteria, plants, archaea, or viruses cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by either enzymatic or chemical synthesis. The limited availability of such rare sugar nucleotides is one of the major obstacles that has greatly hampered progress in glycoscience. Herein we describe a general cofactor-driven cascade conversion strategy for the efficient synthesis of sugar nucleotides. The described strategy allows the large-scale preparation of rare sugar nucleotides from common sugars in high yields and without the need for tedious purification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zheng
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jiabin Zhang
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, Guangdong, 528400, China
| | | | - Wanjin Li
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yawen Luo
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fangyu Wei
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liuqing Wen
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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4
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Wen L, Zheng Y, Zhang J, Meisner J, Li W, Luo Y, Wei F. Cofactor‐Driven Cascade Reactions Enable the Efficient Preparation of Sugar Nucleotides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liuqing Wen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Chemistry 501 Haike Road 30303 shanghai CHINA
| | - Yuan Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Carbohydrate-based drug research center CHINA
| | - Jiabinq Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Carbohydrate-based drug research center CHINA
| | | | - Wanjin Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences carbohydrate-based drug research center CHINA
| | - Yawen Luo
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences cArbohydrate-based drug research center CHINA
| | - Fangyu Wei
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences carbohydrate-based drug research center CHINA
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5
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Pandeirada CO, Merkx DWH, Janssen HG, Westphal Y, Schols HA. TEMPO/NaClO 2/NaOCl oxidation of arabinoxylans. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 259:117781. [PMID: 33674018 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
TEMPO-oxidation of neutral polysaccharides has been used to obtain polyuronides displaying improved functional properties. Although arabinoxylans (AX) from different sources may yield polyuronides with diverse properties due to their variable arabinose (Araf) substitution patterns, information of the TEMPO-oxidation of AX on its structure remains scarce. We oxidized AX using various TEMPO:NaClO2:NaOCl ratios. A TEMPO:NaClO2:NaOCl ratio of 1.0:2.6:0.4 per mol of Ara gave an oxidized-AX with high molecular weight, minimal effect on xylose appearance, and comprising charged side chains. Although NMR analyses unveiled arabinuronic acid (AraAf) as the only oxidation product in the oxidized-AX, accurate AraA quantification is still challenging. Linkage analysis showed that > 75 % of the β-(1→4)-xylan backbone remained single-substituted at position O-3 of Xyl similarly to native AX. TEMPO-oxidation of AX can be considered a promising approach to obtain arabinuronoxylans with a substitution pattern resembling its parental AX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina O Pandeirada
- Wageningen University & Research, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Donny W H Merkx
- Wageningen University & Research, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands; Unilever Foods Innovation Centre - Hive, Bronland 14, 6708 WH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans-Gerd Janssen
- Unilever Foods Innovation Centre - Hive, Bronland 14, 6708 WH Wageningen, the Netherlands; Wageningen University & Research, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, P.O. Box 8026, 6700 EG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Westphal
- Unilever Foods Innovation Centre - Hive, Bronland 14, 6708 WH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henk A Schols
- Wageningen University & Research, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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6
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Wagstaff BA, Rejzek M, Kuhaudomlarp S, Hill L, Mascia I, Nepogodiev SA, Dorfmueller HC, Field RA. Discovery of an RmlC/D fusion protein in the microalga Prymnesium parvum and its implications for NDP-β-l-rhamnose biosynthesis in microalgae. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:9172-9185. [PMID: 31010825 PMCID: PMC6556577 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The 6-deoxy sugar l-rhamnose (l-Rha) is found widely in plant and microbial polysaccharides and natural products. The importance of this and related compounds in host-pathogen interactions often means that l-Rha plays an essential role in many organisms. l-Rha is most commonly biosynthesized as the activated sugar nucleotide uridine 5'-diphospho-β-l-rhamnose (UDP-β-l-Rha) or thymidine 5'-diphospho-β-l-rhamnose (TDP-β-l-Rha). Enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of these sugar nucleotides have been studied in some detail in bacteria and plants, but the activated form of l-Rha and the corresponding biosynthetic enzymes have yet to be explored in algae. Here, using sugar-nucleotide profiling in two representative algae, Euglena gracilis and the toxin-producing microalga Prymnesium parvum, we show that levels of UDP- and TDP-activated l-Rha differ significantly between these two algal species. Using bioinformatics and biochemical methods, we identified and characterized a fusion of the RmlC and RmlD proteins, two bacteria-like enzymes involved in TDP-β-l-Rha biosynthesis, from P. parvum Using this new sequence and also others, we explored l-Rha biosynthesis among algae, finding that although most algae contain sequences orthologous to plant-like l-Rha biosynthesis machineries, instances of the RmlC-RmlD fusion protein identified here exist across the Haptophyta and Gymnodiniaceae families of microalgae. On the basis of these findings, we propose potential routes for the evolution of nucleoside diphosphate β-l-Rha (NDP-β-l-Rha) pathways among algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Wagstaff
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.,Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Martin Rejzek
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Sakonwan Kuhaudomlarp
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.,Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Lionel Hill
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Ilaria Mascia
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Sergey A Nepogodiev
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Helge C Dorfmueller
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Robert A Field
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom,
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7
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Omri M, Becuwe M, Davoisne C, Pourceau G, Wadouachi A. Nitroxide supported on nanometric metal oxides as new hybrid catalysts for selective sugar oxidation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 536:526-535. [PMID: 30388530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A new series of supported organocatalysts, prepared by a simple method, were used for selective sugar oxidation. This approach is based on the immobilization of a nitroxide derivative through a carboxylic function on nanometric metal oxides (TiO2, Al2O3 and CeO2), allowing the recovery of the catalyst. These hybrid materials were carefully characterized by Diffuse Reflectance FT-IR spectroscopy (DRIFT), ThermoGravimetric Analysis (TGA), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmet-Teller surface area measurements (B.E.T.), elemental and electrochemical analyses, showing different characteristics and behaviors depending on the nature of the metal oxide used. The activity of the supported nitroxide catalyst was evaluated on methyl α-d-glucoside oxidation, used as model reaction. In all cases, high catalytic activity was highlighted, with up to 25 times less nitroxyl radical required for complete conversion than under homogeneous conditions. The influence of several experimental conditions such as the use of phosphate buffer and recyclability of the catalyst were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Omri
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A), UMR CNRS 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), 33 rue Saint-Leu, 800039 Amiens, France; Institut de Chimie de Picardie (ICP), FR CNRS 3085, Amiens, France
| | - Matthieu Becuwe
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et Chimie des Solide (LRCS), UMR CNRS 7314, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint-Leu, 800039 Amiens, France; Institut de Chimie de Picardie (ICP), FR CNRS 3085, Amiens, France.
| | - Carine Davoisne
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et Chimie des Solide (LRCS), UMR CNRS 7314, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint-Leu, 800039 Amiens, France; Institut de Chimie de Picardie (ICP), FR CNRS 3085, Amiens, France
| | - Gwladys Pourceau
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A), UMR CNRS 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), 33 rue Saint-Leu, 800039 Amiens, France; Institut de Chimie de Picardie (ICP), FR CNRS 3085, Amiens, France
| | - Anne Wadouachi
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A), UMR CNRS 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), 33 rue Saint-Leu, 800039 Amiens, France; Institut de Chimie de Picardie (ICP), FR CNRS 3085, Amiens, France.
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8
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Yadav M, Liotta CL, Krishnamurthy R. Effect of temperature modulations on TEMPO-mediated regioselective oxidation of unprotected carbohydrates and nucleosides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2759-2765. [PMID: 29433926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Regioselective oxidation of unprotected and partially protected oligosaccharides is a much sought-after goal. Herein, we report a notable improvement in the efficiency of TEMPO-catalyzed oxidation by modulating the temperature of the reaction. Mono-, di-, and tri-saccharides are oxidized regioselectively in yields of 75 to 92%. The present method is simple to implement and is also applicable for selective oxidations of other mono- and poly-hydroxy compounds including unprotected and partially protected nucleosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahipal Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States; NSF-NASA Center for Chemical Evolution, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Charles L Liotta
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States; NSF-NASA Center for Chemical Evolution, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States.
| | - Ramanarayanan Krishnamurthy
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States; NSF-NASA Center for Chemical Evolution, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States.
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9
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Exploring the Glycans of Euglena gracilis. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:biology6040045. [PMID: 29244725 PMCID: PMC5745450 DOI: 10.3390/biology6040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Euglena gracilis is an alga of great biotechnological interest and extensive metabolic capacity, able to make high levels of bioactive compounds, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins and β-glucan. Previous work has shown that Euglena expresses a wide range of carbohydrate-active enzymes, suggesting an unexpectedly high capacity for the synthesis of complex carbohydrates for a single-celled organism. Here, we present an analysis of some of the carbohydrates synthesised by Euglena gracilis. Analysis of the sugar nucleotide pool showed that there are the substrates necessary for synthesis of complex polysaccharides, including the unusual sugar galactofuranose. Lectin- and antibody-based profiling of whole cells and extracted carbohydrates revealed a complex galactan, xylan and aminosugar based surface. Protein N-glycan profiling, however, indicated that just simple high mannose-type glycans are present and that they are partially modified with putative aminoethylphosphonate moieties. Together, these data indicate that Euglena possesses a complex glycan surface, unrelated to plant cell walls, while its protein glycosylation is simple. Taken together, these findings suggest that Euglena gracilis may lend itself to the production of pharmaceutical glycoproteins.
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10
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Zamora CY, Schocker NS, Chang MM, Imperiali B. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis and Applications of Prokaryote-Specific UDP-Sugars. Methods Enzymol 2017; 597:145-186. [PMID: 28935101 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This method describes the chemoenzymatic synthesis of several nucleotide sugars, which are essential substrates in the biosynthesis of prokaryotic N- and O-linked glycoproteins. Protein glycosylation is now known to be widespread in prokaryotes and proceeds via sequential action of several enzymes, utilizing both common and modified prokaryote-specific sugar nucleotides. The latter, which include UDP-hexoses such as UDP-diNAc-bacillosamine (UDP-diNAcBac), UDP-diNAcAlt, and UDP-2,3-diNAcManA, are also important components of other bacterial and archaeal glycoconjugates. The ready availability of these "high-value" intermediates will enable courses of study into inhibitor screening, glycoconjugate biosynthesis pathway discovery, and unnatural carbohydrate incorporation toward metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michelle M Chang
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Barbara Imperiali
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States.
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11
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Abstract
Sugar nucleotides are essential building blocks for the glycobiology of all living organisms. Detailed information on the types of sugar nucleotides present in a particular cell and how they change as a function of metabolic, developmental, or disease status is vital. The extraction, identification, and quantification of sugar nucleotides in a given sample present formidable challenges. In this chapter, currently used techniques for sugar nucleotide extraction from cells, separation from complex biological matrices, and detection by optical and mass spectrometry methods are discussed.
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12
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Huhta E, Parjanen A, Mikkola S. A kinetic study on the chemical cleavage of nucleoside diphosphate sugars. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:696-703. [PMID: 20138257 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside diphosphate sugars serve in essential roles in metabolic processes. They have, therefore, been used in mechanistic studies on glycosylation reactions, and their analogues have been synthesised as enzyme and receptor inhibitors. Despite extensive biochemical research, little is known about their chemical reactions. In the present work the chemical cleavage of two different types of nucleoside diphosphate sugars has been studied. UDP-Glc is phosphorylated at the anomeric carbon, whereas in ADP-Rib C-1 is unsubstituted, allowing hence the equilibrium between cyclic hemiacetal and acyclic carbonyl forms. Due to the structural difference, these substrates react via different pathways under slightly alkaline conditions: while UDP-Glc reacts exclusively by a nucleophilic attack of a glucose hydroxyl group on the diphosphate moiety, ADP-Rib undergoes a complex reaction sequence that involves isomerisation processes of the acyclic ribose sugar and results in a release of ADP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eija Huhta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
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13
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Hirota M, Tamura N, Saito T, Isogai A. Oxidation of regenerated cellulose with NaClO2 catalyzed by TEMPO and NaClO under acid-neutral conditions. Carbohydr Polym 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Larkin A, Imperiali B. Biosynthesis of UDP-GlcNAc(3NAc)A by WbpB, WbpE, and WbpD: enzymes in the Wbp pathway responsible for O-antigen assembly in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Biochemistry 2009; 48:5446-55. [PMID: 19348502 DOI: 10.1021/bi900186u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The B-band O-antigen of the lipopolysaccharide found in the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 (serotype O5) comprises a repeating trisaccharide unit that is critical for virulence and protection from host defense systems. One of the carbohydrates in this repeating unit, the rare diacetylated aminuronic acid derivative 2,3-diacetamido-2,3-dideoxy-beta-d-mannuronic acid (ManNAc(3NAc)A), is thought to be produced by five enzymes (WbpA, WbpB, WbpE, WbpD, and WbpI) in a stepwise manner starting from UDP-GlcNAc. Although the genes responsible for the biosynthesis of this sugar are known, only two of the five encoded proteins (WbpA and WbpI) have been thoroughly investigated. In this report, we describe the cloning, overexpression, purification, and biochemical characterization of the three central enzymes in this pathway, WbpB, WbpE, and WbpD. Using a combination of capillary electrophoresis, RP-HPLC, and NMR spectroscopy, we show that WbpB and WbpE are a dehydrogenase/aminotransferase pair that converts UDP-GlcNAcA to UDP-GlcNAc(3NH(2))A in a coupled reaction via a unique NAD(+) recycling pathway. In addition, we confirm that WbpD catalyzes the acetylation of UDP-GlcNAc(3NH(2))A to give UDP-GlcNAc(3NAc)A. Notably, WbpA, WbpB, WbpE, WbpD, and WbpI can be combined in vitro to generate UDP-ManNAc(3NAc)A in a single reaction vessel, thereby providing supplies of this complex glycosyl donor for future studies of lipopolysaccharide assembly. This work completes the biochemical characterization of the enzymes in this pathway and provides novel targets for potential therapeutics to combat infections with drug resistant P. aeruginosa strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelyn Larkin
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge,Massachusetts 02139, USA
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15
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Wagner GK, Pesnot T, Field RA. A survey of chemical methods for sugar-nucleotide synthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 26:1172-94. [PMID: 19693414 DOI: 10.1039/b909621n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerd K Wagner
- School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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16
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Rejzek M, Sri Kannathasan V, Wing C, Preston A, Westman EL, Lam JS, Naismith JH, Maskell DJ, Field RA. Chemical synthesis of UDP-Glc-2,3-diNAcA, a key intermediate in cell surface polysaccharide biosynthesis in the human respiratory pathogens B. pertussis and P. aeruginosa. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:1203-10. [PMID: 19262941 DOI: 10.1039/b819607a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In connection with studies on lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in respiratory pathogens we had a need to access potential biosynthetic intermediate sugar nucleotides. Herein we report the chemical synthesis of uridine 5'-diphospho 2,3-diacetamido-2,3-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucuronic acid (UDP-Glc-2,3-diNAcA) (1) from N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in 17 steps and approximately 9% overall yield. This compound has proved invaluable in the elucidation of biosynthetic pathways leading to the formation of 2,3-diacetamido-2,3-dideoxy-D-mannuronic acid-containing polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rejzek
- School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK NR4 7TJ
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17
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Collier A, Wagner GK. A fast synthetic route to GDP-sugars modified at the nucleobase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:178-80. [PMID: 18092079 DOI: 10.1039/b714379f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The direct structural modification of GDP-mannose via the bromination and Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of the unprotected sugar-nucleotide, to produce 8-substituted fluorescent analogues of GDP-mannose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Collier
- Centre for Carbohydrate Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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Sismey-Ragatz AE, Green DE, Otto NJ, Rejzek M, Field RA, DeAngelis PL. Chemoenzymatic synthesis with distinct Pasteurella heparosan synthases: monodisperse polymers and unnatural structures. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:28321-28327. [PMID: 17627940 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701599200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparosan (-GlcUA-beta1,4-GlcNAc-alpha1,4-)(n) is a member of the glycosaminoglycan polysaccharide family found in the capsule of certain pathogenic bacteria as well as the precursor for the vertebrate polymers, heparin and heparan sulfate. The two heparosan synthases from the Gram-negative bacteria Pasteurella multocida, PmHS1 and PmHS2, were efficiently expressed and purified using maltose-binding protein fusion constructs. These relatively homologous synthases displayed distinct catalytic characteristics. PmHS1, but not PmHS2, was able to produce large molecular mass (100-800 kDa) monodisperse polymers in synchronized, stoichiometrically controlled reactions in vitro. PmHS2, but not PmHS1, was able to utilize many unnatural UDP-sugar analogs (including substrates with acetamido-containing uronic acids or longer acyl chain hexosamine derivatives) in vitro. Overall these findings reveal potential differences in the active sites of these two Pasteurella enzymes. In the future, these catalysts should allow the creation of a variety of heparosan and heparinoids with utility for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Sismey-Ragatz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Dixy E Green
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Nigel J Otto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Martin Rejzek
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul L DeAngelis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104.
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