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Vineetha VP, Suresh K, Pillai D. Impact of sub-chronic polystyrene nanoplastics exposure on hematology, histology, and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related protein expression in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 273:110982. [PMID: 38688406 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.110982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Nanoplastics (NPs) are one of the most hazardous marine litters, having the potential to cause far-reaching impacts on the environment and humankind. The effect of NPs on fish health has been studied, but their impact on the subcellular organelles remains unexplored. The present investigation studied the possible implications of polystyrene-nanoplastics (PS-NPs) on the hematology, tissue organization, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related proteins in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish were exposed to ∼100 nm PS-NPs at environmentally relevant (0.1 mg/L), and sublethal (1, 10 mg/L) concentrations for 14 days through water exposure. The growth performance and hematological parameters such as erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and leucocytes decreased, while thrombocytes increased with PS-NPs dose-dependently. The gills, liver, kidney, and heart tissues displayed increasing degrees of pathology with increased concentrations of PS-NPs. The gills showed severe epithelial hyperplasia and lamellar fusion. The liver had an abstruse cellular framework, membrane breakage, and vacuolation. While glomerular and tubular atrophy was the most prominent pathology in the kidney tissue, the heart displayed extensive myofibrillar loss and disorderly arranged cardiac cells. The ER-stress-related genes such as bip, atf6, ire1, xbp1, pkr, and apoptotic genes such as casp3a, and bax were over-expressed, while, the anti-apoptotic bcl2 was under-expressed with increasing concentrations of PS-NPs. Immunohistochemistry and blotting results of GRP78, CHOP, EIF2S, and ATF6 in gills, liver, kidney, and heart tissues affirmed the translation to ER stress proteins. The results revealed the sub-lethal adverse effects and the activation of the ER-stress pathway in fish with sub-chronic exposure to PS-NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadavanath Prabhakaran Vineetha
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi 682506, Kerala, India.
| | - Kummari Suresh
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi 682506, Kerala, India
| | - Devika Pillai
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi 682506, Kerala, India.
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Vineetha VP, Tejaswi HN, Sooraj NS, Das S, Pillai D. Implications of deltamethrin on hematology, cardiac pathology, and gene expression in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and its possible amelioration with Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus). Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:811-826. [PMID: 37930611 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10251-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Deltamethrin (DM) is one of the extensively used pyrethroids for controlling ectoparasites. Unfortunately, DM is highly toxic to fish as it primarily targets the sodium channels of the plasma membrane thereby affecting their cardiac and nervous systems. The present study investigated the protective efficacy of Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) against DM-induced cardiotoxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The fish were segregated into nine groups having 36 fish/group maintained in triplicates exposed to DM (1 µg/L) and fed with a diet containing three different concentrations (10 g, 20 g, and 30 g/kg feed) of aqueous extract of A. racemosus (ARE) for 21 days. DM caused significant alterations in the blood and serum parameters, and expression of cardiac and apoptotic genes compared to the control group. The ARE cotreatment significantly reduced the increase in serum transaminases, creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase levels induced by DM. ARE facilitated the regain of electrolyte (sodium, potassium, chloride) homeostasis and antioxidants such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione in DM-exposed fish. The cardiac histology exhibited loose separation of the cardiomyocytes and myofibrillar loss in the DM group which was ameliorated in the DM-ARE cotreatment group. Significant modulations were observed in the expression of cardiac-specific genes (gata4, myh6, tnT, cox1) and apoptosis signaling genes and proteins (HSP70, bax, bcl-2, caspase3), in the cotreatment group compared to the DM-exposed group. The current study suggests that ARE possesses potential cardioprotective properties that are effective in mitigating the toxic effects induced by DM via ameliorating oxidative stress, electrolyte imbalance, and apoptosis in tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadavanath Prabhakaran Vineetha
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, Kerala, 682 506, India
| | - Hemla Naik Tejaswi
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, Kerala, 682 506, India
| | - Nediyirippil Suresh Sooraj
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, Kerala, 682 506, India
| | - Sweta Das
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, Kerala, 682 506, India
| | - Devika Pillai
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, Kerala, 682 506, India.
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Farag MR, Zheng C, Gharib HSA, EL-Hady E, Mahdy EAA, Abo-Elmaaty AMA, Abou-Zeid SM, Alagawany M, Di Cerbo A, Azzam MM, Al-Abdullatif AA, Hassan MA. Physiological and Neurobehavioral Disturbances Induced by Al 2O 3 Nanoparticle Intoxication in Nile Tilapia Fish: Benefits of Dietary Chamomile Essential Oil. Aquac Nutr 2023; 2023:6700708. [PMID: 37303607 PMCID: PMC10257550 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6700708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the usage of nanoparticles (NPs) is rapidly increasing, several experts have noted the risk of their release into ecosystems and their potential negative impacts on biological systems. However, the available studies on the neurobehavioral impacts of aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3NPs) on aquatic organisms are little. Hence, this study targeted to ascertain the harmful effects of Al2O3NPs on behavioral characteristics and genotoxic and oxidative damages in Nile tilapia fish. In addition, the beneficial role of chamomile essential oil (CEO) supplementation in reducing these effects was also investigated. In the current study, fish were distributed into 4 equal groups (n = 60 fish per group). The control group was fed a plain diet only, the CEO group received a basic diet complemented with CEO at a level of 2 mg/kg diet, the ALNP group received a basic diet and was exposed to an approximate concentration of 1/10th LC50 of ALNPs nearly 5.08 mg/L, and the combination group (ALNPs/CEO group) received a basal diet coadministered with ALNPs and CEO at the aforementioned percentages. The findings revealed that O. niloticus exhibit neurobehavioral changes along with changes in the level of GABA, monoamines in the brain tissue, and serum amino acid neurotransmitters, besides a reduction of AChE and Na+/K+-ATPase activities. In addition to brain tissue oxidative damage with upregulation of proinflammatory and stress genes, such as HSP70 and caspase-3, supplementation of CEO significantly reduced the negative impacts of ALNPs. These results showed that CEO has neuroprotective, antioxidant, genoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties in fish that have been exposed to ALNPs. Therefore, we advise its usage as a valuable addition to fish diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayada R. Farag
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Chuntian Zheng
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, 510640 Guangzhou, China
| | - Heba S. A. Gharib
- Behaviour and Management of Animal, Poultry and Aquatics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
| | - Enas EL-Hady
- Anatomy and Embryology Department Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Eman A. A. Mahdy
- Anatomy and Embryology Department Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Azza M. A. Abo-Elmaaty
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Shimaa M. Abou-Zeid
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 6012201, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Alessandro Di Cerbo
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | - Mahmoud M. Azzam
- Department of Animal Production College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz A. Al-Abdullatif
- Department of Animal Production College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona A. Hassan
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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Zuo Z, Wang Q, Zhang C, Zou J. Single and combined effects of microplastics and cadmium on juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 261:109424. [PMID: 35918021 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) have received extensive attention as a new type of environmental pollutants with potential ecological risks. However, there are still few studies on the physiological stress response of aquatic organisms under the interaction of MPs and heavy metals. In this study, grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) were chosen as experimental fish and were exposed to 5 μm polystyrene microplastics (PS - MPs, 700 μg/L) and cadmium (Cd, 100 μg/L) individually or in combination. The results indicated that the presence of Cd didn't affect the accumulation of MPs in the intestines of grass carp. On the contrary, the concentration of Cd in the intestines of grass carp was higher in the MPs - Cd combined exposure group than in the Cd alone exposure group. Histological analysis revealed multiple abnormalities in the intestines after acute exposure, and the damage in the MPs - Cd combined exposure group was particularly severe. After 24 h of exposure, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was significantly up-regulated in all exposed groups. However, after 48 h of exposure, the expression of inflammatory cytokines was significantly down-regulated, which may be related to intestinal damage. Our results deepen the significance of toxicological studies of MPs exposure, highlight their interaction with heavy metal toxicants, and provide important data for assessing the risk of MPs and heavy metals to grass carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Zuo
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qiujie Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chaonan Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Jixing Zou
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Liu D, Cheng Y, Mei X, Xie Y, Tang Z, Liu J, Cao X. Mechanisms of acrolein induces toxicity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells: Oxidative stress, DNA damage response, and apoptosis. Environ Toxicol 2022; 37:708-719. [PMID: 34908224 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Acrolein is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant that produced by the incomplete combustion of cigarette smoke, forest fires, petroleum fuels, plastic materials, and cooking fumes. Inhalation is a common form of people exposure to acrolein, increasing evidence demonstrates that acrolein impairs the cardiovascular system by targeting vascular endothelial cells. However, the molecular mechanism of the cytotoxicity of acrolein exposure on vascular endothelial cells remains unclear. This work focused on the toxicity of acrolein on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The molecular mechanism was studied based on oxidative stress, DNA damage response (DDR), and mitochondrial apoptosis pathways. After HUVECs were treated with 12.5, 25, and 50 μM acrolein for 24 h, cell viability, cell colony formation, mitochondrial membrane potential, and adenosine triphosphate content significantly reduced, and acrolein increased intracellular reactive oxygen species, apoptosis rate, and 8-hydroxy-2 deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) level. Furthermore, p38MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathways were activated in response to oxidative stress. Moreover, acrolein induced G0/G1phase arrest, promoted the expression of γ-H2AX, activated the DDR signaling pathway (Ataxia-Telangiectasia-Mutated [ATM] and Rad-3-related/Chk1 and ATM/Chk2), and triggered the consequent cell cycle checkpoints. Finally, the protein expression of Bax/Bcl-2 and cleaved Caspase-3 was up-regulated, suggesting apoptosis was induced by triggering the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. All these results indicated that acrolein induced HUVECs cytotoxicity by regulating oxidative stress, DNA damage, and apoptosis. This study provides a novel perspective on the mechanism of acrolein-induced cardiovascular toxicity, it will be helpful for the prevention of acrolein-induced cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ye Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xueying Mei
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanzhen Xie
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhipeng Tang
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianli Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiangyu Cao
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
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Temiz Ö, Kargın F. Toxicological Impacts on Antioxidant Responses, Stress Protein, and Genotoxicity Parameters of Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles in the Liver of Oreochromis niloticus. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:1339-1346. [PMID: 34021468 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02723-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the toxic effects of aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs) on oxidative stress, stress protein, and genotoxicity parameters in Oreochromis niloticus. Ninety-six-hour LC50 value of Al2O3 NPs was found as 52.4 ppm for O. niloticus. The fish were exposed to 2.6 ppm (5% of the 96-h LC50) and 5.2 ppm (10% of the 96-h LC50) for 3 days and 7 days. Various biochemical parameters, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities, glutathione (GSH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70; stress protein), and genotoxicity biomarker 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels, were determined. Results showed that antioxidant enzymes were significantly decreased in SOD, CAT, and GPx enzyme activity, but GST enzyme activity was significantly increased in 7 days. The oxidative stress parameters, GSH levels, were significantly decreased while 8-OHdG and TBARS levels were increased in 3 and 7 days. HSP70 levels were decreased in the concentrations of Al2O3 NPs and exposure times. Our results showed that as a result of changes in oxidative stress parameters, stress protein, and genotoxicity parameters, O. niloticus liver tissue is highly sensitive and toxic to aluminum oxide nanoparticle exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Temiz
- Vocational School of Health Services, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, 80000, Osmaniye, Turkey.
| | - Ferit Kargın
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Çukurova University, 01330, Adana, Turkey
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Mihailovic V, Katanic Stankovic JS, Selakovic D, Rosic G. An Overview of the Beneficial Role of Antioxidants in the Treatment of Nanoparticle-Induced Toxicities. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2021; 2021:7244677. [PMID: 34820054 PMCID: PMC8608524 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7244677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are used in many products and materials for humans such as electronics, in medicine for drug delivery, as biosensors, in biotechnology, and in agriculture, as ingredients in cosmetics and food supplements. Besides that, NPs may display potentially hazardous properties on human health and the environment as a consequence of their abundant use in life nowadays. Hence, there is increased interest of researchers to provide possible therapeutic agents or dietary supplements for the amelioration of NP-induced toxicity. This review summarizes the new findings in the research of the use of antioxidants as supplements for the prevention and alleviation of harmful effects caused by exposure of organisms to NPs. Also, mechanisms involved in the formation of NP-induced oxidative stress and protective mechanisms using different antioxidant substances have also been elaborated. This review also highlights the potential of naturally occurring antioxidants for the enhancement of the antioxidant defense systems in the prevention and mitigation of organism damage caused by NP-induced oxidative stress. Based on the presented results of the most recent studies, it may be concluded that the role of antioxidants in the prevention and treatment of nanoparticle-induced toxicity is unimpeachable. This is particularly important in terms of oxidative stress suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Mihailovic
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Radoja Domanovica 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena S. Katanic Stankovic
- University of Kragujevac, Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, Department of Science, Jovana Cvijica bb, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dragica Selakovic
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Gvozden Rosic
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
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Yuan Y, Wang Z, Nan B, Yang C, Wang M, Ye H, Xi C, Zhang Y, Yan H. Salidroside alleviates liver inflammation in furan-induced mice by regulating oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Toxicology 2021; 461:152905. [PMID: 34450210 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Furan is a genotoxic and carcinogenic toxicant formed during the food thermal processing. Our previous studies confirmed that salidroside (SAL) displayed excellent protective effects against furan-induced hepatotoxicity and inflammation, whereas the underlying mechanism was still unclear. In the current study, Balb/c mice were divided to the control group (CON), the furan model group (FUR8, 8 mg/kg BW furan for 30 days) and SAL intervention groups (SAL10/20/40, 8 mg/kg BW furan for 30 days + 10/20/40 mg/kg BW SAL from day 16 to day 30). The alleviative effects and the mechanisms of SAL against furan-induced liver inflammation in mice were investigated through oxidative stress (OS) and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). Liver metabonomics data, molecular docking and Western-blotting results implied that SAL suppressed the activity and the high expression of hepatic CYP2E1, and alleviated liver OS induced by furan. Levels of key markers (GRP78, CHOP and Caspase-12) of ERS and proteins in IRE1α pathway of the UPR branch increased by furan were prominently reduced after SAL treatment. Levels of phosphorylated proteins JNK, ERK, p38, IKKα/β, IκB and p65 in MAPK and NF-κB pathways were also suppressed by SAL. We further confirmed that SAL inhibited furan-induced inflammation by reducing the levels of NLRP3, ASC, Cleaved Caspase-1 and IL-1β and decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our results shed light into the alleviating mechanisms behind furan-induced liver inflammation, and suggested that SAL inhibited OS, ERS and related MAPK and NF-κB pathways and therefore inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which may be its potential mechanism of alleviating liver inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Ziyue Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Bo Nan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Chaoyue Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Minghua Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Haiqing Ye
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Chunyu Xi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Haiyang Yan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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