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Zhang B, Meng F, Li D. Intermediates formed during natural attenuation of C9 aromatics under simulated marine conditions: Identification, transformation pathway, and toxicity to microalgae. Environ Res 2022; 206:112558. [PMID: 34932976 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
C9 aromatics - benzene hydrocarbon containing nine carbon atoms among - leakage accident has caused serious damage to the marine ecology near Quangang District, Fujian Province, China. The ecological restoration of the accident sea area is basically realized through natural attenuation. To determine whether the natural attenuation of C9 aromatics in the marine environment will generate highly toxic intermediates, and thus cause more serious harm to marine ecology, the intermediates of C9 aromatics (n-propylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, 2-ethyltoluene, 3-ethyltoluene, 4-ethyltoluene, 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, and indene) in the process of natural attenuation were studied under the marine conditions simulated by a microcosm. The acute toxic effects of 12 intermediates with longer residual time on Phaeodactylum tricornutum were also ascertained. Twenty natural attenuation intermediates of C9 aromatics were identified. These products primarily include the derivatives of phenols, aromatic alcohols, aromatic aldehydes, aromatic ketones, and aromatic acids, as well as an aromatic lactone compound. No intermediates of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene and indene during the attenuation process were determined. The indirect photooxidation initiated by hydroxyl radical might play an essential role in the formation of intermediates of C9 aromatic. Based on the 96-h EC50 values for P. tricornutum, the toxicity of the 12 intermediates, in descending order, was: 4-ethylphenol, 2-methylacetophenone, 2,3-dimethylbenzyl alcohol, 4-methylacetophenone, 3-methylacetophenone, 1-phenyl-1-propanol, 1-(2-methylphenyl) ethanol, 2-phenyl-2-propanol, 3,4-dimethylbenzoic acid, 2,4-dimethylbenzoic acid, 2,5-dimethylbenzoic acid, then 4-tolylacetic acid. The 96-h EC50 values of the intermediates of C9 aromatics to P. tricornutum ranged from 8.4 to 199.1 mg/L, which were lower than that of their corresponding parent compound. The findings provided essential fundamental insights for the assessment of marine environmental risk of C9 aromatics leakage accidents, and subsequent emergency disposal countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Shandong Province, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Fanping Meng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Shandong Province, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Dawei Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Shandong Province, Qingdao, PR China
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Yang B, Yin C, Zhang Y, Xing G, Wang S, Li F, Aschner M, Lu R. OUP accepted manuscript. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2022; 11:374-384. [PMID: 35510234 PMCID: PMC9052317 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfac011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as the third gasotransmitter participates in both cellular physiological and pathological processes, including chemical-induced injuries. We recently reported acute acrylonitrile (AN) treatment inhibited endogenous H2S biosynthesis pathway in rat and astrocyte models. However, there is still no evidence to address the correlation between endogenous H2S and sub-chronic AN exposure. Objectives This study aims to explore the modulatory effects of prolonged AN exposure on endogenous H2S levels and its biosynthetic enzymes in rat blood, brain and liver. Methods A total of 50 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, including the control group and AN-treated groups at dosages of 6.25, 12.5, 25 or 50 mg/kg. Rats received one exposure/day, 5 days/week, for 4 consecutive weeks. The rat bodyweight and brain/liver organ coefficient were detected, along with liver cytochrome P450 2E1(CYP2E1) expression. In addition, the H2S contents in rat serum and plasma, and in cerebral cortex and liver tissues were measured by methylene blue method. The expression of H2S-generating enzymes, including cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MPST) was also measured with Western blot both in rat cerebral cortex and liver. Results Subchronic exposure to AN significantly inhibited bodyweight-gain and increased the liver CYP2E1 expression compared with the control. In addition, AN significantly increased H2S levels in rat plasma and serum, but not in liver. The endogenous H2S level in rat cerebral cortex was also significantly increased upon AN treatment, when expression of the major H2S-generating enzymes, CBS and 3-MPST were significantly enhanced. However, hepatic protein levels of CBS and CSE were significantly increased, whereas hepatic levels of 3-MPST were significantly decreased. Conclusion This study showed that sub-chronic AN exposure increased endogenous H2S contents in rat blood and brain tissues, but not liver, which may be resulted from the distinct expression profile of H2S-producing enzymes in response to AN. The blood H2S contents may be applied as a potential novel biomarker for surveillance of chronically AN-exposed populations. Highlights Subchronic intraperitoneal exposure to acrylonitrile increased H2S content in rat blood and cerebral cortex, but not in liver.Distinct tissue expression profiles of H2S-producing enzymes contribute to the acrylonitrile-induced differential effects on the H2S level.Blood H2S level may be a biomarker for subchronic exposure to acrylonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobo Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Changsheng Yin
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Guangwei Xing
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Suhua Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Rongzhu Lu
- Corresponding author: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
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Wang X, Li Y, Wei S, Pan L, Miao J, Lin Y, Wu J. Toxicity evaluation of butyl acrylate on the photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and oxygen evolution activity of Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Platymonas subcordiformis. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:60954-60967. [PMID: 34169413 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Butyl acrylate is a hazardous and noxious substance (HNS) listed in the top 50 chemicals that is most likely to be involved in HNS spilling incident. At present, information about toxicity effect of butyl acrylate on marine organisms was insufficient, especially on marine microalgae. Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum) and Platymonas subcordiformis (P. subcordiformis) were used as test organism to evaluate the toxic effect of butyl acrylate on their photosynthetic system. Results showed that chlorophyll a (Chl-a) content, the net photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate (NOR), and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters including maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), electron transfer rate (ETR), photochemical quenching (qP), and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) were all stimulated in the toxic dose of 5,10, and 25 mg/L while those were significantly inhibited in the highest concentration of 25 mg/L groups after 96 h. Meanwhile, it was also found that Fv/Fm would be a suitable indicator for evaluating the toxicity of butyl acrylate on the photosynthetic system of two marine microalgae according to the analysis of Pearson correlation coefficient and integrated biomarker response (IBR). Once butyl acrylate enters the marine ecosystem, the toxicity data obtained in this study could be used as a reference for evaluating the effect of butyl acrylate on the photosynthetic capacity of marine microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufen Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China.
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Shouxiang Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Luqing Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jingjing Miao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yufei Lin
- National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, State Oceanic Administration, People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100194, China
| | - Jiangyue Wu
- National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, State Oceanic Administration, People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100194, China
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Li D, Wu J, Liu J, Li A, Meng F. Natural attenuation characteristics and comprehensive toxicity changes of C9 aromatics under simulated marine conditions. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 109:26-35. [PMID: 34607671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microcosmic experiments were performed under a simulated marine environment to investigate the natural attenuation of C9 aromatics using nine components (propylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, 2-ethyltoluene, 3-ethyltoluene, 4-ethyltoluene, 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, and indene). This research aims to assess the contribution of biodegradation and abiotic activity to total attenuation of C9 aromatics and ascertain the changes in the comprehensive toxicity of seawater in the natural environment. The process of natural attenuation indicates the agreement with pseudo-first-order kinetics for all nine components in microcosmic experiments. The half-lives of the nine main compounds in C9 aromatics ranged between 0.34 day and 0.44 day under optimal conditions. The experiments showed that the natural attenuation of nine aromatic hydrocarbons mainly occurred via abiotic processes. Seawater samples significantly inhibited the luminescence of P. phosphoreum (the luminescence inhibition ratio reached 100%) at the beginning of the experiment. In addition, the toxicity declined slowly and continued for 25 days. The attenuation kinetics and changes in toxicity could be applied to explore the natural attenuation of C9 aromatics in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jiangyue Wu
- National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, Ministry of Natural Resource of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100194, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Aifeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Fanping Meng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
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Wang X, Miao J, Pan L, Li Y, Lin Y, Wu J. Toxicity effects of p-choroaniline on the growth, photosynthesis, respiration capacity and antioxidant enzyme activities of a diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutu. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 169:654-661. [PMID: 30496998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The environmental risk issues of p-choroaniline have been concerned by the widespread application and transportation of this important chemical intermediate. The information about the toxicity of p-chloroaniline was mainly concentrated on freshwater organisms while the current knowledge on marine organisms was scarce yet. In this study, acute toxicity and toxic physiology characteristic of p-chloroaniline to Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum) were first determined. In the acute experiments, the effect of the p-choroaniline to P. tricornutum showed time- and dose-dependent response, which the half maximum effective concentration (EC50) at 24 h, 48 h and 96 h was 35.35, 20.10 and 10.00 mgL-1, respectively. Toxic physiology assays in P. tricornutum indicated that the p-choroaniline induced significant changes of photosynthetic pigments (Chl-a, Chl-b, Caro, Chl-a/b and Chl-(a+b)/Caro), Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, ETR, qP and NPQ), rates of photosynthetic O2 release and respiration O2 consumption, and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT). The obvious decrease of Fv/Fm, ETR and chl-a in low p-choroaniline treatments (≤ 5.00 mgL-1) compared with the control could be observed, which implied that these parameters could be taken as sensitive indicators for the environmental assessment. Meanwhile, the activities of SOD and CAT significant increase in p-choroaniline stress after 24 h and the extent of the increase has fallen after 96 h. These toxicity data obtained here might provide available basic data for the ecological risk assessment of p-choroaniline pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufen Wang
- The key laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shangdong p, China
| | - Jingjing Miao
- The key laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shangdong p, China
| | - Luqing Pan
- The key laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shangdong p, China
| | - Yun Li
- The key laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shangdong p, China.
| | - Yufei Lin
- National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, State Ocean Administration, People's Republic of China, Beijing 100194, China
| | - Jiangyue Wu
- National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, State Ocean Administration, People's Republic of China, Beijing 100194, China
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Kim YR, Lee M, Jung JY, Kim TW, Kim D. Initial environmental risk assessment of hazardous and noxious substances (HNS) spill accidents to mitigate its damages. Mar Pollut Bull 2019; 139:205-213. [PMID: 30686420 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a system was established to perform an initial environmental risk assessment of hazardous and noxious substances (HNS) spill accidents. Initial environmental risk assessment was performed using exposure and hazard assessments. An integrated hydrodynamic and chemical fate model was used to predict HNS concentrations at harbors, taking into account local environmental conditions. To consider the worst case HNS spill accident, the spill amount of 10,000 tonnages, was used for this study. The results show that highly soluble HNS are fatal to marine organisms during the neap tide. The results were based on a hypothetical worst case HNS spill accident and, not any specific actual HNS spill accident. Nevertheless, the method and system developed in this study, which includes the physical/chemical properties of 158 priority HNS, can be readily used to perform an initial environmental risk assessment for future HNS spill accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ryun Kim
- Marine Eco-Technology Institute, Busan 48520, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonjin Lee
- Marine Safety and Environmental Research Division, Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering, KIOST, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Yeul Jung
- Marine Safety and Environmental Research Division, Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering, KIOST, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae-Won Kim
- Marine Eco-Technology Institute, Busan 48520, Republic of Korea
| | - Daejoong Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
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Zheng L, Pan L, Miao J, Lin Y, Wu J. Application of a series of biomarkers in Scallop Chlamys farreri to assess the toxic effects after exposure to a priority hazardous and noxious substance (HNS)-Acrylonitrile. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 64:122-130. [PMID: 30342373 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidant enzymes and detoxification parameters responses of the scallop Chlamys farreri to different degree of acrylonitrile (AN) were investigated. Accordingly, the median lethal concentration (LC50) at 96 h was 98.5 mg/L AN. Results from chronic toxicity test demonstrated that superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were stimulated in the highest two doses of AN (2.0 and 5.0 mg/L), but significantly inhibited in the highest concentration (5.0 mg/L) at the end of the exposure. The levels of DNA strand breaks, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and protein carbonyl (PC) contents showed damage effects exposed AN at the highest two doses. Additionally, AN significantly induced the enzymatic activity of glutathione-s-transferase (GST), related mRNA expression levels of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and GST-pi; and no significant changes were found on CYP1A1 mRNA expression and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity. Our results indicated that P-gp and GST-pi mRNA expression in digestive glands of the scallop C. farreri may potentially be used in ecological risk assessment of hazardous and noxious substances (HNS) contamination of marine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003 Qingdao, China
| | - Luqing Pan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003 Qingdao, China.
| | - Jingjing Miao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003 Qingdao, China
| | - Yufei Lin
- National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, State Ocean Administration, 100194 Beijing, China
| | - Jiangyue Wu
- National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, State Ocean Administration, 100194 Beijing, China
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Lin P, Miao J, Pan L, Zheng L, Wang X, Lin Y, Wu J. Acute and chronic toxicity effects of acrylonitrile to the juvenile marine flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:35301-35311. [PMID: 30341758 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3430-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Acrylonitrile (ACN) spills in marine environment have the potential to cause ecological hazards and consequences, but currently little is known about the disruptive effects of ACN on marine organisms. In the present study, we investigated the lethal and sublethal effects of ACN on juvenile flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. The results showed that the 96-h LC50 of ACN to P. olivaceus juveniles was 6.07 mg/L. The fish were then exposed to different sublethal concentrations (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/L) of ACN for 28 days and then transferred to clean seawater and keep in clean seawater for 14 days to simulate the conditions of a spill incident. Biomarkers (EROD, GST, SOD, AChE activity, and levels of LPO and DNA alkaline unwinding) were tested in liver and brain. The weight gain rates and specific growth rate of juvenile marine flounder exposed to ACN (≥ 0.1 mg/L) for 28 days decreased significantly, indicating that ACN had an inhibitory effect on juvenile growth. Deformity of fish tails was observed on individuals exposed to the highest concentration (0.4 mg/L ACN) for 14 days, and the malformation rate was 38% after 28-day exposure. The present study provides the first evidence that ACN causes inhibition of AChE activity in fish brain. Furthermore, the results showed that ACN can significantly inhibit SOD activity and cause lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in fish brain. The results indicated that brain is more sensitive to ACN toxicity compared to liver and provides a suitable tissue for biomonitoring. The biomarkers measured during the depuration period showed that the effects caused by ACN were reversible when the exposure concentration was lower than 0.4 mg/L. These results highlight the adverse effects of ACN in brain of fish, which should be considered in environmental risk assessment. Biomarkers including AChE activity, LPO, and DNA damage of brain tissue should be included in fish bioassays for toxic effect assessment of ACN spills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jingjing Miao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
- Lab. of Environmental Physiology of Aquatic Animal, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Luqing Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiufen Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yufei Lin
- National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, State Ocean Administration, Beijing, 100194, China
| | - Jiangyue Wu
- National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, State Ocean Administration, Beijing, 100194, China
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Jeong CH, Ko MK, Lee M, Lee SH. Numerical Simulation of Propagation Characteristics of Hazardous Noxious Substances Spilled from Transport Ships. Applied Sciences 2018; 8:2409. [DOI: 10.3390/app8122409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study numerically investigates the propagation characteristics of hazardous noxious substances (HNSs) spilled from transport ships and suggests the metal model for predicting the HNS propagation velocity varied with the current velocity and HNS density. The commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code ANSYS FLUENT (V. 17.2) was used for two-dimensional simulation based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equation together with the standard k–ε model. The scalar transport equation was also solved to estimate the spatial and transient behaviors of HNS. The main parameters to analyze the near-field propagation characteristics of HNSs spilled from the ship were layer thickness, HNS concentration, and propagation velocity. It was found that advection becomes more dominant in propagating an HNS layer that becomes thinner as the current velocity increases. When the current velocity increased beyond a certain level (~0.75 m/s), the mixing effect made the HNS layer less dense but thicker. Consequently, lower-density HNS causes increased HNS concentrations at sea level. As the current velocity increased, the concentration distribution became homogeneous regardless of HNS density. In particular, the second-order response surface model provided for three variables on the basis of the numerical results for 15 cases with the use of the general least-squares regression method, showing a good fit. This model would be useful in estimating the propagation velocity of HNS spilled from a ship.
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Abreu IO, Monteiro C, Rocha ACS, Reis-Henriques MA, Teixeira C, Basto MCP, Ferreira M, Almeida CMR, Oliva-Teles L, Guimarães L. Multibiomarker interactions to diagnose and follow-up chronic exposure of a marine crustacean to Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS). Environ Pollut 2018; 242:1137-1145. [PMID: 30098540 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Integrated compensatory responses of physiological systems towards homeostasis are generally overlooked when it comes to analysing alterations in biochemical parameters indicative of such processes. Here an hypothesis-driven multivariate analysis accounting for interactive multibiomarker responses was used to investigate effects of long-term exposure of Carcinus maenas to Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS). Adult male crabs were exposed to low and high post-spill levels of acrylonitrile (ACN) or aniline (ANL) for 21d. Bioaccumulation, feeding behaviour, and biomarkers related to mode-of-action (MoA) (detoxification, neurotransmission and energy production) were evaluated over time. Distinct temporal patterns of response to low and high exposure concentrations were depicted, with a main set of interactive multibiomarker predictors identified for each HNS (five for ACN and three for ANL), useful to follow coupled evolvement of biomarker responses. ACN caused peripheral neurotoxic effects coupled with enhanced biotransformation and significant oxidative damage particularly relevant in gills. ANL elicited alterations in central neurotransmission affecting ventilation coupled with very low levels of oxidative damage in gills. Results indicate chronic toxicity data are determinant to improve HNS hazard assessment if the aim is to obtain reliable risk calculations, and develop effective predictive models avoiding overestimation but sufficiently protective. Accounting for multibiomarker interactions brought otherwise overlooked information about C. maenas responses and MoA of ACN and ANL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Oliveira Abreu
- CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Monteiro
- CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Cristina S Rocha
- CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; MARE-UC, Incubadora de Empresas da Figueira da Foz, Parque Industrial e Empresarial da Figueira da Foz (Laboratório MAREFOZ), Rua das Acácias Lote 40A, 3090-380, Figueira da Foz, Portugal
| | - Maria Armanda Reis-Henriques
- CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Catarina Teixeira
- CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Clara Pires Basto
- CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Ferreira
- CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; School of Marine Studies, Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment, The University of The South Pacific, Laucala Bay Road, Suva, Fiji
| | - C Marisa R Almeida
- CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Luís Oliva-Teles
- CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Laura Guimarães
- CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
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11
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Zheng L, Pan L, Lin P, Miao J, Wang X, Lin Y, Wu J. Evaluating the toxic effects of three priority hazardous and noxious substances (HNS) to rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:27277-27287. [PMID: 28965194 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous and noxious substances (HNS) spill in the marine environment is an issue of growing concern, and it will mostly continue to do so in the future owing to the increase of high chemical traffic. Nevertheless, the effects of HNS spill on marine environment, especially on aquatic organisms are unclear. Consequently, it is emergent to provide valuable information for the toxicities to marine biota caused by HNS spill. Accordingly, the acute toxicity of three preferential HNS and sub-lethal effects of acrylonitrile on Brachionus plicatilis were evaluated. The median lethal concentration (LC50) at 24 h were 47.2 mg acrylonitrile L-1, 276.9 mg styrene L-1, and 488.3 mg p-xylene L-1, respectively. Sub-lethal toxicity effects of acrylonitrile on feeding behavior, development, and reproduction parameters of B. plicatilis were also evaluated. Results demonstrated that rates of filtration and ingestion were significantly reduced at 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mg L-1 of acrylonitrile. Additionally, reproductive period, fecundity, and life span were significantly decreased at high acrylonitrile concentrations. Conversely, juvenile period was significantly increased at the highest two doses and no effects were observed on embryonic development and post-reproductive period. Meanwhile, we found that ingestion rate decline could be a good predictor of reproduction toxicity in B. plicatilis and ecologically relevant endpoint for toxicity assessment. These data will be useful to assess and deal with marine HNS spillages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Luqing Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Pengfei Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jingjing Miao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiufen Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yufei Lin
- National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, State Ocean Administration of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100194, China
| | - Jiangyue Wu
- National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, State Ocean Administration of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100194, China
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12
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Lemos J, Neuparth T, Trigo M, Costa P, Vieira D, Cunha L, Ponte F, Costa PS, Metello LF, Carvalho AP. Single Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation Induces Genotoxicity in Adult Zebrafish and its Non-Irradiated Progeny. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2017; 98:190-195. [PMID: 28025689 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-2006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated to what extent a single exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation can induce genotoxic damage in irradiated adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) and its non-irradiated F1 progeny. Four groups of adult zebrafish were irradiated with a single dose of X-rays at 0 (control), 100, 500 and 1000 mGy, respectively, and couples of each group were allowed to reproduce following irradiation. Blood of parental fish and whole-body offspring were analysed by the comet assay for detection of DNA damage. The level of DNA damage in irradiated parental fish increased in a radiation dose-dependent manner at day 1 post-irradiation, but returned to the control level thereafter. The level of DNA damage in the progeny was directly correlated with the parental irradiation dose. Results highlight the genotoxic risk of a single exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation in irradiated individuals and also in its non-irradiated progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lemos
- ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Nuclear Medicine Department, High Institute for Allied Health Technologies of Porto - Polytechnic Institute of Porto (ESTSP.IPP), Rua Valente Perfeito 322, 4400-330, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - T Neuparth
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Trigo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - P Costa
- Nuclear Medicine Department, High Institute for Allied Health Technologies of Porto - Polytechnic Institute of Porto (ESTSP.IPP), Rua Valente Perfeito 322, 4400-330, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - D Vieira
- Nuclear Medicine Department, High Institute for Allied Health Technologies of Porto - Polytechnic Institute of Porto (ESTSP.IPP), Rua Valente Perfeito 322, 4400-330, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - L Cunha
- IsoPor SA, PO box 4028, 4445, Ermesinde, Portugal
| | - F Ponte
- Radiotherapy Deptartment, Júlio Teixeira SA, Rua Arquitecto Cassiano Barbosa 6, F, Sala 26, 4100-009, Porto, Portugal
| | - P S Costa
- Radiotherapy Deptartment, Júlio Teixeira SA, Rua Arquitecto Cassiano Barbosa 6, F, Sala 26, 4100-009, Porto, Portugal
| | - L F Metello
- Nuclear Medicine Department, High Institute for Allied Health Technologies of Porto - Polytechnic Institute of Porto (ESTSP.IPP), Rua Valente Perfeito 322, 4400-330, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
- IsoPor SA, PO box 4028, 4445, Ermesinde, Portugal
| | - A P Carvalho
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
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13
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Tornero V, Hanke G. Chemical contaminants entering the marine environment from sea-based sources: A review with a focus on European seas. Mar Pollut Bull 2016; 112:17-38. [PMID: 27444857 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic contaminants reach the marine environment mostly directly from land-based sources, but there are cases in which they are emitted or re-mobilized in the marine environment itself. This paper reviews the literature, with a predominant focus on the European environment, to compile a list of contaminants potentially released into the sea from sea-based sources and provide an overview of their consideration under existing EU regulatory frameworks. The resulting list contains 276 substances and for some of them (22 antifouling biocides, 32 aquaculture medicinal products and 34 warfare agents) concentrations and toxicity data are additionally provided. The EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive Descriptor 8, together with the Water Framework Directive and the Regional Sea Conventions, provides the provisions against pollution of marine waters by chemical substances. This literature review should inform about the current state of knowledge regarding marine contaminant sources and provide support for setting-up of monitoring approaches, including hotspots screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Tornero
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), Water Resources Unit, Enrico Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy.
| | - Georg Hanke
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), Water Resources Unit, Enrico Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy
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14
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Cunha I, Oliveira H, Neuparth T, Torres T, Santos MM. Fate, behaviour and weathering of priority HNS in the marine environment: An online tool. Mar Pollut Bull 2016; 111:330-338. [PMID: 27389461 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Literature data and data obtained with modelling tools were compiled to derive the physicochemical behaviour of 24 priority Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS), as a proxy to improve environmental, public health and political issues in relation to HNS spills. Parameters that rule the HNS behaviour in water and those that determine their distribution and persistence in the environment, such as fugacity, physicochemical degradation, biodegradation, bioaccumulation/biotransformation and aquatic toxicity, were selected. Data systematized and produced in the frame of the Arcopol Platform project was made available through a public database (http://www.ciimar.up.pt/hns/substances.php). This tool is expected to assist stakeholders involved in HNS spills preparedness and response, policy makers and legislators, as well as to contribute to a current picture of the scientific knowledge on the fate, behaviour, weathering and toxicity of priority HNS, being essential to support future improvements in maritime safety and coastal pollution response before, during and after spill incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Cunha
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Oliveira
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Teresa Neuparth
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Torres
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Machado Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; FCUP, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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Rocha ACS, Reis-Henriques MA, Galhano V, Ferreira M, Guimarães L. Toxicity of seven priority hazardous and noxious substances (HNSs) to marine organisms: Current status, knowledge gaps and recommendations for future research. Sci Total Environ 2016; 542:728-749. [PMID: 26546768 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Shipping industry and seaborne trade have rapidly increased over the last fifty years, mainly due to the continuous increasing demand for chemicals and fuels. Consequently, despite current regulations, the occurrence of accidental spills poses an important risk. Hazardous and noxious substances (HNSs) have been raising major concern among environmental managers and scientific community for their heterogeneity, hazardous potential towards aquatic organisms and associated social-economic impacts. A literature review on ecotoxicological hazards to aquatic organisms was conducted for seven HNSs: acrylonitrile, n-butyl acrylate, cyclohexylbenzene, hexane, isononanol, trichloroethylene and xylene. Information on the mechanisms of action of the selected HNS was also reviewed. The main purpose was to identify: i) knowledge gaps in need of being addressed in future research; and ii) a set of possible biomarkers suitable for ecotoxicological assessment and monitoring in both estuarine and marine systems. Main gaps found concern the scarcity of information available on ecotoxicological effects of HNS towards marine species and their poorly understood mode of action in wildlife. Differences were found between the sensitivity of freshwater and seawater organisms, so endpoints produced in the former may not be straightforwardly employed in evaluations for the marine environment. The relationship between sub-individual effects and higher level detrimental alterations (e.g. behavioural, morphological, reproductive effects and mortality) are not fully understood. In this context, a set of biomarkers associated to neurotoxicity, detoxification and anti-oxidant defences is suggested as potential indicators of toxic exposure/effects of HNS in marine organisms. Overall, to support the development of contingency plans and the establishment of environmental safety thresholds, it will be necessary to undertake targeted research on HNS ecotoxicity in the marine environment. Research should address these issues under more realistic exposure scenarios reflecting the prevailing spatial and temporal variability in ecological and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cristina S Rocha
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Armanda Reis-Henriques
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Victor Galhano
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Ferreira
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Laura Guimarães
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
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