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Khoury-Kassabri M, Hasisi B, Itskovich E. Youth involvement in serious physical violence and political violence: Similarities and differences in risk factors. J Adolesc 2024. [PMID: 38584571 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Youth involvement in violence and delinquency has received widespread attention in the literature. However, little is known about youth involvement in political violence, especially among youth who live in conflict areas. The current study examined the mechanisms that underlie youth involvement in serious physical and political violence. We explored the similarities and differences in the association between both individual factors (including religiosity and school commitment) and parental factors (including parental control and education), and the two types of violent behaviors. METHOD A large representative sample of 814 Arab male students from neighborhoods located in East Jerusalem, aged 12-18 years, completed a structured, anonymous, self-report questionnaire. The data was collected between February and May 2019. RESULTS Over half of the participants reported that they had been involved in political violence (55.1%) or serious physical violence (58.8%) during the previous year. Youth involvement in serious physical violence was positively associated with involvement in political violence. Furthermore, we found that greater parental control and lower impulsivity are associated with lower levels of political and physical violence. School commitment was associated negatively with serious physical violence but not with involvement in political violence. Youth work was positively correlated with involvement in political violence but not in serious physical violence. CONCLUSION The results of the current study show that Arab youth from East Jerusalem are highly involved in political and serious physical violence. The risk and protective factors identified here should inform the design of specific intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Khoury-Kassabri
- School of Social Work and Social Welfare, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Badi Hasisi
- Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eran Itskovich
- Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Pittman SK. Beliefs About Aggression as Mediators of Relations Between Community Violence Exposure and Aggressive Behavior Among Adolescents: Review and Recommendations. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2023; 26:242-258. [PMID: 36287305 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-022-00417-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents who are exposed to community violence are at risk for a number of adverse consequences that can persist into adulthood. Community violence exposure has consistently been associated with subsequent aggressive behavior, and beliefs or norms about aggression are one potential mechanism underlying this relation. The goal of this review was to examine and synthesize the literature regarding beliefs about aggression as a mediator of relations between community violence exposure and aggressive behavior among adolescents. A systematic search of the literature identified 10 studies that met inclusion criteria. Findings across studies generally supported the notion that beliefs about aggression mediate relations between community violence exposure and aggressive behavior. However, studies varied considerably in their design and analytic approach which limited conclusions that can be drawn. Because studies were similar in their limitations, several themes were identified and described qualitatively: inappropriate design to examine mediation (i.e., failure to establish temporal precedence of variables); examining a unidimensional construct of general beliefs about aggression; and lack of examining potential differences across subgroups, particularly across sex. Recommendations for future research that will bolster the evidence include drawing on advances in data analytic techniques, investigating multiple aspects of beliefs about aggression, examining differences in mediated effects across subgroups, and investigating beliefs as mechanisms of change in intervention studies. Implications for violence prevention efforts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Pittman
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 806 W. Franklin St., Box 842018, Richmond, VA, 23284-2018, USA.
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Zedan HF, Haj-Yahia MM. The relationship between national racism and child abuse among Palestinians in Israel: The moderating role of coping strategies. Child Abuse Negl 2023; 137:106004. [PMID: 36682188 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.106004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to ethnic- and race-related stress (e.g., racism, racial discrimination, and micro-aggression) can impair parenting and parent-child relations. OBJECTIVE This study examines the exposure of Palestinian parents in Israel to two levels of racism, interpersonal racism (IPR) and perceived collective racism (PCR), and the relationship of each to perpetrating child abuse. Further, the study examines the moderating role of coping strategies on these relationships. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The study was conducted among a systematic semi-random sample of 770 Palestinian parents in Israel (500 mothers and 270 fathers) aged 21-66 (M = 38.7, SD = 7.84). METHODS Participants filled out a self-administered questionnaire that included items from several instruments. RESULTS Regression analysis revealed that PCR and avoidance coping significantly predict psychological, R2 = 0.072, p < 0.001, and physical, R2 = 0.088, p < 0.001, child abuse. Interestingly, the moderating effects of coping strategies varied somewhat. High avoidance-coping (e.g., distraction, denial, withdrawal) worsened PCR's effect on child abuse, while low avoidance-coping mitigated it but augmented IPR's effect on child abuse. Further, frequently using problem-oriented coping (e.g., analyzing the situation) worsened IPR's effect on child abuse. Child abuse risk increased when parents experienced high PCR levels and frequently used avoidance coping. Likewise, it increased when they experienced high IPR levels and used either high problem-oriented coping or low avoidance-coping. CONCLUSIONS Understanding when coping strategies buffer the impact of racism on the parent-child relationship and when they exacerbate it can contribute to interventions with parents experiencing IPR and PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Faiek Zedan
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Muhammad M Haj-Yahia
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Dingoyan D, Metzner F, Kongur A, Arslan Ö, Pust GEA, Weierstall-Pust R. The Impact of Perceived Discrimination on Cultural Identification, Psychological Stress, Emotion Regulation and Aggressive Tendencies in Individuals With Turkish Migration Background in Germany. Front Sociol 2022; 7:705027. [PMID: 35782709 PMCID: PMC9244781 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2022.705027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The following study considers correlates of the identification with the origin and host culture of German individuals with a Turkish migrant background. It examines how these two factors mediate the relationship between perceived discrimination, emotion regulation or psychological stress, and aggressive tendencies as the major dependent variable. For this purpose, the data of 229 people with Turkish migration background living in Germany was collected through an online survey. Findings depict that the identification with the Turkish (origin) and German (host) culture mediate the relationship between perceived discrimination and emotion regulation. The relationship between perceived discrimination and psychological stress is mediated by the identification with the German culture. The analysis shows that perceived discrimination is associated with a reduced identification with the German culture and with a high identification with the Turkish culture. Emotion regulation abilities are negatively related to perceived discrimination and identification with the Turkish culture. In contrary, the psychological stress level is positively related to perceived discrimination. The preparedness for aggressive behavior is also associated positively by psychological stress and negatively by emotion regulation abilities. The results are discussed against the background of the specific migration history and living conditions of Turkish immigrants in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demet Dingoyan
- Institute of Medical Sociology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franka Metzner
- Institute of Medical Psychology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Educational Science With a Focus on Special Education (“Emotional and Social Development”), University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Akin Kongur
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Örsan Arslan
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Roland Weierstall-Pust
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Oberberg Clinics Group, Berlin, Germany
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Saladino V, Lin H, Zamparelli E, Verrastro V. Neuroscience, Empathy, and Violent Crime in an Incarcerated Population: A Narrative Review. Front Psychol 2021; 12:694212. [PMID: 34393924 PMCID: PMC8355490 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.694212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Empathy is a fundamental construct that allows individuals to perceive and understand the cognitive and emotional state of others. Empathy is not only a psychological and sociological concept; it also heavily impacts our daily lives by affecting our decisions and actions. Empathy is connected to and involves specific parts of the brain which, if damaged or of reduced volume, can lead to actions that are morally unjust, aggressive, or simply denoting a lack of understanding and sensitivity. The literature affirms that the low level of empathy, guilt, embarrassment, and moral reasoning displayed by violent and psychopathic criminals is strongly associated with empathy-linked brain regions that are smaller in size or less developed. The aim of this review is to show empirical data over the last 5 years on the connection between empathy and neuroscience among violent and psychopathic offenders, reflecting on future research on the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Saladino
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Hannah Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Valeria Verrastro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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Saladino V, Mosca O, Petruccelli F, Hoelzlhammer L, Lauriola M, Verrastro V, Cabras C. The Vicious Cycle: Problematic Family Relations, Substance Abuse, and Crime in Adolescence: A Narrative Review. Front Psychol 2021; 12:673954. [PMID: 34381398 PMCID: PMC8350047 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.673954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the copiousness of studies on the risky behaviors of adolescents, we cannot establish with certainty the leading aspects involved in teens' substance abuse and criminal actions. This review aims to explore the interplay among the family system, substance abuse, and criminal behavior. An analysis of the main results of the 61 articles published between 2010 and 2020 shows that adolescents whose parents are justice-involved and often absent from home are more likely to perceive lower cohesion, support, and poor family communication. These factors can involve them in criminal acts and substance abuse. Moreover, these conducts are often linked to a form of uneasiness and a search of autonomy. Indeed, risky behaviors could have more than one meaning. Our findings also suggest that the most diffused drug-related crimes in adolescence are economic crimes, weapon carrying, robberies, dealing, and drug possession. Considering these results, future clinical implications might be based on multidimensional approaches, focusing more on the family context to promote interventions for at-risk adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Saladino
- Department of Human, Social and Health Sciences, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Oriana Mosca
- Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Filippo Petruccelli
- Department of Human, Social and Health Sciences, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Lilli Hoelzlhammer
- Department of Philology and Literature, LMU Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Lauriola
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Rome “Sapienza,”Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Verrastro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia,”Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cristina Cabras
- Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Samara M, Massarwi AA, El-Asam A, Hammuda S, Smith PK, Morsi H. The Mediating Role of Bullying and Victimisation on the Relationship Between Problematic Internet Use and Substance Abuse Among Adolescents in the UK: The Parent-Child Relationship as a Moderator. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:493385. [PMID: 34777028 PMCID: PMC8581192 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.493385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, research into the negative effects of problematic internet use has greatly increased. The current study adopted a mediation-moderation model in exploring the relationship between problematic internet use and substance abuse (drinking, drug use, and smoking tobacco cigarettes) among 1,613 adolescents (aged 10-16) in the UK. The findings of the study revealed a significant positive correlation between problematic internet use and substance abuse, which is mediated by traditional and cyber bullying and victimisation. Furthermore, the parent-child relationship was found to be a protective factor that moderated the correlation between problematic internet use and substance abuse and the correlation between problematic internet use and traditional bullying. The study emphasises the critical need to reduce problematic internet use among adolescents as a risk factor for involvement in bullying as perpetrators and victims, in addition to substance abuse. Furthermore, the findings of the study highlight the importance of a good parent-child relationship as a protective factor among adolescents. In light of the findings of the study, interventions for reducing problematic internet use taking into account bullying and the parent-child relationship are needed among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthanna Samara
- Department of Psychology, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
| | - Adeem Ahmad Massarwi
- Department of Psychology, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom.,Department of Social Work, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Aiman El-Asam
- Department of Psychology, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Hammuda
- Department of Psychology, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
| | - Peter K Smith
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hisham Morsi
- National Centre for Cancer Care and Research (NCCCR), Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
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Saladino V, Mosca O, Lauriola M, Hoelzlhammer L, Cabras C, Verrastro V. Is Family Structure Associated with Deviance Propensity during Adolescence? The Role of Family Climate and Anger Dysregulation. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E9257. [PMID: 33322053 PMCID: PMC7764593 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Transgressive conduct and opposition towards the rules often characterize adolescence. During the development, antisocial and aggressive behavior could be a way to grow personally and to be independent. According to previous studies results, the family has a high impact on teens' aggressive behaviors and moral disengagement. Our research involved 2328 Italian adolescents (13-19 years old) who have filled in the following questionnaires: deviant behavior questionnaire; aggression questionnaire; family communication scale; moral disengagement scale; the multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Our study investigated the role of family structure on deviance propensity through family climate and anger dysregulation joint influence. We conducted a mediation analysis to reach this goal using structural equation modeling (SEM). We have also conducted a multigroup analysis in order to evaluate gender differences in the SEM. Results showed that both family climate and anger dysregulation mediated the relationship between family structure and deviance propensity. The multigroup analysis revealed that the indirect relationship between variables through family climate is significant for both boys and girls (higher in females); variables indirect relationship through anger dysregulation was significant only for girls. These data could be useful for prevention and intervention programs on children-parent relationships and to reduce antisociality and teenager's aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Saladino
- Department of Human, Social and Health Sciences, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy
| | - Oriana Mosca
- Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy; (O.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Marco Lauriola
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Lilli Hoelzlhammer
- Department of Philology and Literature, LMU Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80539 Bavaria, Germany;
| | - Cristina Cabras
- Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy; (O.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Valeria Verrastro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of “Magna Graecia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
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Abstract
The present study investigated the developmental precursors of effortful control, a temperament trait that involves the propensity to regulate one's impulses and behaviors, to motivate the self toward a goal when there are conflicting desires, and to focus and shift attention easily. Data came from the California Families Project, a multimethod longitudinal study of 674 Mexican-origin youth (and their parents), who were assessed at ages 10, 12, 14, 16, and 19. Effortful control (measured via self- and parent-reports) was moderately stable over time (r = .47 from age 10 to 19), and its developmental trajectory followed a u-shaped pattern (decreasing from age 10 to 14, before increasing from age 14 to 19). Findings from latent growth curve models showed that youth who experience more hostility from their parents, associate more with deviant peers, attend more violent schools, live in more violent neighborhoods, and experience more ethnic discrimination tend to exhibit an exacerbated dip in effortful control. In contrast, youth with parents who closely monitor their behavior and whereabouts exhibited a shallower dip in effortful control. Analyses of the facets of effortful control revealed important disparities in their trajectories; specifically inhibitory control showed linear increases, attention control showed linear decreases, and activation control showed the same u-shaped trajectory as overall effortful control. Moreover, most of the precursors of effortful control replicated for inhibitory control and attention control, but not for activation control. We discuss the broader implications of the findings for adolescent personality development and self-regulation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Khoury-Kassabri M. Arab youth involvement in violence: A socio-ecological gendered perspective. Child Abuse Negl 2019; 93:128-138. [PMID: 31103835 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has extensively used a socio-ecological perspective to find the correlates of youth involvement in violence. However, little is known about the extent to which ecological factors correlated with youth violence are affected by gender, especially in non-Western cultures. OBJECTIVE The role of gender in the association between individual, family, and contextual factors and Arab youth involvement in several types of violence (severe physical, moderate physical, and verbal and indirect violence) was explored using a socio-ecological perspective. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The study was based on a large random sample of 3,178 Arab students, aged 11-18, from Israel. METHODS Information was collected from the adolescents through a structured, anonymous self-report questionnaire which they completed in the classroom under the guidance of a research assistant. Confidentiality and anonymity were ensured for all participants. RESULTS Gender was found to moderate the association between impulsivity and parental support and all types of violence except verbal violence. No interaction effect was found in the association between affiliation with delinquent peers and exposure to community violence and Arab youth involvement in violence. CONCLUSIONS The results emphasize the importance of exploring gender differences with respect to risk and protective factors for violence. This knowledge is an important step in the design and implementation of gender-specific intervention strategies to deal with youth violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Khoury-Kassabri
- School of Social Work and Social Welfare, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
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Sanchez ZM, Valente JY, Fidalgo TM, Leal AP, de Medeiros PFDP, Cogo-Moreira H. The role of normative beliefs in the mediation of a school-based drug prevention program: A secondary analysis of the #Tamojunto cluster-randomized trial. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0208072. [PMID: 30615625 PMCID: PMC6322758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims To investigate the mediating effects of normative beliefs of drug use on the effects of the #Tamojunto school-based prevention program (Unplugged). Design Secondary analysis of a cluster randomized controlled trial. Setting Brazil. Participants: A total of 6,391 adolescents (12.68 y.o) from 72 public schools in 6 Brazilian cities. Intervention: Schools were assigned to an experimental condition (#Tamojunto curriculum) or a control condition (no prevention program). Measurements: Baseline data were collected prior to program implementation, and follow-up data were collected 9 and 21 months later. The substances examined were alcohol (including binge drinking), tobacco, marijuana and inhalants. Five in-parallel mediation models evaluated whether the positive and negative beliefs were mediators of the likely effects of the intervention on drug use. Findings Lack of evidences regarding differences in normative beliefs or drug use were found between the intervention and control groups. However, there was a clear association between negative drug beliefs and lower consumption (i.e. OR = 0.78; 95% CI 0.70; 0.87, for cannabis use) as well as between positive drug beliefs and higher consumption (i.e. OR = 1.77; 95% CI 1.56; 2.02, for cannabis use) independent of the assigned group. Conclusions These results suggest that there is a lack of evidence that the program impact the normative beliefs, as proposed by the theoretical model of the program, suggesting that modifications are needed to produce the intended effect of the program. Negative normative beliefs seem to be a potential protective factor for drug use, but the program’s effect itself on drug use via normative beliefs was not found to be statistically significant. Program activities intended to affect normative beliefs should be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zila M. Sanchez
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Juliana Y. Valente
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago M. Fidalgo
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Leal
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pollyanna Fausta de Pimentel de Medeiros
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Therapeutic Residency Coordination, Instituto de Medicina Integral Profº Fernando Figueira, Recife–PE, Brazil
| | - Hugo Cogo-Moreira
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Methods and Evaluation, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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