Pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: human data

A review of experimental and clinical studies on the therapeutic effects of pomegranate (Punica granatum) on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Focus on oxidative stress and inflammation

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is frequently linked to metabolic disorders and is prevalent in obese and diabetic patients. The pathophysiology of NAFLD involves multiple factors, including insulin resistance (IR), oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, and genetic predisposition. Recently, there has been an emphasis on the use of herbal remedies with many people around the world resorting to phytonutrients or nutraceuticals for treatment of numerous health challenges in various national healthcare settings. Pomegranate (Punica granatum) parts, such as juice, peel, seed and flower, have high polyphenol content and is well known for its antioxidant capabilities. Pomegranate polyphenols, such as hydrolyzable tannins, anthocyanins, and flavonoids, have high antioxidant capabilities that can help lower the OS and inflammation associated with NAFLD. The study aimed to investigate whether pomegranate parts could attenuate OS, inflammation, and other risk factors associated with NAFLD, and ultimately prevent the development of the disease. The findings of this study revealed that: 1. pomegranate juice contains hypoglycemic qualities that can assist manage blood sugar levels, which is vital for avoiding and treating NAFLD. 2. Polyphenols from pomegranate flowers increase paraoxonase 1 (PON1) mRNA and protein levels in the liver, which can help protect liver enzymes and prevent NAFLD. 3. Punicalagin (PU) is one of the major ellagitannins found in pomegranate, and PU-enriched pomegranate extract (PE) has been shown to inhibit HFD-induced hyperlipidemia and hepatic lipid deposition in rats. 4. Pomegranate fruit consumption, which is high in antioxidants, can decrease the activity of AST and ALT (markers of liver damage), lower TNF-α (a marker of inflammation), and improve overall antioxidant capacity in NAFLD patients. Overall, the polyphenols in pomegranate extracts have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and protective effects on liver enzymes, which can help prevent and manage NAFLD effects on liver enzymes, which can help prevent and manage NAFLD.

IL-23/IL-17 Axis in Chronic Hepatitis C and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis-New Insight into Immunohepatotoxicity of Different Chronic Liver Diseases

Considering the relevance of the research of pathogenesis of different liver diseases, we investigated the possible activity of the IL-23/IL-17 axis on the immunohepatotoxicity of two etiologically different chronic liver diseases. A total of 36 chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients, 16 with (CHC-SF) and 20 without significant fibrosis (CHC-NSF), 19 patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and 20 healthy controls (CG) were recruited. Anthropometric, biochemical, and immunological cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, IL-17 and IL-23) tests were performed in accordance with standard procedure. Our analysis revealed that a higher concentration of plasma IL-23 was associated with NASH (p = 0.005), and a higher concentration of plasma IL-17A but a lower concentration of plasma IL-10 was associated with CHC in comparison with CG. A lower concentration of plasma IL-10 was specific for CHC-NSF, while a higher concentration of plasma IL-17A was specific for CHC-SF in comparison with CG. CHC-NSF and CHC-SF groups were distinguished from NASH according to a lower concentration of plasma IL-17A. Liver tissue levels of IL-17A and IL-23 in CHC-NSF were significantly lower in comparison with NASH, regardless of the same stage of the liver fibrosis, whereas only IL-17A tissue levels showed a difference between the CHC-NSF and CHC-SF groups, namely, a lower concentration in CHC-NSF in comparison with CHC-SF. In CHC-SF and NASH liver tissue, IL17-A and IL-23 were significantly higher in comparison with plasma. Diagnostic accuracy analysis showed significance only in the concentration of plasma cytokines. Plasma IL-6, IL-17A and IL-23 could be possible markers that could differentiate CHC patients from controls. Plasma IL-23 could be considered a possible biomarker of CHC-NSF patients in comparison with controls, while plasma IL-6 and IL-17-A could be biomarkers of CHC-SF patients in comparison with controls. The most sophisticated difference was between the CHC-SF and CHC-NSF groups in the plasma levels of IL-10, which could make this cytokine a useful biomarker of liver fibrosis.

Therapeutic Potentials of Reducing Liver Fat in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Close Association with Type 2 Diabetes

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most widespread chronic liver disease worldwide, confers a significant burden on health systems and leads to increased mortality and morbidity through several extrahepatic complications. NAFLD comprises a broad spectrum of liver-related disorders, including steatosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. It affects almost 30% of adults in the general population and up to 70% of people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), sharing common pathogenetic pathways with the latter. In addition, NAFLD is closely related to obesity, which acts in synergy with other predisposing conditions, including alcohol consumption, provoking progressive and insidious liver damage. Among the most potent risk factors for accelerating the progression of NAFLD to fibrosis or cirrhosis, diabetes stands out. Despite the rapid rise in NAFLD rates, identifying the optimal treatment remains a challenge. Interestingly, NAFLD amelioration or remission appears to be associated with a lower risk of T2DM, indicating that liver-centric therapies could reduce the risk of developing T2DM and vice versa. Consequently, assessing NAFLD requires a multidisciplinary approach to identify and manage this multisystemic clinical entity early. With the continuously emerging new evidence, innovative therapeutic strategies are being developed for the treatment of NAFLD, prioritizing a combination of lifestyle changes and glucose-lowering medications. Based on recent evidence, this review scrutinizes all practical and sustainable interventions to achieve a resolution of NAFLD through a multimodal approach.

The association between steatosis and liver damage in transfusion-dependent beta thalassaemia patients

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global health problem. Iron is the leading cause of liver damage in patients with transfusion-dependent thalassaemia (TDT), and data on the contribution of NAFLD to liver damage in TDT is lacking. Forty-five heavily transfused TDT patients who did not have biochemical or ultrasonic evidence of liver cirrhosis were evaluated for effects of iron overload, including the presence of diabetes mellitus, hypogonadism, serum ferritin, R2-MRI-liver, and liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. Liver fibrosis and steatosis were estimated using transient elastography (TE). Nine (20%) patients had significant steatosis (S1), and their body mass index (BMI) and liver fibrosis scores were higher than in patients without significant steatosis (S0) (p = 0.03 and p = 0.004, respectively). On regression analysis, the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) score (i.e., degree of liver steatosis) was associated only with increasing BMI. The TE score (i.e., degree of liver fibrosis) was associated with increasing age, CAP score, male gender, and presence of diabetes. Neither liver steatosis nor fibrosis showed significant association with the liver iron concentration or iron-related organ damage (hypogonadism). In this cohort of TDT patients, steatosis of the liver, which is associated with increasing BMI, appeared to increase the risk of liver fibrosis.

Effectiveness of the pomegranate extract in improving hepatokines and serum biomarkers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized double blind clinical trial

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Pomegranate as a functional food has various properties and effects on health. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of pomegranate extract on serum levels of liver enzymes, hepatokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and total antioxidant capacity in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

METHODS

In this double-blind randomized clinical trial, 44 patients with NAFLD were divided into two groups: pomegranate extract tablets and placebo. The intervention period was 12 weeks. At the beginning and end of the study, serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), fetuin-A, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and total antioxidant capacity were assessed in both groups.

RESULTS

Pomegranate extract reduced the level of ALT (P < 0.001), AST (P < 0.001), GGT (P < 0.001), fetuin-A (P < 0.001), FGF-21(P < 0.001) and IL-6 (P = 0.04) compared to the placebo. Pomegranate extract also led to an increase in total antioxidant capacity (P˂0.001) but had no effect on ALP.

CONCLUSION

It seems that the pomegranate extract improves several markers of NAFLD, and can be useful as a treatment supplement. The clinical trial approved by Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (grant No. NRC-9811).

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT), IRCT20140107016123N14, https://www.irct.ir/trial/42739.

Aspalathin-rich green rooibos tea in combination with glyburide and atorvastatin enhances lipid metabolism in a db/db mouse model

Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis), an indigenous South African plant and its major flavonoid, aspalathin, exhibited positive effects on glycemia and dyslipidemia in animal studies. Limited evidence exists on the effects of rooibos extract taken in combination with oral hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering medications. This study investigated the combined effects of a pharmaceutical grade aspalathin-rich green rooibos extract (GRT) with the sulfonylurea, glyburide, and atorvastatin in a type 2 diabetic (db/db) mouse model. Six-week-old male db/db mice and their nondiabetic lean db+ littermates were divided into 8 experimental groups (n=6/group). Db/db mice were treated orally with glyburide (5 mg/kg bodyweight), atorvastatin (80 mg/kg bodyweight) and GRT (100 mg/kg bodyweight) as mono- and combination therapies respectively, for 5 weeks. An intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test was conducted at 3 weeks of treatment. Serum was collected for lipid analyses and liver tissues for histological examination and gene expression. A significant increase in the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) of the db/db mice compared to their lean counterparts (from 7.98 ± 0.83 to 26.44 ± 1.84, p &lt; 0.0001) was observed. Atorvastatin reduced cholesterol (from 4.00 ± 0.12 to 2.93 ± 0.13, p &lt; 0.05) and triglyceride levels (from 2.77 ± 0.50 to 1.48 ± 0.23, p &lt; 0.05). In db/db mice, the hypotriglyceridemic effect of atorvastatin was enhanced when combined with both GRT and glyburide (from 2.77 ± 0.50 to 1.73 ± 0.35, p = 0.0002). Glyburide reduced the severity and pattern of steatotic lipid droplet accumulation from a mediovesicular type across all lobular areas, whilst combining GRT with glyburide reduced the abundance and severity of lipid droplet accumulation in the centri- and mediolobular areas. The combination of GRT, glyburide and atorvastatin reduced the abundance and severity of lipid accumulation and the intensity score compared to the administered drugs alone. The addition of either GRT or glyburide in combination with atorvastatin had no effect on blood glucose or lipid profiles, but significantly reduced lipid droplet accumulation.

Association of Hepatic Steatosis With Coronary Artery Disease by Studying the Role of Individual and Demographic Risk Factors

Background

In this study, we aimed to explore the possible association between hepatic steatosis (HS) and coronary artery disease (CAD) by calculating the patients’ calcium scores and comparing clinical and laboratory parameters of patients in King Abdullah Medical City (KAMC), Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The role of risk factors associated with HS was also assessed.

Methodology

The medical records of 79 patients who underwent coronary cardiac computed tomography (CT) for calcium scoring and enhanced or non-enhanced CT scans of the abdomen and pelvis at the Department of Radiology, KAMC, Makkah, KSA, between April 2012 and April 2013 were collected and analyzed.

Results

The overall prevalence of HS was 32.9%. Gender, age, and body mass index were significantly associated with HS. Low-dose unenhanced CT is a promising screening test for the determination of HS. A severe grade of calcium score was significantly associated with HS, while hypertension had no significant relation with HS. Biomarkers such as blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, cholesterol, and triglycerides had a significant association with HS, while other liver function tests and lipid profile values did not have a significant association. Bilirubin was significantly higher in non-fatty liver than in fatty liver. Furthermore, higher grades of calcium score were significantly associated with fatty liver in non-hypertensive and non-diabetic patients.

Conclusions

CAD is closely associated with HS. Moreover, diabetes mellitus and hypertension play a critical role in the development of HS.

Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Steatohepatitis: Risk Factors and Pathophysiology

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progressive subtype non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are the most prevalent liver diseases, often leading to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This review aims to describe the present knowledge of the risk factors responsible for the development of NAFLD and NASH. I performed a literature review identifying studies focusing on the complex pathogenic pathway and risk factors of NAFLD and steatohepatitis. The relationship between NAFLD and metabolic syndrome is well established and widely recognized. Obesity, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and insulin resistance are the most common risk factors associated with NAFLD. Among the components of metabolic syndrome, current evidence strongly suggests obesity and type 2 diabetes as risk factors of NASH and HCC. However, other elements, namely gender divergences, ethnicity, genetic factors, participation of innate immune system, oxidative stress, apoptotic pathways, and adipocytokines, take a leading role in the onset and promotion of NAFLD. Pathophysiological mechanisms that are responsible for NAFLD development and subsequent progression to NASH are insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, oxidative stress, hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, cytokine/adipokine signaling pathways, and genetic and environmental factors. Major pathophysiological findings of NAFLD are dysfunction of adipose tissue through the enhanced flow of free fatty acids (FFAs) and release of adipokines, and altered gut microbiome that generate proinflammatory signals and cause NASH progression. Understanding the pathophysiology and risk factors of NAFLD and NASH; this review could provide insight into the development of therapeutic strategies and useful diagnostic tools.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a review of pathophysiology, clinical management and effects of weight loss

Given the increasing prevalence of diabetes and obesity worldwide, the deleterious effects of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are becoming a growing challenge for public health. NAFLD is the most common chronic liver disease in the Western world. NAFLD is closely associated with metabolic disorders, including central obesity, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, hyperglycaemia and persistent abnormalities of liver function tests.In general NAFLD is a common denominer for a broad spectrum of damage to the liver, which can be due to hepatocyte injury, inflammatory processes and fibrosis. This is normally seen on liver biopsy and can range from milder forms (steatosis) to the more severe forms (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), advanced fibrosis, cirrhosis and liver failure). In these patients, advanced fibrosis is the major predictor of morbidity and liver-related mortality, and an accurate diagnosis of NASH and NAFLD is mandatory. Histologic evaluation with liver biopsy remains the gold standard to diagnose NAFLD. Diagnosis of NAFLD is defined as presence of hepatic steatosis, ballooning and lobular inflammation with or without fibrosis. Weight loss, dietary modification, and the treatment of underlying metabolic syndrome remain the mainstays of therapy once the diagnosis is established. Dietary recommendations and lifestyle interventions, weight loss, and the treatment of underlying metabolic syndrome remain the mainstays of therapy once the diagnosis is established with promising results but are difficult to maintain. Pioglitazone and vitamin E are recommended by guidelines in selected patients. This review gives an overview of NAFLD and its treatment options.

Hepatocytic Activating Transcription Factor 3 Protects Against Steatohepatitis via Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α

Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) has been shown to play an important role in HDL metabolism; yet, the role of hepatocytic ATF3 in the development of steatohepatitis remains elusive. Here we show that adenoassociated virus-mediated overexpression of human ATF3 in hepatocytes prevents diet-induced steatohepatitis in C57BL/6 mice and reverses steatohepatitis in db/db mice. Conversely, global or hepatocyte-specific loss of ATF3 aggravates diet-induced steatohepatitis. Mechanistically, hepatocytic ATF3 induces hepatic lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation and inhibits inflammation and apoptosis. We further show that hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) is required for ATF3 to improve steatohepatitis. Thus, the current study indicates that ATF3 protects against steatohepatitis through, at least in part, hepatic HNF4α. Targeting hepatic ATF3 may be useful for treatment of steatohepatitis.

Association of elevated serum aminotransferase levels with chronic kidney disease measures: hispanic community health study/study of latinos

Background

Previous studies have shown an association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), but it is unclear whether the association is independent of metabolic syndrome.

Methods

Data from 13,006 participants aged 18 to 74 years in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) without viral hepatitis, excessive alcohol consumption, or high transferrin saturation levels were analyzed. Suspected NAFLD was defined as presence of sex-specific elevations in serum aminotransferase levels (aspartate aminotransferase (AST) > 37 U/L or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) > 40 U/L for men and AST or ALT > 31 U/L for women). Logistic regression was used to examine cross-sectional associations of elevated serum aminotransferase levels with low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m² based on cystatin C), and with high urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) (> 17 mg/g in men and > 25 mg/ g in women) in separate models adjusting for demographic characteristics and metabolic syndrome.

Results

Mean (SD) age was 41 (0.27) years, and 45 % were male. Elevated serum aminotransferase levels were noted in 18.8 % of the population and were associated with greater odds of high UACR (OR = 1.31; 95 % CI = 1.10, 1.56) after adjusting for demographic characteristics; this association became non-significant after adjustment for metabolic syndrome (OR = 1.11, 95 % CI = 0.92, 1.33). In contrast, elevated serum aminotransferase levels were not associated with low eGFR (odds ratio (OR) = 0.73; 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 0.45, 1.18) after adjusting for covariates.

Conclusions

In this sample of diverse U.S. Hispanic Latino adults, elevated serum aminotransferase levels were not independently associated with measures of CKD.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12882-021-02483-y.

Metformin in the prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in diabetic patients: A systematic review

.: Preventive effect of metformin in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is not entirely clear. We aimed to evaluate the use of metformin as a protective factor of HCC in diabetic patients. .: We carried out an electronic search on PUBMED/MEDLINE, Web of Science and LILACS databases, with no limit of date, from April 2017 to January 2019. Eligible studies included cohort and case-control studies. We adressed data about the use of metformin on the risk of HCC development. Two independent reviewers extracted the data. We evaluated the quality of studies by using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale and carried out a meta-analysis using random-effects models. .: The electronic searches identified 747 studies. After reading abstracts and titles, we excluded 327 duplicated papers and 383 irrelevant references. Eight studies were selected; four case-control and four cohort studies. All studies have observed that the therapy with metformin was associated with a lower risk of HCC, compared with non-metformin therapy. Five articles reported that patients treated with insulin, or insulin secretagogues, presented increased risk of HCC compared to those treated with metformin. One study found that not only statin but also aspirin reduced the risk of HCC, if combined with metformin. A meta-analysis, using the case-control studies, found a combined Odds Ratio of 0.468; 95% CI 0.275-0.799 for the association between HCC and the use of metformin. .: The use of metformin was associated with a reduced risk of HCC, and it may be a relevant factor for preventing HCC in diabetic patients.

Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α Prevents the Steatosis-to-NASH Progression by Regulating p53 and Bile Acid Signaling (in mice)

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) is highly enriched in the liver, but its role in the progression of nonalcoholic liver steatosis (NAFL) to NASH has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effect of gain or loss of HNF4α function on the development and progression of NAFLD in mice.

APPROACH AND RESULTS

Overexpression of human HNF4α protected against high-fat/cholesterol/fructose (HFCF) diet-induced steatohepatitis, whereas loss of Hnf4α had opposite effects. HNF4α prevented hepatic triglyceride accumulation by promoting hepatic triglyceride lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and VLDL secretion. Furthermore, HNF4α suppressed the progression of NAFL to NASH. Overexpression of human HNF4α inhibited HFCF diet-induced steatohepatitis in control mice but not in hepatocyte-specific p53^-/- mice. In HFCF diet-fed mice lacking hepatic Hnf4α, recapitulation of hepatic expression of HNF4α targets cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase and sterol 12α-hydroxylase and normalized hepatic triglyceride levels and attenuated steatohepatitis.

CONCLUSIONS

The current study indicates that HNF4α protects against diet-induced development and progression of NAFLD by coordinating the regulation of lipolytic, p53, and bile acid signaling pathways. Targeting hepatic HNF4α may be useful for treatment of NASH.

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Cardiovascular Comorbidities: Pathophysiological Links, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Management

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has a growing prevalence in recent years. Its association with cardiovascular disease has been intensively studied, and certain correlations have been identified. The connection between these two entities has lately aroused interest regarding therapeutic management. In order to find the best therapeutic options, a detailed understanding of the pathophysiology that links (NAFLD) to cardiovascular comorbidities is needed. This review focuses on the pathogenic mechanisms that are behind these two diseases and on the therapeutic management available at this time.

Three-tissue microphysiological system for studying inflammatory responses in gut-liver Axis

The interaction between the gut and the liver, often known as the gut-liver axis, play crucial roles in modulating the body's responses to the xenobiotics as well as progression of diseases. Dysfunction of the axis can cause metabolic disorders as well as obesity, diabetes, and fatty liver disease. During the progression of such diseases, inflammatory responses involving the immune system also play an important part. In this study, we developed a three-tissue microphysiological system (MPS) that can accommodate three different cell types in separated compartments connected via fluidic channels in a microfluidic device. Using computational fluid dynamics, geometry of fluidic channels and flow conditions were optimized for seeding and culturing different cell types in the three-tissue MPS. Caco-2 (gut), RAW264.7 (immune), and HepG2 (liver) cells were seeded and cultured in the chip. Stimulation of the gut cells in the MPS with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in induction of inflammatory response and production of nitric oxide (NO) in all connected chambers. The anti-inflammatory effect of luteolin was demonstrated. Our study demonstrates that the three-tissue MPS can recapitulate the inflammatory responses involving the gut, liver and immune cells.

Emerging targets and potential therapeutic agents in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease treatment

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in the world, which is characterized by liver fat accumulation unrelated to excessive drinking. Indeed, it attracts growing attention and becomes a global health problem. Due to the complexity of the NAFLD pathogenic mechanism, no related drugs were approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) till now. However, it is encouraging that a series of candidate drugs have entered the clinical trial stage with expectation to treat NAFLD. In this review, we summarized the main pathways and pathogenic mechanisms of NAFLD, as well as introduced the main potential therapeutic targets and the corresponding compounds involved in metabolism, inflammation and fibrosis. Furthermore, we also discuss the progress of these compounds, such as drug design and optimization, the choice of pharmacological properties and druglikeness, and the analysis of structure-activity relationship. This review offers a medium on future drug design and development, to be beneficial to relevant studies.

Oral Supplementation of Sodium Butyrate Attenuates the Progression of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis

Sodium butyrate (SoB) supplementation has been suggested to attenuate the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here, we determined the therapeutic potential of SoB on NAFLD progression and molecular mechanism involved. Eight-week old C57BL/6J mice were pair-fed a fat-, fructose- and cholesterol-rich diet (FFC) or control diet (C). After 8 weeks, some mice received 0.6g SoB/kg bw in their respective diets (C+SoB; FFC+SoB) or were maintained on C or FFC for the next 5 weeks of feeding. Liver damage, markers of glucose metabolism, inflammation, intestinal barrier function and melatonin metabolism were determined. FFC-fed mice progressed from simple steatosis to early non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, along with significantly higher TNFα and IL-6 protein levels in the liver and impaired glucose tolerance. In FFC+SoB-fed mice, disease was limited to steatosis associated with protection against the induction of Tlr4 mRNA and iNOS protein levels in livers. SoB supplementation had no effect on FFC-induced loss of tight junction proteins in the small intestine but was associated with protection against alterations in melatonin synthesis and receptor expression in the small intestine and livers of FFC-fed animals. Our results suggest that the oral supplementation of SoB may attenuate the progression of simple steatosis to steatohepatitis.

Low serum adiponectin is a predictor of progressing to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

BACKGROUND

The association between adiponectin and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been studied before, but most of the studies are cross-sectional and cannot prove a causal link.

OBJECTIVE

To prospectively investigate the relationship between serum adiponectin levels and the incidence of NAFLD in 3 years.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

A total of 1325 subjects aged 40 to 70 from the Chongming District of Shanghai, China, were included. All of them did not have fatty liver according to the liver ultrasound examination at entry; alcohol abuse and hepatitis were also excluded. Serum adiponectin levels and other indices were measured at baseline. After 3 years of follow-up, hepatic ultrasound examination was performed on each participant again to detect fatty liver.

RESULTS

The serum adiponectin levels at entry were significantly lower in subjects who developed NAFLD compared with those who did not develop NAFLD after 3 years (1.75 ± 0.89 ug/mL vs 2.37 ± 1.01 ug/mL, P < 0.001). After multiple adjustments, the highest odds ratios for NAFLD were in the second adiponectin quartile, the adjusted ORs were 1.89 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25 to 2.86) compared with those in the highest quartile. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showing variables at entry independently associated with NAFLD after 3 years was adiponectin (P < 0.01), sex (P < 0.01), BMI (P < 0.001), insulin (P < 0.001), HOMA-IR (P < 0.01), GGT (P = 0.001), TG (P < 0.001), and WBC (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Lower serum adiponectin level is a predictor of NAFLD among middle-aged and elderly subjects.

Association Between Serum CK-18 Levels and the Degree of Liver Damage in Fructose-Induced Metabolic Syndrome

BACKGROUND

The pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as a component of metabolic syndrome (MetS) involves the activation of apoptosis in steatotic hepatocytes. Caspase-generated fragments such as cytokeratin-18 (CK-18) in patients with various hepatic impairments are investigated as markers for diagnosis and assessment of disease severity. The goal of the study was to capture early biomarkers of apoptosis and elucidate their role in assessing the presence and extent of hepatic damage in a MetS model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We used male Wistar rats, divided into two groups (n = 7): control and high-fructose drinking (HFD) (35% fructose corn syrup for 16 weeks). Metabolic disorders and liver damage were studied by histochemistry (hematoxylin and eosin), immunohistochemical, immunological, and biochemical testing.

RESULTS

Our results showed significant increase in liver and serum levels of CK-18 and pro/antiapoptotic Bax/Bcl2 ratio, and decreased levels of HMGB1 (marker of necrosis) in the HFD group when compared with the control. All HFD rats developed obesity, hyperglycemia, hepatomegaly, microvesicular steatosis, an imbalance in hepatic antioxidative defense by measuring malondialdehyde and sulfhydryl groups (SH) with no inflammation and fibrosis, elevated serum levels of triglycerides, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein without changes in serum aminotransferase levels relative to the control group. As a result of the applied regression analysis, we have determined that the variables TNF-α (0.92) and SH (0.659) have a strong complex effect on hepatic CK-18 levels with predicted value of the model R = 0.9.

CONCLUSION

The elevated CK-18 serum levels in the HFD group and their association with the histological changes in the liver and biochemical indicators demonstrate the key role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of HFD-induced liver damage and the reliability of CK-18 as a biomarker for noninvasive assessment of liver damages in MetS.

Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates liver fibrosis via suppressing epithelial to mesenchymal transition and reactive oxygen species production in vitro and in vivo

Liver fibrosis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality with a complicated etiology and notorious complications, but there is a lack of efficacious therapeutics. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) has a central role in the course of liver fibrosis, and thus, prevention of the development of EMT may control and even reverse liver fibrosis. This study aimed to examine the beneficial effect of ginsenoside Rg1, a phrenological active component isolated from Ginseng, and interrogate the mechanism in vitro and in vivo, with a focus on transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad and Nrf2-mediated signaling pathways. We employed a TGF-β-induced EMT model in HSC-T6 cells and CCl4 -induced liver fibrosis in animal. We found that ginsenoside Rg1 significantly reduced cell proliferation and reversed transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced EMT in HSC-T6 cells; and ginsenoside Rg1 induced cell apoptosis, Ginsenoside Rg1 decreased the cellular level of collagen I and III in HSC-T6 cells, indicating the amelioration of fibrosis. We showed that ginsenoside Rg1 reduced cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). We also observed similar beneficial effects of ginsenoside Rg1 in vivo. The data showed that ginsenoside Rg1 decreased the level of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, and collage type IV (IV-C), hyaluronic acid, and laminin in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrotic model. Mechanistically, we showed that ginsenoside Rg1 tuned down the TGF-β/Smad and stimulated Nrf-2 nuclear translocation, which could explain the beneficial effects. In aggregate, our results demonstrate that ginsenoside Rg1 exhibits a protective effect on liver fibrosis via suppressing EMT and cellular ROS level. © 2018 BioFactors, 2018.

Effect of CPAP therapy on liver disease in patients with OSA: a review

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may play an important role in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).The effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment, the first-line therapy for OSA, on liver disease in OSA patients is still debated. We provide this review of previous studies to summarize the effects of CPAP treatment on liver disease in OSA patients in aspects of liver function, liver steatosis, fibrosis, and incidence of liver disease. CPAP treatment may be beneficial to liver disease in subjects with OSA independent of metabolic risk factors, but a sufficiently long therapeutic duration (perhaps greater than 3 months) may be needed to achieve these positive effects. Though the mechanism of impact of CPAP treatment on liver in OSA patients is unclear, the influence of CPAP treatment on the factors of the "Two-hit" hypothesis (insulin resistance, fatty acids dysregulation, oxidative stress, and inflammation) may be a reasonable explanation.

Caffeine affects HFD-induced hepatic steatosis by multifactorial intervention

The incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered a risk factor for hepatic fibrosis. Therefore, there is critical need to develop novel cheap and effective therapeutic approaches to prevent and reverse NAFLD. Caffeine is commonly consumed beverage and has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This study examined whether caffeine can ameliorate liver injury induced by high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. Four groups of rats were used and treated for 16 weeks as follows: control group, rats were fed a standard diet; HFD group, rats were fed HFD; and caffeine 20 and caffeine 30 groups, rats were fed HFD for 16 weeks in addition to different doses of caffeine (20 or 30 mg/kg, respectively) for last 8 weeks. The HFD-induced liver injury is determined biochemically by evaluating serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin, bilirubin, triglycerides, cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and by histopathological examination. Tissue malondialdehyde, total nitrate/nitrite, and glutathione concentration were also measured. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technique was used to determine the expression of lipogenic enzyme genes. Caffeine treatment significantly decreased the elevated serum ALT, AST, and bilirubin and increased the reduced albumin level. Interestingly, the hepatic mRNA expression of Fatty acid synthase and acetyl CoA carboxylase was decreased by caffeine, while the protein expression of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 and proliferation-activated receptor α was increased. Furthermore, caffeine reduced tissue lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. These effects suggest that caffeine could improve HFD-induced hepatic injury by suppressing inflammatory response and oxidative stress and regulating hepatic de novo lipogenesis and β-oxidation.

Correlation of visfatin level with non-alcoholic fatty liver in metabolic syndrome

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common public health problem. Visfatin is secreted by visceral adipose tissue and is an adipocytokine. It could be a pro-inflammatory adipocytokine and is related to the metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This study evaluated the association between visfatin levels in patients with the metabolic syndrome with and without non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 120 patients with metabolic syndrome were selected. They were categorized into two groups, patients with fatty liver (n=70) and without fatty liver disease (n=50). Laboratory and anthropometric options such as age, sex, systolic blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, lipid profile, liver enzymes, uric acid, visfatin, insulin, BMI, waist circumference, and TNF-α were measured. The chi-square test, Mann-Whitney, t test, Spearman and Pearson correlations were used for the data analysis. Results: There was a significant difference between the fatty liver and non-fatty liver disease with visfatin, BMI, FBS and lipid profile (p<0.05). The mean±SD level of visfatin was 37.1±1.7 ng/dl in the non-fatty liver and was 44.4±1.5 ng/dl in fatty liver participants (p=0.02). 59% of patients with metabolic syndrome had fatty liver in ultrasonography. Conclusion: According to this study, there was a correlation between visfatin levels and fatty liver disease.

Sex differences in the association of HIV infection with hepatic steatosis

BACKGROUND

Hepatic steatosis is increasing worldwide. Whether HIV and its associated metabolic perturbations exacerbate steatosis is unclear. Sex differences in adipose tissue distribution may also affect steatosis risk. We examined the contribution of HIV and sex to steatosis.

METHODS

Using MRI and spectroscopy, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and liver fat fraction (LFF) were measured in 121 HIV-infected and 107 uninfected men and women without viral hepatitis. Differences in LFF by HIV status and sex were evaluated using multivariable linear regression, adjusting for demographic, lifestyle, VAT, homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance, and HIV-related factors.

RESULTS

HIV-infected women had lower LFF than uninfected women (demographic-adjusted mean: 1.9 vs. 3.1%; P = 0.028); LFF was similar in HIV-infected and uninfected men (4.6 vs. 4.1%; P = 0.78). HIV-infected and uninfected women had less VAT than men (median: 139 and 161 vs. 201 cm and 188 cm, respectively). After adjustment, HIV-infected women had 34% [95% confidence interval (CI): -54%, -5.5%] lower LFF than uninfected women, whereas there was little difference in men (-5.5%; 95% CI: -26%, 21%). Among HIV-infected persons, greater VAT and homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance were associated with greater LFF. HIV-related factors (CD4 cell count, HIV RNA level, or antiretroviral therapy use) had little association with LFF. Although HIV-infected men had 81% (95% CI: 32%, 148%) greater LFF than HIV-infected women, the association was attenuated after multivariable adjustment (25%; 95% CI: -9.1%, 73%).

CONCLUSION

Contrary to expectation, HIV infection is not associated with greater steatosis compared with uninfected adults. It is possible that less fat is stored in the liver to maintain subcutaneous fat (which is reduced in HIV) and the effect is magnified in HIV-infected women, who also have less VAT.

Dietary fructose as a risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

Glucose is a major energy source for the entire body, while fructose metabolism occurs mainly in the liver. Fructose consumption has increased over the last decade globally and is suspected to contribute to the increased incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is a manifestation of metabolic syndrome affecting about one-third of the population worldwide and has progressive pathological potential for liver cirrhosis and cancer through non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Here we have reviewed the possible contribution of fructose to the pathophysiology of NAFLD. We critically summarize the current findings about several regulators, and their potential mechanisms, that have been studied in humans and animal models in response to fructose exposure. A novel hypothesis on fructose-dependent perturbation of liver regeneration and metabolism is advanced. Fructose intake could affect inflammatory and metabolic processes, liver function, gut microbiota, and portal endotoxin influx. The role of the brain in controlling fructose ingestion and the subsequent development of NAFLD is highlighted. Although the importance for fructose (over)consumption for NAFLD in humans is still debated and comprehensive intervention studies are invited, understanding of how fructose intake can favor these pathological processes is crucial for the development of appropriate noninvasive diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to detect and treat these metabolic effects. Still, lifestyle modification, to lessen the consumption of fructose-containing products, and physical exercise are major measures against NAFLD. Finally, promising drugs against fructose-induced insulin resistance and hepatic dysfunction that are emerging from studies in rodents are reviewed, but need further validation in human patients.

The association between continuous positive airway pressure therapy and liver disease development in obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome patients: a nationwide population-based cohort study in Taiwan. Sleep Breath. 2017;21:461-467. [PMID: 27957696 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-016-1439-4]

PURPOSE

Studies on the association between continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment and liver diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cirrhosis in patients with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) are limited. To the best of our knowledge, none exists that makes use of a national database in an Asian population. This study aims to evaluate the effects of CPAP treatment on patients with these two disorders in a retrospective, population-based study in Taiwan.

METHODS

Using the Taiwan National Health Insurance claims database, this study collected the data of OSAHS patients diagnosed between 2000 and 2008 and divided them into CPAP treatment and non-CPAP treatment groups. All subjects were followed up until 2010. Liver disease incidence and risk were calculated.

RESULTS

The CPAP group had a lower cumulative incidence rate of developing liver disease than the non-CPAP group within the observation periods (p < 0.001). After adjusting for age, gender, urbanization level, and comorbidities, the CPAP treatment group showed a lower risk of developing liver disease compared with the non-CPAP treatment group (sub-aHR of 0.66 (95% CI 0.55-0.80), p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Our observations suggest that CPAP treatment may play an important role to delay the progression of liver disease in OSAHS patients and decreases the incidence of liver disease among OSAHS patients. Thus, CPAP therapy may be a feasible way to decrease the risk of liver disease among patients with OSAHS.

Serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Background

This study aimed to assess the significance of serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Methods

Sixty-seven consecutive NAFLD patients and 47 healthy controls who visited our liver clinics between May 2008 and December 2010 were included. The NAFLD diagnosis required elevated alanine aminotransferase and/or gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels, evidence of hepatic steatosis on ultrasound and/or liver histology, and exclusion of other causes of liver injury. Serum VEGF levels were determined by an enzyme immunoassay. Liver biopsy was obtained in 34 NAFLD patients. Histological lesions were scored by a liver histopathologist.

Results

Serum VEGF levels tended to be lower in matched NAFLD patients than in healthy controls (296±146 vs. 365±186 pg/mL, P=0.092); levels in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) also tended to be lower than in those with simple fatty liver (FL) (279±149 vs. 359±190 pg/mL, P=0.095); while VEGF levels were significantly lower in NASH patients than in healthy controls (279±149 vs. 365±186 pg/mL, P=0.041). VEGF levels offered poor predictability for the differentiation between NAFLD patients and controls or between NASH and FL patients. However, patients with high VEGF levels (≥300 pg/mL) were significantly more likely to have FL, either in the total NAFLD population (67% vs. 35%, P=0.019) or in the 34 NAFLD patients with liver biopsy (57% vs. 15%, P=0.023), while those with high VEGF levels also had a significantly lower mean fibrosis score (0.7±0.9 vs. 1.6±1.0, P=0.017).

Conclusion

Our data suggest that serum VEGF levels are equally high in healthy controls and in patients with simple fatty liver, but tend to decrease when NASH develops.

Proteome Dynamics Reveals Pro-Inflammatory Remodeling of Plasma Proteome in a Mouse Model of NAFLD

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Because the liver is the major source of circulatory proteins, it is not surprising that hepatic disease could lead to alterations in the plasma proteome, which are therein implicated in atherosclerosis. The current study used low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDLR(-/-)) mice to examine the impact of Western diet (WD)-induced NAFLD on plasma proteome homeostasis. Using a (2)H2O-metabolic labeling method, we found that a WD led to a proinflammatory distribution of circulatory proteins analyzed in apoB-depleted plasma, which was attributed to an increased production. The fractional turnover rates of short-lived proteins that are implicated in stress-response, lipid metabolism, and transport functions were significantly increased with WD (P < 0.05). Pathway analyses revealed that alterations in plasma proteome dynamics were related to the suppression of hepatic PPARα, which was confirmed based on reduced gene and protein expression of PPARα in mice fed a WD. These changes were associated with ∼4-fold increase (P < 0.0001) in the proinflammatory property of apoB-depleted plasma. In conclusion, the proteome dynamics method reveals proinflammatory remodeling of the plasma proteome relevant to liver disease. The approach used herein may provide a useful metric of in vivo liver function and better enable studies of novel therapies surrounding NAFLD and other diseases.

A Comprehensive Updated Review of Pharmaceutical and Nonpharmaceutical Treatment for NAFLD

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease in the western world with prevalence of 20–33%. NAFLD comprises a pathological spectrum. Nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) is at one end and consists of simple hepatic steatosis. On the contrary, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) consists of steatosis, inflammation, and ballooning degeneration and can progress to cirrhosis. Despite the rising incidence, definitive treatment for NAFLD, specifically NASH, has not yet been established. Lifestyle modification with dietary changes combined with regular aerobic exercise, along with multidisciplinary approach including cognitive behavior therapy, has been shown to be an effective therapeutic option, even without a significant weight loss. Pioglitazone and vitamin E have shown to be most effective in NASH patients. Surgery and weight loss medication are effective means of weight loss but can potentially worsen NASH related fibrosis. Other agents such as n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, probiotics, and pentoxifylline along with herbal agent such as milk thistle as well as daily intake of coffee have shown potential benefits, but further well organized studies are definitely warranted. This review focuses on the available evidence on pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical therapy in the treatment and the prevention of NAFLD, primarily NASH.

Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and its correlation with metabolic syndrome

BACKGROUND

The polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in women at childbearing age. Metabolic syndrome is present from 28% to 46% of patients with PCOS. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered the hepatic expression of metabolic syndrome. There are few published studies that correlate PCOS and NAFLD.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the prevalence of NAFLD and metabolic syndrome in patients with PCOS, and to verify if there is a correlation between NAFLD and metabolic syndrome in this population.

METHODS

Study developed at Gynecology Department of Clinical Hospital of Federal University of Parana (UFPR). The sessions were conducted from April 2008 to January 2009. One hundred and thirty-one patients joined the analysis; 101 were diagnosed with PCOS and 30 formed the control group. We subdivided the PCOS patients into two subgroups: PCOS+NAFLD and PCOS. All the patients were submitted to hepatic sonography. For hepatoestheatosis screening, hepatic ecotexture was compared do spleen's. For diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, we adopted the National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATP III) criteria, as well as the criteria proposed by International Diabetes Federation. Statistical analysis were performed with t of student and U of Mann-Whitney test for means and chi square for proportions.

RESULTS

At PCOS group, NAFLD was present in 23.8% of the population. At control group, it represented 3.3%, with statistical significance (P=0.01). Metabolic syndrome, by NCEP/ATP III criteria, was diagnosed in 32.7% of the women with PCOS and in 26.6% of the women at control group (no statistical difference, P=0.5). At PCOS+DHGNA subgroup, age, weight, BMI, abdominal circumference and glucose tolerance test results were higher when compared to PCOS group (P<0.01). Metabolic syndrome by NCEP/ATPIII criteria was present in 75% and by International Diabetes Federation criteria in 95.8% of women with PCOS+NAFLD with P<0.01. Insulin levels at SOP+DHGNA were higher than at PCOS group with P<0.01.

CONCLUSION

Almost 25% of the patients with PCOS were diagnosed for NAFLD. Metabolic syndrome was present between 32.7% and 44.6% of patients with PCOS. At subgroup PCOS+NAFLD, metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent. These patients are more obese, with higher BMI and higher glucose levels.

Effect of telmisartan on histological activity and fibrosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A 1-year randomized control trial

BACKGROUND/AIM

Telmisartan can attenuate two hit pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). This study aimed to observe the effect of Telmisartan on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity score (NAS) and fibrosis score in NASH patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 50 NASH patients were randomized; 35 of group 1 were treated with Telmisartan 40/80 mg once daily with life style modification (TL) and 15 of group 2 underwent only life style modification (L) for 1 year. At the end, 20 of TL group and 10 of L group were analyzed. Those who showed NAS improvement ≥ 2 or NAS improvement ≥ 1 with fibrosis improvement ≥ 1 were considered as responders.

RESULTS

Baseline alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), insulin resistance index, components of metabolic syndrome, age, and sex were similar in both groups. At the end of study, NAS improvement in TL and L groups was 2.15 ± 1.66 and 1.10 ± 0.57 (P = 0.017) and fibrosis improvement was 0.65 ± 0.93 and -0.30 ± 0.48 (P = 0.001), respectively. NAS improved by ≥ 2 in 13 (65%) and 2 (20%) patients and fibrosis score improved by ≥ 1 in 8 (40%) patients and none of the patients in TL group and L group, respectively. Telmisartan and life style modification could improve steatosis, ballooning, lobular inflammation, and fibrosis. Life style modification could improve ballooning only, but fibrosis deteriorated. TL group showed improvement in NAS and fibrosis score [P value: 0.035; odds ratio (OR) =92.07, confidence interval (CI) =1.39-6106] to the level of response by regression analysis. Weight reduction and improvement of metabolic syndrome did not influence the response. There were similar minor adverse events in both groups.

CONCLUSION

Telmisartan improved NAS and fibrosis score in NASH with insignificant adverse events.

Effects of cumin on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: A double blind, randomised, controlled trial

Background:

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of cumin on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in compare to placebo.

Materials and Methods:

One hundred patients with histopathological diagnosis NASH in two groups of case and control received oral cumin capsule or placebo thrice daily for 6 months. Clinical and laboratory data were body mass index (BMI), serum triglyceride, serum total cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), fasting blood sugar (FBS), steatosis grade, and side-effects and were measured at baseline and after treatment period using standard clinical chemistry techniques. The grade of steatosis was assessed by liver sonography in 3 stages (mild, moderate and severe).

Results:

Of 100 eligible patients during follow-up 10/50 cases and 9/50 controls were excluded. At baseline and after treatment BMI, triglyceride, cholesterol, ALT, AST, HDL, LDL, and FBS were not statistically significant between groups (P ≥ 0.5). BMI, triglyceride, cholesterol, ALT, AST, LDL, and FBS after treatment decreased compare to baseline but were not statistically significant (P ≥ 0.5). The mean of changes in the level of BMI, triglyceride, cholesterol, ALT, LDL and FBS were not statistically significant (P ≥ 0.5). The mean of changes in AST and HDL between groups was significant (P < 0.05). The grade of steatosis before and after treatment between studied groups was not statistically significant (P ≥ 0.5). Side-effects were not statistically significant among the two groups.

Conclusion:

Findings show that there the effect of cumin in in the treatment of NASH was not significantly different in compare to placebo.

Impact of effective versus sham continuous positive airway pressure on liver injury in obstructive sleep apnoea: Data from randomized trials

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) could be an independent risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) occurrence and progression. The impact of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment on non-invasive markers of NAFLD has not been studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 6-12 weeks of effective CPAP on the FibroMax test (comprising components including the SteatoTest, NashTest and FibroTest) through three randomized sham controlled studies.

METHODS

The FibroMax test was performed in 103 obstructive sleep apnoea patients (apnoea + hypopnoea index > 15/h) enrolled in a randomized study comparing sham versus effective CPAP.

RESULTS

At baseline, 40.4% of patients in the sham CPAP group and 45.5% in the CPAP group exhibited liver steatosis. Furthermore, 39.6% of patients in the sham CPAP group and 58.4% in the CPAP group displayed borderline or possible non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Six to twelve weeks of effective CPAP did not demonstrate any impact on reducing steatosis, NASH or liver fibrosis even after adjustment for gender, BMI, baseline apnoea + hypopnoea index and severity of liver injury.

CONCLUSION

A number of non-invasive markers of liver damage are increased in untreated obstructive sleep apnoea patients, potentially contributing to cardiometabolic risk, but they do not improve after 6-12 weeks of effective CPAP treatment.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION

NCT01196845 (ADISAS), NCT00464659 (MneSAS) and NCT00669695 (StatinflaSAS) at ClinicalTrials.gov.

A bioinformatic and mechanistic study elicits the antifibrotic effect of ursolic acid through the attenuation of oxidative stress with the involvement of ERK, PI3K/Akt, and p38 MAPK signaling pathways in human hepatic stellate cells and rat liver

NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are a predominant mediator of redox homeostasis in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Ursolic acid (UA) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid with various pharmacological activities, but the molecular targets and underlying mechanisms for its antifibrotic effect in the liver remain elusive. This study aimed to computationally predict the molecular interactome and mechanistically investigate the antifibrotic effect of UA on oxidative stress, with a focus on NOX4 activity and cross-linked signaling pathways in human HSCs and rat liver. Drug-drug interaction via chemical-protein interactome tool, a server that can predict drug-drug interaction via chemical-protein interactome, was used to predict the molecular targets of UA, and Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery was employed to analyze the signaling pathways of the predicted targets of UA. The bioinformatic data showed that there were 611 molecular proteins possibly interacting with UA and that there were over 49 functional clusters responding to UA. The subsequential benchmarking data showed that UA significantly reduced the accumulation of type I collagen in HSCs in rat liver, increased the expression level of MMP-1, but decreased the expression level of TIMP-1 in HSC-T6 cells. UA also remarkably reduced the gene expression level of type I collagen in HSC-T6 cells. Furthermore, UA remarkably attenuated oxidative stress via negative regulation of NOX4 activity and expression in HSC-T6 cells. The employment of specific chemical inhibitors, SB203580, LY294002, PD98059, and AG490, demonstrated the involvement of ERK, PI3K/Akt, and p38 MAPK signaling pathways in the regulatory effect of UA on NOX4 activity and expression. Collectively, the antifibrotic effect of UA is partially due to the oxidative stress attenuating effect through manipulating NOX4 activity and expression. The results suggest that UA may act as a promising antifibrotic agent. More studies are warranted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of UA in the treatment of liver fibrosis.

Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with liver disease: a population-based cohort study

BACKGROUND

The association between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and the risk of liver disease is unclear. Moreover, population-based studies on the risk of liver disease among people with OSA have not yet been conducted. This study aimed to investigate the risk of subsequent development of liver disease among people with OSA.

METHODS

Using Taiwan National Health Insurance claims data, this study collected subjects from a cohort of 17,374 people with OSA who were diagnosed between 2000 and 2008. A control group of 69,496 people was selected from the same database and matched by age, gender, urbanization, income, and date of initial admission. All subjects were followed up until 2010. Liver disease incidence and risk were calculated.

RESULTS

The overall risk of liver disease among people with OSA was significantly higher than in the control group (aHR = 5.52, p <0.001). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatitis C had significant aHRs of 5.29, 7.50, and 7.19 (all at p <0.001), respectively. In contrast, hepatitis B had the smallest aHR of 3.71.

CONCLUSIONS

The risk of liver disease was more than five times higher among people with OSA compared with the control group; this was particularly for cirrhosis and hepatitis C. Liver disease is thus a very important health issue among people with OSA.

Effect on Liver Enzymes of Biliopancreatic Diversion: 4 Years of Follow-Up

Background: Elevated serum aminotransferase levels are commonly associated with obesity and with a progression to chronic liver disease. Bariatric surgery is the most effective strategy to achieve weight loss. Methods: We conducted the present study with the aim of evaluating the influence of biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) on liver enzymes levels during 4 years in morbid obese patients with normal aminotransferase (n = 65) and in morbid obese patients with high aminotransferase basal levels (n = 50). Results: A decrease in alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities was significant after biliopancreatic diversion. The basal percentage of high aminotransferase levels and percentage of ratio ALT/AST <1 also decreased significantly at 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-years of follow-up in both groups. ALT (52 to 20%), AST (42 to 10%) and ALT/AST (80 to 22%) in patients with normal aminotransferase. ALT (82 to 20%), AST (70 to 6%) and ALT/AST (90 to 20%) in patients with elevated transaminase basal levels. Bariatric surgery was associated with a significant and sustained decrease in body weight in both groups. Serum trasnaminases level changes were positively correlated to body weight changes during follow-up. Conclusion: BPD is an effective method of achieving sustainable weight loss and reduced aminotransferase levels and enzyme ratios of liver damage.

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis associated with metabolic syndrome: relationship to insulin resistance and liver histology

BACKGROUND

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. We aimed to assess the relationship of metabolic syndrome-associated NASH and insulin resistance (IR), and to define the correlation of chemicometabolic components with different degree of liver histology in NASH subjects.

STUDY

Ninety-four subjects with NASH (mean age, 38±14 y; 77% male) were enrolled. IR was calculated using a homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Clinical characteristics including IR and accompanying metabolic risk components in NASH subjects were compared with those of 52 diabetics and 21 healthy controls. The relationship between IR and chemicometabolic variables was analyzed according to different clustering of metabolic risk components and the histologic activity.

RESULTS

NASH subjects had a stronger association with metabolic syndrome than healthy controls. HOMA-IR was significantly higher in NASH subjects than in healthy controls (4.4±2.5 vs. 1.7±0.6; P<0.001) but not than in diabetics. NASH subjects with metabolic syndrome were more likely to have higher HOMA-IR compared with that of NASH subjects without metabolic syndrome (5.0±2.9 vs. 3.6±1.7; P=0.032). HOMA-IR showed a positive correlation with body mass index (r=0.428, P=0.015) and serum fasting blood sugar (r=0.365, P=0.037). Serum aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase ratio (P=0.029) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (P=0.034) were significantly affected according to the degree of fibrotic activity in 41 histology-proven NASH subjects.

CONCLUSIONS

NASH subjects showed increased IR with a significant association of metabolic syndrome. The severity of hepatic fibrosis revealed a strong correlation with serum aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase ratio and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level.

Surgical treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in severely obese patients

Obesity is a multi-organ system disease with underlying metabolic abnormalities and chronic systemic inflammation. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a hepatic manifestation of obesity metabolic dysfunction and its associated cardiovascular- and liver-related morbidities and mortality. Our current understanding of NAFLD pathogenesis, disease characteristics, the role of insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, gut–liver and gut–brain crosstalk and the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy is still evolving. Bariatric surgery significantly improves metabolic and NAFLD histology in severely obese patients, although its positive effects on fibrosis are not universal. Bariatric surgery benefits NAFLD through its metabolic effect on insulin resistance, inflammation, and insulinotropic and anorexinogenic gastrointestinal hormones. Further studies are needed to understand the natural course of NAFLD in severely obese patients and the role of weight loss surgery as a primary treatment for NAFLD.

OxNASH score correlates with histologic features and severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Oxidative stress is a core abnormality responsible for disease progression in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). By employing a highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) approach we recently were able to define the circulating profile of bioactive lipid peroxidation products characteristic of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and developed the OxNASH score for NASH diagnosis. The aims of this study were to assess the utility of OxNASH as a predictor of NASH and study the association between OxNASH and specific histologic features of NAFLD.

METHODS

Our cohort consisted of 122 patients undergoing liver biopsy for clinical suspicion of NAFLD. The NAFLD activity score (NAS) was calculated for each patient. Levels of fatty acid oxidation products were quantified using stable isotope dilution LC/MS/MS, and OxNASH was calculated.

RESULTS

The mean age of our patients was 49.3 (±11.6) years, and the mean body mass index was 31.5 (±4.8) kg/m(2). The majority of patients were Caucasian (82 %) and 48 % were female. OxNASH correlated with NAS and with the individual histologic features of NAFLD, namely, steatosis, inflammation, and ballooning (P < 0.05), with the strongest association being with inflammation [rho (ρ) 0.40, 95 % confidence interval 0.23, 0.57, P < 0.001]. There was also a correlation between the stage of fibrosis and OxNASH (P = 0.001). These associations remained statistically significant after adjustment for multiple confounders.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on our results, in adult patients with NAFLD, OxNASH correlates with histologic features of NASH and appears to be a promising noninvasive marker.

Metabolically induced liver inflammation leads to NASH and differs from LPS- or IL-1β-induced chronic inflammation

The nature of the chronic inflammatory component that drives the development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is unclear and possible inflammatory triggers have not been investigated systematically. We examined the effect of non-metabolic triggers (lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), administered by slow-release minipumps) and metabolic dietary triggers (carbohydrate, cholesterol) of inflammation on the progression of bland liver steatosis (BS) to NASH. Transgenic APOE3*Leiden.huCETP (APOE3L.CETP) mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) developed BS after 10 weeks. Then, inflammatory triggers were superimposed or not (control) for six more weeks. Mouse livers were analyzed with particular emphasis on hallmarks of inflammation which were defined in human liver biopsies with and without NASH. Livers of HFD-treated control mice remained steatotic and did not progress to NASH. All four inflammatory triggers activated hepatic nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) significantly and comparably (≥5-fold). However, HFD+LPS or HFD+IL-1β did not induce a NASH-like phenotype and caused intrahepatic accumulation of almost exclusively mononuclear cells. By contrast, mice treated with metabolic triggers developed NASH, characterized by enhanced steatosis, hepatocellular hypertrophy, and formation of mixed-type inflammatory foci containing myeloperoxidase-positive granulocytes (neutrophils) as well as mononuclear cells, essentially as observed in human NASH. Specific for the metabolic inducers was an activation of the proinflammatory transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1), neutrophil infiltration, and induction of risk factors associated with human NASH, that is, dyslipidemia (by cholesterol) and insulin resistance (by carbohydrate). In conclusion, HFD feeding followed by NF-κB activation per se (LPS, IL-1β) does not promote the transition from BS to NASH. HFD feeding followed by metabolically evoked inflammation induces additional inflammatory components (neutrophils, AP-1 pathway) and causes NASH.

Protective effect of clove oil and eugenol microemulsions on fatty liver and dyslipidemia as components of metabolic syndrome

In the present research, the effect of clove essential oil (CO) and its major constituent, eugenol, formulated in water-based microemulsions, was studied on fatty liver and dyslipidemia in high-fructose-fed rats. Plasma and liver lipids, oxidative stress, inflammatory biomarker, and liver function were the assessed criteria. CO dispersed in water as conventional cloudy emulsion was also subjected to the same biological evaluations for comparison with the microemulsified form of this oil. Results showed that the particle size of CO microemulsion (COM) and eugenol microemulsion (EM) was 8.0 nm and 8.9 nm, respectively. Excess dilution and incubation of these microemulsions in 1.2 N HCl, that mimic stomach juice (without lipase), for 5 hours at 37 °C lead to the establishment of second population of larger particles with average diameter>100.0 nm. Biological evaluation revealed that rats of high fructose control group exhibited significant dyslipidemia, high plasma tumor necrosis factor-α, and elevated malondialdehyde. The same group of rats showed significant high liver total fat, triglycerides and cholesterol, and liver dysfunction compared to control normal rats fed balanced diet. Daily oral administration of CO conventional emulsion, COM, and EM produced significant improvement of all studied parameters. No significant change in all biochemical parameters was noticed when the groups given the different formulations were compared with each other. The study concluded that administration of CO conventional emulsion, COM, or EM produced significant improvement in fatty liver and dyslipidemia with consequent expected protection from cardiovascular diseases and other complications of fatty liver. Formulation of CO in microemulsion having particle size ∼ 8.0 nm did not enhance the protective effect compared with the same dose of CO dispersed in water as conventional macroemulsion, probably due to the ease of absorption of these bioactives in their native states. However, formulation in microemulsion provides a delivery system for oral administration of CO or eugenol in homogeneous, water-based, and thermodynamically stable dosage form during storage.

Correlation between uric acid and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Uric acid (UA) is the end product of purine metabolism and serum uric acid (SUA) level is maintained by the balance between uric acid production and excretion. With the increase in the number of liver disease patients around the world, the number of studies about UA and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is also increasing. According to these studies, high SUA is closely related to the occurrence and development of NAFLD. Therefore, a further understanding of the relationship between UA and NAFLD will be helpful for NAFLD diagnosis and treatment. In this paper, we review the relationship between UA and NAFLD.