1
|
Kim Y, Jung D, Oya M, Kennedy M, Lence T, Alberico SL, Narayanan NS. Phase-adaptive brain stimulation of striatal D1 medium spiny neurons in dopamine-depleted mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21780. [PMID: 36526822 PMCID: PMC9758228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26347-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain rhythms are strongly linked with behavior, and abnormal rhythms can signify pathophysiology. For instance, the basal ganglia exhibit a wide range of low-frequency oscillations during movement, but pathological "beta" rhythms at ~ 20 Hz have been observed in Parkinson's disease (PD) and in PD animal models. All brain rhythms have a frequency, which describes how often they oscillate, and a phase, which describes the precise time that peaks and troughs of brain rhythms occur. Although frequency has been extensively studied, the relevance of phase is unknown, in part because it is difficult to causally manipulate the instantaneous phase of ongoing brain rhythms. Here, we developed a phase-adaptive, real-time, closed-loop algorithm to deliver optogenetic stimulation at a specific phase with millisecond latency. We combined this Phase-Adaptive Brain STimulation (PABST) approach with cell-type-specific optogenetic methods to stimulate basal ganglia networks in dopamine-depleted mice that model motor aspects of human PD. We focused on striatal medium spiny neurons expressing D1-type dopamine receptors because these neurons can facilitate movement. We report three main results. First, we found that our approach delivered PABST within system latencies of 13 ms. Second, we report that closed-loop stimulation powerfully influenced the spike-field coherence of local brain rhythms within the dorsal striatum. Finally, we found that both 4 Hz PABST and 20 Hz PABST improved movement speed, but we found differences between phase only with 4 Hz PABST. These data provide causal evidence that phase is relevant for brain stimulation, which will allow for more precise, targeted, and individualized brain stimulation. Our findings are applicable to a broad range of preclinical brain stimulation approaches and could also inform circuit-specific neuromodulation treatments for human brain disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngcho Kim
- grid.214572.70000 0004 1936 8294Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, 169 Newton Road, Pappajohn Biomedical Discovery Building-1336, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Dennis Jung
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, NY 14642 USA
| | - Mayu Oya
- grid.214572.70000 0004 1936 8294Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, 169 Newton Road, Pappajohn Biomedical Discovery Building-1336, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Morgan Kennedy
- grid.214572.70000 0004 1936 8294Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Tomas Lence
- grid.214572.70000 0004 1936 8294Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | | | - Nandakumar S. Narayanan
- grid.214572.70000 0004 1936 8294Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, 169 Newton Road, Pappajohn Biomedical Discovery Building-1336, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hee Lee J, Lee S, Kim D, Jae Lee K. Implantable Micro-Light-Emitting Diode (µLED)-based optogenetic interfaces toward human applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 187:114399. [PMID: 35716898 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics has received wide attention in biomedical fields because of itsadvantages in temporal precision and spatial resolution. Beyond contributions to important advances in fundamental research, optogenetics is inspiring a shift towards new methods of improving human well-being and treating diseases. Soft, flexible and biocompatible systems using µLEDs as a light source have been introduced to realize brain-compatible optogenetic implants, but there are still many technical challenges to overcome before their human applications. In this review, we address progress in the development of implantable µLED probes and recent achievements in (i) device engineering design, (ii) driving power, (iii) multifunctionality and (iv) closed-loop systems. (v) Expanded optogenetic applications based on remarkable advances in µLED implants will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hee Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sinjeong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Daesoo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Keon Jae Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
The formation and maintenance of episodic memories are important for our daily life. Accumulating evidence from extensive studies with pharmacological, electrophysiological, and molecular biological approaches has shown that both entorhinal cortex (EC) and hippocampus (HPC) are crucial for the formation and recall of episodic memory. However, to further understand the neural mechanisms of episodic memory processes in the EC-HPC network, cell-type-specific manipulation of neural activity with high temporal resolution during memory process has become necessary. Recently, the technological innovation of optogenetics combined with pharmacological, molecular biological, and electrophysiological approaches has significantly advanced our understanding of the circuit mechanisms for learning and memory. Optogenetic techniques with transgenic mice and/or viral vectors enable us to manipulate the neural activity of specific cell populations as well as specific neural projections with millisecond-scale temporal control during animal behavior. Integrating optogenetics with drug-regulatable activity-dependent gene expression systems has identified memory engram cells, which are a subpopulation of cells that encode a specific episode. Finally, millisecond pulse stimulation of neural activity by optogenetics has further achieved (a) identification of synaptic connectivity between targeted pairs of neural populations, (b) cell-type-specific single-unit electrophysiological recordings, and (c) artificial induction and modification of synaptic plasticity in targeted synapses. In this chapter, we summarize technological and conceptual advancements in the field of neurobiology of learning and memory as revealed by optogenetic approaches in the rodent EC-HPC network for episodic memories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - William D Marks
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Takashi Kitamura
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Thermoplasmonic effect-based neural stimulation has been suggested as an alternative optical neural stimulation technology without genetic modification. Integration of near-infrared light with plasmonic gold nanoparticles has been demonstrated as a neuromodulation tool on in vitro neuronal network models. In order to further test the validity of the thermoplasmonic neural stimulation across multiple biological models (in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo) avoiding genetic modification in optical neuromodulation, versatile engineering approaches to apply the thermoplasmonic effect would be required. In this work, we developed a gold nanorod attached optical fiber technology for the localized neural stimulation based on a thermoplasmonic effect. A simple fabrication process was developed for efficient nanoparticle coating on commercial optical fibers. The thermoplasmonic optical fiber proved that it can locally modulate the neural activity in vitro. Lastly, we simulated the spatiotemporal temperature change by the thermoplasmonic optical fiber and analyzed its applicability to in vivo animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongki Kang
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
- Information and Electronics Research Institute, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Woongki Hong
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin An
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangjin Yoo
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Hyuk-Jun Kwon
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonkey Nam
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
How do brain mechanisms create maladaptive attractions? Here intense maladaptive attractions are created in laboratory rats by pairing optogenetic channelrhodopsin (ChR2) stimulation of central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) in rats with encountering either sucrose, cocaine, or a painful shock-delivering object. We find that pairings make the respective rats pursue either sucrose exclusively, or cocaine exclusively, or repeatedly self-inflict shocks. CeA-induced maladaptive attractions, even to the painful shock-rod, recruit mesocorticolimbic incentive-related circuitry. Shock-associated cues also gain positive incentive value and are pursued. Yet the motivational effects of paired CeA stimulation can be reversed to negative valence in a Pavlovian fear learning situation, where CeA ChR2 pairing increases defensive reactions. Finally, CeA ChR2 valence can be switched to neutral by pairing with innocuous stimuli. These results reveal valence plasticity and multiple modes for motivation via mesocorticolimbic circuitry under the control of CeA activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelley M Warlow
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Erin E Naffziger
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kent C Berridge
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Baumgartner HM, Cole SL, Olney JJ, Berridge KC. Desire or Dread from Nucleus Accumbens Inhibitions: Reversed by Same-Site Optogenetic Excitations. J Neurosci 2020; 40:2737-2752. [PMID: 32075899 PMCID: PMC7096140 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2902-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Microinjections of a glutamate AMPA antagonist (DNQX) in medial shell of nucleus accumbens (NAc) can cause either intense appetitive motivation (i.e., 'desire') or intense defensive motivation (i.e., 'dread'), depending on site along a flexible rostrocaudal gradient and on environmental ambience. DNQX, by blocking excitatory AMPA glutamate inputs, is hypothesized to produce relative inhibitions of NAc neurons. However, given potential alternative explanations, it is not known whether neuronal inhibition is in fact necessary for NAc DNQX microinjections to generate motivations. Here we provide a direct test of whether local neuronal inhibition in NAc is necessary for DNQX microinjections to produce either desire or dread. We used optogenetic channelrhodopsin (ChR2) excitations at the same local sites in NAc as DNQX microinjections to oppose relative neuronal inhibitions induced by DNQX in female and male rats. We found that same-site ChR2 excitation effectively reversed the ability of NAc DNQX microinjections to generate appetitive motivation, and similarly reversed ability of DNQX microinjections to generate defensive motivation. Same-site NAc optogenetic excitations also attenuated recruitment of Fos expression in other limbic structures throughout the brain, which was otherwise elevated by NAc DNQX microinjections that generated motivation. However, to successfully reverse motivation generation, an optic fiber tip for ChR2 illumination needed to be located within <1 mm of the corresponding DNQX microinjector tip; that is, both truly at the same NAc site. Thus, we confirm that localized NAc neuronal inhibition is required for AMPA-blocking microinjections in medial shell to induce either positively-valenced 'desire' or negatively-valenced 'dread'.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A major hypothesis posits neuronal inhibitions in nucleus accumbens generate intense motivation. Microinjections in nucleus accumbens of glutamate antagonist, DNQX, which might suppress local neuronal firing, generate either appetitive or defensive motivation, depending on site and environmental factors. Is neuronal inhibition in nucleus accumbens required for such pharmacologically-induced motivations? Here we demonstrate that neuronal inhibition is necessary to generate appetitive or defensive motivations, using local optogenetic excitations to oppose putative DNQX-induced inhibitions. We show that excitation at the same site prevents DNQX microinjections from recruiting downstream limbic structures into neurobiological activation, and simultaneously prevents generation of either appetitive or defensive motivated behaviors. These results may be relevant to roles of nucleus accumbens mechanisms in pathological motivations, including addiction and paranoia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Baumgartner
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, and
| | - Shannon L Cole
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Jeffrey J Olney
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, and
| | - Kent C Berridge
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, and
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Montagni E, Resta F, Mascaro ALA, Pavone FS. Optogenetics in Brain Research: From a Strategy to Investigate Physiological Function to a Therapeutic Tool. Photonics 2019; 6:92. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics6030092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dissecting the functional roles of neuronal circuits and their interaction is a crucial step in basic neuroscience and in all the biomedical field. Optogenetics is well-suited to this purpose since it allows us to study the functionality of neuronal networks on multiple scales in living organisms. This tool was recently used in a plethora of studies to investigate physiological neuronal circuit function in addition to dysfunctional or pathological conditions. Moreover, optogenetics is emerging as a crucial technique to develop new rehabilitative and therapeutic strategies for many neurodegenerative diseases in pre-clinical models. In this review, we discuss recent applications of optogenetics, starting from fundamental research to pre-clinical applications. Firstly, we described the fundamental components of optogenetics, from light-activated proteins to light delivery systems. Secondly, we showed its applications to study neuronal circuits in physiological or pathological conditions at the cortical and subcortical level, in vivo. Furthermore, the interesting findings achieved using optogenetics as a therapeutic and rehabilitative tool highlighted the potential of this technique for understanding and treating neurological diseases in pre-clinical models. Finally, we showed encouraging results recently obtained by applying optogenetics in human neuronal cells in-vitro.
Collapse
|
8
|
Li W, Lin J, Wang T, Huang P. Photo-triggered Drug Delivery Systems for Neuron-related Applications. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1406-1422. [PMID: 29932026 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180622121801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of materials, chemistry and genetics has created a great number of systems for delivering antibiotics, neuropeptides or other drugs to neurons in neuroscience research, and has also provided important and powerful tools in neuron-related applications. Although these drug delivery systems can facilitate the advancement of neuroscience studies, they still have limited applications due to various drawbacks, such as difficulty in controlling delivery molecules or drugs to the target region, and trouble of releasing them in predictable manners. The combination of optics and drug delivery systems has great potentials to address these issues and deliver molecules or drugs to the nervous system with extraordinary spatiotemporal selectivity triggered by light. In this review, we will introduce the development of photo-triggered drug delivery systems in neuroscience research and their neuron-related applications including regulating neural activities, treating neural diseases and inducing nerve regenerations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.,School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332, United States
| | - Jing Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Tianfu Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cole SL, Robinson MJF, Berridge KC. Optogenetic self-stimulation in the nucleus accumbens: D1 reward versus D2 ambivalence. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207694. [PMID: 30496206 PMCID: PMC6264872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) contains multiple subpopulations of medium spiny neurons (MSNs). One subpopulation expresses D1-type dopamine receptors, another expresses D2-type receptors, and a third expresses both. The relative roles in NAc of D1 neurons versus D2 neurons in appetitive motivation were assessed here. Specifically, we asked whether D1-Cre mice would instrumentally seek optogenetic self-stimulation specifically targeted at D1 MSNs in NAc, and similarly if D2-Cre mice would self-stimulate D2 neurons in NAc. Mice were implanted with Cre-targeted channelrhodopsin (ChR2) virus and optic fibers in NAc. Subsequently, mice could earn brief NAc laser illuminations by actively touching a metal spout in one task, or by going to a particular location in a separate task. Results indicated that D1 neuronal excitation in NAc supported intense self-stimulation in both tasks. D1-Cre mice earned hundreds to thousands of spout-touches per half-hour session, and also sought out locations that delivered NAc laser to excite D1 MSNs. By comparison, D2 ChR2 mice showed lower but still positive levels of self-stimulation in the spout-touch task, earning dozens to hundreds of NAc laser illuminations. However, in the location task, D2 mice failed to show positive self-stimulation. If anything, a few D2 individuals gradually avoided the laser location. Brain-wide measures indicated that D1 and D2 stimulations in NAc recruited heavily overlapping patterns of Fos activation in distant limbic structures. These results confirm that excitation of D1 MSNs in NAc supports strong incentive motivation to self-stimulate. They also suggest that excitation of D2 neurons in NAc supports self-stimulation under some conditions, but fails under others and possibly may even shift to negative avoidance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L. Cole
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mike J. F. Robinson
- Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Kent C. Berridge
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Abor, Michigan, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Samineni VK, Yoon J, Crawford KE, Jeong YR, McKenzie KC, Shin G, Xie Z, Sundaram SS, Li Y, Yang MY, Kim J, Wu D, Xue Y, Feng X, Huang Y, Mickle AD, Banks A, Ha JS, Golden JP, Rogers JA, Gereau RW 4th. Fully implantable, battery-free wireless optoelectronic devices for spinal optogenetics. Pain 2017; 158:2108-16. [PMID: 28700536 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The advent of optogenetic tools has allowed unprecedented insights into the organization of neuronal networks. Although recently developed technologies have enabled implementation of optogenetics for studies of brain function in freely moving, untethered animals, wireless powering and device durability pose challenges in studies of spinal cord circuits where dynamic, multidimensional motions against hard and soft surrounding tissues can lead to device degradation. We demonstrate here a fully implantable optoelectronic device powered by near-field wireless communication technology, with a thin and flexible open architecture that provides excellent mechanical durability, robust sealing against biofluid penetration and fidelity in wireless activation, thereby allowing for long-term optical stimulation of the spinal cord without constraint on the natural behaviors of the animals. The system consists of a double-layer, rectangular-shaped magnetic coil antenna connected to a microscale inorganic light-emitting diode (μ-ILED) on a thin, flexible probe that can be implanted just above the dura of the mouse spinal cord for effective stimulation of light-sensitive proteins expressed in neurons in the dorsal horn. Wireless optogenetic activation of TRPV1-ChR2 afferents with spinal μ-ILEDs causes nocifensive behaviors and robust real-time place aversion with sustained operation in animals over periods of several weeks to months. The relatively low-cost electronics required for control of the systems, together with the biocompatibility and robust operation of these devices will allow broad application of optogenetics in future studies of spinal circuits, as well as various peripheral targets, in awake, freely moving and untethered animals, where existing approaches have limited utility.
Collapse
|
11
|
Serruya MD, Harris JP, Adewole DO, Struzyna LA, Burrell JC, Nemes A, Petrov D, Kraft RH, Chen HI, Wolf JA, Cullen DK. Engineered Axonal Tracts as "Living Electrodes" for Synaptic-Based Modulation of Neural Circuitry. Adv Funct Mater 2018; 28:1701183. [PMID: 34045935 PMCID: PMC8152180 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201701183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Brain-computer interface and neuromodulation strategies relying on penetrating non-organic electrodes/optrodes are limited by an inflammatory foreign body response that ultimately diminishes performance. A novel "biohybrid" strategy is advanced, whereby living neurons, biomaterials, and microelectrode/optical technology are used together to provide a biologically-based vehicle to probe and modulate nervous-system activity. Microtissue engineering techniques are employed to create axon-based "living electrodes", which are columnar microstructures comprised of neuronal population(s) projecting long axonal tracts within the lumen of a hydrogel designed to chaperone delivery into the brain. Upon microinjection, the axonal segment penetrates to prescribed depth for synaptic integration with local host neurons, with the perikaryal segment remaining externalized below conforming electrical-optical arrays. In this paradigm, only the biological component ultimately remains in the brain, potentially attenuating a chronic foreign-body response. Axon-based living electrodes are constructed using multiple neuronal subtypes, each with differential capacity to stimulate, inhibit, and/or modulate neural circuitry based on specificity uniquely afforded by synaptic integration, yet ultimately computer controlled by optical/electrical components on the brain surface. Current efforts are assessing the efficacy of this biohybrid interface for targeted, synaptic-based neuromodulation, and the specificity, spatial density and long-term fidelity versus conventional microelectronic or optical substrates alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mijail D Serruya
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - James P Harris
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dayo O Adewole
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Laura A Struzyna
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Justin C Burrell
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ashley Nemes
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dmitriy Petrov
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Reuben H Kraft
- Computational Biomechanics Group, Department of Mechanical & Nuclear Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA
| | - H Isaac Chen
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John A Wolf
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - D Kacy Cullen
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Warlow SM, Robinson MJF, Berridge KC. Optogenetic Central Amygdala Stimulation Intensifies and Narrows Motivation for Cocaine. J Neurosci 2017; 37:8330-8348. [PMID: 28751460 PMCID: PMC5577851 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3141-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Addiction is often characterized by intense motivation for a drug, which may be narrowly focused at the expense of other rewards. Here, we examined the role of amygdala-related circuitry in the amplification and narrowing of motivation focus for intravenous cocaine. We paired optogenetic channelrhodopsin (ChR2) stimulation in either central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) or basolateral amygdala (BLA) of female rats with one particular nose-poke porthole option for earning cocaine infusions (0.3 mg/kg, i.v.). A second alternative porthole earned identical cocaine but without ChR2 stimulation. Consequently, CeA rats quickly came to pursue their CeA ChR2-paired cocaine option intensely and exclusively, elevating cocaine intake while ignoring their alternative cocaine alone option. By comparison, BLA ChR2 pairing failed to enhance cocaine motivation. CeA rats also emitted consummatory bites toward their laser-paired porthole, suggesting that higher incentive salience made that cue more attractive. A separate progressive ratio test of incentive motivation confirmed that CeA ChR2 amplified rats' motivation, raising their breakpoint effort price for cocaine by 10-fold. However, CeA ChR2 laser on its own lacked any reinforcement value: laser by itself was never self-stimulated, not even by the same rats in which it amplified motivation for cocaine. Conversely, CeA inhibition by muscimol/baclofen microinjections prevented acquisition of cocaine self-administration and laser preference, whereas CeA inhibition by optogenetic halorhodopsin suppressed cocaine intake, indicating that CeA circuitry is needed for ordinary cocaine motivation. We conclude that CeA ChR2 excitation paired with a cocaine option specifically focuses and amplifies motivation to produce intense pursuit and consumption focused on that single target.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In addiction, intense incentive motivation often becomes narrowly focused on a particular drug of abuse. Here we show that pairing central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) optogenetic stimulation with one option for earning intravenous cocaine makes that option almost the exclusive focus of intense pursuit and consumption. CeA stimulation also elevated the effort cost rats were willing to pay for cocaine and made associated cues become intensely attractive. However, we also show that CeA laser had no reinforcing properties at all when given alone for the same rats. Therefore, CeA laser pairing makes its associated cocaine option and cues become powerfully attractive in a nearly addictive fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelley M Warlow
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, and
| | - Mike J F Robinson
- Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459
| | - Kent C Berridge
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, and
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
As a cell type-specific neuromodulation method, optogenetic technique holds remarkable potential for the realisation of advanced neuroprostheses. By genetically expressing light-sensitive proteins such as channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in cell membranes, targeted neurons could be controlled by light. This new neuromodulation technique could then be applied into extensive brain networks and be utilised to provide effective therapies for neurological disorders. However, the development of novel optogenetic implants is still a key challenge in the field. The major requirements include small device dimensions, suitable spatial resolution, high safety, and strong controllability. In this paper, I present a concise review of the significant progress that has been made towards achieving a miniaturised, multifunctional, intelligent optogenetic implant. I identify the key limitations of current technologies and discuss the possible opportunities for future development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hubin Zhao
- Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- Kejia Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and.,Department of Microsurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Firas Bounni
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Ziv Williams
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Saunders BT, Richard JM, Janak PH. Contemporary approaches to neural circuit manipulation and mapping: focus on reward and addiction. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:20140210. [PMID: 26240425 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tying complex psychological processes to precisely defined neural circuits is a major goal of systems and behavioural neuroscience. This is critical for understanding adaptive behaviour, and also how neural systems are altered in states of psychopathology, such as addiction. Efforts to relate psychological processes relevant to addiction to activity within defined neural circuits have been complicated by neural heterogeneity. Recent advances in technology allow for manipulation and mapping of genetically and anatomically defined neurons, which when used in concert with sophisticated behavioural models, have the potential to provide great insight into neural circuit bases of behaviour. Here we discuss contemporary approaches for understanding reward and addiction, with a focus on midbrain dopamine and cortico-striato-pallidal circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Saunders
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Jocelyn M Richard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Patricia H Janak
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Galvan L, André VM, Wang EA, Cepeda C, Levine MS. Functional Differences Between Direct and Indirect Striatal Output Pathways in Huntington's Disease. J Huntingtons Dis 2016; 1:17-25. [PMID: 25063187 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-2012-120009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There is morphological evidence for differential alterations in striatal medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs) giving rise to the direct and indirect output pathways in Huntington's disease (HD). MSNs of the indirect pathway appear to be particularly vulnerable and markers for these neurons are lost early in postmortem brains and in genetic mouse models. In contrast, MSNs of the direct pathway appear to be relatively spared in the early stages. Because of the great morphological and electrophysiological similarities between MSNs of these pathways, until recently it was difficult to tease apart their functional alterations in HD models. The recent use of the enhanced green fluorescent protein gene as a reporter to identify dopamine D1 (direct pathway) and D2 (indirect pathway) receptor-expressing MSNs has made it possible to examine synaptic function in each pathway. The outcomes of such studies demonstrate significant time-dependent changes in the balance of excitatory and inhibitory inputs to both direct and indirect pathway MSNs in HD and emphasize early increases in both excitatory and inhibitory inputs to direct pathway MSNs. There also is a strong influence of alterations in dopamine modulation that possibly cause some of the changes in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission in the HD models. These changes will markedly alter the output structures, the GPi and the SNr. In the future, the use of combined optogenetics with identified neurons in each pathway will help unravel the next set of questions about how the output nuclei are affected in HD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Galvan
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior and the Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Véronique M André
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior and the Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Wang
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior and the Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carlos Cepeda
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior and the Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Levine
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior and the Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Spoida K, Eickelbeck D, Karapinar R, Eckhardt T, Mark MD, Jancke D, Ehinger BV, König P, Dalkara D, Herlitze S, Masseck OA. Melanopsin Variants as Intrinsic Optogenetic On and Off Switches for Transient versus Sustained Activation of G Protein Pathways. Curr Biol 2016; 26:1206-12. [PMID: 27068418 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the major protein family for cellular modulation in mammals. Therefore, various strategies have been developed to analyze the function of GPCRs involving pharmaco- and optogenetic approaches [1, 2]. However, a tool that combines precise control of the activation and deactivation of GPCR pathways and/or neuronal firing with limited phototoxicity is still missing. We compared the biophysical properties and optogenetic application of a human and a mouse melanopsin variant (hOpn4L and mOpn4L) on the control of Gi/o and Gq pathways in heterologous expression systems and mouse brain. We found that GPCR pathways can be switched on/off by blue/yellow light. The proteins differ in their kinetics and wavelength dependence to activate and deactivate G protein pathways. Whereas mOpn4L is maximally activated by very short light pulses, leading to sustained G protein activation, G protein responses of hOpn4L need longer light pulses to be activated and decline in amplitude. Based on the different biophysical properties, brief light activation of mOpn4L is sufficient to induce sustained neuronal firing in cerebellar Purkinje cells (PC), whereas brief light activation of hOpn4L induces AP firing, which declines in frequency over time. Most importantly, mOpn4L-induced sustained firing can be switched off by yellow light. Based on the biophysical properties, hOpn4L and mOpn4L represent the first GPCR optogenetic tools, which can be used to switch GPCR pathways/neuronal firing on an off with temporal precision and limited phototoxicity. We suggest to name these tools moMo and huMo for future optogenetic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Spoida
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, ND 7/31, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dennis Eickelbeck
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, ND 7/31, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Raziye Karapinar
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, ND 7/31, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Tobias Eckhardt
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, ND 7/31, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Melanie D Mark
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, ND 7/31, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk Jancke
- Optical Imaging Group, Institut für Neuroinformatik, NB 2/27, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Benedikt Valerian Ehinger
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück, Albrechtstrasse 28, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Peter König
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück, Albrechtstrasse 28, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany; Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Deniz Dalkara
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Stefan Herlitze
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, ND 7/31, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Olivia A Masseck
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, ND 7/31, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Guo S, Zhou H, Zhang J, Xu K, Zheng X. A multi-electrode array coupled with fiberoptic for deep-brain optical neuromodulation and electrical recording. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2015; 2013:2752-5. [PMID: 24110297 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2013.6610110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we developed an integrated device comprised of a multi-electrode array coupled with optical fiber for deep-brain optical stimulation and electrical recording. We characterized the array device both electrically and optically, and conducted in vivo experiments on free moving rats for validation. This design of array device provides a viable tool for neuromodulation and neural signal acquisition in optogenetics and in other fields of neuroscience studies perspectively.
Collapse
|
19
|
Nussinovitch U, Gepstein L. Optogenetics for in vivo cardiac pacing and resynchronization therapies. Nat Biotechnol 2015; 33:750-4. [PMID: 26098449 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in the specialized cardiac conduction system may result in slow heart rate or mechanical dyssynchrony. Here we apply optogenetics, widely used to modulate neuronal excitability, for cardiac pacing and resynchronization. We used adeno-associated virus (AAV) 9 to express the Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) transgene at one or more ventricular sites in rats. This allowed optogenetic pacing of the hearts at different beating frequencies with blue-light illumination both in vivo and in isolated perfused hearts. Optical mapping confirmed that the source of the new pacemaker activity was the site of ChR2 transgene delivery. Notably, diffuse illumination of hearts where the ChR2 transgene was delivered to several ventricular sites resulted in electrical synchronization and significant shortening of ventricular activation times. These findings highlight the unique potential of optogenetics for cardiac pacing and resynchronization therapies.
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang Y, Zhang C, Zhong X, Zhu D. Quantitative evaluation of SOCS-induced optical clearing efficiency of skull. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2015; 5:136-42. [PMID: 25694963 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2014.12.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vivo cortex optical imaging methods for visualization of both structural and functional architecture with high spatial-temporal resolution have shown tremendous advantages in the studies on neurons, glia and microvasculature. To overcome the strong scattering of skull above the cortex, several chronic cranial windows were proposed through craniotomy, but there are some problems. Here, an innovative skull optical clearing solution (SOCS) has been invented to make the skull transparent within 25 min, but SOCS-induced optical clearing efficacy of skull is to be evaluated. METHODS Based on the measurements of divergence of beam spot, collimated transmittance of skull, the efficiency of skull optical clearing has been further evaluated quantitatively by comparing with the Monte Carlo simulation. RESULTS The results show that the light beam bandwidth is 5.2±0.3 mm through the initial skull, and reduces to 2.0±0.2 mm trough the treated skull with SOCS; and the calculated scattering coefficient almost decreases to one third after the treatment. CONCLUSIONS The quantitative evaluation of SOCS-induced optical clearing efficacy of skull provides an important reference for performing transcranial cortical optical imaging or operation based on skull optical clearing technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan 430074, China ; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Photonics of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan 430074, China ; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Photonics of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiewei Zhong
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan 430074, China ; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Photonics of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan 430074, China ; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Photonics of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pienaar IS, Dexter DT, Gradinaru V. Neurophysiological and Optogenetic Assessment of Brain Networks Involved in Motor Control. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
|
22
|
Aguilar-Arredondo A, Arias C, Zepeda A. Evaluating the functional state of adult-born neurons in the adult dentate gyrus of the hippocampus: from birth to functional integration. Rev Neurosci 2015; 26:269-79. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2014-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHippocampal neurogenesis occurs in the adult brain in various species, including humans. A compelling question that arose when neurogenesis was accepted to occur in the adult dentate gyrus (DG) is whether new neurons become functionally relevant over time, which is key for interpreting their potential contributions to synaptic circuitry. The functional state of adult-born neurons has been evaluated using various methodological approaches, which have, in turn, yielded seemingly conflicting results regarding the timing of maturation and functional integration. Here, we review the contributions of different methodological approaches to addressing the maturation process of adult-born neurons and their functional state, discussing the contributions and limitations of each method. We aim to provide a framework for interpreting results based on the approaches currently used in neuroscience for evaluating functional integration. As shown by the experimental evidence, adult-born neurons are prone to respond from early stages, even when they are not yet fully integrated into circuits. The ongoing integration process for the newborn neurons is characterised by different features. However, they may contribute differently to the network depending on their maturation stage. When combined, the strategies used to date convey a comprehensive view of the functional development of newly born neurons while providing a framework for approaching the critical time at which new neurons become functionally integrated and influence brain function.
Collapse
|
23
|
Kruse W, Krause M, Aarse J, Mark MD, Manahan-Vaughan D, Herlitze S. Optogenetic modulation and multi-electrode analysis of cerebellar networks in vivo. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105589. [PMID: 25144735 PMCID: PMC4140813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The firing patterns of cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs), as the sole output of the cerebellar cortex, determine and tune motor behavior. PC firing is modulated by various inputs from different brain regions and by cell-types including granule cells (GCs), climbing fibers and inhibitory interneurons. To understand how signal integration in PCs occurs and how subtle changes in the modulation of PC firing lead to adjustment of motor behaviors, it is important to precisely record PC firing in vivo and to control modulatory pathways in a spatio-temporal manner. Combining optogenetic and multi-electrode approaches, we established a new method to integrate light-guides into a multi-electrode system. With this method we are able to variably position the light-guide in defined regions relative to the recording electrode with micrometer precision. We show that PC firing can be precisely monitored and modulated by light-activation of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) expressed in PCs, GCs and interneurons. Thus, this method is ideally suited to investigate the spatio/temporal modulation of PCs in anesthetized and in behaving mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kruse
- Department of Zoology and Neurobiology, Faculty for Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Martin Krause
- Department of Zoology and Neurobiology, Faculty for Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Janna Aarse
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Melanie D. Mark
- Department of Zoology and Neurobiology, Faculty for Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Denise Manahan-Vaughan
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Herlitze
- Department of Zoology and Neurobiology, Faculty for Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
AIMS Optogenetics approaches, utilizing light-sensitive proteins, have emerged as unique experimental paradigms to modulate neuronal excitability. We aimed to evaluate whether a similar strategy could be used to control cardiac-tissue excitability. METHODS AND RESULTS A combined cell and gene therapy strategy was developed in which fibroblasts were transfected to express the light-activated depolarizing channel Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2). Patch-clamp studies confirmed the development of a robust inward current in the engineered fibroblasts following monochromatic blue-light exposure. The engineered cells were co-cultured with neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (or human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes) and studied using a multielectrode array mapping technique. These studies revealed the ability of the ChR2-fibroblasts to electrically couple and pace the cardiomyocyte cultures at varying frequencies in response to blue-light flashes. Activation mapping pinpointed the source of this electrical activity to the engineered cells. Similarly, diffuse seeding of the ChR2-fibroblasts allowed multisite optogenetics pacing of the co-cultures, significantly shortening their electrical activation time and synchronizing contraction. Next, optogenetics pacing in an in vitro model of conduction block allowed the resynchronization of the tissue's electrical activity. Finally, the ChR2-fibroblasts were transfected to also express the light-sensitive hyperpolarizing proton pump Archaerhodopsin-T (Arch-T). Seeding of the ChR2/ArchT-fibroblasts allowed to either optogentically pace the cultures (in response to blue-light flashes) or completely suppress the cultures' electrical activity (following continuous illumination with 624 nm monochromatic light, activating ArchT). CONCLUSIONS The results of this proof-of-concept study highlight the unique potential of optogenetics for future biological pacemaking and resynchronization therapy applications and for the development of novel anti-arrhythmic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Udi Nussinovitch
- Sohnis Family Research Laboratory for Cardiac Electrophysiology and Regenerative Medicine; the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, PO Box 9649, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fiedler E, Haas N, Stieglitz T. Suitability of SU-8, EpoClad and EpoCore for flexible waveguides on implantable neural probes. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2014; 2014:438-441. [PMID: 25569990 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2014.6943622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In neuroscience optogenetics was established as common research method. However, the devices used for opto-genetical stimulation, so called optrodes, are often made of stiff materials which lead to cell damage. We investigated the suitability of the epoxy based polymers SU-8, EpoClad and EpoCore for the fabrication of bendable thin-film waveguides. With the integration of such waveguides into neural electrodes flexible optrodes could be realized which would allow simultaneous stimulation at different sites. Three different waveguide types were fabricated with SU-8 and EpoClad as cladding and EpoCore as core materials. The optical losses were measured from 12.9 dB (SU-8 and air cladding) over 14.4 dB (SU-8 cladding) to 22.4 dB (EpoClad cladding). Aging in air at 23 °C for a time period of 80 days led to a continuous increase of the losses, which seemed to adapt to an upper limit of over 20 dB. Samples aged in saline solution at 37 °C showed a faster increase in the first 20 days, but a similar upper limit.
Collapse
|
26
|
Ito H, Yanase M, Yamashita A, Kitabatake C, Hamada A, Suhara Y, Narita M, Ikegami D, Sakai H, Yamazaki M, Narita M. Analysis of sleep disorders under pain using an optogenetic tool: possible involvement of the activation of dorsal raphe nucleus-serotonergic neurons. Mol Brain 2013; 6:59. [PMID: 24370235 PMCID: PMC3879646 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-6-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several etiological reports have shown that chronic pain significantly interferes with sleep. Inadequate sleep due to chronic pain may contribute to the stressful negative consequences of living with pain. However, the neurophysiological mechanism by which chronic pain affects sleep-arousal patterns is as yet unknown. Although serotonin (5-HT) was proposed to be responsible for sleep regulation, whether the activity of 5-HTergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is affected by chronic pain has been studied only infrequently. On the other hand, the recent development of optogenetic tools has provided a valuable opportunity to regulate the activity in genetically targeted neural populations with high spatial and temporal precision. In the present study, we investigated whether chronic pain could induce sleep dysregulation while changing the activity of DRN-5-HTergic neurons. Furthermore, we sought to physiologically activate the DRN with channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) to identify a causal role for the DRN-5-HT system in promoting and maintaining wakefulness using optogenetics. Results We produced a sciatic nerve ligation model by tying a tight ligature around approximately one-third to one-half the diameter of the sciatic nerve. In mice with nerve ligation, we confirmed an increase in wakefulness and a decrease in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep as monitored by electroencephalogram (EEG). Microinjection of the retrograde tracer fluoro-gold (FG) into the prefrontal cortex (PFC) revealed several retrogradely labeled-cells in the DRN. The key finding of the present study was that the levels of 5-HT released in the PFC by the electrical stimulation of DRN neurons were significantly increased in mice with sciatic nerve ligation. Using optogenetic tools in mice, we found a causal relationship among DRN neuron firing, cortical activity and sleep-to-wake transitions. In particular, the activation of DRN-5-HTergic neurons produced a significant increase in wakefulness and a significant decrease in NREM sleep. The duration of NREM sleep episodes was significantly decreased during photostimulation in these mice. Conclusions These results suggest that neuropathic pain accelerates the activity of DRN-5-HTergic neurons. Although further loss-of-function experiments are required, we hypothesize that this activation in DRN neurons may, at least in part, correlate with sleep dysregulation under a neuropathic pain-like state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mitsuaki Yamazaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Optogenetic interventions offer novel ways of probing, in a temporally specific manner, the roles of specific cell types in neuronal network functions of awake, behaving animals. Despite the unique potential for temporally specific optogenetic intervention in disease states, a major hurdle in its broad application to unpredictable brain states in a laboratory setting is constructing a real-time responsive system. We recently created a closed-loop system for stopping spontaneous seizures in chronically epileptic mice by using optogenetic intervention. This system performs with a very high sensitivity and specificity, and the strategy is not only relevant to epilepsy but also can also be used to react to diverse brain states in real time, with optogenetic or other interventions. The protocol presented here is highly modular and requires variable amounts of time to perform. We describe the basic construction of a complete system, and we include our downloadable custom closed-loop detection software, which can be used for this purpose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caren Armstrong
- 139 Irvine Hall, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology University of California, Irvine School of Medicine Irvine, CA 927697-1280 (949)824-3306 (phone) (949)824-9860 (fax)
| | - Esther Krook-Magnuson
- 139 Irvine Hall, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology University of California, Irvine School of Medicine Irvine, CA 927697-1280 (949)824-3306 (phone) (949)824-9860 (fax)
| | - Mikko Oijala
- 139 Irvine Hall, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology University of California, Irvine School of Medicine Irvine, CA 927697-1280 (949)824-3306 (phone) (949)824-9860 (fax)
| | - Ivan Soltesz
- 139 Irvine Hall, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology University of California, Irvine School of Medicine Irvine, CA 927697-1280 (949)824-3306 (phone) (949)824-9860 (fax)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gerits A, Vanduffel W. Optogenetics in primates: a shining future? Trends Genet 2013; 29:403-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
29
|
Voigts J, Siegle JH, Pritchett DL, Moore CI. The flexDrive: an ultra-light implant for optical control and highly parallel chronic recording of neuronal ensembles in freely moving mice. Front Syst Neurosci 2013; 7:8. [PMID: 23717267 PMCID: PMC3652307 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrophysiological recordings from ensembles of neurons in behaving mice are a central tool in the study of neural circuits. Despite the widespread use of chronic electrophysiology, the precise positioning of recording electrodes required for high-quality recordings remains a challenge, especially in behaving mice. The complexity of available drive mechanisms, combined with restrictions on implant weight tolerated by mice, limits current methods to recordings from no more than 4-8 electrodes in a single target area. We developed a highly miniaturized yet simple drive design that can be used to independently position 16 electrodes with up to 64 channels in a package that weighs ~2 g. This advance over current designs is achieved by a novel spring-based drive mechanism that reduces implant weight and complexity. The device is easy to build and accommodates arbitrary spatial arrangements of electrodes. Multiple optical fibers can be integrated into the recording array and independently manipulated in depth. Thus, our novel design enables precise optogenetic control and highly parallel chronic recordings of identified single neurons throughout neural circuits in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Voigts
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, Brown University Providence, RI, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lenz JD, Lobo MK. Optogenetic insights into striatal function and behavior. Behav Brain Res 2013; 255:44-54. [PMID: 23628212 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in optogenetic technologies to alter neuronal firing and function with light, combined with cell type-specific transgenic animal lines, has led to important insights into the function of distinct neuronal cell subtypes and afferent connections in the heterogeneously complex striatum. A vital part of the basal ganglia, the striatum is heavily implicated in both motor control and motivation-based behavior; as well as in neurological disorders and psychiatric diseases including Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease, drug addiction, depression, and schizophrenia. Researchers are able to manipulate firing and cell signaling with temporal precision using optogenetics in the two striatal medium spiny neuron (MSN) subpopulations, the striatal interneurons, and striatal afferents. These studies confirmed the classical hypothesis of movement control and reward seeking behavior through direct versus indirect pathway MSNs; illuminated a selective role for TANs in cocaine reward; dissected the roles of glutamatergic and dopaminergic inputs to striatum in reward; and highlighted a role for striatal signaling molecules including an adrenergic G-protein coupled receptor in reward and the rho-GTPase Rac1 in cocaine reward and cocaine induced structural plasticity. This review focuses on how the evolving optogenetic toolbox provides insight into the distinct behavioral roles of striatal cell subpopulations and striatal afferents, which has clinically relevant implications into neurological disorders and psychiatric disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Lenz
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ting JT, Feng G. Development of transgenic animals for optogenetic manipulation of mammalian nervous system function: progress and prospects for behavioral neuroscience. Behav Brain Res 2013; 255:3-18. [PMID: 23473879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we review the rapidly growing toolbox of transgenic mice and rats that exhibit functional expression of engineered opsins for neuronal activation and silencing with light. Collectively, these transgenic animals are enabling neuroscientists to access and manipulate the many diverse cell types in the mammalian nervous system in order to probe synaptic and circuitry connectivity, function, and dysfunction. The availability of transgenic lines affords important advantages such as stable and heritable transgene expression patterns across experimental cohorts. As such, the use of transgenic lines precludes the need for other costly and labor-intensive procedures to achieve functional transgene expression in each individual experimental animal. This represents an important consideration when large cohorts of experimental animals are desirable as in many common behavioral assays. We describe the diverse strategies that have been implemented for developing transgenic mouse and rat lines and highlight recent advances that have led to dramatic improvements in achieving functional transgene expression of engineered opsins. Furthermore, we discuss considerations and caveats associated with implementing recently developed transgenic lines for optogenetics-based experimentation. Lastly, we propose strategies that can be implemented to develop and refine the next generation of genetically modified animals for behaviorally-focused optogenetics-based applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Ting
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Britt JP, Bonci A. Optogenetic interrogations of the neural circuits underlying addiction. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 23:539-45. [PMID: 23375167 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to addictive drugs can result in maladaptive alterations in neural circuit function. This review highlights recent progress made in identifying the organization, function, and cellular plasticity of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), two brain regions strongly implicated in substance use disorders. Emphasis is given to advances made with new research methodologies, particularly optogenetics, which have provided scientists with an unprecedented ability to map neural circuitry and pinpoint drug-induced synaptic modifications. A better understanding of these adaptive events will aid the development of pharmacological treatments for drug addiction and, more generally, further our understanding of motivated behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Britt
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
Abaya T, Blair S, Tathireddy P, Rieth L, Solzbacher F. A 3D glass optrode array for optical neural stimulation. Biomed Opt Express 2012; 3:3087-104. [PMID: 23243561 PMCID: PMC3521295 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.003087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents optical characterization of a first-generation SiO(2) optrode array as a set of penetrating waveguides for both optogenetic and infrared (IR) neural stimulation. Fused silica and quartz discs of 3-mm thickness and 50-mm diameter were micromachined to yield 10 × 10 arrays of up to 2-mm long optrodes at a 400-μm pitch; array size, length and spacing may be varied along with the width and tip angle. Light delivery and loss mechanisms through these glass optrodes were characterized. Light in-coupling techniques include using optical fibers and collimated beams. Losses involve Fresnel reflection, coupling, scattering and total internal reflection in the tips. Transmission efficiency was constant in the visible and near-IR range, with the highest value measured as 71% using a 50-μm multi-mode in-coupling fiber butt-coupled to the backplane of the device. Transmittance and output beam profiles of optrodes with different geometries was investigated. Length and tip angle do not affect the amount of output power, but optrode width and tip angle influence the beam size and divergence independently. Finally, array insertion in tissue was performed to demonstrate its robustness for optical access in deep tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T.V.F. Abaya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112,
USA
| | - S. Blair
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112,
USA
- Department of BioEngineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112,
USA
| | - P. Tathireddy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112,
USA
| | - L. Rieth
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112,
USA
| | - F. Solzbacher
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112,
USA
- Department of BioEngineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112,
USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Optogenetics has revolutionized neuroscience over the past several years by allowing researchers to modulate the activity of specific cell types, both in vitro and in vivo. One promising application of optogenetics is to use channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) mediated spiking to identify distinct cell types in electrophysiological recordings from awake behaving animals. In this paper, we apply this approach to in vivo recordings of the two major projection cell types in the striatum: the direct- and indirect-pathway medium spiny neurons. We expressed ChR2 in the neurons of the direct or indirect pathways using a cre-dependent viral strategy and performed electrical recordings together with optical stimulation using an implanted microwire array that included an integrated optical fiber. Despite the apparent simplicity of identifying ChR2-expressing neurons as those that respond to light, we encountered multiple potential confounds when applying this approach. Here, we describe and address these confounds and provide a Matlab tool so that others can implement our analysis methods. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Optogenetics (7th BRES).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexxai V Kravitz
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Direct and indirect pathway striatal neurons are known to exert opposing control over motor output. In this review, we discuss a hypothetical extension of this framework, in which direct pathway striatal neurons also mediate reinforcement and reward, and indirect pathway neurons mediate punishment and aversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexxai V Kravitz
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Steinberg EE, Janak PH. Establishing causality for dopamine in neural function and behavior with optogenetics. Brain Res 2012; 1511:46-64. [PMID: 23031636 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is known to play essential roles in neural function and behavior. Accordingly, DA neurons have been the focus of intense experimental investigation that has led to many important advances in our understanding of how DA influences these processes. However, it is becoming increasingly appreciated that delineating the precise contributions of DA neurons to cellular, circuit, and systems-level phenomena will require more sophisticated control over their patterns of activity than conventional techniques can provide. Specifically, the roles played by DA neurons are likely to depend on their afferent and efferent connectivity, the timing and length of their neural activation, and the nature of the behavior under investigation. Recently developed optogenetic tools hold great promise for disentangling these complex issues. Here we discuss the use of light-sensitive microbial opsins in the context of outstanding questions in DA research. A major technical advance offered by these proteins is the ability to bidirectionally modulate DA neuron activity in in vitro and in vivo preparations on a time scale that more closely approximates those of neural, perceptual and behavioral events. In addition, continued advances in rodent genetics and viral-mediated gene delivery have contributed to the ability to selectively target DA neurons or their individual afferent and efferent connections. Further, these tools are suitable for use in experimental subjects engaged in complex behaviors. After reviewing the strengths and limitations of optogenetic methodologies, we conclude by describing early efforts in the application of this valuable new approach that demonstrate its potential to improve our understanding of the neural and behavioral functions of DA. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Optogenetics (7th BRES).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E Steinberg
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abaya T, Diwekar M, Blair S, Tathireddy P, Rieth L, Clark G, Solzbacher F. Characterization of a 3D optrode array for infrared neural stimulation. Biomed Opt Express 2012; 3:2200-19. [PMID: 23024914 PMCID: PMC3447562 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.002200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper characterizes the Utah Slant Optrode Array (USOA) as a means to deliver infrared light deep into tissue. An undoped crystalline silicon (100) substrate was used to fabricate 10 × 10 arrays of optrodes with rows of varying lengths from 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm on a 400-μm pitch. Light delivery from optical fibers and loss mechanisms through these Si optrodes were characterized, with the primary loss mechanisms being Fresnel reflection, coupling, radiation losses from the tapered shank and total internal reflection in the tips. Transmission at the optrode tips with different optical fiber core diameters and light in-coupling interfaces was investigated. At λ = 1.55μm, the highest optrode transmittance of 34.7%, relative to the optical fiber output power, was obtained with a 50-μm multi-mode fiber butt-coupled to the optrode through an intervening medium of index n = 1.66. Maximum power is directed into the optrodes when using fibers with core diameters of 200 μm or less. In addition, the output power varied with the optrode length/taper such that longer and less tapered optrodes exhibited higher light transmission efficiency. Output beam profiles and potential impacts on physiological tests were also examined. Future work is expected to improve USOA efficiency to greater than 64%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T.V.F. Abaya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112,
USA
| | - M. Diwekar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112,
USA
| | - S. Blair
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112,
USA
- Department of BioEngineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112,
USA
| | - P. Tathireddy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112,
USA
| | - L. Rieth
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112,
USA
| | - G.A. Clark
- Department of BioEngineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112,
USA
| | - F. Solzbacher
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112,
USA
- Department of BioEngineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112,
USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tamura K, Ohashi Y, Tsubota T, Takeuchi D, Hirabayashi T, Yaguchi M, Matsuyama M, Sekine T, Miyashita Y. A glass-coated tungsten microelectrode enclosing optical fibers for optogenetic exploration in primate deep brain structures. J Neurosci Methods 2012; 211:49-57. [PMID: 22971353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The optogenetic approach to primate brain circuitry has unparalleled potential for uncovering genetically and temporally resolved neuronal mechanisms of higher brain functions. In order to optogenetically investigate the large and complex primate brain, an optical-/electrical probe, or "optrode", must be inserted deeply, which requires the optrode to be not only long and stiff, but also sharp and smooth to reduce possible tissue damage. This study presents a tungsten microelectrode-based optrode that encloses optical fibers within its insulation glass. Optical fibers and a tungsten wire were tightly bound to each other and integrally coated with a smooth, thin layer of glass. This design satisfied the structural requirements for use in deep brain structures. The performance of the optrode was then examined in the thalamus of the rat and macaque monkeys which were injected with lentiviral vectors carrying the channelrhodopsin-2-enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (ChR2-EYFP) transgene. With fluorescence measurements via the optical fiber, ChR2-EYFP expression was detected clearly in vivo, which was confirmed by histological analysis in the rat. With photostimulation and extracellular recording, photo-responsive single-unit activities were isolated in the monkeys. The depth distribution of these units and the peak of the EYFP fluorescence profile overlapped consistently with each other. Thus, by developing a new probe, optogenetic methodology was successfully applied to a primate subcortical structure. This smooth glass-coated optrode is a promising tool for chronic in vivo experiments with various research targets including deep brain structures in behaving monkeys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keita Tamura
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Johansen JP, Wolff SB, Lüthi A, LeDoux JE. Controlling the elements: an optogenetic approach to understanding the neural circuits of fear. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 71:1053-60. [PMID: 22169096 PMCID: PMC3319499 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Neural circuits underlie our ability to interact in the world and to learn adaptively from experience. Understanding neural circuits and how circuit structure gives rise to neural firing patterns or computations is fundamental to our understanding of human experience and behavior. Fear conditioning is a powerful model system in which to study neural circuits and information processing and relate them to learning and behavior. Until recently, technological limitations have made it difficult to study the causal role of specific circuit elements during fear conditioning. However, newly developed optogenetic tools allow researchers to manipulate individual circuit components such as anatomically or molecularly defined cell populations, with high temporal precision. Applying these tools to the study of fear conditioning to control specific neural subpopulations in the fear circuit will facilitate a causal analysis of the role of these circuit elements in fear learning and memory. By combining this approach with in vivo electrophysiological recordings in awake, behaving animals, it will also be possible to determine the functional contribution of specific cell populations to neural processing in the fear circuit. As a result, the application of optogenetics to fear conditioning could shed light on how specific circuit elements contribute to neural coding and to fear learning and memory. Furthermore, this approach may reveal general rules for how circuit structure and neural coding within circuits gives rise to sensory experience and behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Johansen
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY,Laboratory for Neural Circuitry of Memory, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Steffen B.E. Wolff
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland,University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Lüthi
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland,University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joseph E. LeDoux
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY,The Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Adaikkan C, Rosenblum K. The role of protein phosphorylation in the gustatory cortex and amygdala during taste learning. Exp Neurobiol 2012; 21:37-51. [PMID: 22792024 PMCID: PMC3381211 DOI: 10.5607/en.2012.21.2.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation form a major post-translation mechanism that enables a given cell to respond to ever-changing internal and external environments. Neurons, similarly to any other cells, use protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation to maintain an internal homeostasis, but they also use it for updating the state of synaptic and intrinsic properties, following activation by neurotransmitters and growth factors. In the present review we focus on the roles of several families of kinases, phosphatases, and other synaptic-plasticity-related proteins, which activate membrane receptors and various intracellular signals to promote transcription, translation and protein degradation, and to regulate the appropriate cellular proteomes required for taste memory acquisition, consolidation and maintenance. Attention is especially focused on the protein phosphorylation state in two forebrain areas that are necessary for taste-memory learning and retrieval: the insular cortex and the amygdala. The various temporal phases of taste learning require the activation of appropriate waves of biochemical signals. These include: extracellular signal regulated kinase I and II (ERKI/II) signal transduction pathways; Ca(2+)-dependent pathways; tyrosine kinase/phosphatase-dependent pathways; brain-derived neurotrophicfactor (BDNF)-dependent pathways; cAMP-responsive element bindingprotein (CREB); and translation-regulation factors, such as initiation and elongation factors, and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Interestingly, coding of hedonic and aversive taste information in the forebrain requires activation of different signal transduction pathways.
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Optogenetic tools have provided a new way to establish causal relationships between brain activity and behaviour in health and disease. Although no animal model captures human disease precisely, behaviours that recapitulate disease symptoms may be elicited and modulated by optogenetic methods, including behaviours that are relevant to anxiety, fear, depression, addiction, autism and parkinsonism. The rapid proliferation of optogenetic reagents together with the swift advancement of strategies for implementation has created new opportunities for causal and precise dissection of the circuits underlying brain diseases in animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kay M Tye
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Clark Center, Stanford, California 94305-5444, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Fundamental questions that neuroscientists have previously approached with classical biochemical and electrophysiological techniques can now be addressed using optogenetics. The term optogenetics reflects the key program of this emerging field, namely, combining optical and genetic techniques. With the already impressively successful application of light-driven actuator proteins such as microbial opsins to interact with intact neural circuits, optogenetics rose to a key technology over the past few years. While spearheaded by tools to control membrane voltage, the more general concept of optogenetics includes the use of a variety of genetically encoded probes for physiological parameters ranging from membrane voltage and calcium concentration to metabolism. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the state of the art in this rapidly growing discipline and attempt to sketch some of its future prospects and challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume P Dugué
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a key transmitter in the basal ganglia, yet DA transmission does not conform to several aspects of the classic synaptic doctrine. Axonal DA release occurs through vesicular exocytosis and is action potential- and Ca²⁺-dependent. However, in addition to axonal release, DA neurons in midbrain exhibit somatodendritic release by an incompletely understood, but apparently exocytotic, mechanism. Even in striatum, axonal release sites are controversial, with evidence for DA varicosities that lack postsynaptic specialization, and largely extrasynaptic DA receptors and transporters. Moreover, DA release is often assumed to reflect a global response to a population of activities in midbrain DA neurons, whether tonic or phasic, with precise timing and specificity of action governed by other basal ganglia circuits. This view has been reinforced by anatomical evidence showing dense axonal DA arbors throughout striatum, and a lattice network formed by DA axons and glutamatergic input from cortex and thalamus. Nonetheless, localized DA transients are seen in vivo using voltammetric methods with high spatial and temporal resolution. Mechanistic studies using similar methods in vitro have revealed local regulation of DA release by other transmitters and modulators, as well as by proteins known to be disrupted in Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders. Notably, the actions of most other striatal transmitters on DA release also do not conform to the synaptic doctrine, with the absence of direct synaptic contacts for glutamate, GABA, and acetylcholine (ACh) on striatal DA axons. Overall, the findings reviewed here indicate that DA signaling in the basal ganglia is sculpted by cooperation between the timing and pattern of DA input and those of local regulatory factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Rice
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Sparta DR, Stamatakis AM, Phillips JL, Hovelsø N, van Zessen R, Stuber GD. Construction of implantable optical fibers for long-term optogenetic manipulation of neural circuits. Nat Protoc 2011; 7:12-23. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2011.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
46
|
Crittenden JR, Graybiel AM. Basal Ganglia disorders associated with imbalances in the striatal striosome and matrix compartments. Front Neuroanat 2011; 5:59. [PMID: 21941467 PMCID: PMC3171104 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2011.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The striatum is composed principally of GABAergic, medium spiny striatal projection neurons (MSNs) that can be categorized based on their gene expression, electrophysiological profiles, and input–output circuits. Major subdivisions of MSN populations include (1) those in ventromedial and dorsolateral striatal regions, (2) those giving rise to the direct and indirect pathways, and (3) those that lie in the striosome and matrix compartments. The first two classificatory schemes have enabled advances in understanding of how basal ganglia circuits contribute to disease. However, despite the large number of molecules that are differentially expressed in the striosomes or the extra-striosomal matrix, and the evidence that these compartments have different input–output connections, our understanding of how this compartmentalization contributes to striatal function is still not clear. A broad view is that the matrix contains the direct and indirect pathway MSNs that form parts of sensorimotor and associative circuits, whereas striosomes contain MSNs that receive input from parts of limbic cortex and project directly or indirectly to the dopamine-containing neurons of the substantia nigra, pars compacta. Striosomes are widely distributed within the striatum and are thought to exert global, as well as local, influences on striatal processing by exchanging information with the surrounding matrix, including through interneurons that send processes into both compartments. It has been suggested that striosomes exert and maintain limbic control over behaviors driven by surrounding sensorimotor and associative parts of the striatal matrix. Consistent with this possibility, imbalances between striosome and matrix functions have been reported in relation to neurological disorders, including Huntington’s disease, L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias, dystonia, and drug addiction. Here, we consider how signaling imbalances between the striosomes and matrix might relate to symptomatology in these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill R Crittenden
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|