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Benavente R, Reed JH, Lockwood M, Morales R. PMCA screening of retropharyngeal lymph nodes in white-tailed deer and comparisons with ELISA and IHC. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20171. [PMID: 37978312 PMCID: PMC10656533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease affecting cervids. CWD diagnosis is conducted through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in retropharyngeal lymph nodes. Unfortunately, these techniques have limited sensitivity against the biomarker (CWD-prions). Two in vitro prion amplification techniques, real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) and protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), have shown promise in detecting CWD-prions in tissues and bodily fluids. Recent studies have demonstrated that RT-QuIC yields similar results compared to ELISA and IHC. Here, we analyzed 1003 retropharyngeal lymph nodes (RPLNs) from Texas white-tailed deer. PMCA detected CWD at a higher rate compared to ELISA/IHC, identified different prion strains, and revealed the presence of CWD-prions in places with no previous history. These findings suggest that PMCA exhibits greater sensitivity than current standard techniques and could be valuable for rapid and strain-specific CWD detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Benavente
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J Hunter Reed
- Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Kerrville, TX, USA
| | | | - Rodrigo Morales
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
- Centro Integrativo de Biologia y Quimica Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile.
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Abstract
Human prion diseases are rapidly progressive and fatal neurodegenerative conditions caused by a disease-causing isoform of the native prion protein. The prion protein gene (PRNP) encodes for the cellular prion protein, which is the biological substrate for prion disease transmission and neurotoxicity. Human prion diseases have three etiologies: sporadic, genetic, and acquired. PRNP polymorphisms and pathogenic variants play a large role in the frequency, age at onset, and clinicopathologic phenotype of prion diseases. Genetic prion diseases will be covered in detail and information necessary for clinical care, predictive genetic testing, and genetic counseling will be reviewed. Because the prion protein is necessary for transmission and neurotoxicity, many experimental treatments targeting its production are being investigated and hold potential promise as a disease modifying treatment for all forms of prion disease, including asymptomatic mutation carriers. This article will review genetic aspects of human prion disease and their influence on epidemiology, clinicopathologic phenotype, diagnostics, clinical management, and potential treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S. Appleby
- Department of Pathology, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Brian S. Appleby
| | - Shashirekha Shetty
- Department of Pathology, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Pathology, Center for Human Genetics Laboratory, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Mohamed Elkasaby
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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3
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Carrasco AE, Appleby BS, Cali I, Okhravi HR. Atypical Case of VV1 Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease Subtype: Case Report. Front Neurol 2022; 13:875370. [PMID: 35614914 PMCID: PMC9124891 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.875370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare form of rapidly progressive, neurodegenerative disease that results from the misfolding and accumulation of an aberrant, disease-associated prion protein (PrPD). CJD affects 1–1.5 cases per million per year with the sporadic-type accounting for an estimated 85% of these cases. Sporadic CJD (sCJD) is further subdivided into five subtypes based on genetic polymorphisms; the rarest subtype, sCJDVV1, occurs at a rate of 1 case per one-hundredth million population per year. Clinical characteristics of the sCJDVV1 subtype have been reported to show, early age of onset (44 years), average disease duration of 21 months, absent PSWCs on electroencephalography (EEG), and MRI hyperintensities in the cerebral cortex with usual negative signal in the basal ganglia or thalamus. We present a case of the sCJDVV1 subtype with uncommon features. Contrary to current data on sCJDVV1, our patient presented with an unusual age at onset (61 years) and longer disease duration (32 months). The highly sensitive and specific real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay was negative. Presenting clinical symptoms included paranoid thoughts and agitation, rapidly progressive memory decline, prosopagnosia, and late development of myoclonus and mutism. Other findings showed positive antithyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO), and absent PSWCs on EEG. High-dose steroid therapy treatment was administered based on positive anti-TPO findings, which failed to elicit any improvement and the patient continued to decline. To our knowledge, only four cases with the sCJDVV1 subtype, including our patient, have been reported to have a negative result on RT-QuIC. This may suggest varied sensitivity across sCJD subtypes. However, given the rarity of our patient's subtype, and the relatively novel RT-QuIC, current data are based on a small number of cases and larger cohorts of confirmed VV1 cases with RT-QuIC testing need to be reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian S. Appleby
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Ignazio Cali
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Hamid R. Okhravi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Glennan Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Hamid R. Okhravi
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4
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Nihat A, Mok TH, Odd H, Thompson AGB, Caine D, McNiven K, O'Donnell V, Tesfamichael S, Rudge P, Collinge J, Mead S. Development of novel clinical examination scales for the measurement of disease severity in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2022; 93:404-412. [PMID: 35022318 PMCID: PMC8921594 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-327722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use a robust statistical methodology to develop and validate clinical rating scales quantifying longitudinal motor and cognitive dysfunction in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) at the bedside. METHODS Rasch analysis was used to iteratively construct interval scales measuring composite cognitive and motor dysfunction from pooled bedside neurocognitive examinations collected as part of the prospective National Prion Monitoring Cohort study, October 2008-December 2016.A longitudinal clinical examination dataset constructed from 528 patients with sCJD, comprising 1030 Motor Scale and 757 Cognitive Scale scores over 130 patient-years of study, was used to demonstrate scale utility. RESULTS The Rasch-derived Motor Scale consists of 8 items, including assessments reliant on pyramidal, extrapyramidal and cerebellar systems. The Cognitive Scale comprises 6 items, and includes measures of executive function, language, visual perception and memory. Both scales are unidimensional, perform independently of age or gender and have excellent inter-rater reliability. They can be completed in minutes at the bedside, as part of a normal neurocognitive examination. A composite Examination Scale can be derived by averaging both scores. Several scale uses, in measuring longitudinal change, prognosis and phenotypic heterogeneity are illustrated. CONCLUSIONS These two novel sCJD Motor and Cognitive Scales and the composite Examination Scale should prove useful to objectively measure phenotypic and clinical change in future clinical trials and for patient stratification. This statistical approach can help to overcome obstacles to assessing clinical change in rapidly progressive, multisystem conditions with limited longitudinal follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akin Nihat
- UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, MRC Prion Unit at UCL, London, UK.,National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Prion Clinic, London, UK
| | - Tze How Mok
- UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, MRC Prion Unit at UCL, London, UK.,National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Prion Clinic, London, UK
| | - Hans Odd
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Prion Clinic, London, UK
| | - Andrew Geoffrey Bourne Thompson
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Prion Clinic, London, UK
| | - Diana Caine
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Prion Clinic, London, UK
| | - Kirsty McNiven
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Prion Clinic, London, UK
| | - Veronica O'Donnell
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Prion Clinic, London, UK
| | - Selam Tesfamichael
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Prion Clinic, London, UK
| | - Peter Rudge
- UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, MRC Prion Unit at UCL, London, UK.,National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Prion Clinic, London, UK
| | - John Collinge
- UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, MRC Prion Unit at UCL, London, UK.,National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Prion Clinic, London, UK
| | - Simon Mead
- UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, MRC Prion Unit at UCL, London, UK .,National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Prion Clinic, London, UK
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5
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Bizzi A, Pascuzzo R, Blevins J, Moscatelli MEM, Grisoli M, Lodi R, Doniselli FM, Castelli G, Cohen ML, Stamm A, Schonberger LB, Appleby BS, Gambetti P. Subtype Diagnosis of Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease with Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Ann Neurol 2020; 89:560-572. [PMID: 33274461 PMCID: PMC7986086 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective Sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (sCJD) comprises several subtypes as defined by genetic and prion protein characteristics, which are associated with distinct clinical and pathological phenotypes. To date, no clinical test can reliably diagnose the subtype. We established two procedures for the antemortem diagnosis of sCJD subtype using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods MRI of 1,458 patients referred to the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center were collected through its consultation service. One neuroradiologist blind to the diagnosis scored 12 brain regions and generated a lesion profile for each MRI scan. We selected 487 patients with autopsy‐confirmed diagnosis of “pure” sCJD subtype and at least one positive diffusion MRI examination. We designed and tested two data‐driven procedures for subtype diagnosis: the first procedure—prion subtype classification algorithm with MRI (PriSCA_MRI)—uses only MRI examinations; the second—PriSCA_MRI + Gen—includes knowledge of the prion protein codon 129 genotype, a major determinant of sCJD subtypes. Both procedures were tested on the first MRI and the last MRI follow‐up. Results PriSCA_MRI classified the 3 most prevalent subtypes with 82% accuracy. PriSCA_MRI + Gen raised the accuracy to 89% and identified all subtypes. Individually, the 2 most prevalent sCJD subtypes, MM1 and VV2, were diagnosed with sensitivities up to 95 and 97%, respectively. The performances of both procedures did not change in 168 patients with longitudinal MRI studies when the last examination was used. Interpretation This study provides the first practical algorithms for antemortem diagnosis of sCJD subtypes. MRI diagnosis of subtype is likely to be attainable at early disease stages to prognosticate clinical course and design future therapeutic trials. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:560–572
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Bizzi
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Pascuzzo
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Janis Blevins
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Marco E M Moscatelli
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Grisoli
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele Lodi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio M Doniselli
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Castelli
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Mark L Cohen
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH.,Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Aymeric Stamm
- Department of Mathematics Jean Leray, CNRS (National Center for Scientific Research), Nantes, France
| | - Lawrence B Schonberger
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Brian S Appleby
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH.,Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Pierluigi Gambetti
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
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6
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Rhoads DD, Wrona A, Foutz A, Blevins J, Glisic K, Person M, Maddox RA, Belay ED, Schonberger LB, Tatsuoka C, Cohen ML, Appleby BS. Diagnosis of prion diseases by RT-QuIC results in improved surveillance. Neurology 2020; 95:e1017-e1026. [PMID: 32571851 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center's (NPDPSC's) experience using CSF real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) as a diagnostic test, to examine factors associated with false-negative RT-QuIC results, and to investigate the impact of RT-QuICs on prion disease surveillance. METHODS Between May 2015 and April 2018, the NPDPSC received 10,498 CSF specimens that were included in the study. Sensitivity and specificity analyses were performed on 567 autopsy-verified cases. Prion disease type, demographic characteristics, specimen color, and time variables were examined for association with RT-QuIC results. The effect of including positive RT-QuIC cases in prion disease surveillance was examined. RESULTS The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of RT-QuIC across all prion diseases were 90.3% and 98.5%, respectively. Diagnostic sensitivity was lower for fatal familial insomnia, Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease, sporadic fatal insomnia, variably protease sensitive prionopathy, and the VV1 and MM2 subtypes of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Individuals with prion disease and negative RT-QuIC results were younger and had lower tau levels and nonelevated 14-3-3 levels compared to RT-QuIC-positive cases. Sensitivity was high throughout the disease course. Some cases that initially tested RT-QuIC negative had a subsequent specimen test positive. Including positive RT-QuIC cases in surveillance statistics increased laboratory-based case ascertainment of prion disease by 90% over autopsy alone. CONCLUSIONS RT-QuIC has high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing prion diseases. Sensitivity limitations are associated with prion disease type, age, and related CSF diagnostic results. RT-QuIC greatly improves laboratory-based prion disease ascertainment for surveillance purposes. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class III evidence that second-generation RT-QuIC identifies prion disease with a sensitivity of 90.3% and specificity of 98.5% among patients being screened for these diseases due to concerning symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Rhoads
- From the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (D.D.R., A.F., J.B., K.G., M.L.C., B.S.A.) and Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (C.T.), Case Western Reserve University; Departments of Pathology (D.D.R., M.L.C., B.S.A.), Neurology (C.T., M.L.C., B.S.A.), and Psychiatry (B.S.A.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH; School of Public Health (A.W.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; and Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (M.P., R.A.M., E.D.B., L.B.S.), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Aleksandra Wrona
- From the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (D.D.R., A.F., J.B., K.G., M.L.C., B.S.A.) and Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (C.T.), Case Western Reserve University; Departments of Pathology (D.D.R., M.L.C., B.S.A.), Neurology (C.T., M.L.C., B.S.A.), and Psychiatry (B.S.A.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH; School of Public Health (A.W.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; and Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (M.P., R.A.M., E.D.B., L.B.S.), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Aaron Foutz
- From the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (D.D.R., A.F., J.B., K.G., M.L.C., B.S.A.) and Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (C.T.), Case Western Reserve University; Departments of Pathology (D.D.R., M.L.C., B.S.A.), Neurology (C.T., M.L.C., B.S.A.), and Psychiatry (B.S.A.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH; School of Public Health (A.W.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; and Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (M.P., R.A.M., E.D.B., L.B.S.), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Janis Blevins
- From the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (D.D.R., A.F., J.B., K.G., M.L.C., B.S.A.) and Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (C.T.), Case Western Reserve University; Departments of Pathology (D.D.R., M.L.C., B.S.A.), Neurology (C.T., M.L.C., B.S.A.), and Psychiatry (B.S.A.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH; School of Public Health (A.W.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; and Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (M.P., R.A.M., E.D.B., L.B.S.), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Kathleen Glisic
- From the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (D.D.R., A.F., J.B., K.G., M.L.C., B.S.A.) and Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (C.T.), Case Western Reserve University; Departments of Pathology (D.D.R., M.L.C., B.S.A.), Neurology (C.T., M.L.C., B.S.A.), and Psychiatry (B.S.A.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH; School of Public Health (A.W.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; and Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (M.P., R.A.M., E.D.B., L.B.S.), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Marissa Person
- From the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (D.D.R., A.F., J.B., K.G., M.L.C., B.S.A.) and Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (C.T.), Case Western Reserve University; Departments of Pathology (D.D.R., M.L.C., B.S.A.), Neurology (C.T., M.L.C., B.S.A.), and Psychiatry (B.S.A.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH; School of Public Health (A.W.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; and Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (M.P., R.A.M., E.D.B., L.B.S.), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ryan A Maddox
- From the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (D.D.R., A.F., J.B., K.G., M.L.C., B.S.A.) and Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (C.T.), Case Western Reserve University; Departments of Pathology (D.D.R., M.L.C., B.S.A.), Neurology (C.T., M.L.C., B.S.A.), and Psychiatry (B.S.A.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH; School of Public Health (A.W.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; and Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (M.P., R.A.M., E.D.B., L.B.S.), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ermias D Belay
- From the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (D.D.R., A.F., J.B., K.G., M.L.C., B.S.A.) and Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (C.T.), Case Western Reserve University; Departments of Pathology (D.D.R., M.L.C., B.S.A.), Neurology (C.T., M.L.C., B.S.A.), and Psychiatry (B.S.A.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH; School of Public Health (A.W.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; and Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (M.P., R.A.M., E.D.B., L.B.S.), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lawrence B Schonberger
- From the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (D.D.R., A.F., J.B., K.G., M.L.C., B.S.A.) and Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (C.T.), Case Western Reserve University; Departments of Pathology (D.D.R., M.L.C., B.S.A.), Neurology (C.T., M.L.C., B.S.A.), and Psychiatry (B.S.A.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH; School of Public Health (A.W.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; and Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (M.P., R.A.M., E.D.B., L.B.S.), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Curtis Tatsuoka
- From the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (D.D.R., A.F., J.B., K.G., M.L.C., B.S.A.) and Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (C.T.), Case Western Reserve University; Departments of Pathology (D.D.R., M.L.C., B.S.A.), Neurology (C.T., M.L.C., B.S.A.), and Psychiatry (B.S.A.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH; School of Public Health (A.W.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; and Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (M.P., R.A.M., E.D.B., L.B.S.), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mark L Cohen
- From the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (D.D.R., A.F., J.B., K.G., M.L.C., B.S.A.) and Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (C.T.), Case Western Reserve University; Departments of Pathology (D.D.R., M.L.C., B.S.A.), Neurology (C.T., M.L.C., B.S.A.), and Psychiatry (B.S.A.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH; School of Public Health (A.W.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; and Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (M.P., R.A.M., E.D.B., L.B.S.), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Brian S Appleby
- From the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (D.D.R., A.F., J.B., K.G., M.L.C., B.S.A.) and Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (C.T.), Case Western Reserve University; Departments of Pathology (D.D.R., M.L.C., B.S.A.), Neurology (C.T., M.L.C., B.S.A.), and Psychiatry (B.S.A.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH; School of Public Health (A.W.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; and Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (M.P., R.A.M., E.D.B., L.B.S.), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
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7
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Hayashi Y, Iwasaki Y, Waza M, Shibata H, Akagi A, Kimura A, Inuzuka T, Satoh K, Kitamoto T, Yoshida M, Shimohata T. Clinicopathological findings of an MM2-cortical-type sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patient with cortical blindness during a course of glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration. Prion 2020; 13:124-131. [PMID: 31219399 PMCID: PMC6629179 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2019.1631680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report an autopsy-verified patient with MM2-coritical-type sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (MM2C-type sCJD) presenting cortical blindness during a course of glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration, and focus on the difficulties involved in early clinical diagnosis. An 83-year-old man was admitted to our hospital 15 months after the onset of cortical blindness, and 9 months after the onset of progressive dementia. Neurological examination revealed dementia, frontal signs, visual disturbance, dysphagia, myoclonus and exaggerated tendon reflexes in the four extremities. Diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI) showed cortical hyperintensities predominantly in the bilateral occipital lobes. PRNP gene analysis showed no mutations with methionine homozygosity at codon 129. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination revealed elevation of 14–3-3 and total tau protein. The symptoms progressed gradually, and the patient died of aspiration pneumonia, 30 months after the onset. Neuropathological examination revealed extensive large confluent vacuole-type spongiform changes in the cerebral cortices. Prion protein (PrP) immunostaining showed perivascular and plaque-type PrP deposits. We diagnosed our patient as MM2C-type sCJD. There are two difficulties in the early clinical diagnosis of MM2C-type sCJD with ocular disease in the elderly; delayed utilization of DW-MRI, and accompaniment of ocular disease. For early diagnosis of MM2C-type sCJD, we conclude that clinician should perform DW-MRI for patients with isolated dementia or cortical visual disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Hayashi
- a Department of Neurology , Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine , Gifu , Japan
| | - Yasushi Iwasaki
- b Autopsy Center of Prion Disease , Institute for Medical Sciences of Aging, Aichi Medical University , Nagakute , Japan
| | - Masahiro Waza
- c Department of Neurology , Kakamigahara Rehabilitation Hospital , Kakamigahara , Japan
| | - Hideaki Shibata
- a Department of Neurology , Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine , Gifu , Japan
| | - Akio Akagi
- b Autopsy Center of Prion Disease , Institute for Medical Sciences of Aging, Aichi Medical University , Nagakute , Japan
| | - Akio Kimura
- a Department of Neurology , Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine , Gifu , Japan
| | - Takashi Inuzuka
- a Department of Neurology , Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine , Gifu , Japan.,d Department of Neurology , Gifu Municipal Hospital , Gifu , Japan
| | - Katsuya Satoh
- e Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Sciences , Nagasaki University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- f Division of CJD Science and Technology, Department of Prion Research , Center for Translational and Advanced Animal Research on Human Diseases, Tohoku University School of Medicine , Sendai , Japan
| | - Mari Yoshida
- b Autopsy Center of Prion Disease , Institute for Medical Sciences of Aging, Aichi Medical University , Nagakute , Japan
| | - Takayoshi Shimohata
- a Department of Neurology , Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine , Gifu , Japan
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Hayashi Y, Iwasaki Y, Waza M, Kato S, Akagi A, Kimura A, Inuzuka T, Satoh K, Kitamoto T, Yoshida M, Shimohata T. Clinicopathological findings of a long-term survivor of V180I genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Prion 2020; 14:109-117. [PMID: 32178563 PMCID: PMC7153845 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2020.1739603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical characteristics of genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (gCJD) with a V180I mutation in the PRNP gene (V180I gCJD) are unique: elderly-onset, gradual progression, sporadic fashion, and cortical oedematous hyper-intensity on diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI). This phenotype may become a potential target of future clinical therapeutic trials. The average disease duration of V180I gCJD patients is 23–27 months; however, considerably long-term survivors are also reported. The factors influencing survival and the clinicopathological characteristics of long-term survivors remain unknown. Herein, we report clinicopathological findings of a long-term survivor of V180I gCJD. A 78-year old woman was admitted to our hospital due to dementia and left hand tremor approximately 1.5 months after symptom onset. Neurological examination revealed dementia, frontal signs, and left hand tremor at admission. She had no family history of dementia or other neurological disease. DW-MRI revealed cortical oedematous hyper-intensities in the bilateral frontal lobes and the right temporal and parietal lobes. PRNP gene analysis indicated a V180I mutation with methionine homozygosity at codon 129. The symptoms gradually progressed, and she died of aspiration pneumonia 61 months after symptom onset. Neuropathological examination revealed severe cerebral atrophy with moderate to severe gliosis, but the brainstem was well preserved. Various-sized and non-confluent vacuole type spongiform changes were extensively observed in the cerebral cortices. Prion protein (PrP) immunostaining revealed weak and synaptic-type PrP deposits in the cerebral cortices. We consider that long-term tube feeding, and very mild brainstem involvement may be associated with the long-term survival of our V180I gCJD patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Hayashi
- Department of Neurology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yasushi Iwasaki
- Autopsy Center of Prion Disease, Institute for Medical Sciences of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Masahiro Waza
- Department of Neurology, Kakamigahara Rehabilitation Hospital, Kakamigahara, Japan
| | - Shinei Kato
- Department of Neurology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Akio Akagi
- Autopsy Center of Prion Disease, Institute for Medical Sciences of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Akio Kimura
- Department of Neurology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takashi Inuzuka
- Department of Neurology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Gifu Municipal Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Katsuya Satoh
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Division of CJD Science and Technology, Department of Prion Research, Center for Translational and Advanced Animal Research on Human Diseases, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Autopsy Center of Prion Disease, Institute for Medical Sciences of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Shimohata
- Department of Neurology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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9
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Nirale P, Paul A, Yadav KS. Nanoemulsions for targeting the neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Prion's. Life Sci 2020; 245:117394. [PMID: 32017870 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases need the drugs to be delivered right inside the brain to maximizing the therapeutic effects. This can be achieved by use of novel targeted delivery systems such as nanoemulsions. Nanoemulsions (NE) are nano-sized emulsions that are manufactured for enhancing the delivery of drugs to the targeted site and minimize adverse effects and toxic reactions. Looking into the advanced pharmaceutical applications of NE, the present review gives an insight to the understanding of the application of NE in NDs like AD, PD and Prion's disease. The review also touches upon the pathophysiology of these ND diseases to have a clear understanding of the molecular aspects of the disease. Finally, the review sets a standpoint of nanoemulsion's significance in the treatment therapy of ND besides the drawbacks associated with the current drug therapy in NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhuti Nirale
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Deemed to be University, Mumbai 400 056, India
| | - Ankita Paul
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Deemed to be University, Mumbai 400 056, India
| | - Khushwant S Yadav
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Deemed to be University, Mumbai 400 056, India.
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10
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Nakagawa Y, Yamada S. Metal homeostasis disturbances in neurodegenerative disorders, with special emphasis on Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease - Potential pathogenetic mechanism and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 207:107455. [PMID: 31863817 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is characterized by a rapidly progressive dementia often accompanied by myoclonus and other signs of brain dysfunction, relying on the conversion of the normal cellular form of the prion protein (PrPC) to a misfolded form (PrPSc). The neuropathological changes include spongiform degeneration, neuronal loss, astrogliosis, and deposition of PrPSc. It is still unclear how these pathological changes correlate with the development of CJD symptoms because few patients survive beyond 2 years after diagnosis. Inasmuch as the symptoms of CJD overlap some of those observed in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, there may be some underlying pathologic mechanisms associated with CJD that may contribute to the symptoms of non-prion neurodegenerative diseases as well. Data suggest that imbalance of metals, including copper, zinc, iron, and manganese, induces abnormalities in processing and degradation of prion proteins that are accompanied by self-propagation of PrPSc. These events appear to be responsible for glutamatergic synaptic dysfunctions, neuronal death, and PrPSc aggregation. Given that the prodromal symptoms of CJD such as sleep disturbances and mood disorders are associated with brain stem and limbic system dysfunction, the pathological changes may initially occur in these brain regions, then spread throughout the entire brain. Alterations in cerebrospinal fluid homeostasis, which may be linked to imbalance of these metals, seem to be more important than neuroinflammation in causing the cell death. It is proposed that metal dyshomeostasis could be responsible for the initiation and progression of the pathological changes associated with symptoms of CJD and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Nakagawa
- Center for Pharma-Food Research (CPFR), Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Integrative Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Shizuo Yamada
- Center for Pharma-Food Research (CPFR), Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Integrative Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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11
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Camacho MV, Telling G, Kong Q, Gambetti P, Notari S. Role of prion protein glycosylation in replication of human prions by protein misfolding cyclic amplification. J Transl Med 2019; 99:1741-8. [PMID: 31249376 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are transmissible neurological disorders associated with the presence of abnormal, disease-related prion protein (PrPD). The detection of PrPD in the brain is the only definitive diagnostic evidence of prion disease and its identification in body fluids and peripheral tissues are valuable for pre-mortem diagnosis. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) is a technique able to detect minute amount of PrPD and is based on the conversion of normal or cellular PrP (PrPC) to newly formed PrPD, sustained by a self-templating mechanism. Several animal prions have been efficiently amplified by PMCA, but limited results have been obtained with human prions with the exception of variant-Creutzfeldt-Jakob-disease (vCJD). Since the total or partial absence of glycans on PrPC has been shown to affect PMCA efficiency in animal prion studies, we attempted to enhance the amplification of four major sporadic-CJD (sCJD) subtypes (MM1, MM2, VV1, and VV2) and vCJD by single round PMCA using partially or totally unglycosylated PrPC as substrates. The amplification efficiency of all tested sCJD subtypes underwent a strong increase, inversely correlated to the degree of PrPC glycosylation and directly related to the matching of the PrP polymorphic 129 M/V genotype between seed and substrate. This effect was particularly significant in sCJDMM2 and sCJDVV2 allowing the detection of PK-resistant PrPD (resPrPD) in sCJDMM2 and sCJDVV2 brains at dilutions of 6 × 107 and 3 × 106. vCJD, at variance with the tested sCJD subtypes, showed the best amplification with partially deglycosylated PrPC substrate reaching a resPrPD detectability at up to 3 × 1016 brain dilution. The differential effect of substrate PrPC glycosylations suggests subtype-dependent PrPC-PrPD interactions, strongly affected by the PrPC glycans. The enhanced PMCA prion amplification efficiency achieved with unglycosylated PrPC substrates may allow for the developing of a sensitive, non-invasive, diagnostic test for the different CJD subtypes based on body fluids or easily-accessible-peripheral tissues.
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Sales TA, Prandi IG, Castro AAD, Leal DHS, Cunha EFFD, Kuca K, Ramalho TC. Recent Developments in Metal-Based Drugs and Chelating Agents for Neurodegenerative Diseases Treatments. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081829. [PMID: 31013856 PMCID: PMC6514778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain has a unique biological complexity and is responsible for important functions in the human body, such as the command of cognitive and motor functions. Disruptive disorders that affect this organ, e.g. neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), can lead to permanent damage, impairing the patients' quality of life and even causing death. In spite of their clinical diversity, these NDDs share common characteristics, such as the accumulation of specific proteins in the cells, the compromise of the metal ion homeostasis in the brain, among others. Despite considerable advances in understanding the mechanisms of these diseases and advances in the development of treatments, these disorders remain uncured. Considering the diversity of mechanisms that act in NDDs, a wide range of compounds have been developed to act by different means. Thus, promising compounds with contrasting properties, such as chelating agents and metal-based drugs have been proposed to act on different molecular targets as well as to contribute to the same goal, which is the treatment of NDDs. This review seeks to discuss the different roles and recent developments of metal-based drugs, such as metal complexes and metal chelating agents as a proposal for the treatment of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais A Sales
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras/MG, 37200-000, Brazil.
| | - Ingrid G Prandi
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras/MG, 37200-000, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre A de Castro
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras/MG, 37200-000, Brazil.
| | - Daniel H S Leal
- Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, São Mateus/ES, 29932-540, Brazil.
| | - Elaine F F da Cunha
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras/MG, 37200-000, Brazil.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 500 03, Czech Republic..
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 500 03 Czech Republic.
| | - Teodorico C Ramalho
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras/MG, 37200-000, Brazil.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 500 03, Czech Republic..
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13
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Chiesa R, Vorberg IM. Editorial overview: Prion disease: From drug discovery tools to clinical trials. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 44:iii-v. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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