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Abstract
Cancer is a complex and dynamic disease. The "hallmarks of cancer" were proposed by Hanahan and Weinberg (2000) as a group of biological competencies that human cells attain as they progress from normalcy to neoplastic transformation. These competencies include self-sufficiency in proliferative signaling, insensitivity to growth-suppressive signals and immune surveillance, the ability to evade cell death, enabling replicative immortality, reprogramming energy metabolism, inducing angiogenesis, and activating tissue invasion and metastasis. Underlying these competencies are genome instability, which expedites their acquisition, and inflammation, which fosters their function(s). Additionally, cancer exhibits another dimension of complexity: a heterogeneous repertoire of infiltrating and resident host cells, secreted factors, and extracellular matrix, known as the tumor microenvironment, that through a dynamic and reciprocal relationship with cancer cells supports immortality, local invasion, and metastatic dissemination. This staggering intricacy calls for caution when advising all people with cancer (or a previous history of cancer) to receive the COVID-19 primary vaccine series plus additional booster doses. Moreover, because these patients were not included in the pivotal clinical trials, considerable uncertainty remains regarding vaccine efficacy, safety, and the risk of interactions with anticancer therapies, which could reduce the value and innocuity of either medical treatment. After reviewing the available literature, we are particularly concerned that certain COVID-19 vaccines may generate a pro-tumorigenic milieu (i.e., a specific environment that could lead to neoplastic transformation) that predisposes some (stable) oncologic patients and survivors to cancer progression, recurrence, and/or metastasis. This hypothesis is based on biological plausibility and fulfillment of the multi-hit hypothesis of oncogenesis (i.e., induction of lymphopenia and inflammation, downregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression, activation of oncogenic cascades, sequestration of tumor suppressor proteins, dysregulation of the RNA-G quadruplex-protein binding system, alteration of type I interferon responses, unsilencing of retrotransposable elements, etc.) together with growing evidence and safety reports filed to Vaccine Adverse Effects Report System (VAERS) suggesting that some cancer patients experienced disease exacerbation or recurrence following COVID-19 vaccination. In light of the above and because some of these concerns (i.e., alteration of oncogenic pathways, promotion of inflammatory cascades, and dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system) also apply to cancer patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, we encourage the scientific and medical community to urgently evaluate the impact of both COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccination on cancer biology and tumor registries, adjusting public health recommendations accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Valdes Angues
- Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland, USA
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Wang Z, Zhao C, Li C, Liu S, Ding J, He C, Liu J, Dong B, Yang Z, Liu Q, Zhu H, Liu Y. Molecular PET/CT mapping of rhACE2 distribution and quantification in organs to aid in SARS-CoV-2 targeted therapy. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29221. [PMID: 38009705 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, poses a significant threat to public health. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a key receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Recombinant human ACE2 (RhACE2), as a soluble supplement for human ACE2, can competitively block SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, a mouse organ in situ rhACE2 high aggregation model was constructed for the first time, and in vivo real-time positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of rhACE2 in the mouse model was performed using an ACE2-specific agent 68 Ga-HZ20. This radiotracer exhibits reliable radiochemical properties in vitro and maintains a high affinity for rhACE2 in vivo. In terms of probe uptake, 68 Ga-HZ20 showed a good target-to-nontarget ratio and was rapidly cleared from the circulatory system and excreted by the kidneys and urinary system. PET imaging with this radiotracer can noninvasively and accurately monitor the content and distribution of rhACE2 in the body, which clarifies that rhACE2 can aggregate in multiple organs, suggesting the preventive and therapeutic potential of rhACE2 for SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanke Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Chuangui Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Song Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Chengxue He
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Central Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- International Cancer Center, Department of medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Youping Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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Ren Q, Zhang P, Zhang S, Chen W, Chi H, Wang W, Zhang W, Lin H, Yu Y. A SARS-CoV-2 related signature that explores the tumor microenvironment and predicts immunotherapy response in esophageal squamous cell cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:10501-10523. [PMID: 37812215 PMCID: PMC10599722 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The existing therapeutic approaches for combating tumors are insufficient in completely eradicating malignancy, as cancer facilitates tumor relapse and develops resistance to treatment interventions. The potential mechanistic connection between SARS-CoV-2 and ESCC has received limited attention. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2-related-genes (SCRGs) in esophageal squamous cancer (ESCC). METHODS Raw data were obtained from the TCGA and GEO databases. Clustering of SCRGs from the scRNA-seq data was conducted using the Seurat R package. A risk signature was then generated using Lasso regression, incorporating prognostic genes related to SCRGs. Subsequently, a nomogram model was developed based on the clinicopathological characteristics and the risk signature. RESULTS Eight clusters of SCRGs were identified in ESCC utilizing scRNA-seq data, of which three exhibited prognostic implications. A risk signature was then made up with bulk RNA-seq, which displayed substantial correlations with immune infiltration. The novel signature was verified to have excellent prognostic efficacy. CONCLUSION The utilization of risk signatures based on SCRGs can efficiently forecast the prognosis of ESCC. A thorough characterization of the SCRGs signature in ESCC could facilitate the interpretation of ESCC's response to immunotherapy and offer innovative approaches to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhe Ren
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengpeng Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengyi Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine (Preparatory Stage), Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhui Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Chi
- School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haoran Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Pi P, Zeng Z, Zeng L, Han B, Bai X, Xu S. Molecular mechanisms of COVID-19-induced pulmonary fibrosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1218059. [PMID: 37601070 PMCID: PMC10436482 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1218059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
As the outbreak of COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) first broke out in Hubei Province, China, at the end of 2019. It has brought great challenges and harms to global public health. SARS-CoV-2 mainly affects the lungs and is mainly manifested as pulmonary disease. However, one of the biggest crises arises from the emergence of COVID-19-induced fibrosis. At present, there are still many questions about how COVID-19 induced pulmonary fibrosis (PF) occurs and how to treat and regulate its long-term effects. In addition, as an important process of fibrosis, the effect of COVID-19 on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) may be an important factor driving PF. This review summarizes the main pathogenesis and treatment mechanisms of COVID-19 related to PF. Starting with the basic mechanisms of PF, such as EMT, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, inflammation, macrophages, innate lymphoid cells, matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, hedgehog pathway as well as Notch signaling. Further, we highlight the importance of COVID-19-induced EMT in the process of PF and provide an overview of the related molecular mechanisms, which will facilitate future research to propose new clinical therapeutic solutions for the treatment of COVID-19-induced PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Pi
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhipeng Zeng
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Liqing Zeng
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Han
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xizhe Bai
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shousheng Xu
- School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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Manca MA, Scarpa F, Cossu D, Simula ER, Sanna D, Ruberto S, Noli M, Ashraf H, Solinas T, Madonia M, Cusano R, Sechi LA. A Multigene-Panel Study Identifies Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated with Prostate Cancer Risk. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087594. [PMID: 37108754 PMCID: PMC10142258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a critical role in modulating cancer development and progression. Polymorphisms in key genes involved in immune responses are known to affect susceptibility to cancer. Here, we analyzed 35 genes to evaluate the association between variants of genes involved in immune responses and prostate cancer risk. Thirty-five genes were analyzed in 47 patients with prostate cancer and 43 healthy controls using next-generation sequencing. Allelic and genotype frequencies were calculated in both cohorts, and a generalized linear mixed model was applied to test the relationship between prostate cancer risk and nucleotide substitution. Odds ratios were calculated to describe the association between each single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and prostate cancer risk. Significant changes in allelic and genotypic distributions were observed for IL4R, IL12RB1, IL12RB2, IL6, TMPRSS2, and ACE2. Furthermore, a generalized linear mixed model identified statistically significant associations between prostate cancer risk and SNPs in IL12RB2, IL13, IL17A, IL4R, MAPT, and TFNRS1B. Finally, a statistically significant association was observed between IL2RA and TNFRSF1B and Gleason scores, and between SLC11A1, TNFRSF1B and PSA values. We identified SNPs in inflammation and two prostate cancer-associated genes. Our results provide new insights into the immunogenetic landscape of prostate cancer and the impact that SNPs on immune genes may have on affecting the susceptibility to prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Scarpa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Davide Cossu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Elena Rita Simula
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Daria Sanna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Stefano Ruberto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Marta Noli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Hajra Ashraf
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Tatiana Solinas
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Struttura Complessa di Urologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Massimo Madonia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Struttura Complessa di Urologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Leonardo A Sechi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Struttura Complessa di Microbiologia e Virologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Xiao Y, Yan Y, Chang L, Ji H, Sun H, Song S, Feng K, Nuermaimaiti A, Lu Z, Wang L. CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib promotes SARS-CoV-2 cell entry by down-regulating SKP2 dependent ACE2 degradation. Antiviral Res 2023; 212:105558. [PMID: 36806814 PMCID: PMC9938000 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has become a global pandemic. CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib was reported to be one of the top-scored repurposed drugs to treat COVID-19. As the receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) entry, expression level of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is closely related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, we demonstrated that palbociclib and other methods could arrest cells in G0/G1 phase and up-regulate ACE2 mRNA and protein levels without altering its subcellular localization. Palbociclib inhibited ubiquitin-proteasome and lysosomal degradation of ACE2 through down-regulating S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2). In addition, increased ACE2 expression induced by palbociclib and other cell cycle arresting compounds facilitated pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study suggested that ACE2 expression was down-regulated in proliferating cells. Cell cycle arresting compounds could increase ACE2 expression and facilitate SARS-CoV-2 cell entry, which may not be suitable therapeutic agents for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Xiao
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital / National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, PR China; National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ying Yan
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital / National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Le Chang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital / National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Huimin Ji
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital / National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Huizhen Sun
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital / National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, PR China; National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shi Song
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital / National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, PR China; National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kaihao Feng
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital / National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, PR China; National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Abudulimutailipu Nuermaimaiti
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital / National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, PR China; National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhuoqun Lu
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital / National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lunan Wang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital / National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, PR China; National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, PR China.
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7
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Raghav PK, Raghav A, Lathwal A, Saxena A, Mann Z, Sengar M, Rajalingam R. Experimental and clinical data analysis for identification of COVID-19 resistant ACE2 mutations. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2351. [PMID: 36759535 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20773-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The high magnitude zoonotic event has caused by Severe Acute Respitarory Syndrome CoronaVirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) epidemics. This disease has high rate of spreading than mortality in humans. The human receptor, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), is the leading target site for viral Spike-protein (S-protein) that function as binding ligands and are responsible for their entry in humans. The patients infected with COVID-19 with comorbidities, particularly cancer patients, have a severe effect or high mortality rate because of the suppressed immune system. Nevertheless, there might be a chance wherein cancer patients cannot be infected with SARS-CoV-2 because of mutations in the ACE2, which may be resistant to the spillover between species. This study aimed to determine the mutations in the sequence of the human ACE2 protein and its dissociation with SARS-CoV-2 that might be rejecting viral transmission. The in silico approaches were performed to identify the impact of SARS-CoV-2 S-protein with ACE2 mutations, validated experimentally, occurred in the patient, and reported in cell lines. The identified changes significantly affect SARS-CoV-2 S-protein interaction with ACE2, demonstrating the reduction in the binding affinity compared to SARS-CoV. The data presented in this study suggest ACE2 mutants have a higher and lower affinity with SARS-Cov-2 S-protein to the wild-type human ACE2 receptor. This study would likely be used to report SARS-CoV-2 resistant ACE2 mutations and can be used to design active peptide development to inactivate the viral spread of SARS-CoV-2 in humans.
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Ma J, Deng Y, Zhang M, Yu J. The role of multi-omics in the diagnosis of COVID-19 and the prediction of new therapeutic targets. Virulence 2022; 13:1101-1110. [PMID: 35801633 PMCID: PMC9272836 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2092941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus causing COVID-19, has led to more than 170 million confirmed cases in 223 countries and regions, claiming 3,872,457 lives. Some patients with COVID-19 have mild clinical symptoms despite severe respiratory failure, which greatly increases the difficulty of diagnosis and treatment. It is therefore necessary to identify biological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, screen novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as to explore potential therapeutic targets for COVID-19. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the current published literature on COVID-19. We find that the comprehensive application of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics is becoming increasingly important in the treatment of COVID-19. Multi-omics analysis platforms are expected to revolutionize the diagnosis and classification of COVID-19. This review aims to provide a reference for diagnosis, surveillance and clinical decision making related to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong University Cancer Center, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuwei Deng
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghui Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinming Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong University Cancer Center, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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Veronesi F, Contartese D, Martini L, Visani A, Fini M. Speculation on the pathophysiology of musculoskeletal injury with COVID-19 infection. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:930789. [PMID: 35911401 PMCID: PMC9329661 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.930789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) primarily affects the respiratory tract, but also many other organs and tissues, leading to different pathological pictures, such as those of the musculoskeletal tissues. The present study should be considered as a speculation on the relationship between COVID-19 infection and some frequent musculoskeletal pathologies, in particular sarcopenia, bone loss/osteoporosis (OP) and fracture risk and osteoarthritis (OA), to hypothesize how the virus acts on these pathologies and consequently on the tissue regeneration/healing potential. The study focuses in particular on the modalities of interaction of COVID-19 with Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) and on the “cytokine storm.” Knowing the effects of COVID-19 on musculoskeletal tissues could be important also to understand if tissue regenerative/reparative capacity is compromised, especially in elderly and frail patients. We speculate that ACE2 and serine proteases together with an intense inflammation, immobilization and malnutrition could be the responsible for muscle weakness, altered bone remodeling, increase in bone fracture risk and inflammatory joint pathologies. Future preclinical and clinical studies may focus on the regenerative/reparative properties of the musculoskeletal tissues after COVID-19 infection, toward a personalized treatment usually based on scaffolds, cells, and growth factors.
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10
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Li S, Chen S, Zhu Q, Ben S, Gao F, Xin J, Du M, Chu H, Gu D, Zhang Z, Wang M. The impact of ACE2 and co-factors on SARS-CoV-2 infection in colorectal cancer. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e967. [PMID: 35866260 PMCID: PMC9305076 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shuwei Li
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Silu Chen
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiuyuan Zhu
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuai Ben
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Gao
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junyi Xin
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mulong Du
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiyan Chu
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongying Gu
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengdong Zhang
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meilin Wang
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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11
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Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has significantly disrupted and burdened the diagnostic workup and delivery of care, including transfusion, to cancer patients across the globe. Furthermore, cancer patients suffering from solid tumors or hematologic malignancies were more prone to the infection and had higher morbidity and mortality than the rest of the population. Major signaling pathways have been identified at the intersection of SARS-CoV-2 and cancer cells, often leading to tumor progression or alteration of the tumor response to therapy. The reactivation of oncogenic viruses has also been alluded to in the context and following COVID-19. Paradoxically, certain tumors responded better following the profound infection-induced immune modulation. Unveiling the mechanisms of the virus-tumor cell interactions will lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of both cancer progression and virus propagation. It would be challenging to monitor, through the different cancer registries, retrospectively, the response of patients who have been previously exposed to the virus in contrast to those who have not contracted the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Goubran
- Saskatoon Cancer Centre and College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Julie Stakiw
- Saskatoon Cancer Centre and College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Jerard Seghatchian
- International Consultancy in Blood Components Quality/Safety, Audit/Inspection and DDR Strategy, London, UK
| | - Gaafar Ragab
- Internal Medicine Department, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; School of Medicine, Newgiza University (NGU), Giza, Egypt
| | - Thierry Burnouf
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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12
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Abramczyk U, Nowaczyński M, Słomczyński A, Wojnicz P, Zatyka P, Kuzan A. Consequences of COVID-19 for the Pancreas. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020864. [PMID: 35055050 PMCID: PMC8776154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related major health consequences involve the lungs, a growing body of evidence indicates that COVID-19 is not inert to the pancreas either. This review presents a summary of the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of pancreatic dysfunction during the course of COVID-19, the comparison of the effects of non-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on pancreatic function, and a summary of how drugs used in COVID-19 treatment may affect this organ. It appears that diabetes is not only a condition that predisposes a patient to suffer from more severe COVID-19, but it may also develop as a consequence of infection with this virus. Some SARS-CoV-2 inpatients experience acute pancreatitis due to direct infection of the tissue with the virus or due to systemic multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) accompanied by elevated levels of amylase and lipase. There are also reports that reveal a relationship between the development and treatment of pancreatic cancer and SARS-CoV-2 infection. It has been postulated that evaluation of pancreatic function should be increased in post-COVID-19 patients, both adults and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Abramczyk
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-51-477-9582
| | - Maciej Nowaczyński
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.N.); (A.S.); (P.W.); (P.Z.)
| | - Adam Słomczyński
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.N.); (A.S.); (P.W.); (P.Z.)
| | - Piotr Wojnicz
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.N.); (A.S.); (P.W.); (P.Z.)
| | - Piotr Zatyka
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.N.); (A.S.); (P.W.); (P.Z.)
| | - Aleksandra Kuzan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
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13
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Fantacuzzi M, Amoroso R, Ammazzalorso A. PPAR Ligands Induce Antiviral Effects Targeting Perturbed Lipid Metabolism during SARS-CoV-2, HCV, and HCMV Infection. Biology (Basel) 2022; 11:114. [PMID: 35053112 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The current coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic turned the attention of researchers to developing novel strategies to counteract virus infections. Despite several antiviral drugs being commercially available, there is an urgent need to identify novel molecules efficacious against viral infections that act through different mechanisms of action. In this context, our attention is focused on novel compounds acting on nuclear receptors, whose activity could be beneficial in viral infections, including coronavirus, hepatitis C virus, and cytomegalovirus. Abstract The manipulation of host metabolisms by viral infections has been demonstrated by several studies, with a marked influence on the synthesis and utilization of glucose, nucleotides, fatty acids, and amino acids. The ability of virus to perturb the metabolic status of the infected organism is directly linked to the outcome of the viral infection. A great deal of research in recent years has been focusing on these metabolic aspects, pointing at modifications induced by virus, and suggesting novel strategies to counteract the perturbed host metabolism. In this review, our attention is turned on PPARs, nuclear receptors controlling multiple metabolic actions, and on the effects played by PPAR ligands during viral infections. The role of PPAR agonists and antagonists during SARS-CoV-2, HCV, and HCMV infections will be analyzed.
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14
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Liu J, Geng R, Yang S, Shao F, Zhong Z, Yang M, Ni S, Cai L, Bai J. Development and Clinical Validation of Novel 8-Gene Prognostic Signature Associated With the Proportion of Regulatory T Cells by Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis in Uterine Corpus Endometrial Carcinoma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:788431. [PMID: 34970268 PMCID: PMC8712567 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.788431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC) is a gynecological malignant tumor with low survival rate and poor prognosis. The traditional clinicopathological staging is insufficient to estimate the prognosis of UCEC. It is necessary to select a more effective prognostic signature of UCEC to predict the prognosis and immunotherapy effect of UCEC. Methods CIBERSORT and weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) algorithms were combined to screen modules related to regulatory T (Treg) cells. Subsequently, univariate, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to identify the genes in key modules. The difference in overall survival (OS) between high- and low-risk patients was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier analysis. The Tregs-related risk signature (TRRS) was screened by uni- and multivariate Cox analyses. Afterward, we analyzed the expression difference of TRRS and verified its ability to predict the prognosis of UCEC and the effect of immunotherapy. Results Red module has the highest correlation with Tregs among all clustered modules. Pathways enrichment indicated that the related processes of UCEC were primarily associated to the immune system. Eight genes (ZSWIM1, NPRL3, GOLGA7, ST6GALNAC4, CDC16, ITPK1, PCSK4, and CORO1B) were selected to construct TRRS. We found that this TRRS is a significantly independent prognostic factor of UCEC. Low-risk patients have higher overall survival than high-risk patients. The immune status of different groups was different, and tumor-related pathways were enriched in patients with higher risk score. Low-risk patients are more likely take higher tumor mutation burden (TMB). Meanwhile, they are more sensitive to chemotherapy than patients with high-risk score, which indicated a superior prognosis. Immune checkpoints such as PD-1, CTLA4, PD-L1, and PD-L2 all had a higher expression level in low-risk group. TRRS expression really has a relevance with the sensitivity of UCEC patients to chemotherapeutic drugs. Conclusion We developed and validated a TRRS to estimate the prognosis and reflect the immune status of UCEC, which could accurately assess the prognosis of patients with UCEC and supply personalized treatments for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Liu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Geng
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Heath, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Heath, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Shao
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Heath, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zihang Zhong
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Heath, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Heath, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Senmiao Ni
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Heath, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixin Cai
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Heath, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianling Bai
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Heath, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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15
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Wang H, Wu M, Liu H, Zhou H, Zhao Y, Geng Y, Jiang B, Zhang K, Zhang B, Han Z, Du X. Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of PARP Inhibitors as a Monotherapy for Platinum-Sensitive Recurrent Ovarian Cancer: A Network Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:785102. [PMID: 34900739 PMCID: PMC8652073 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.785102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present COVID-19 pandemic has tended toward normality. To provide convenient, safe, and effective home treatment programs for patients with recurrent ovarian cancer (ROC), the clinical efficacy and safety of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi) (including olaparib, niraparib, and rucaparib) monotherapy as a maintenance treatment for platinum-sensitive ROC were systematically evaluated. Methods Numerous electronic databases were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of PARPi maintenance treatment for ROC that were published before June 2021. The primary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS), and the secondary endpoint was grade 3-4 adverse effects (AEs). After data extraction and the quality evaluation of the included studies, Bayesian network meta-analysis (NMA) was performed using R software. The ability of each treatment was ranked using the surface under the cumulative ranking (SUCRA) curve. Results The analysis included five studies and 1390 patients. The NMA results demonstrated that compared with the placebo, olaparib and niraparib exhibited significant benefits in the gBRCA-mutated population, and respectively reduced the risk of death by 31% (HR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.53-0.90) and 34% (HR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.44-0.99). Olaparib, niraparib, and rucaparib were all found to be very effective in prolonging PFS in patients with ROC. All three PARPi treatments increased the number of grade 3-4 AEs in patients with ROC as compared with the placebo. Conclusions Overall, olaparib and niraparib maintenance treatment can significantly prolong the OS of patients with gBRCA mutations. Furthermore, the three investigated PARPi monotherapy maintenance treatments can prolong PFS regardless of BRCA mutation status. Although the incidence of AEs in the treatment groups was found to be significantly higher than that in the placebo group, the patients in the treatment group tolerated the treatment. Home oral PARPi treatment can balance tumor treatment and pandemic prevention and control, and is the most convenient, safe, and effective home treatment method available against the background of the current COVID-19 pandemic. Systematic Review Registration https://inplasy.com/inplasy-2021-6-0033/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haonan Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yifan Geng
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengxiang Han
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiuping Du
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
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16
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Chang H, Zhu Y, Zheng J, Chen L, Lin J, Yao J. Construction of a Macrophage Infiltration Regulatory Network and Related Prognostic Model of High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. J Oncol 2021; 2021:1331031. [PMID: 34868310 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1331031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) carries the highest mortality in the gynecological cancers; however, therapeutic outcomes have not significantly improved in recent decades. Macrophages play an essential role in the occurrence and development of ovarian cancer, so the mechanisms of macrophage infiltration should be elucidated. Method We downloaded transcriptome data of ovarian cancers from the Gene Expression Omnibus and The Cancer Genome Atlas. After rigorous screening, 1566 HGSOC were used for data analysis. CIBERSORT was used to estimate the level of macrophage infiltration and WGCNA was used to identify macrophage-related modules. We constructed a macrophage-related prognostic model using machine learning LASSO algorithm and verified it using multiple HGSOC cohorts. Results In the GPL570-OV cohort, high infiltration level of M1 macrophages was associated with a good outcome, while high infiltration level of M2 macrophages was associated with poor outcomes. We used WGCNA to select genes correlated with macrophage infiltration. These genes were used to construct protein-protein interaction maps of macrophage infiltration. IFL44L, RSAD2, IFIT3, MX1, IFIH1, IFI44, and ISG15 were the hub genes in the network. We then constructed a macrophage-related prognostic model composed of CD38, ACE2, BATF2, HLA-DOB, and WARS. The model had the ability to predict the overall survival rate of HGSOC patients in GPL570-OV, GPL6480-OV, TCGA-OV, GSE50088, and GSE26712. In exploring the immune microenvironment, we found that CD4 memory T cells and activated mast cells showed that the degree of infiltration was higher in the high-risk group, while M1 macrophages were the opposite, and HLA molecules were overexpressed in the high-risk group. Conclusion We constructed a macrophage infiltration-related protein interaction network that provides a basis for studying macrophages in HGSOC. Our macrophage-related prognostic model is robust and widely applicable. It predicts overall survival in HGSOC patients and may improve HGSOC treatment.
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Meiners J, Jansen K, Gorbokon N, Büscheck F, Luebke AM, Kluth M, Hube-Magg C, Höflmayer D, Weidemann S, Fraune C, Möller K, Bernreuther C, Lebok P, Menz A, Jacobsen F, Clauditz T, Sauter G, Uhlig R, Wilczak W, Izbicki J, Perez D, Minner S, Burandt E, Krech T, Marx A, Simon R, Steurer S. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Protein Is Overexpressed in a Wide Range of Human Tumour Types: A Systematic Tissue Microarray Study on >15,000 Tumours. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121831. [PMID: 34944647 PMCID: PMC8698714 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a regulator in the renin-angiotensin system. ACE2 expression was analysed immunohistochemically in 15,306 samples from 119 tumour types and in 608 samples of 76 normal tissue types. In normal tissue, ACE2 was most abundant in testis and corpus luteum, kidney, small intestine and capillaries of selected organs. At least an occasional weak ACE2 positivity of tumour cells was seen in 83 of 119 (70%) tumour types. ACE2 tumour cell positivity was particularly frequent in papillary (94%) and clear cell (86%) renal cell carcinoma, colorectal adenocarcinoma (81%), mucinous ovarian cancer (61%), cholangiocarcinoma (58%), hepatocellular carcinoma (56%), and in adenocarcinomas of the stomach (47%), pancreas (42%), and the lung (35%). ACE2-positive capillaries were found in 409/12,644 (3%) of analysable tumours, most frequently in tumours with endocrine/neuroendocrine activity. Presence of ACE2-positive capillaries was linked to low stage in papillary thyroid cancer and low grade in neuroendocrine neoplasms. In conclusion, ACE2 expression can occur both in tumour cells and tumour-associated capillaries in a broad variety of different tumour types at highly variable frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Meiners
- General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery Department and Clinic, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (J.M.); (K.J.); (J.I.); (D.P.)
| | - Kristina Jansen
- General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery Department and Clinic, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (J.M.); (K.J.); (J.I.); (D.P.)
| | - Natalia Gorbokon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.G.); (F.B.); (A.M.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.-M.); (D.H.); (S.W.); (C.F.); (K.M.); (C.B.); (P.L.); (A.M.); (F.J.); (T.C.); (G.S.); (R.U.); (W.W.); (S.M.); (E.B.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Franziska Büscheck
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.G.); (F.B.); (A.M.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.-M.); (D.H.); (S.W.); (C.F.); (K.M.); (C.B.); (P.L.); (A.M.); (F.J.); (T.C.); (G.S.); (R.U.); (W.W.); (S.M.); (E.B.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Andreas M. Luebke
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.G.); (F.B.); (A.M.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.-M.); (D.H.); (S.W.); (C.F.); (K.M.); (C.B.); (P.L.); (A.M.); (F.J.); (T.C.); (G.S.); (R.U.); (W.W.); (S.M.); (E.B.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Martina Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.G.); (F.B.); (A.M.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.-M.); (D.H.); (S.W.); (C.F.); (K.M.); (C.B.); (P.L.); (A.M.); (F.J.); (T.C.); (G.S.); (R.U.); (W.W.); (S.M.); (E.B.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.G.); (F.B.); (A.M.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.-M.); (D.H.); (S.W.); (C.F.); (K.M.); (C.B.); (P.L.); (A.M.); (F.J.); (T.C.); (G.S.); (R.U.); (W.W.); (S.M.); (E.B.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Doris Höflmayer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.G.); (F.B.); (A.M.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.-M.); (D.H.); (S.W.); (C.F.); (K.M.); (C.B.); (P.L.); (A.M.); (F.J.); (T.C.); (G.S.); (R.U.); (W.W.); (S.M.); (E.B.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Sören Weidemann
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.G.); (F.B.); (A.M.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.-M.); (D.H.); (S.W.); (C.F.); (K.M.); (C.B.); (P.L.); (A.M.); (F.J.); (T.C.); (G.S.); (R.U.); (W.W.); (S.M.); (E.B.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Christoph Fraune
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.G.); (F.B.); (A.M.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.-M.); (D.H.); (S.W.); (C.F.); (K.M.); (C.B.); (P.L.); (A.M.); (F.J.); (T.C.); (G.S.); (R.U.); (W.W.); (S.M.); (E.B.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Katharina Möller
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.G.); (F.B.); (A.M.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.-M.); (D.H.); (S.W.); (C.F.); (K.M.); (C.B.); (P.L.); (A.M.); (F.J.); (T.C.); (G.S.); (R.U.); (W.W.); (S.M.); (E.B.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Christian Bernreuther
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.G.); (F.B.); (A.M.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.-M.); (D.H.); (S.W.); (C.F.); (K.M.); (C.B.); (P.L.); (A.M.); (F.J.); (T.C.); (G.S.); (R.U.); (W.W.); (S.M.); (E.B.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Patrick Lebok
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.G.); (F.B.); (A.M.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.-M.); (D.H.); (S.W.); (C.F.); (K.M.); (C.B.); (P.L.); (A.M.); (F.J.); (T.C.); (G.S.); (R.U.); (W.W.); (S.M.); (E.B.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Anne Menz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.G.); (F.B.); (A.M.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.-M.); (D.H.); (S.W.); (C.F.); (K.M.); (C.B.); (P.L.); (A.M.); (F.J.); (T.C.); (G.S.); (R.U.); (W.W.); (S.M.); (E.B.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Frank Jacobsen
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.G.); (F.B.); (A.M.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.-M.); (D.H.); (S.W.); (C.F.); (K.M.); (C.B.); (P.L.); (A.M.); (F.J.); (T.C.); (G.S.); (R.U.); (W.W.); (S.M.); (E.B.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Till Clauditz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.G.); (F.B.); (A.M.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.-M.); (D.H.); (S.W.); (C.F.); (K.M.); (C.B.); (P.L.); (A.M.); (F.J.); (T.C.); (G.S.); (R.U.); (W.W.); (S.M.); (E.B.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.G.); (F.B.); (A.M.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.-M.); (D.H.); (S.W.); (C.F.); (K.M.); (C.B.); (P.L.); (A.M.); (F.J.); (T.C.); (G.S.); (R.U.); (W.W.); (S.M.); (E.B.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Ria Uhlig
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.G.); (F.B.); (A.M.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.-M.); (D.H.); (S.W.); (C.F.); (K.M.); (C.B.); (P.L.); (A.M.); (F.J.); (T.C.); (G.S.); (R.U.); (W.W.); (S.M.); (E.B.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Waldemar Wilczak
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.G.); (F.B.); (A.M.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.-M.); (D.H.); (S.W.); (C.F.); (K.M.); (C.B.); (P.L.); (A.M.); (F.J.); (T.C.); (G.S.); (R.U.); (W.W.); (S.M.); (E.B.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Jakob Izbicki
- General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery Department and Clinic, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (J.M.); (K.J.); (J.I.); (D.P.)
| | - Daniel Perez
- General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery Department and Clinic, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (J.M.); (K.J.); (J.I.); (D.P.)
| | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.G.); (F.B.); (A.M.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.-M.); (D.H.); (S.W.); (C.F.); (K.M.); (C.B.); (P.L.); (A.M.); (F.J.); (T.C.); (G.S.); (R.U.); (W.W.); (S.M.); (E.B.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Eike Burandt
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.G.); (F.B.); (A.M.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.-M.); (D.H.); (S.W.); (C.F.); (K.M.); (C.B.); (P.L.); (A.M.); (F.J.); (T.C.); (G.S.); (R.U.); (W.W.); (S.M.); (E.B.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Till Krech
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.G.); (F.B.); (A.M.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.-M.); (D.H.); (S.W.); (C.F.); (K.M.); (C.B.); (P.L.); (A.M.); (F.J.); (T.C.); (G.S.); (R.U.); (W.W.); (S.M.); (E.B.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
- Clinical Centre Osnabrueck, Institute of Pathology, 49074 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Andreas Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.G.); (F.B.); (A.M.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.-M.); (D.H.); (S.W.); (C.F.); (K.M.); (C.B.); (P.L.); (A.M.); (F.J.); (T.C.); (G.S.); (R.U.); (W.W.); (S.M.); (E.B.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
- Department of Pathology, Academic Hospital Fuerth, 90766 Fuerth, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.G.); (F.B.); (A.M.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.-M.); (D.H.); (S.W.); (C.F.); (K.M.); (C.B.); (P.L.); (A.M.); (F.J.); (T.C.); (G.S.); (R.U.); (W.W.); (S.M.); (E.B.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-40-7410-57214
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.G.); (F.B.); (A.M.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.-M.); (D.H.); (S.W.); (C.F.); (K.M.); (C.B.); (P.L.); (A.M.); (F.J.); (T.C.); (G.S.); (R.U.); (W.W.); (S.M.); (E.B.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
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18
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Abstract
The skin, being the barrier organ of the body, is constitutively exposed to various stimuli impacting its morphology and function. Senescent cells have been found to accumulate with age and may contribute to age-related skin changes and pathologies. Natural polyphenols exert many health benefits, including ameliorative effects on skin aging. By affecting molecular pathways of senescence, polyphenols are able to prevent or delay the senescence formation and, consequently, avoid or ameliorate aging and age-associated pathologies of the skin. This review aims to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge in skin aging and cellular senescence, and to summarize the recent in vitro studies related to the anti-senescent mechanisms of natural polyphenols carried out on keratinocytes, melanocytes and fibroblasts. Aged skin in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Csekes
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Račková
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
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19
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Cui Y, Chen F, Gao J, Lei M, Wang D, Jin X, Guo Y, Shan L, Chen X. Comprehensive landscape of the renin-angiotensin system in Pan-cancer: a potential downstream mediated mechanism of SARS-CoV-2. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:3795-3817. [PMID: 34671200 PMCID: PMC8495399 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.53312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: SARS-CoV-2, the cause of the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, utilizes the mechanism of binding to ACE2 (a crucial component of the renin-angiotensin system [RAS]), subsequently mediating a secondary imbalance of the RAS family and leading to severe injury to the host. However, very few studies have been conducted to reveal the mechanism behind the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on tumors. Methods: Demographic data extracted from 33 cancer types and over 10,000 samples were employed to determine the comprehensive landscape of the RAS. Expression distribution, pretranscriptional and posttranscriptional regulation and posttranslational modifications (PTMs) as well as genomic alterations, DNA methylation and m6A modification were analyzed in both tissue and cell lines. The clinical phenotype, prognostic value and significance of the RAS during immune infiltration were identified. Results: Low expression of AGTR1 was common in tumors compared to normal tissues, while very low expression of AGTR2 and MAS1 was detected in both tissues and cell lines. Differential expression patterns of ACE in ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma (OV) and kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) were correlated with ubiquitin modification involving E3 ligases. Genomic alterations of the RAS family were infrequent across TCGA pan-cancer program, and ACE had the highest alteration frequency compared with other members. Low expression of AGTR1 may result from hypermethylation in the promoter. Downregulation of RAS family was linked to higher clinical stage and worse survival (as measured by disease-specific survival [DSS], overall survival [OS] or progression-free interval [PFI]), especially for ACE2 and AGTR1 in KIRC. ACE-AGTR1, a classical axis of the RAS family related to immune infiltration, was positively correlated with M2-type macrophages, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and immune checkpoint genes in most cancers. Conclusion: ACE, ACE2, AGT and AGTR1 were differentially expressed in 33 types of cancers. PTM of RAS family was found to rely on ubiquitination. ACE2 and AGTR1 might serve as independent prognostic factors for LGG and KIRC. SARS-CoV-2 might modify the tumor microenvironment by regulating the RAS family, thus affecting the biological processes of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Cui
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Fengzhi Chen
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jiayi Gao
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Mengxia Lei
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiaoying Jin
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yan Guo
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Liying Shan
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xuesong Chen
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150040, China
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20
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Huang WJ, He WY, Li JD, He RQ, Huang ZG, Zhou XG, Li JJ, Zeng DT, Chen JT, Wu WZ, Dang YW, Chen G. Clinical significance and molecular mechanism of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. Bioengineered 2021; 12:4054-4069. [PMID: 34369278 PMCID: PMC8806523 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1952791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During the pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019, there exist quite a few studies on angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and SARS-CoV-2 infection, while little is known about ACE2 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The detailed mechanism among ACE2 and HCC still remains unclear, which needs to be further investigated. In the current study with a total of 6,926 samples, ACE2 expression was downregulated in HCC compared with non-HCC samples (standardized mean difference = −0.41). With the area under the curve of summary receiver operating characteristic = 0.82, ACE2 expression showed a better ability to differentiate HCC from non-HCC. The mRNA expression of ACE2 was related to the age, alpha-fetoprotein levels and cirrhosis of HCC patients, and it was identified as a protected factor for HCC patients via Kaplan–Meier survival, Cox regression analyses. The potential molecular mechanism of ACE2 may be relevant to catabolic and cell division. In all, decreasing ACE2 expression can be seen in HCC, and its protective role for HCC patients and underlying mechanisms were explored in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jian Huang
- Department of Pathology, Redcross Hospital of Yulin, Yulin, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Ying He
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Di Li
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Rong-Quan He
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Guang Huang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Xian-Guo Zhou
- Research Department, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Li
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Da-Tong Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Redcross Hospital of Yulin, Yulin, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Tian Chen
- Department of Pathology, Lingshan People's Hospital, Qinzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Zi Wu
- Department of Pathology, Lingshan People's Hospital, Qinzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Wu Dang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, P.R. China
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21
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Rodrigues R, Costa de Oliveira S. The Impact of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 ( ACE2) Expression Levels in Patients with Comorbidities on COVID-19 Severity: A Comprehensive Review. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1692. [PMID: 34442770 PMCID: PMC8398209 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been proved to be the main host cell receptor for the binding of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein binds to ACE2 to initiate the process of replication. This enzyme is widely present in human organ tissues, such as the heart and lung. The pathophysiology of ACE2 in SARS-CoV-2 infection is complex and may be associated with several factors and conditions that are more severe in COVID-19 patients, such as age, male gender, and comorbidities, namely, cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, obesity, and diabetes. Here we present a comprehensive review that aims to correlate the levels of expression of the ACE2 in patients with comorbidities and with a poor outcome in COVID-19 disease. Significantly higher levels of expression of ACE2 were observed in myocardial and lung tissues in heart failure and COPD patients, respectively. An age-dependent increase in SARS2-CoV-2 receptors in the respiratory epithelium may be also responsible for the increased severity of COVID-19 lung disease in elderly people. Although the role of ACE2 is highlighted regarding the damage that can arise upon the SARS-CoV-2 invasion, there was no association observed between renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors and the severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Rodrigues
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Sofia Costa de Oliveira
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems (CINTESIS), R. Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
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22
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Iftikhar A, Islam M, Shepherd S, Jones S, Ellis I. Is RAS the Link Between COVID-19 and Increased Stress in Head and Neck Cancer Patients? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:714999. [PMID: 34336866 PMCID: PMC8320172 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.714999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic emerged as a largely unexplained outbreak of pneumonia cases, in Wuhan City, China and rapidly spread across the world. By 11th March 2020, WHO declared it as a global pandemic. The resulting restrictions, to contain its spread, demanded a momentous change in the lifestyle of the general population as well as cancer patients. This augmented negative effects on the mental health of patients with head and neck cancer (HNC), who already battle with the stress of cancer diagnosis and treatment. The causative agent of COVID-19, SARS-CoV2, gains entry through the Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which is a component of the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS). RAS has been shown to influence cancer and stress such that it can have progressive and suppressive effects on both. This review provides an overview of SARS-CoV2, looks at how the RAS provides a mechanistic link between stress, cancer and COVID-19 and the probable activation of the RAS axis that increase stress (anxiogenic) and tumor progression (tumorigenic), when ACE2 is hijacked by SARS-CoV2. The mental health crises brought about by this pandemic have been highlighted in many studies. The emerging links between cancer and stress make it more important than ever before to assess the stress burden of cancer patients and expand the strategies for its management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ian Ellis
- Unit of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Dental School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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23
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Bersanelli M, Porta C. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic on Kidney Cancer Management. KCA 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/kca-210112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic still has a huge impact on the management of many chronic diseases such as cancer. Few data are presently available reagarding how the management of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has changed due to this unprecedented situation. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the challenges and issues of the diagnosis and treatment of RCC in the COVID-19 era, and to provide recommendations based on the collected literature and our personal experience. METHODS: Systematic review of the available Literature regarding the management of RCC during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. RESULTS: Our review showed a prevalence of narrative publications, raising the issue of the real relevance of the evidence retrieved. Indeed, the only original data about RCC and COVID-19 found were a small retrospective case series and two surveys, providing either patients’ or physicians’ viewpoints. CONCLUSIONS: The expected delayed diagnosis of RCC could lead to an increase of advanced/metastatic cases; thus, proper therapeutic choices for patients with small renal masses should be carefully evaluated case by case, in order to avoid negative effects on long-term survival rates. The controversial interaction between immune checkpoint blockade and COVID-19 pathogenesis is more hypothetical than evidence-based, and thus immunotherapy should not be denied, whenever appropriate. To avoid treatments which won’t have an impact on patients’ survival, a honest and accurate evaluation of the cost/benefit ratio of each treatment option should be always performed. Finally, SARS-CoV-2 swab positivity should not prevent the continuation of ongoing active treatments in asymptomatic cases, or or after symptoms’ resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bersanelli
- Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Parma and Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Camillo Porta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘A. Moro’ and Division of Medical Oncology, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy
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24
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Vallée A, Lecarpentier Y, Vallée JN. Interplay of Opposing Effects of the WNT/β-Catenin Pathway and PPARγ and Implications for SARS-CoV2 Treatment. Front Immunol 2021; 12:666693. [PMID: 33927728 PMCID: PMC8076593 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.666693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), has quickly reached pandemic proportions. Cytokine profiles observed in COVID-19 patients have revealed increased levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α and increased NF-κB pathway activity. Recent evidence has shown that the upregulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway is associated with inflammation, resulting in a cytokine storm in ARDS (acute respire distress syndrome) and especially in COVID-19 patients. Several studies have shown that the WNT/β-catenin pathway interacts with PPARγ in an opposing interplay in numerous diseases. Furthermore, recent studies have highlighted the interesting role of PPARγ agonists as modulators of inflammatory and immunomodulatory drugs through the targeting of the cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients. SARS-CoV2 infection presents a decrease in the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) associated with the upregulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway. SARS-Cov2 may invade human organs besides the lungs through the expression of ACE2. Evidence has highlighted the fact that PPARγ agonists can increase ACE2 expression, suggesting a possible role for PPARγ agonists in the treatment of COVID-19. This review therefore focuses on the opposing interplay between the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway and PPARγ in SARS-CoV2 infection and the potential beneficial role of PPARγ agonists in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- Department of Clinical Research and Innovation, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien (GHEF), Meaux, France
| | - Jean-Noël Vallée
- University Hospital Center (CHU) Amiens Picardie, University of Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), Amiens, France.,Laboratory of Mathematics and Applications (LMA), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 7348, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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25
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Siljee S, Milne B, Brasch HD, Bockett N, Patel J, Davis PF, Kennedy-Smith A, Itinteang T, Tan ST. Expression of Components of the Renin-Angiotensin System by Cancer Stem Cells in Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma. Biomolecules 2021; 11:537. [PMID: 33916968 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the expression of components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) by cancer stem cells (CSCs) we have recently demonstrated in renal clear cell carcinoma (RCCC). Fifteen RCCC tissue samples underwent immunohistochemical staining for components of the RAS: renin, pro-renin receptor (PRR), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and angiotensin II receptor 2 (AT2R). Immunofluorescence co-staining or double immunohistochemical staining of these components of the RAS with stemness-associated markers OCT4 or KLF4 was performed on two of the samples. Protein and transcript expression of these components of the RAS in six RCCC tissue samples was investigated using western blotting and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), respectively. In addition, angiotensin II receptor 1 (AT1R) was investigated using RT-qPCR only. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated expression of renin, PRR, and ACE2 in 11, 13, and 13 out of 15 RCCC samples, respectively, while AT2R was expressed in all 15 samples. ACE was detected in the endothelium of normal vasculature only. Double immunohistochemical staining demonstrated localization of ACE2, but not renin, to the KLF4+ CSCs. Immunofluorescence staining showed localization of PRR and AT2R to the OCT4+ CSCs. Western blotting confirmed protein expression of all components of the RAS except renin. RT-qPCR demonstrated transcript expression of all components of the RAS including AT1R, but not AT2R, in all six RCCC tissue samples. This study demonstrated expression of PRR, ACE2, and AT2R by the CSCs within RCCC. Further studies may lead to novel therapeutic targeting of CSCs by manipulation of the RAS in the treatment of this aggressive cancer.
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26
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Wang XS. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 connects COVID-19 with cancer and cancer immunotherapy. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 13:157-160. [PMID: 33738043 PMCID: PMC7953344 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i3.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in more than two million deaths. Underlying diseases, including cancer, are high-risk factors for severe COVID-19 outcomes. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), as a SARS-CoV-2 host cell receptor, plays a crucial role in SARS-CoV-2 invading human cells. ACE2 also has significant associations with cancer. Recent studies showed that ACE2 was inversely correlated with the activities of multiple oncogenic pathways and tumor progression phenotypes, and was positively correlated with antitumor immune response and survival prognosis in diverse cancers, suggesting a potential protective role of ACE2 in cancer progression. Positive expression of ACE2 is also correlated with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in cancer. The positive associations of ACE2 expression with antitumor immune signatures and PD-L1 expression indicate that ACE2 expression is a positive predictor for the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). This was evidenced in multiple cancer cohorts treated with ICIs. Thus, ACE2 may build potential connections between COVID-19 and cancer and cancer immunotherapy. The potential connections suggest that ACE2 inhibitors may not be a good option for treating COVID-19 patients with cancer, particularly in cancer patients who are receiving immunotherapy. Furthermore, the relationships between ACE2, COVID-19, and cancer are worth confirming by more experimental and clinical data, considering that many cancer patients are at high risk for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Sheng Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu Province, China
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27
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Solano-Iturri JD, Echevarría E, Unda M, Loizaga-Iriarte A, Pérez-Fernández A, Angulo JC, López JI, Larrinaga G. Clinical Implications of (Pro)renin Receptor (PRR) Expression in Renal Tumours. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11020272. [PMID: 33578778 PMCID: PMC7916453 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Renal cancer is one of the most frequent malignancies in Western countries, with an unpredictable clinical outcome, partly due to its high heterogeneity and the scarcity of reliable biomarkers of tumour progression. (Pro)renin receptor (PRR) is a novel receptor of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) that has been associated with the development and progression of some solid tumours by RAS-dependent and -independent mechanisms. (2) Methods: In this study, we analysed the immunohistochemical expression of PRR at the centre and border in a series of 83 clear-cell renal cell (CCRCCs), 19 papillary (PRCC) and 7 chromophobe (ChRCC) renal cell carcinomas, and the benign tumour renal oncocytoma (RO, n = 11). (3) Results: PRR is expressed in all the tumour subtypes, with higher mean staining intensity in ChRCCs and ROs. A high expression of PRR at the tumour centre and at the infiltrative front of CCRCC tissues is significantly associated with high grade, tumour diameter, local invasion and stage, and with high mortality risk by UCLA integrated staging system (UISS) scale. (4) Conclusions: These findings indicate that PRR is associated with the development and progression of renal tumours. Its potential as a novel biomarker for RCC diagnosis/prognosis and as a promising therapeutic target should be taken into account in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Danel Solano-Iturri
- Department of Pathology, Donostia University Hospital, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastian, Spain;
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain;
| | - Enrique Echevarría
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain;
| | - Miguel Unda
- Department of Urology, Basurto University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48013 Bilbao, Spain; (M.U.); (A.L.-I.); (A.P.-F.)
| | - Ana Loizaga-Iriarte
- Department of Urology, Basurto University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48013 Bilbao, Spain; (M.U.); (A.L.-I.); (A.P.-F.)
| | - Amparo Pérez-Fernández
- Department of Urology, Basurto University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48013 Bilbao, Spain; (M.U.); (A.L.-I.); (A.P.-F.)
| | - Javier C. Angulo
- Clinical Department. Faculty of Medical Sciences. European University of Madrid, 28905 Getafe, Spain;
| | - José I. López
- Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain;
- Department of Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Gorka Larrinaga
- Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain;
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain;
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Siljee S, Buchanan O, Brasch HD, Bockett N, Patel J, Paterson E, Purdie GL, Davis PF, Itinteang T, Tan ST. Cancer Stem Cells in Metastatic Head and Neck Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Express Components of the Renin-Angiotensin System. Cells 2021; 10:243. [PMID: 33513805 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the expression of components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) by cancer stem cell (CSC) subpopulations in metastatic head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (mHNcSCC). Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated expression of prorenin receptor (PRR), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and angiotensin II receptor 2 (AT2R) in all cases and angiotensinogen in 14 cases; however, renin and ACE2 were not detected in any of the 20 mHNcSCC tissue samples. Western blotting showed protein expression of angiotensinogen in all six mHNcSCC tissue samples, but in none of the four mHNcSCC-derived primary cell lines, while PRR was detected in the four cell lines only. RT-qPCR confirmed transcripts of angiotensinogen, PRR, ACE, and angiotensin II receptor 1 (AT1R), but not renin or AT2R in all four mHNcSCC tissue samples and all four mHNcSCC-derived primary cell lines, while ACE2 was expressed in the tissue samples only. Double immunohistochemical staining on two of the mHNcSCC tissue samples showed expression of angiotensinogen by the SOX2+ CSCs within the tumor nests (TNs), and immunofluorescence showed expression of PRR and AT2R by the SOX2+ CSCs within the TNs and the peritumoral stroma (PTS). ACE was expressed on the endothelium of the tumor microvessels within the PTS. We demonstrated expression of angiotensinogen by CSCs within the TNs, PRR, and AT2R by the CSCs within the TNs and the PTS, in addition to ACE on the endothelium of tumor microvessels in mHNcSCC.
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Ahmad S, Manzoor S, Siddiqui S, Mariappan N, Zafar I, Ahmad A, Ahmad A. Epigenetic underpinnings of inflammation: Connecting the dots between pulmonary diseases, lung cancer and COVID-19. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 83:384-398. [PMID: 33484868 PMCID: PMC8046427 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is an essential component of several respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). It is central to lung cancer, the leading cancer in terms of associated mortality that has affected millions of individuals worldwide. Inflammation and pulmonary manifestations are also the major causes of COVID-19 related deaths. Acute hyperinflammation plays an important role in the COVID-19 disease progression and severity, and development of protective immunity against the virus is greatly sought. Further, the severity of COVID-19 is greatly enhanced in lung cancer patients, probably due to the genes such as ACE2, TMPRSS2, PAI-1 and furin that are commonly involved in cancer progression as well as SAR-CoV-2 infection. The importance of inflammation in pulmonary manifestations, cancer and COVID-19 calls for a closer look at the underlying processes, particularly the associated increase in IL-6 and other cytokines, the dysregulation of immune cells and the coagulation pathway. Towards this end, several reports have identified epigenetic regulation of inflammation at different levels. Expression of several key inflammation-related cytokines, chemokines and other genes is affected by methylation and acetylation while non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs as well as long non-coding RNAs, also affect the overall inflammatory responses. Select miRNAs can regulate inflammation in COVID-19 infection, lung cancer as well as other inflammatory lung diseases, and can serve as epigenetic links that can be therapeutically targeted. Furthermore, epigenetic changes also mediate the environmental factors-induced inflammation. Therefore, a better understanding of epigenetic regulation of inflammation can potentially help develop novel strategies to prevent, diagnose and treat chronic pulmonary diseases, lung cancer and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shama Ahmad
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Shajer Manzoor
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Simmone Siddiqui
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nithya Mariappan
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Iram Zafar
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Aamir Ahmad
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Aftab Ahmad
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Kim K, Ko Y, Ko DS, Kim YH. Prognostic Significance of COVID-19 Receptor ACE2 and Recommendation for Antihypertensive Drug in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Biomed Res Int 2020; 2020:2054376. [PMID: 33274196 PMCID: PMC7695994 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2054376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Owing to its worldwide spread, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the outer surface protein of the cell membrane that is abundantly distributed in the heart, lungs, and kidneys and plays an important role in molecular docking of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. In this study, we aimed to analyze the difference in the survival rate according to ACE2 expressions in pan-cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS We downloaded clinical and genomic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas. We used Kaplan-Meier with a log-rank test, and the Cox proportional hazards regression to analyze prognostic significance. RESULTS In the Kaplan-Meier curve, clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), uveal melanoma, and prostate adenocarcinoma showed statistical significance. In the Cox regression, thyroid carcinoma and glioblastoma multiforme and ccRCC showed significant results. Only ccRCC had statistical significance, and high ACE2 expression is related to good prognosis. It is known that the ACE inhibitor, a primary antihypertensive agent, increases ACE2 expression. CONCLUSION Based on these results, we believe that the ACE inhibitor will be important to increase the lifespan of ccRCC patients. This study is the first research to offer a recommendation on the use of anti-hypertensive drugs to ccRCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihun Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeji Ko
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Michigan, USA
| | - Dai Sik Ko
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hak Kim
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Republic of Korea
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Republic of Korea
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