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Ahmadi A, Moore F, Keshavarzi B, Shahimi H, Hooda PS. Bioaccumulation of selected trace elements in some aquatic organisms from the proximity of Qeshm Island ecosystems: Human health perspective. Mar Pollut Bull 2022; 182:113966. [PMID: 35969906 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study selected marine species from north Persian Gulf ecosystems were collected to investigate the concentration of 15 trace elements (Al, As, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, V, Zn and Hg) in muscle and liver tissues for the purpose of evaluating potential health risks for human consumers. The results indicated that Fe, Zn, Sr, Cu and As are the most abundant TEs in the tissues of the species. The concentration of Cu in P. semisulcatus and As in most investigated species pose the highest risk of exposure. The carcinogenic risk values indicate that As and Ni concentrations in the species are above the acceptable lifetime risk for adults and children in most of the species. The margin of exposure risk approach indicated that the risk of detrimental effects due to dietary Pb intake for age groups is low, except for consumers of T. tonggol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Ahmadi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, 71454 Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farid Moore
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, 71454 Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Behnam Keshavarzi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, 71454 Shiraz, Iran
| | - Haniyeh Shahimi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, 71454 Shiraz, Iran
| | - Peter S Hooda
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, Kingston University London, Kingston Upon Thames KT12EE, UK
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Nascimento S, Brucker N, Göethel G, Sauer E, Peruzzi C, Gauer B, Tureta E, Flesch I, Cestonaro L, Pierre TS, Gioda A, Garcia SC. Children Environmentally Exposed to Agrochemicals in Rural Areas Present Changes in Oxidative Status and DNA Damage. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:3511-3518. [PMID: 34668114 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02950-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rural children are exposed to several chemicals. This study evaluated the environmental co-exposure of rural children to cholinesterase inhibitor insecticides and metals/metalloids, and the resulting oxidative stress and DNA damage. Seventy-two children (5 to 16 years old) were studied at two different moments: period 1, when agrochemicals were less used, and period 2, when agrochemicals were extensively used in agriculture. Biomonitoring was performed by evaluating butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity in serum; arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni) levels in blood; malondialdehyde (MDA) in plasma; glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities in whole blood; non-protein thiol levels in erythrocytes; and micronuclei (MN) assay in exfoliated buccal cells. Cr and As levels were higher than the reference values in both periods, and Ni levels were higher than the reference values in period 2 alone. BuChE activity was inhibited in period 2 compared with period 1. In period 2, there was an increase in endogenous antioxidants and a decrease in MDA, probably demonstrating a compensatory mechanism as a response to increasing xenobiotics. Also in period 2, the MN frequency increased and BuChE and As were positively associated, suggesting co-exposure. On the other hand, in period 1, it was observed that Cr, Ni, and Pb blood levels were negatively associated with GSH-Px and GST, while MDA was positively associated with As levels. Our findings demonstrated an imbalance in endogenous antioxidants, contributing to genotoxicity and lipoperoxidation, probably in response to exposure to xenobiotics, especially carcinogenic elements (Cr, As, and Ni).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Nascimento
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Rua São Luis 150-Anexo II, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP, 90610-000, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Natália Brucker
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Göethel
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Rua São Luis 150-Anexo II, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP, 90610-000, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Elisa Sauer
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Rua São Luis 150-Anexo II, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Caroline Peruzzi
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Rua São Luis 150-Anexo II, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP, 90610-000, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Gauer
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Rua São Luis 150-Anexo II, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Emanuela Tureta
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Rua São Luis 150-Anexo II, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Flesch
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Rua São Luis 150-Anexo II, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Larissa Cestonaro
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Rua São Luis 150-Anexo II, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP, 90610-000, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Saint' Pierre
- Department of Chemistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio de Janeiro, (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriana Gioda
- Department of Chemistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio de Janeiro, (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Solange Cristina Garcia
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Rua São Luis 150-Anexo II, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP, 90610-000, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Ali TG, Abdul Keyon AS, Mahat NA. Occurrence of heavy metals and their removal in Perna viridis mussels using chemical methods: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:4803-4821. [PMID: 34775561 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17343-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the nutritional benefits, bivalves like mussels are also an excellent aquatic heavy metal biomonitoring agent due to their high tolerance to varying levels of temperature, salinity and oxygen, as well as pollutants. Although the accumulated toxic heavy metals may not exert direct negative impacts on the mussels, such toxicants in mussel tissues can give harmful effects on human body when consumed in toxic quantities and/or over prolonged period. The booming of urban and industrial activities, and consequently the increment of runoffs, as well as wastewater effluents and leaching, further exacerbated the magnitude of this issue. Hence, continuous monitoring of heavy metal contents in mussels is vital to ensure its compliance with food safety regulations, protecting consumers at large. This review paper discusses the occurrence of heavy metals in mussels especially that of Perna viridis in Malaysia and other parts of the world since year 2000 until 2021. Heavy metal concentration data and patterns from various coastal and/or estuaries were compared. Where applicable, statistical data that indicate variations between sampling sites, sampling months or years and chemical treatments for heavy metal removal were critically reviewed. Health risk assessment findings were also discussed. More importantly, related chemical-based interventions to minimize and/or eliminate toxic heavy metals from mussels are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Gandu Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic, P.M.B. 1061, Zaria , Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Aemi Syazwani Abdul Keyon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, 81310, Johor, Malaysia.
- Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, 81310, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Naji Arafat Mahat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, 81310, Johor, Malaysia.
- Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, 81310, Johor, Malaysia.
- Centre of Research for Fiqh Forensics and Judiciary, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
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Yap CK, Sharifinia M, Cheng WH, Al-Shami SA, Wong KW, Al-Mutairi KA. A Commentary on the Use of Bivalve Mollusks in Monitoring Metal Pollution Levels. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:3386. [PMID: 33805997 PMCID: PMC8061770 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this commentary is to promote the use of bivalves as biomonitors, which is a part of the continual efforts of the International Mussel Watch. This commentary is an additional discussion on "Bivalve mollusks in metal pollution studies: From bioaccumulation to biomonitoring" by Zuykov et al., published in Chemosphere 93, 201-208. The present discussion can serve as a platform for further insights to provide new thoughts and novel ideas on how to make better use of bivalves in biomonitoring studies. The certainty of better and more extensive applications of mollusks in environmental monitoring in the future is almost confirmed but more studies are urgently needed. With all the reported studies using bivalves as biomonitors of heavy metal pollution, the effectiveness of using Mussel Watch is beyond any reasonable doubts. The challenge is the development of more accurate methodologies for of heavy metal data interpretation, and the precision of the biomonitoring studies using bivalves as biomonitors, whether in coastal or freshwater ecosystems. Lastly, inclusion of human health risk assessment of heavy metals in commercial bivalves would make the research papers of high public interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Kong Yap
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Moslem Sharifinia
- Shrimp Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bushehr 75169-89177, Iran;
| | - Wan Hee Cheng
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Inti International University, Persiaran Perdana BBN, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia;
| | - Salman Abdo Al-Shami
- Indian River Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA;
| | - Koe Wei Wong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Khalid Awadh Al-Mutairi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, P.O. Box 741, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia;
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Yusseppone MS, Bianchi VA, Castro JM, Noya Abad T, Minaberry YS, Sabatini SE, Luquet CM, Rios de Molina MC, Rocchetta I. In situ experiment to evaluate biochemical responses in the freshwater mussel Diplodon chilensis under anthropogenic eutrophication conditions. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 193:110341. [PMID: 32092582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An in-situ experiment was performed to study metabolic responses of the freshwater mussel Diplodon chilensis to water contaminated by leachates from an open dump and cattle activity, in order to analyze both the effects of those contaminants on aquatic environments and the potential use of a native bivalve to evaluate the effects of anthropic influence and eutrophication. Bivalves from a reference site were cage-transplanted to a control site (site A) and to a temporal water pond (site B) over 30 and 60 periods. Water quality analyses revealed that the site B was affected by anthropogenic influence. Mussel's hemocytes from site B showed 50% lower reactive oxygen species production and 130% higher lysosomal membrane stability in the site B mussels. In addition, no oxidative stress was evident in gills, despite the elevated copper and iron concentrations recorded in the site B water samples (CuB = 0.3350 ± 0.0636 mg. L-1vs. CuA = 0.0045 ± 0.0007 mg. L-1; FeB = 3.8650 ± 0.4031 mg. L-1vs. FeA = 0.0365 ± 0.0049 mg. L-1). In contrast, the adductor muscle accumulated more Fe (~10-20-fold) than the gills and showed signs of oxidative stress, e.g. superoxide dismutase activity and TBARS levels were increased by 10% were 34%, respectively, in the site B compared with the site A after 60 days of exposure. Additionally, the adductor muscle showed signs of anaerobic metabolism activation. Cu is accumulated in gills from both sites' individuals, at 60 days, in concordance with the increase in the activity of the cu-containing enzyme cytochrome-c-oxidase. There was a reduction in the overall condition and digestive gland index in bivalves exposed at site B, associated with diminished levels of lipid and protein contents. Metal-pollution and eutrophication affects D. chilensis metabolism and is associated to tissue-specific exposure, anaerobic metabolism and general energetic condition depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Yusseppone
- Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIBICEN, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - V A Bianchi
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET-UNCo), CEAN, Junín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - J M Castro
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET-UNCo), CEAN, Junín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - T Noya Abad
- Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIBICEN, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Y S Minaberry
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, INIQUIMAE, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S E Sabatini
- Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIBICEN, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C M Luquet
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET-UNCo), CEAN, Junín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - M C Rios de Molina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIBICEN, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - I Rocchetta
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET-UNCo), CEAN, Junín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina.
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Yuan Y, Sun T, Wang H, Liu Y, Pan Y, Xie Y, Huang H, Fan Z. Bioaccumulation and health risk assessment of heavy metals to bivalve species in Daya Bay (South China Sea): Consumption advisory. Mar Pollut Bull 2020; 150:110717. [PMID: 31753566 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bivalves are one of the key components of the biogeochemical cycle in the marine system, and respond to heavy metal (HM) sensitively as filter feeders. To determine relationship of HMs in edible bivalve and seawater and HM effects on human health when digesting bivalves, HMs were analyzed in bivalves and seawater. The results showed that the mean HM concentrations in bivalves decreased in the order of Zn > Cu > Cr > Pb > As > Cd > Hg. Generally, all the bioconcentration factor values of bivalves were higher than 100, suggesting that bivalves have a high bioaccumulation ability. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis indicated that all bivalves have a high bioaccumulation capacity for Cu and Zn. It was found that there are health risks associated with consuming bivalves, and children are more vulnerable than adults. Finally, the maximum allowable consumption rates of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk were determined. These results provide the underlying insights needed to guide the consumption of seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Fishery Ecology and Environment; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Yafeng Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ye Pan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yujing Xie
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Honghui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Fishery Ecology and Environment; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China.
| | - Zhengqiu Fan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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Liu JJ, Diao ZH, Xu XR, Xie Q. Effects of dissolved oxygen, salinity, nitrogen and phosphorus on the release of heavy metals from coastal sediments. Sci Total Environ 2019; 666:894-901. [PMID: 30818213 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Great amounts of nutrients discharged into the urbanized coastal areas, which are continuously subject to violently anthropogenic metal contamination, will result in eutrophication and hypoxic episode. In order to study the effects of dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, nitrogen and phosphorus on the release of six metals including Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, As and Cr from coastal sediments, a series of 60-days microcosm experiments consisting of sediments and seawater were conducted. Severe hypoxia could result in the enhanced peak values of Pb, Cd, Cu and Cr concentrations in the overlying water. A higher level of water salinity could elevate the peak value of As concentration in water column, and a higher level of nitrogen could increase the peak value of Zn concentration in water. The exchange fluxes demonstrated that the diffusion from the sediments was a dominant process during the first 10 days, However, a relative equilibrium of adsorption and precipitation in the sediment-water interface reached during the later periods. In addition, the bioavailability of the studied metals in sediments was elevated under severe hypoxia, or a high level of water salinity, or high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. The results of linear regression analysis suggested that higher metal bioavailability in sediments could facilitate the metal release, but the process could be restrained by the higher aqueous phosphorus due to the precipitation of metal phosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zeng-Hui Diao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Qun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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