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Sun D, Lv J, Li Y, Wu J, Liu P, Gao B. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of the Response to Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Low-Salinity Stress in the Swimming Crab Portunus trituberculatus. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1518. [PMID: 38132344 PMCID: PMC10741082 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is one of the main pathogenic bacteria of Portunus trituberculatus and causes mass mortality of P. trituberculatus in aquaculture. In addition, low-salinity stimulation makes P. trituberculatus more susceptible to V. parahaemolyticus infections. In order to elucidate the molecular mechanism of resistance to V. parahaemolyticus in P. trituberculatus, comparative transcriptomic analysis of blood cells stimulated by low salinity and V. parahaemolyticus was carried out in this study. Transcriptome sequencing of low-salinity stress and pathogen infection at different time points was completed using Illumina sequencing technology. A total of 5827, 6432, 5362 and 1784 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in pathways related to ion transport and immunoregulation were found under low-salinity stress at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h compared with the control at 0 h. In contrast, 4854, 4814, 5535 and 6051 DEGs, which were significantly enriched in Toll and IMD signaling pathways, were found at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h compared with the control at 0 h under V. parahaemolyticus infection. Among them, 952 DEGs were shared in the two treatment groups, which were mainly involved in apoptosis and Hippo signaling pathway. Cluster analysis screened 103 genes that were differentially expressed in two factors that were negatively correlated, including immunoglobulin, leukocyte receptor cluster family, scavenger receptor, macroglobulin and other innate-immune-related genes. These results provide data support for the analysis of the mechanisms of immunity to V. parahaemolyticus under low-salinity stress in P. trituberculatus and help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which environmental factors affect immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfang Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (D.S.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (P.L.)
| | - Jianjian Lv
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (D.S.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (P.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yukun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (D.S.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (P.L.)
| | - Jie Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (D.S.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (P.L.)
| | - Ping Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (D.S.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (P.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Baoquan Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (D.S.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (P.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
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Krishnan K, Katneni VK, Prabhudas SK, Kaikkolante N, Jangam AK, Katneni UK, Hauton C, Peruzza L, Mudagandur SS, Koyadan VK, Poochirian JK, Jena J. MRF: a tool to overcome the barrier of inconsistent genome annotations and perform comparative genomics studies for the largest animal DNA virus. Virol J 2023; 20:72. [PMID: 37072853 PMCID: PMC10111743 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02035-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genome of the largest known animal virus, the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) responsible for huge economic losses and loss of employment in aquaculture, suffers from inconsistent annotation nomenclature. Novel genome sequence, circular genome and variable genome length led to nomenclature inconsistencies. Since vast knowledge has already accumulated in the past two decades with inconsistent nomenclature, the insights gained on a genome could not be easily extendable to other genomes. Therefore, the present study aims to perform comparative genomics studies in WSSV on uniform nomenclature. METHODS We have combined the standard mummer tool with custom scripts to develop missing regions finder (MRF) that documents the missing genome regions and coding sequences in virus genomes in comparison to a reference genome and in its annotation nomenclature. The procedure was implemented as web tool and in command-line interface. Using MRF, we have documented the missing coding sequences in WSSV and explored their role in virulence through application of phylogenomics, machine learning models and homologous genes. RESULTS We have tabulated and depicted the missing genome regions, missing coding sequences and deletion hotspots in WSSV on a common annotation nomenclature and attempted to link them to virus virulence. It was observed that the ubiquitination, transcription regulation and nucleotide metabolism might be essentially required for WSSV pathogenesis; and the structural proteins, VP19, VP26 and VP28 are essential for virus assembly. Few minor structural proteins in WSSV would act as envelope glycoproteins. We have also demonstrated the advantage of MRF in providing detailed graphic/tabular output in less time and also in handling of low-complexity, repeat-rich and highly similar regions of the genomes using other virus cases. CONCLUSIONS Pathogenic virus research benefits from tools that could directly indicate the missing genomic regions and coding sequences between isolates/strains. In virus research, the analyses performed in this study provides an advancement to find the differences between genomes and to quickly identify the important coding sequences/genomes that require early attention from researchers. To conclude, the approach implemented in MRF complements similarity-based tools in comparative genomics involving large, highly-similar, length-varying and/or inconsistently annotated viral genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthic Krishnan
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Nutrition Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR - Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, MRC Nagar, RA Puram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600028, India
| | - Vinaya Kumar Katneni
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Nutrition Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR - Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, MRC Nagar, RA Puram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600028, India.
| | - Sudheesh K Prabhudas
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Nutrition Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR - Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, MRC Nagar, RA Puram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600028, India
| | - Nimisha Kaikkolante
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Nutrition Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR - Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, MRC Nagar, RA Puram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600028, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Jangam
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Nutrition Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR - Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, MRC Nagar, RA Puram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600028, India
| | - Upendra Kumar Katneni
- The Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland, USA
| | - Chris Hauton
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, Southampton, UK
| | - Luca Peruzza
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Shashi Shekhar Mudagandur
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Nutrition Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR - Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, MRC Nagar, RA Puram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600028, India
| | - Vijayan K Koyadan
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Nutrition Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR - Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, MRC Nagar, RA Puram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600028, India
| | - Jithendran Karingalakkandy Poochirian
- Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, ICAR - Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, MRC Nagar, RA Puram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600028, India
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Hernández-Montiel Á, Giffard-Mena I, Weidmann M, Bekaert M, Ulrich K, Benkaroun J. Virulence and genetic differences among white spot syndrome virus isolates inoculated in Penaeus vannamei. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2022; 152:85-98. [PMID: 36453457 DOI: 10.3354/dao03707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infects several economically important aquaculture species, and has caused significant losses to the industry. This virus belongs to the Nimaviridae family and has a dsDNA genome ranging between 257 and 309 kb (more than 20 isolate genomes have been fully sequenced and published to date). Multiple routes of infection could be the cause of the high virulence and mortality rates detected in shrimp species. Particularly in Penaeus vannamei, differences in isolate virulence have been observed, along with controversy over whether deletions or insertions are associated with virulence gain or loss. The pathogenicity of 3 isolates from 3 localities in Mexico (2 from Sinaloa: 'CIAD' and 'Angostura'; and one from Sonora: 'Sonora') was evaluated in vivo in whiteleg shrimp P. vannamei infection assays. Differences were observed in shrimp mortality rates among the 3 isolates, of which Sonora was the most virulent. Subsequently, the complete genomes of the Sonora and Angostura isolates were sequenced in depth from infected shrimp tissues and assembled in reference to the genome of isolate strain CN01 (KT995472), comprising 289350 and 288995 bp, respectively. Three deletion zones were identified compared to CN01, comprising 15 genes, including 3 envelope proteins (VP41A, VP52A and VP41B), 1 non-structural protein (ICP35) and 11 other encoding proteins whose function is currently unknown. In addition, 5 genes (wsv129, wsv178, wsv204, wsv249 and wsv497) presented differences in their repetitive motifs, which could potentially be involved in the regulation of gene expression, causing virulence variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Hernández-Montiel
- Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada No. 3917, Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico
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Zou RF, Cai M, Liu QH. LvCSN5 is involved in WSSV infection via interaction with wsv006. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103870. [PMID: 32937164 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As an extremely virulent pathogen, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) greatly threatens shrimp aquaculture worldwide. The interaction between virus and host is important for viral infection. In the present study, a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) library was constructed to clarify the functions of wsv006, and the interaction between wsv006 and shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (L. vannamei) was analyzed. Furthermore, we explored the role of the wsv006-interacting molecule L. vannamei COP9 constitutive photomorphogenic-like protein subunit 5 (LvCSN5) in WSSV infection. Y2H assay showed that wsv006 interacted with LvCSN5, and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay confirmed such interaction. Multiple alignments of amino acid sequences with other species revealed that the LvCSN5 had high identity with Penaeusmonodon CSN5 (PmCSN5). LvCSN5 was mainly expressed in intestine, eye and hepatopancreas. In addition, the relative expression of LvCSN5 was significantly up-regulated both in intestine and hepatopancreas following the WSSV challenge. Besides, the relative expressions of IE1 and VP28, as well as the viral copy numbers were significantly increased in the LvCSN5-silenced shrimp. Our findings suggested that LvCSN5 was involved in WSSV infection by interacting with wsv006.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Feng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Miao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China; Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Qing-Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, China.
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Li J, Dong L, Zhu D, Zhang M, Wang K, Chen F. An effector caspase Sp-caspase first identified in mud crab Scylla paramamosain exhibiting immune response and cell apoptosis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:442-453. [PMID: 32446967 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays a key role in the immune defense against pathogen infection, and caspase is one of the most important protease enzyme families, which could initiate and execute apoptosis. Among crustaceans, several caspase genes have been reported. However, caspase in mud crab Scylla paramamosain, have not been identified yet. Here, in the present study, we characterized a new caspase, named as Sp-caspase, from S. paramamosain. The full-length cDNA sequence of Sp-caspase contained 966 bp open reading frame, encoding 322 amino acids, and its molecular weight was 36 kDa. This gene has three conserved domains of the caspase family, a prodomain, a large subunit P20 and a small subunit P10. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Sp-caspase was clustered into an effector caspase group. Sp-caspase mainly distributed in midgut, hepatopancreas, hemocytes and female ovaries, and the transcript was significantly regulated in different tissues after being challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus or LPS. After infection with V. alginolyticus, the apoptosis rate of hemocytes notably increased, while the mRNA level of Sp-caspase and hydrolysis activity of caspase 3/7 significantly decreased. Furthermore, in vitro assays showed that the recombinant protein tSp-caspase (deletion of Sp-caspase prodomain) could efficiently recognize and cleave human caspase 3/7 substrate Ac-DEVD-pNA, functioning as an effector caspase. Meanwhile, heterologous expression of Sp-caspase in several cell lines (HEK293T cells, HeLa cells and HighFive cells) could specifically induce cell apoptosis. Taken together, these data demonstrated that Sp-caspase could perform apoptosis as an effector caspase. In addition, it might be a negative regulator of hemocytes apoptosis under pathogen infection, which would contribute to homeostasis and immune defense of hemocytes in S. paramamosain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Lixia Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Depeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Kejian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Fangyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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Wu W, Dai C, Duan X, Wang C, Lin X, Ke J, Wang Y, Zhang X, Liu H. miRNAs induced by white spot syndrome virus involve in immunity pathways in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:743-751. [PMID: 31408731 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
White shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei are widely cultured in the world and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) led to huge economic losses in the shrimp industry every year. In the present study, miRNAs involved in the response of shrimp L. vannamei to WSSV infection were obtained through the Illumina HiSeq 2500 high-throughput next-generation sequencing technique. A total number of 7 known miRNAs and 54 putative novel miRNAs were obtained. Among them, 14 DEMs were identified in the shrimp infected with WSSV. The putative target genes of these DEMs were related to host immune response or signaling pathways, indicating the importance of miRNAs in shrimp against WSSV infection. The results will provide information for further research on shrimp response to virus infection and contribute to the development of new strategies for effective protection against WSSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Wu
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory for the Development of Bioactive Material from Marine Algae, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, 362000, China
| | - Congjie Dai
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory for the Development of Bioactive Material from Marine Algae, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, 362000, China
| | - Xunwei Duan
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory for the Development of Bioactive Material from Marine Algae, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, 362000, China
| | - Cuifang Wang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory for the Development of Bioactive Material from Marine Algae, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, 362000, China
| | - Xiaosi Lin
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory for the Development of Bioactive Material from Marine Algae, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, 362000, China
| | - Jiaying Ke
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory for the Development of Bioactive Material from Marine Algae, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, 362000, China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory for the Development of Bioactive Material from Marine Algae, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, 362000, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory for the Development of Bioactive Material from Marine Algae, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, 362000, China; School of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310004, China.
| | - Haipeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources (Xiamen University), State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
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Ke F, Zhang QY. Aquatic animal viruses mediated immune evasion in their host. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:1096-1105. [PMID: 30557608 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are important and lethal pathogens that hamper aquatic animals. The result of the battle between host and virus would determine the occurrence of diseases. The host will fight against virus infection with various responses such as innate immunity, adaptive immunity, apoptosis, and so on. On the other hand, the virus also develops numerous strategies such as immune evasion to antagonize host antiviral responses. Here, We review the research advances on virus mediated immune evasions to host responses containing interferon response, NF-κB signaling, apoptosis, and adaptive response, which are executed by viral genes, proteins, and miRNAs from different aquatic animal viruses including Alloherpesviridae, Iridoviridae, Nimaviridae, Birnaviridae, Reoviridae, and Rhabdoviridae. Thus, it will facilitate the understanding of aquatic animal virus mediated immune evasion and potentially benefit the development of novel antiviral applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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Li C, Weng S, He J. WSSV-host interaction: Host response and immune evasion. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:558-571. [PMID: 30352263 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As invertebrates, shrimps rely on multiple innate defense reactions, including humoral immunity and cellular immunity to recognize and eliminate various invaders, such as viruses. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) causes the most prevalent and devastating viral disease in penaeid shrimps, which are the most widely cultured species in the coastal waters worldwide. In the last couple of decades, studies about WSSV implicate a dual role of the immune system in protecting shrimps against the infection; these studies also explore on the pathogenesis of WSSV infection. Herein, we review our current knowledge of the innate immune responses of shrimps to WSSV, as well as the molecular mechanisms used by this virus to evade host immune responses or actively subvert them for its own benefit. Deciphering the interactions between WSSV and the shrimp host is paramount to understanding the mechanisms that regulate the balance between immune-mediated protection and pathogenesis during viral infection and to the development of a safe and effective WSSV defensive strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol / School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol / School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol / School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Apitanyasai K, Amparyup P, Charoensapsri W, Sangsuriya P, Tassanakajon A. Shrimp hemocyte homeostasis-associated protein (PmHHAP) interacts with WSSV134 to control apoptosis in white spot syndrome virus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 76:174-182. [PMID: 29501484 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hemocyte homeostasis-associated protein (PmHHAP) was first identified as a viral-responsive gene, due to a high upregulation in transcription following white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. Functional studies using RNA interference have suggested that PmHHAP is involved in hemocyte homeostasis by controlling apoptosis during WSSV infection. In this study, the role of PmHHAP in host-viral interactions was further investigated. Yeast two-hybrid assay and co-immunoprecipitation revealed that PmHHAP binds to an anti-apoptosis protein, WSSV134. The viral protein WSSV134 is a late protein of WSSV, expressed 24 h post infection (hpi). Gene silencing of WSSV134 in WSSV-infected shrimp resulted in a reduction of the expression level of the viral replication marker genes VP28, wsv477, and ie-1, which suggests that WSSV134 is likely involved in viral propagation. However, co-silencing of PmHHAP and WSSV134 counteracted the effects on WSSV infection, which implies the importance of the host-pathogen interaction between PmHHAP and WSSV134 in WSSV infection. In addition, caspase 3/7 activity was noticeably induced in the PmHHAP and WSSV134 co-silenced shrimp upon WSSV infection. Moreover, PmHHAP and WSSV134 inhibited caspase-induced activation of PmCasp in vitro in a non-competitive manner. Taken together, these results suggest that PmHHAP and WSSV134 play a role in the host-pathogen interaction and work concordantly to control apoptosis in WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kantamas Apitanyasai
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piti Amparyup
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Walaiporn Charoensapsri
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pakkakul Sangsuriya
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Tassanakajon
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Hauton C. Recent progress toward the identification of anti-viral immune mechanisms in decapod crustaceans. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 147:111-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Li F, Gao M, Xu L, Yang F. Comparative genomic analysis of three white spot syndrome virus isolates of different virulence. Virus Genes 2016; 53:249-258. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1421-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Verbruggen B, Bickley LK, van Aerle R, Bateman KS, Stentiford GD, Santos EM, Tyler CR. Molecular Mechanisms of White Spot Syndrome Virus Infection and Perspectives on Treatments. Viruses 2016; 8:E23. [PMID: 26797629 PMCID: PMC4728583 DOI: 10.3390/v8010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its emergence in the 1990s, White Spot Disease (WSD) has had major economic and societal impact in the crustacean aquaculture sector. Over the years shrimp farming alone has experienced billion dollar losses through WSD. The disease is caused by the White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV), a large dsDNA virus and the only member of the Nimaviridae family. Susceptibility to WSSV in a wide range of crustacean hosts makes it a major risk factor in the translocation of live animals and in commodity products. Currently there are no effective treatments for this disease. Understanding the molecular basis of disease processes has contributed significantly to the treatment of many human and animal pathogens, and with a similar aim considerable efforts have been directed towards understanding host-pathogen molecular interactions for WSD. Work on the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis in aquatic crustaceans has been restricted by a lack of sequenced and annotated genomes for host species. Nevertheless, some of the key host-pathogen interactions have been established: between viral envelope proteins and host cell receptors at initiation of infection, involvement of various immune system pathways in response to WSSV, and the roles of various host and virus miRNAs in mitigation or progression of disease. Despite these advances, many fundamental knowledge gaps remain; for example, the roles of the majority of WSSV proteins are still unknown. In this review we assess current knowledge of how WSSV infects and replicates in its host, and critique strategies for WSD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Verbruggen
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4, UK.
| | - Lisa K Bickley
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4, UK.
| | - Ronny van Aerle
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Kelly S Bateman
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Grant D Stentiford
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Eduarda M Santos
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4, UK.
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4, UK.
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Peepim T, Phiwsaiya K, Charoensapsri W, Khunrae P, Senapin S, Rattanarojpong T. Knockdown of Litopenaeus vannamei HtrA2, an up-regulated gene in response to WSSV infection, leading to delayed shrimp mortality. J Biotechnol 2015; 219:48-56. [PMID: 26712477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
HtrA2 is an apoptosis-activating gene that enhances the apoptotic process by preventing the formation of the IAP-caspase complex, thereby freeing caspase to trigger the apoptosis pathway. In this study, we presented the full-length cDNA sequence of HtrA2 from Litopenaeus vannamei (LvHtrA2). The full-length LvHtrA2 was 1335 bp, encoding 444 amino acids. This deduced amino acid sequence contained five conserved domains: a mitochondrial targeting signal (MTS), a transmembrane (TM) domain, an IAP-binding motif (IBM), a trimerization motif, a serine protease domain, and a PDZ domain normally found in the HtrA2 proteins of other organisms. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that LvHtrA2 clustered with the HtrA2 from other invertebrates and was closely related to Penaeus monodon HtrA2 (PmHtrA2). RT-PCR with RNA extracts from L. vannamei revealed that LvHtrA2 expression was found in several tissues, including the lymphoid organs, the haemocytes, the hepatopancreas, the gill, and the stomach, with different expression levels. When determining the role of LvHtrA2 in WSSV infection, it was found that LvHtrA2 transcription was early up-regulated in the WSSV-infected shrimp at 8h post-infection (p.i.) and expression still remained high at 48 h p.i.. It also demonstrated that dsRNA specific to LvHtrA2 reduced the cumulative mortality in the WSSV-infected shrimp compared with the control group. Additionally, depletion of the LvHtrA2 transcripts reduced expression levels for caspase-3 (Cap-3) gene in shrimp. This result could suggest that LvHtrA2 may involved in apoptosis mediated mortality rather than providing immune protection during WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Termsri Peepim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Kornsunee Phiwsaiya
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Walaiporn Charoensapsri
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pongsak Khunrae
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Triwit Rattanarojpong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand.
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Shekhar MS, Ponniah AG. Recent insights into host-pathogen interaction in white spot syndrome virus infected penaeid shrimp. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2015; 38:599-612. [PMID: 24953507 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Viral disease outbreaks are a major concern impeding the development of the shrimp aquaculture industry. The viral disease due to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) observed in early 1990s still continues unabated affecting the shrimp farms and cause huge economic loss to the shrimp aquaculture industry. In the absence of effective therapeutics to control WSSV, it is important to understand viral pathogenesis and shrimp response to WSSV at the molecular level. Identification and molecular characterization of WSSV proteins and receptors may facilitate in designing and development of novel therapeutics and antiviral drugs that may inhibit viral replication. Investigations into host-pathogen interactions might give new insights to viral infectivity, tissue tropism and defence mechanism elicited in response to WSSV infection. However, due to the limited information on WSSV gene function and host immune response, the signalling pathways which are associated in shrimp pathogen interaction have also not been elucidated completely. In the present review, the focus is on those shrimp proteins and receptors that are potentially involved in virus infection or in the defence mechanism against WSSV. In addition, the major signalling pathways involved in the innate immune response and the role of apoptosis in host-pathogen interaction is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Shekhar
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, India
| | - A G Ponniah
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, India
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15
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Evaluation of immune and apoptosis related gene responses using an RNAi approach in vaccinated Penaeus monodon during oral WSSV infection. Mar Genomics 2014; 18 Pt A:55-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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16
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Xu D, Liu W, Alvarez A, Huang T. Cellular immune responses against viral pathogens in shrimp. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 47:287-297. [PMID: 25111591 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Shrimp is one of the most important commercial marine species worldwide; however, viral diseases threaten the healthy development of shrimp aquaculture. In order to develop efficient control strategies against viral diseases, researchers have begun focusing increasing attention to the molecular mechanism of shrimp innate immunity. Although knowledge of shrimp humoral immunity has grown significantly in recent years, very little information is available about the cell-mediated immune responses. Several cellular processes such as phagocytosis, apoptosis, and RNA interference critical in cellular immune response play a significant role in endogenous antiviral activity in shrimp. In this review, we summarize the emerging research and highlight key mediators of cellular immune response to viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Xu
- Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weifeng Liu
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Angel Alvarez
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Tianzhi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA..
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17
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Suwannaboon R, Phiwsaiya K, Senapin S, Khunrae P, Rattanarojpong T. The identification and expression of the full-length HtrA2 gene from Penaeus monodon (black tiger shrimp). Protein Expr Purif 2013; 92:183-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Tassanakajon A, Somboonwiwat K, Supungul P, Tang S. Discovery of immune molecules and their crucial functions in shrimp immunity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:954-967. [PMID: 23059654 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Several immune-related molecules in penaeid shrimps have been discovered, most of these via the analysis of expressed sequence tag libraries, microarray studies and proteomic approaches. These immune molecules include antimicrobial peptides, serine proteinases and inhibitors, phenoloxidases, oxidative enzymes, clottable protein, pattern recognition proteins, lectins, Toll receptors, and other humoral factors that might participate in the innate immune system of shrimps. These molecules have mainly been found in the hemolymph and hemocytes, which are the main sites where immune reactions take place, while some are found in other immune organs/tissues, such as the lymphoid organs, gills and intestines. Although the participation of some of these immune molecules in the shrimp innate immune defense against invading pathogens has been demonstrated, the functions of many molecules remain unclear. This review summarizes the current status of our knowledge concerning the discovery and functional characterization of the immune molecules in penaeid shrimps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchalee Tassanakajon
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Leu JH, Lin SJ, Huang JY, Chen TC, Lo CF. A model for apoptotic interaction between white spot syndrome virus and shrimp. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:1011-1017. [PMID: 22683516 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is an enveloped, large dsDNA virus that mainly infects penaeid shrimp, causing serious damage to the shrimp aquaculture industry. Like other animal viruses, WSSV infection induces apoptosis. Although this occurs even in by-stander cells that are free of WSSV virions, apoptosis is generally regarded as a kind of antiviral immune response. To counter this response, WSSV has evolved several different strategies. From the presently available literature, we construct a model of how the host and virus both attempt to regulate apoptosis to their respective advantage. The basic sequence of events is as follows: first, when a WSSV infection occurs, cellular sensors detect the invading virus, and activate signaling pathways that lead to (1) the expression of pro-apoptosis proteins, including PmCasp (an effecter caspase), MjCaspase (an initiator caspase) and voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC); and (2) mitochondrial changes, including the induction of mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and increased oxidative stress. These events initiate the apoptosis program. Meanwhile, WSSV begins to express its genes, including two anti-apoptosis proteins: AAP-1, which is a direct caspase inhibitor, and WSV222, which is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that blocks apoptosis through the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of shrimp TSL protein (an apoptosis inducer). WSSV also induces the expression of a shrimp anti-apoptosis protein, Pm-fortilin, which can act on Bax to inhibit mitochondria-triggered apoptosis. This is a life and death struggle because the virus needs to prevent apoptosis in order to replicate. If WSSV succeeds in replicating in sufficient numbers, this will result in the death of the infected penaeid shrimp host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiann-Horng Leu
- Institute of Marine Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan.
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Contribution of the caspase gene sequence diversification to the specifically antiviral defense in invertebrate. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24955. [PMID: 21949804 PMCID: PMC3176291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrates achieve adaptive immunity of all sorts against pathogens through the diversification of antibodies. However the mechanism of invertebrates' innate immune defense against various pathogens remains largely unknown. Our study used shrimp and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) to show that PjCaspase, a caspase gene of shrimp that is crucial in apoptosis, possessed gene sequence diversity. At present, the role of gene sequence diversity in immunity has not been characterized. To address this issue, we compared the PjCaspase gene sequence diversities from WSSV-free and WSSV-resistant shrimp. The sequence analysis indicated that the PjCaspase gene from the WSSV-resistant shrimp contained a special fragment, designated as fragment 3 (221-229 aa). Down-regulation or overexpression of the PjCaspase gene containing fragment 3 led to significant inhibition or enhancement of virus-induced apoptosis, but had no effect on bacterium challenge. We found evidence that the silencing or overexpression of this gene led to a 7-fold increase or 11-fold decrease of WSSV copies, respectively. Our results suggested that the PjCaspase gene containing fragment 3 provided the molecular basis for the antiviral defense of shrimp. This study represented the first report of the role of gene sequence diversity in the immunity of an invertebrate against virus infection. Invertebrates may employ this gene sequence diversity as a system to avoid pathogen interference with their immune response.
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