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Huang M, Ma Y, Qian J, Sokolova IM, Zhang C, Waiho K, Fang JKH, Ma X, Wang Y, Hu M. Combined effects of norfloxacin and polystyrene nanoparticles on the oxidative stress and gut health of the juvenile horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus. J Hazard Mater 2024; 468:133801. [PMID: 38377908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Pollution with anthropogenic contaminants including antibiotics and nanoplastics leads to gradual deterioration of the marine environment, which threatens endangered species such as the horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus. We assessed the potential toxic mechanisms of an antibiotic (norfloxacin, 0, 0.5, 5 μg/L) and polystyrene nanoparticles (104 particles/L) in T. tridentatus using biomarkers of tissue redox status, molting, and gut microbiota. Exposure to single and combined pollutants led to disturbance of redox balance during short-term (7 days) exposure indicated by elevated level of a lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde (MDA). After prolonged (14-21 days) exposure, compensatory upregulation of antioxidants (catalase and glutathione but not superoxide dismutase) was observed, and MDA levels returned to the baseline in most experimental exposures. Transcript levels of molting-related genes (ecdysone receptor, retinoic acid X alpha receptor and calmodulin A) and a molecular chaperone (cognate heat shock protein 70) showed weak evidence of response to polystyrene nanoparticles and norfloxacin. The gut microbiota T. tridentatus was altered by exposures to norfloxacin and polystyrene nanoparticles shown by elevated relative abundance of Bacteroidetes. At the functional level, evidence of suppression by norfloxacin and polystyrene nanoparticles was found in multiple intestinal microbiome pathways related to the genetic information processing, metabolism, organismal systems, and environmental information processing. Future studies are needed to assess the physiological and health consequences of microbiome dysbiosis caused by norfloxacin and polystyrene nanoparticles and assist the environmental risk assessment of these pollutants in the wild populations of the horseshoe crabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilian Huang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanxiong Ma
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Qian
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai, China
| | - Inna M Sokolova
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Maritime Systems, Interdisciplinary Faculty, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Caoqi Zhang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai, China
| | - Khor Waiho
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - James Kar Hei Fang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong Administrative Region of China
| | - Xiaowan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Ecosystem and Bioresourse, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536000, China
| | - Youji Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai, China.
| | - Menghong Hu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Che S, Huang M, Zhu L, Shen L, Ma Y, Wan Z, Li X, Zhou J, Ding S, Li X. Exposure to nanopolystyrene and phoxim at ambient concentrations causes oxidative stress and inflammation in the intestines of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2024; 273:116126. [PMID: 38387141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Nanopolystyrene (NP) and phoxim (PHO) are common environmental pollutants in aquatic systems. We evaluated the toxic effects of exposure to ambient concentrations of NP and/or PHO in the intestines of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). Our study showed that histopathological changes were observed in the intestines. Specifically, NP and/or PHO exposure increased intraepithelial lymphocytes. Furthermore, NP and/or PHO exposure induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by a significant decrease in superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), peroxidase activity (POD), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC). Pro-inflammatory gene expression and transcriptome analysis demonstrated that NP and/or PHO exposure induced the intestinal inflammatory response. Transcriptome results showed that NP and/or PHO exposure upregulated the NF-κB signaling pathway, which is considered a key pathway in the inflammatory response. Additionally, the expression of pro-inflammatory genes significantly increased after a single exposure to NP or PHO, but it exhibited a significant decrease after the co-exposure. The downregulation of these genes in the co-exposure group likely suggested that the co-exposure mitigated intestinal inflammation response in E. sinensis. Collectively, our findings mainly showed that NP and/or PHO exposure at ambient concentrations induces oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the intestines of E. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunli Che
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Mengting Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Lemei Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Longteng Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zhicheng Wan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xuguang Li
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210017, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210017, China
| | - Shuquan Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Xilei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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3
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Sanpradit P, Byeon E, Lee JS, Jeong H, Kim HS, Peerakietkhajorn S, Lee JS. Combined effects of nanoplastics and elevated temperature in the freshwater water flea Daphnia magna. J Hazard Mater 2024; 465:133325. [PMID: 38154181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Global warming and nanoplastics (NPs) are critical global issues. Among NPs, one of the most hazardous types of plastics, polystyrene (PS), poses ecotoxicological threats to several freshwater organisms. The degree of toxicity of PS-NPs is strongly influenced by various environmental factors. This study illustrates the combined effects of temperature and PS-NPs on the water flea Daphnia magna. The sensitivity of D. magna to PS-NPs was tested under control (23 °C) and elevated temperatures (28 °C). As a result, increased temperatures influenced the uptake and accumulation of PS-NPs. Co-exposure to both higher temperatures and PS-NPs resulted in a drastic decrease in reproductive performance. The level of oxidative stress was found to have increased in a temperature-dependent manner. Oxidative stress was stimulated by both stressors, leading to increased levels of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzyme activity supported by upregulation of antioxidant enzyme-related genes under combined PS-NPs exposure and elevated temperature. In the imbalanced status of intracellular redox, activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway was induced by exposure to PS-NPs at high temperatures, which supported the decline of the reproductive capacity of D. magna. Therefore, our results suggest that PS-NPs exposure along with an increase in temperature significantly affects physiological processes triggered by damage from oxidative stress, leading to severely inhibited reproduction of D. magna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweena Sanpradit
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Eunjin Byeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jin-Sol Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Haksoo Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Saranya Peerakietkhajorn
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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Shi C, Liu Z, Yu B, Zhang Y, Yang H, Han Y, Wang B, Liu Z, Zhang H. Emergence of nanoplastics in the aquatic environment and possible impacts on aquatic organisms. Sci Total Environ 2024; 906:167404. [PMID: 37769717 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Plastic production on a global scale is instrumental in advancing modern society. However, plastic can be broken down by mechanical and chemical forces of humans and nature, and knowledge of the fate and effects of plastic, especially nanoplastics, in the aquatic environment remains poor. We provide an overview of current knowledge on the environmental occurrence and toxicity of nanoplastics, and suggestions for future research. There are nanoplastics present in seas, rivers, and nature reserves from Asia, Europe, Antarctica, and the Arctic Ocean at levels of 0.3-488 microgram per liter. Once in the aquatic environment, nanoplastics accumulate in plankton, nekton, benthos through ingestion and adherence, with multiple toxic results including inhibited growth, reproductive abnormalities, oxidative stress, and immune system dysfunction. Further investigations should focus on chemical analysis methods for nanoplastics, effect and mechanism of nanoplastics at environmental relevant concentrations in aquatic organisms, as well as the mechanism of the Trojan horse effect of nanoplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoli Shi
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zhiqun Liu
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Bingzhi Yu
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yinan Zhang
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yu Han
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Binhao Wang
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zhiquan Liu
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai Academy of Environment Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Hangjun Zhang
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Hangzhou Internation Urbanology Research Center, Hangzhou 311121, China
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5
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Zhu C, Liu G, Abdullah ALB, Han M, Jiang Q, Li Y. Transcriptomic analysis following polystyrene nanoplastic stress in the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2023; 143:109207. [PMID: 37923183 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Plastics are widely produced for industrial and domestic applications due to their unique properties, and studies on the toxic effects of nanoplastics (NPs) on aquatic animals are essential. In this study, we investigated the transcriptomic patterns of Litopenaeus vannamei after NPs exposure. We found that the lysosome pathway was activated when after NPs exposure, with up-regulated DEGs, including glucocerebrosidase (GBA), hexosaminidase A (HEXA), sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase-1 (SMPD1), and solute carrier family 17 member 5 (SLC17A5). In addition, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway was strongly affected by NPs, and the upstream genes of PI3K-Akt, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), integrin subunit beta 1 (ITGB1) and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) were up-regulation. Other genes involved in lipogenesis, such as sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (SREBP-1c), fatty acid synthase (FASN) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD-1), were down-regulated. However, the contents of triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TCH) in L. vanname hepatopancreas were reduced, which indicated that the ingestion of NPs led to the disturbance of hepatic lipid metabolism. What more, NPs treatment of L. vannamei also caused oxidative stress. In addition, NPs can damage part of the tissue structure and affect the physiological function of shrimps. The results of this study provide valuable ecotoxicological data to improve the understanding of the biological fate and effects of nanoplastics in L. vannamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Zhu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing, 210017, China; Low-temperature Germplasm Bank of Important Economic Fish (Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province) of Jiangsu Provincial Science and Technology Resources (Agricultural Germplasm Resources) Coordination Service Platform, Nanjing, China; Geography, School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Guoxing Liu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing, 210017, China; Low-temperature Germplasm Bank of Important Economic Fish (Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province) of Jiangsu Provincial Science and Technology Resources (Agricultural Germplasm Resources) Coordination Service Platform, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Mingming Han
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing, 210017, China
| | - Qichen Jiang
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing, 210017, China.
| | - Yiming Li
- Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Liang J, Xiong S, He C, Song Z, Yang S, Ma D, Yan W, Wang H, Tahir R, Han M. The organism fate of inland freshwater system under micro-/nano-plastic pollution: A review of past decade. Aquat Toxicol 2023; 265:106774. [PMID: 38000134 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Micro- and nano-plastics (MPs/NPs) are characterized by their small size and extensive surface area, making them global environmental pollutants with adverse effects on organisms at various levels, including organs, cells, and molecules. Freshwater organisms, such as microalgae, emerging plants, zooplankton, benthic species, and fish, experience varying impacts from MPs/NPs, which are prevalent in both terrestrial and aquatic inland environments. MPs/NPs significantly impact plant physiological processes, including photosynthesis, antioxidant response, energy metabolism, and nitrogen removal. Extended exposure and ingestion to MPs/NPs might cause metabolic and behavioral deviations in zooplankton, posing an extinction risk. Upon exposure to MPs/NPs, both benthic organisms and fish display behavioral and metabolic disturbances, due to oxidative stress, neural toxicity, intestinal damage, and metabolic changes. Results from laboratory and field investigations have confirmed that MPs/NPs can be transported across multiple trophic levels. Moreover, MPs/NPs-induced alterations in zooplankton populations can impede energy transfer, leading to food scarcity for filter-feeding fish, larvae of benthic organism and fish, thus jeopardizing aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore, MPs/NPs can harm the nervous systems of aquatic organisms, influencing their feeding patterns, circadian rhythms, and mobility. Such behavioral alterations might also introduce unforeseen ecological risks. This comprehensive review aims to explore the consequences of MPs/NPs on freshwater organisms and their interconnected food webs. The investigation encompasses various aspects, including behavioral changes, alterations in physiology, impacts on metabolism, transgenerational effects, and the disruption of energy transfer within the ecosystem. This review elucidated the physiological and biochemical toxicity of MPs/NPs on freshwater organisms, and the ensuing risks to inland aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Liang
- Chengdu Jncon Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; School of Humanities, University Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Sen Xiong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Chengdu Jncon Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Chunlin He
- Chengdu Jncon Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhaobin Song
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Song Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Daiqiang Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Wenchu Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Chengdu Jncon Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Rabia Tahir
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Department of Zoology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Pakistan, Punjab 63100, Pakistan
| | - Mingming Han
- Centre for marine and coastal studies, University Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
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Panizzolo M, Martins VH, Ghelli F, Squillacioti G, Bellisario V, Garzaro G, Bosio D, Colombi N, Bono R, Bergamaschi E. Biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and genotoxicity to assess exposure to micro- and nanoplastics. A literature review. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2023; 267:115645. [PMID: 37922781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The increased awareness about possible health effects arising from micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) pollution is driving a huge amount of studies. Many international efforts are in place to better understand and characterize the hazard of MNPs present in the environment. The literature search was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology in two different databases (PubMed and Embase). The selection of articles was carried out blind, screening titles and abstracts according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. In general, these studies rely on the methodology already in use for assessing hazard from nanomaterials and particles of concern. However, only a limited number of studies have so far directly measured human exposure to MNPs and examined the relationship between such exposure and its impact on human health. This review aims to provide an overview of the current state of research on biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and genotoxicity that have been explored in relation to MNPs exposure, using human, cellular, animal, and plant models. Both in-vitro and in-vivo models suggest an increased level of oxidative stress and inflammation as the main mechanism of action (MOA) leading to adverse effects such as chronic inflammation, immunotoxicity and genotoxicity. With the identification of such biological endpoints, representing critical key initiating events (KIEs) towards adaptive or adverse outcomes, it is possible to identify a panel of surrogate biomarkers to be applied and validated especially in occupational settings, where higher levels of exposure may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Panizzolo
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Vitor Hugo Martins
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Ghelli
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Squillacioti
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Bellisario
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Giacomo Garzaro
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Davide Bosio
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, A.O.U Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Colombi
- Federated Library of Medicine "F. Rossi", University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Roberto Bono
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Enrico Bergamaschi
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
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Liang J, Abdullah ALB, Wang H, Liu G, Han M. Change in energy-consuming strategy, nucleolar metabolism and physical defense in Macrobrachium rosenbergii after acute and chronic polystyrene nanoparticles exposure. Aquat Toxicol 2023; 263:106711. [PMID: 37783050 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has further intensified plastic pollution due to the escalated use of single-use gloves and masks, consequently leading to the widespread presence of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) in major rivers and lakes worldwide. Macrobrachium rosenbergii has become an important experimental subject due to its ecological role and environmental sensitivity. In this study, we sought to comprehend the ramifications of NPs on the widely-distributed freshwater prawn, M rosenbergii, by conducting a detailed analysis of its responses to NPs after both 96 h and 30 days of exposure. The transcriptome analysis revealed 918 differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) after 30 days of NPs exposure (356 upregulated, 562 downregulated) and 2376 DEGs after 96 h of NPs exposure (1541 upregulated, 835 downregulated). The results of DEGs expression indicated that acute NPs exposure enhanced carbohydrate transport and metabolism, fostering chitin and extracellular matrix processes. In contrast, chronic NPs exposure induced nucleolar stress in M. rosenbergii, impeding ribosome development and mRNA maturation while showing no significant changes in glucose metabolism. Our findings underscore the M. rosenbergii distinct coping mechanisms during acute and chronic NPs exposure, elucidating its vital adaptive strategies. These results contribute to our understanding of the ecological implications of NPs pollution and its impact on aquatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Liang
- School of Humanities, University Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | | | - Hong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Guoxing Liu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing 210017, China
| | - Mingming Han
- Centre for marine and coastal studies, University Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
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9
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Wang X, Zhao Z, Jiang J, Mi R, Guan X, Dong Y, Li S, Chen Z, Gao S, Wang B, Xiao Y, Pan Y, Zhou Z. Temporal stability and assembly mechanisms of gut microbiota in sea cucumbers response to nanoplastics treatment. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2023; 264:115407. [PMID: 37639828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture provides essential food for humans, and the health of farmed species is particularly important for the aquaculture industry. Aquaculture environment could be a sink of plastic debris (PDs) due to the enclosed character and heavy use of plastics. Gut microbiota of aquaculture species could respond to the exogenous pollutants and regulate the health of hosts. Here, variations in gut microbiota of Apostichopus japonicus induced by the ingested nanoplastics (NPs) were investigated by a lab experiment. We selected a NPs concentration gradient of 100 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg to simulate microplastic pollution to A. japonicus, and the significant differences in gut microbiota composition after 21 days of NP exposure were evaluated. According to the high-throughput sequencing from time series samples, a decrease of diversity in gut microbiota of A. japonicus with dietary NPs was observed. In addition, the gut microbiota compositions of sea cucumbers with and without NPs exposure were also distinct, expressing as enrichment of Bacteroidota while reducement of Proteobacteria under NPs stresses. Combined the results of network analysis, the less complexity and stability of gut microbiota in sea cucumbers with dietary NPs were proved. Based on the neutral community model, the ingested NPs elevated the contribution of stochastic processes for the gut microbiota assembly in sea cucumbers. Our study showed that substantial variations in gut microbiota of A. japonicus under NPs stresses, and also explored the underlying mechanisms regulating these changes. This research would offer new meaningful insights into the toxicity of NPs on sea cucumbers, contributing a solid fundament to improve the health of sea cucumbers under NPs stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuda Wang
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Zelong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Rui Mi
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Guan
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Ying Dong
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Shilei Li
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Shan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Bai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Yongjia Pan
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Zunchun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China.
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10
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Pan Y, Qian J, Ma X, Huang W, Fang JKH, Arif I, Wang Y, Shang Y, Hu M. Response of moulting genes and gut microbiome to nano-plastics and copper in juvenile horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus. Mar Environ Res 2023; 191:106128. [PMID: 37587001 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics (NPs) and heavy metals are typical marine pollutants, affecting the gut microbiota composition and molting rate of marine organisms. Currently, there is a lack of research on the toxicological effects of combined exposure to horseshoe crabs. In this study, we investigated the effects of NPs and copper on the expression of molt-related genes and gut microbiome in juvenile tri-spine horseshoe crabs Tachypleus tridentatus by exposing them to NPs (100 nm, 104 particles L-1) and/or Cu2+ (10 μgL-1) in seawater for 21 days. Compared with the control group, the relative mRNA expression of ecdysone receptor (EcR), retinoid x receptor (RXR), calmodulin-A-like isoform X1 (CaM X1), and heat shock 70 kDa protein (Hsp70) were significantly increased under the combined stress of NPs and Cu2+. There were no significant differences in the diversity and abundance indices of the gut microbial population of horseshoe crabs between the NPs and/or Cu2+ groups and the control group. According to linear discriminant analysis, Oleobacillus was the most abundant microorganism in the NPs and Cu2+ stress groups. These results indicate that exposure to either NPs stress alone or combined NPs and Cu2+ stress can promote the expression levels of juvenile molting genes. NPs exposure has a greater impact on the gut microbial community structure of juvenile horseshoe crabs compared to Cu2+ exposure. This study is helpful for predicting the growth and development of horseshoe crabs under complex environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Pan
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Jin Qian
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Xiaowan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Ecosystem and Bioresource, Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai, 536000, PR China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China
| | - James Kar-Hei Fang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Iqra Arif
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Youji Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Yueyong Shang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China.
| | - Menghong Hu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China.
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11
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Zhao Z, Wang X, Jiang J, Dong Y, Pan Y, Guan X, Wang B, Gao S, Chen Z, Zhou Z. Adverse effects of polystyrene nanoplastics on sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus and their association with gut microbiota dysbiosis. Chemosphere 2023; 330:138568. [PMID: 37019397 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The mariculture environment is a sink of microplastics (MPs) due to its enclosed nature and mass use of plastics. Nanoplastics (NPs) are MPs with a diameter <1 μm that have a more toxic effect on aquatic organisms than other MPs. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of NP toxicity on mariculture species. Here, we performed a multi-omics investigation to explore gut microbiota dysbiosis and associated health problems induced by NPs in juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus, a commercially and ecologically important marine invertebrate. We observed significant differences in gut microbiota composition after 21 days of NP exposure. Ingestion of NPs significantly increased core gut microbes, especially Rhodobacteraceae and Flavobacteriaceae families. Additionally, gut gene expression profiles were altered by NPs, especially those related to neurological diseases and movement disorders. Correlation and network analyses indicated close relationships between transcriptome changes and gut microbiota variation. Furthermore, NPs induced oxidative stress in sea cucumber intestines, which may be associated with intraspecies variation in Rhodobacteraceae in the gut microbiota. The results suggested that NPs were harmful to the health of sea cucumbers, and they highlighted the importance of the gut microbiota in the responses to NP toxicity in marine invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelong Zhao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Xuda Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China.
| | - Ying Dong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Yongjia Pan
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Guan
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Bai Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Shan Gao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Zunchun Zhou
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China.
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12
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Gong H, Li R, Li F, Guo X, Xu L, Gan L, Yan M, Wang J. Toxicity of nanoplastics to aquatic organisms: Genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, individual level and beyond individual level. J Hazard Mater 2023; 443:130266. [PMID: 36327848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to the small size, high mobility and large surface area, nanoplastics (NPs) showed high potential risks to aquatic organisms. This paper reviews the toxicity of NPs to aquatic organism at various trophic levels including bacteria, plankton (algae), zooplankton, benthos, and nekton (fish). The effects at individual level caused by NPs were explained and proved by cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, and the toxicity of NPs beyond individual level was also illustrated. The toxicity of NPs is determined by the size, dosage, and surface property of NPs, as well as environmental factors, the presence of co-contaminants and the sensitivity of tested organisms. Furthermore, the joint effects of NPs with other commonly detected pollutants such as organic pollutants, metals, and nanoparticles etc. were summarized. In order to reflect the toxicity of NPs in the real natural environment, studies on toxicity assessment of NPs with the coexistence of various environmental factors and contaminants, particularly under the concentrations in natural environment are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gong
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruixue Li
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Li
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Guo
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijie Xu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Gan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Muting Yan
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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13
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Xia X, Guo W, Ma X, Liang N, Duan X, Zhang P, Zhang Y, Chang Z, Zhang X. Reproductive toxicity and cross-generational effect of polyethylene microplastics in Paramisgurnus dabryanus. Chemosphere 2023; 313:137440. [PMID: 36460160 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pollution of microplastics (MPs) has become a global environmental issue due to the difficulty in its degradation and may cause unexpected ecological effects. Nevertheless, little is known about the potential effects of MPs on reproduction toxicity in aquatic species. In this study, adult loach (Paramisgurnus dabryanus, F0 generation) were exposed to two concentrations (1 and 10 mg/L) of polyethylene MPs (PE-MPs) for 15 or 30 days, and the toxic effects in parental loach and the offspring (F1 generation) were examined. Our results showed that PE-MPs exposure could change the indicators content of antioxidant system in the brain, liver, and gonad. PE-MPs can accumulate in the gonads, disrupt the transcription of HPG-axis related genes, alter sex hormone levels, increase cell apoptosis and gonadal pathological lesions, lead to the damage of biological characteristics of semen, and affect the reproduction in F0 generation. PE-MPs remaining in the parental gonads can be transferred to the F1 generation embryos and accumulated on the embryonic chorionic membrane, increasing mortality and malformation rates, accelerating hatching time, and decreasing hatching rate and body length. These results suggest that PE-MPs leads to a potential adverse influence on reproduction and serious impacts on population sustainability. This work provides a new perspective into the effects of MPs on reproductive damage and cross-generational effects in teleost fish, which have implications in fields of freshwater ecology and environmental toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Xia
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| | - Wanwan Guo
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| | - Ning Liang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| | - Xiangyu Duan
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| | - Peihan Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| | - Zhongjie Chang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
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