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Lü D, Xu P, Hou C, Li R, Hu C, Guo X. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis of silkworm infected with Beauveria bassiana. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:204-216. [PMID: 33930715 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana is a harmful pathogen to the economically important insect silkworm, always causes serious disease to the silkworm, which results in great losses to the sericulture industry. In order to explore the silkworm (Bombyx mori) response to B. bassiana infection, differential proteomes of the silkworm responsive to B. bassiana infection were identified with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) at the different stage of the 3rd instar silkworm larvae. Among the 5040 proteins identified with confidence level of ≥95 %, total 937 proteins were differentially expressed, of which 488 proteins were up-regulated and 449 proteins were down-regulated. 23, 15, 250, 649 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were reliably quantified by iTRAQ analysis in the B. bassiana infected larvae at 18, 24, 36, 48 h post infection (hpi) respectively. Based on GO annotations, 6, 4, 128, 316 DEPs were involved in biological processes, 12, 5, 143, 376 DEPs were involved in molecular functions, and 6, 3, 108, 256 DEPs were involved in cell components at 18, 24, 36, 48 hpi respectively. KEGG pathway analysis displayed that 18, 12, 210, 548 DEPs separately participated in 63, 35, 201, 264 signal transduction pathways at different time of infection, and moreover a higher proportion of DEPs involved in metabolic pathways. The cluster analysis on the DEPs of different infection stages distinguished a co-regulated DEP, lysozyme precursor, which was up-regulated at both the mRNA level and the protein level, indicating that the lysozyme protein kept playing an important role in defending the silkworm against B. bassiana infection. This was the first report using an iTRAQ approach to analyze proteomes of the whole silkworm against B. bassiana infection, which contributes to better understanding the defense mechanisms of silkworm to B. bassiana infection and provides important experimental data for the identification of key factors involved in the interaction between the pathogenic fungus and its host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ping Xu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, China
| | - Chengxiang Hou
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212018, China
| | - Ruilin Li
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, China
| | - Congwu Hu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, China
| | - Xijie Guo
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212018, China.
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Gadwala M, Vootla S, Tewary P, Babulal. Immune mechanism in silkworm Bombyx mori L. Methods in Microbiology 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Li R, Hu C, Geng T, Lv D, Gao K, Guo X, Hou C. Expressional analysis of the silkworm storage protein 1 and identification of its interacting proteins. Insect Mol Biol 2020; 29:66-76. [PMID: 31301266 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Storage proteins are haemolymph-specific proteins in insects, mainly synthesized in the fat body, released into the haemolymph, and then selectively reabsorbed by the fat body before pupation. These storage proteins play an important role in insect metamorphosis and egg development. Some of these storage proteins are responsive to pathogen infection and can even suppress pathogen multiplication. However, the mechanisms of the physiological, biochemical and immune-responsive functions of storage proteins remain unclear. In this study, the expression patterns of Bombyx mori storage protein 1 (BmSP1) during the larval stage were analysed. Then, BmSP1 protein fused with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was successfully expressed in a B. mori baculovirus vector expression system. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that the expression level of BmSP1 increased with the advance of instars and reached the highest level in the fifth instar, especially in the fat body. Recombinant BmSP1 expressed in silkworm larvae inhibited haemolymph melanization. Then, proteins that interact with BmSP1 were identified with EGFP used as an antigenic determinant by co-immunoprecipitation. A 30 kDa low molecular weight lipoprotein PBMHP-6 precursor (BmLP6) was shown to interact with BmSP1. Yeast two-hybrid experiments confirmed the interaction between BmSP1 and BmLP6. The results obtained in this study will be helpful for further study of the functions of BmSP1 and BmLP6 in the regulatory network of silkworm development and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilin Li
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Congwu Hu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Tao Geng
- Environment and Plant Protection Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | | | - Kun Gao
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xijie Guo
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chengxiang Hou
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, China
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Rao Z, Cao L, Wu H, Qiu X, Liu G, Han R. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Thitarodes Armoricanus in Response to the Entomopathogenic Fungi Paecilomyces Hepiali and Ophiocordyceps Sinensis. Insects 2019; 11:E4. [PMID: 31861642 DOI: 10.3390/insects11010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Thitarodes armoricanus is a medicinal and economically important Lepidopteran insect species. The larvae infected by Paecilomyces hepiali survive no more than four days, while those infected by Ophiocordyceps sinensis can survive for several months before mummification. This provides a valuable comparative system to study interactions between an insect host and different pathogenic fungi. By using the T. armoricanus genome, a time-course transcriptome analysis of the whole larvae without guts was performed to explore the larvae response to P. hepiali and O. sinensis infection. A total of 3106 differentially expressed genes in five clusters were identified. The genes involved in coagulation and multiple metabolisms were both suppressed after P. hepiali or O. sinensis infection, whereas those related to environmental information responses, cell processes, biotic stimulus, and immunity (such as cecropin (CEC)) were elevated. The rapid death of T. armoricanus after P. hepiali infection might be caused by osmotic imbalance, immunocompromise (such as DEFs and GLVs), and nervous system dysfunction (glutamatergic synapse). Up-regulation of the genes related to cuticle structure, nervous system (such as neurotrophin signal pathway and dopaminergic synapse) and immune effectors (such as attacin (ATT) and proline-rich antimicrobial peptide 1 (PRAMP1)) in T. armoricanus, may contribute to the co-existence of T. armoricanus and O. sinensis. This study provides a global view and potential key genes of the interaction between T. armoricanus and two fungal entomopathogens.
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Li R, Hu C, Shi Y, Geng T, Lv D, Gao K, Hou C, Guo X. Silkworm storage protein Bm30K-19G1 has a certain antifungal effects on Beauveria bassiana. J Invertebr Pathol 2019; 163:34-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Wu G, Yi Y. Transcriptome analysis of differentially expressed genes involved in innate immunity following Bacillus thuringiensis challenge in Bombyx mori larvae. Mol Immunol 2018; 103:220-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Chen K, Lu Z. Immune responses to bacterial and fungal infections in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Dev Comp Immunol 2018; 83:3-11. [PMID: 29289612 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The silkworm Bombyx mori, an economically important insect that is usually reared indoors, is susceptible to various pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and microsporidia. As with other insects, the silkworm lacks an adaptive immune system and relies solely on innate immunity to defend itself against infection. Compared to other intensively studied insects, such as the fruit fly and tobacco hornworm, the principal immune pathways in the silkworm remain unclear. In this article, we review the literature concerning silkworm immune responses to bacteria and fungi and present our perspectives on future research into silkworm immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangkang Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Xing D, Yang Q, Jiang L, Li Q, Xiao Y, Ye M, Xia Q. RNA-Seq Analyses for Two Silkworm Strains Reveals Insight into Their Susceptibility and Resistance to Beauveria bassiana Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E234. [PMID: 28208575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The silkworm Bombyx mori is an economically important species. White muscardine caused by Beauveria bassiana is the main fungal disease in sericulture, and understanding the silkworm responses to B. bassiana infection is of particular interest. Herein, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying these responses in two silkworm strains Haoyue (HY, sensitive to B. bassiana) and Kang 8 (K8, resistant to B. bassiana) using an RNA-seq approach. For each strain, three biological replicates for immersion treatment, two replicates for injection treatment and three untreated controls were collected to generate 16 libraries for sequencing. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between treated samples and untreated controls, and between the two silkworm strains, were identified. DEGs and the enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways of the two strains exhibited an obvious difference. Several genes encoding cuticle proteins, serine proteinase inhibitors (SPI) and antimicrobial peptides (AMP) and the drug metabolism pathway involved in toxin detoxification were considered to be related to the resistance of K8 to B. bassiana. These results revealed insight into the resistance and susceptibility of two silkworm strains against B. bassiana infection and provided a roadmap for silkworm molecular breeding to enhance its resistance to B. bassiana.
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Galidevara S, Reineke A, Koduru UD. In vivo expression of genes in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana during infection of lepidopteran larvae. J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 136:32-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Li S, Zhong X, Kan X, Gu L, Sun H, Zhang G, Liu X. De novo transcriptome analysis of Thitarodes jiachaensis before and after infection by the caterpillar fungus, Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Gene 2016; 580:96-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hou C, Qin G, Liu T, Geng T, Gao K, Pan Z, Qian H, Guo X. Transcriptome analysis of silkworm, Bombyx mori, during early response to Beauveria bassiana challenges. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91189. [PMID: 24618587 PMCID: PMC3949756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Host–pathogen interactions are complex processes and it is a central challenge to reveal these interactions. Fungal infection of silkworm, Bombyx mori, may induce a variety of responsive reaction. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism of silkworm immune response against the fungal infection. To obtain an overview of the interaction between silkworm and an entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, Digital Gene Expression profiling, a tag based high-throughput transcriptome sequencing method, was employed to screen and identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs, FDR≤0.001, ∣log2ratio∣≥1) of silkworm larvae during early response against B. bassiana infection. Total 1430 DEGs including 960 up-regulated and 470 down-regulated ones were identified, of which 627 DEGs can be classified into GO categories by Gene Ontology (GO) analysis. KEGG pathways analysis of these DEGs suggested that many biological processes, such as defense and response, signal transduction, phagocytosis, regulation of gene expression, RNA splicing, biosynthesis and metabolism, protein transport etc. were involved in the interaction between the silkworm and B. bassiana. A number of differentially expressed fungal genes were also identified by mapping the sequencing tags to B. bassiana genome. These results provided new insights to the molecular mechanism of silkworm immune response to B. bassiana infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxiang Hou
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangxing Qin
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Geng
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kun Gao
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhonghua Pan
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Heying Qian
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xijie Guo
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
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Xia J, Zhang CR, Zhang S, Li FF, Feng MG, Wang XW, Liu SS. Analysis of whitefly transcriptional responses to Beauveria bassiana infection reveals new insights into insect-fungus interactions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68185. [PMID: 23861870 PMCID: PMC3702578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The fungal pathogen, Beauveria bassiana, is an efficient biocontrol agent against a variety of agricultural pests. A thorough understanding of the basic principles of insect-fungus interactions may enable the genetic modification of Beauveria bassiana to enhance its virulence. However, the molecular mechanism of insect response to Beauveria bassiana infection is poorly understood, let alone the identification of fungal virulent factors involved in pathogenesis. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, next generation sequencing technology was applied to examine the expression of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) genes in response to the infection of Beauveria bassiana. Results showed that, compared to control, 654 and 1,681genes were differentially expressed at 48 hours and 72 hours post-infected whiteflies, respectively. Functional and enrichment analyses indicated that the DNA damage stimulus response and drug metabolism were important anti-fungi strategies of the whitefly. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway was also likely involved in the whitefly defense responses. Furthermore, the notable suppression of general metabolism and ion transport genes observed in 72 hours post-infected B. tabaci might be manipulated by fungal secreted effectors. By mapping the sequencing tags to B. bassiana genome, we also identified a number of differentially expressed fungal genes between the early and late infection stages. These genes are generally associated with fungal cell wall synthesis and energy metabolism. The expression of fungal cell wall protein genes might play an important role in fungal pathogenesis and the dramatically up-regulated enzymes of carbon metabolism indicate the increasing usage of energy during the fungal infection. Conclusions/Significance To our knowledge, this is the first report on the molecular mechanism of fungus-whitefly interactions. Our results provide a road map for future investigations on insect-pathogen interactions and genetically modifying the fungus to enhance its efficiency in whitefly control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xia
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Rong Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Fang Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XW); (SL)
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XW); (SL)
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Hou CX, Qin GX, Liu T, Mei XL, Li B, Shen ZY, Guo XJ. Differentially expressed genes in the cuticle and hemolymph of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, injected with the fungus Beauveria bassiana. J Insect Sci 2013; 13:138. [PMID: 24794288 PMCID: PMC4015409 DOI: 10.1673/031.013.13801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The most important pathogenic fungus of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), is Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo-Crivelli ) Vuillemin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae), which causes significant damage to sericulture production. Therefore, diagnosing fungal disease and developing new control measures are crucial to silk production. To better understand the responsive and interactive mechanisms between the host silkworm and this fungus, variations in silkworm gene expression were investigated using the suppression subtractive hybridization method following the injection of B. bassiana conidia. Two cDNA libraries were constructed, and 140 cDNA clones were isolated. Of the 50 differentially expressed genes identified, 45 (112 clones) were identified in the forward library, and 5 (28 clones) were identified in the reverse library. Expression profiling of six of these genes by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) verified that they were induced by the fungal challenge. The present study provides insight into the interaction between lepidopteran insects and pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Xiang Hou
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guang-Xing Qin
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xing-Lin Mei
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing Li
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xi-Jie Guo
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu, China
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Park JA, Kim Y. Phospholipase A2 inhibitors in bacterial culture broth enhance pathogenicity of a fungus Nomuraea rileyi. J Microbiol 2012; 50:644-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-012-2108-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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