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Chen X, Abdallah MF, Landschoot S, Audenaert K, De Saeger S, Chen X, Rajkovic A. Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides and Their Main Mycotoxins: Global Distribution and Scenarios of Interactions in Maize. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:577. [PMID: 37756003 PMCID: PMC10534665 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize is frequently contaminated with multiple mycotoxins, especially those produced by Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides. As mycotoxin contamination is a critical factor that destabilizes global food safety, the current review provides an updated overview of the (co-)occurrence of A. flavus and F. verticillioides and (co-)contamination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) in maize. Furthermore, it summarizes their interactions in maize. The gathered data predict the (co-)occurrence and virulence of A. flavus and F. verticillioides would increase worldwide, especially in European cold climate countries. Studies on the interaction of both fungi regarding their growth mainly showed antagonistic interactions in vitro or in planta conditions. However, the (co-)contamination of AFB1 and FB1 has risen worldwide in the last decade. Primarily, this co-contamination increased by 32% in Europe (2010-2020 vs. 1992-2009). This implies that fungi and mycotoxins would severely threaten European-grown maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Chen
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.F.A.); (A.R.)
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.L.); (K.A.)
| | - Mohamed F. Abdallah
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.F.A.); (A.R.)
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Sofie Landschoot
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.L.); (K.A.)
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.L.); (K.A.)
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Gauteng 2028, South Africa
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Shandong Analysis and Test Centre, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan 250014, China;
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.F.A.); (A.R.)
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Ocampo-acuña YD, Salazar-rios E, Ángeles Ramírez-cisneros M, Yolanda Rios M. Comprehensive review of liquid chromatography methods for fumonisin determination, a 2006-2022 update. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
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Ono LT, Silva JJ, Doná S, Martins LM, Iamanaka BT, Fungaro MHP, Pitt JI, Taniwaki MH. Aspergillus section Flavi and aflatoxins in Brazilian cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and products. Mycotoxin Res 2021; 37:221-228. [PMID: 34036551 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-021-00430-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are carcinogenic compounds produced by some species of Aspergillus, especially those belonging to Aspergillus section Flavi. Their occurrence in food may start in the field, in the post-harvest, or during storage due to inadequate handling and storage. Because cassava is a staple food for a high percentage of the Brazilian population, we evaluated the presence of aflatoxin-producing species in cassava tubers, cassava products (cassava flour, cassava starch, sour starch, and tapioca flour), and in soil samples collected from cassava fields. In addition, the levels of aflatoxin contamination in cassava products were quantified. A total of 101 samples were analyzed, and 45 strains of Aspergillus section Flavi were isolated. Among the identified species, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus arachidicola, Aspergillus novoparasiticus, and Aspergillus parasiticus were found. The majority of strains (73.3%) tested for their aflatoxin-producing ability in synthetic media was positive. Despite that, cassava and cassava products were essentially free of aflatoxins, and only one sample of cassava flour contained traces of AFB1 (0.35 μg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Ono
- Institute of Food Technology (Ital), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - J J Silva
- Institute of Food Technology (Ital), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - S Doná
- Paulista Agribusiness Technology Agency (APTA), Technological Development Center of Agribusinesses in Médio Paranapanema, Assis, SP, Brazil
| | - L M Martins
- Institute of Food Technology (Ital), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - B T Iamanaka
- Institute of Food Technology (Ital), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - M H P Fungaro
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - J I Pitt
- Microbial Screening Technologies, Smithfield, NSW, Australia
| | - M H Taniwaki
- Institute of Food Technology (Ital), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Ono LT, Taniwaki MH. Fungi and mycotoxins in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and its products. Braz J Food Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.24020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a highly consumed food in the world, especially in developing countries. Much of this tuber production comes from small farmers and it can suffer microbial infection during pre-harvest in the field and/or postharvest if stored under inadequate conditions. This review presented cassava production and the processing steps, resulting in products consumed in Brazil and other countries. Studies on fungal occurrence, including toxigenic fungi, presence of aflatoxins and other mycotoxins in cassava and its products carried out in several countries have been revised as well as the used methodologies for mycotoxin detection.
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Soriano JM, Rubini A, Morales-Suarez-Varela M, Merino-Torres JF, Silvestre D. Aflatoxins in organs and biological samples from children affected by kwashiorkor, marasmus and marasmic-kwashiorkor: A scoping review. Toxicon 2020; 185:174-183. [PMID: 32693007 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Originally, the kwashiorkor is a pathology justified by the low consumption of proteins and high carbohydrates in weaned children. However, today, it can appear due to multifactorial causes, one of the hypotheses being the presence of aflatoxins in foods consumed by the child population and detected in biological fluids. The objective of this work is to scoping review the presence of aflatoxins in kwashiorkor, marasmus and marasmic-kwashiorkor from organs and biological samples in children. Results reflected that the presence of aflatoxins in kwashiorkor is greater compared to marasmic-kwashiorkor and marasmus in the organs and biological samples analyzed. The relationship of this mycotoxin with the pathology shows that it can affect both genders, even up to 12 years, in addition they are detected in eight biological samples and organs, except in the spleen, and in ten African countries and in the Philippines. The appearance of this pathology has been associated in children when after weaning they consume foods with low protein content and rich in carbohydrates, but coincidentally coincides with foods where the growth of aflatoxigenic fungi is more prevalent, and even the presence of other fungi that can generate other mycotoxins, such as ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Soriano
- Food & Health Lab, Institute of Materials Science, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, University of Valencia-Health Research Institute La Fe, Spain.
| | - Ana Rubini
- Food & Health Lab, Institute of Materials Science, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Departament of Pharmacy, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, Spain
| | - María Morales-Suarez-Varela
- Unit of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III, Avda. Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F Merino-Torres
- Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, University of Valencia-Health Research Institute La Fe, Spain; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Spain
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Abass AB, Adegoke GO, Awoyale W, Gaspar A, Mlingi N, Andrianavalona V, Randrianarivelo R, Sulyok M, Mneney A, Ranaivoson LR. Enumeration of the microbiota and microbial metabolites in processed cassava products from Madagascar and Tanzania. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Omohimi C, Piccirillo C, Ferraro V, Roriz MC, Omemu MA, Santos SMD, Da Ressurreição S, Abayomi L, Adebowale A, Vasconcelos MW, Obadina O, Sanni L, Pintado MME. Safety of Yam-Derived ( Dioscorea rotundata) Foodstuffs-Chips, Flakes and Flour: Effect of Processing and Post-Processing Conditions. Foods 2019; 8:E12. [PMID: 30609871 PMCID: PMC6352045 DOI: 10.3390/foods8010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of yam-derived (Dioscorea rotundata) foodstuffs is mainly performed by small and medium scale processors that employ old traditional methods. This can lead to differences in quality from processor to processor, and from location to location, with consequent safety concerns. As such, the effects of processing and post-processing phases (i.e., storage, transport, etc.) on the safety of some yam-derived foodstuffs-namely chips, flakes, and flour-has been evaluated, with a focus on bacterial and fungal contamination, aflatoxins, pesticides, and heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Cd and Hg). Yams harvested and processed in Nigeria were screened, being that the country is the largest producer of the tuber, with 70⁻75% of the world production. Results highlighted no presence of pesticides, however, many samples showed high levels of bacterial and fungal contamination, together with heavy metal concentrations above the recommended safety levels. No trend was observed between the items considered; it was noticed, however, that samples purchased from the markets showed higher contamination levels than those freshly produced, especially regarding bacterial and aflatoxins presence. The processing stage was identified as the most critical, especially drying. Nonetheless, post-processing steps such as storage and handling at the point of sale also contributed for chemical contamination, such as aflatoxin and heavy metals. The results suggested that both the processing and post-processing phases have an impact on the safety of yam chips, flakes, and flour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celestina Omohimi
- College of Food Science and Human Ecology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, P.M.B. 2240, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Clara Piccirillo
- Universidade Catolica Portuguesa, CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Quimica Fina-Laboratorio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, 4200-375 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Vincenza Ferraro
- Universidade Catolica Portuguesa, CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Quimica Fina-Laboratorio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, 4200-375 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Mariana C Roriz
- Universidade Catolica Portuguesa, CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Quimica Fina-Laboratorio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, 4200-375 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Mobolaji A Omemu
- College of Food Science and Human Ecology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, P.M.B. 2240, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Sandra M Dias Santos
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESAC-Escola Superior Agraria de Coimbra, 3040-316 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Sandrine Da Ressurreição
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESAC-Escola Superior Agraria de Coimbra, 3040-316 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Louise Abayomi
- Natural Resource Institute, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Abdulraqaz Adebowale
- College of Food Science and Human Ecology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, P.M.B. 2240, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Marta W Vasconcelos
- Universidade Catolica Portuguesa, CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Quimica Fina-Laboratorio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, 4200-375 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Oluwasegun Obadina
- College of Food Science and Human Ecology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, P.M.B. 2240, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Lateef Sanni
- College of Food Science and Human Ecology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, P.M.B. 2240, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Maria M E Pintado
- Universidade Catolica Portuguesa, CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Quimica Fina-Laboratorio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, 4200-375 Porto, Portugal.
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Abstract
Herbs derived from roots, leaves, flowers, or fruits of plants are unavoidably contaminated with fungi and mycotoxins during growth, harvest, and storage, thereby posing a health threat to humans. Especially, root herbs (RHs) are more easily contaminated with fungi and mycotoxins because the roots are in direct contact with the soil. Here, we investigated the occurrence of fungi, aflatoxins (AFs), and ochratoxin A (OTA) in eight RHs that are used as medicines, beverages, dietary supplements, and functional foods in China and other countries. Morphological observation and MultiGeneBlast (β-tubulin and calmodulin) were used to identify the potentially toxigenic fungi. Of the 48 samples tested, all were contaminated by fungi, and 1,844 isolates belonging to 25 genera were detected. The genera Aspergillus and Penicillium, which contain potentially toxigenic fungal species, represented a frequency of 10 and 25%, respectively. Thirty-three isolates of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium polonicum were arbitrarily selected for analysis of their toxigenic potential. Five of 13 isolates of A. flavus and 1 isolate of A. parasiticus produced AFs, whereas OTA production was not detected for any of the isolates of A. niger and P. polonicum. The occurrence of AFs and OTA in the 48 samples of eight RHs was tested by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; 37.50% of samples from six RHs were contaminated with AFs and 16.67% of samples from four RHs were contaminated with OTA. Seven (14.58%) and four (8.33%) samples of ginseng, polygala, and liquorice exceeded the permissible limits of aflatoxin B1 and AFs, respectively. Because ginseng, polygala, and liquorice are widely used as herbs, dietary supplements, and functional foods, the high frequency of AF contamination of these herbs indicated by our current study warrant attention to raise public awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Su
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjian Hu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Y I Luo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Amanda Juan Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Jiao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Bi
- Jilin Agricultural University, College of traditional Chinese medicine; Jilin Changchun China
- Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, College of traditional Chinese medicine; Jilin Jilin China
| | - Jingshan Bao
- Jilin Agricultural University, College of traditional Chinese medicine; Jilin Changchun China
| | - Guangsheng Xi
- Jilin Agricultural University, College of traditional Chinese medicine; Jilin Changchun China
| | - Yonghua Xu
- Jilin Agricultural University, College of traditional Chinese medicine; Jilin Changchun China
| | - Lianxue Zhang
- Jilin Agricultural University, College of traditional Chinese medicine; Jilin Changchun China
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Omohimi CI, Piccirillo C, Roriz M, Ferraro V, Vasconcelos MW, Sanni LO, Tomlins K, Pintado MM, Abayomi LA. Study of the proximate and mineral composition of different Nigerian yam chips, flakes and flours. J Food Sci Technol 2017; 55:42-51. [PMID: 29358794 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2761-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Yam (Dioscorea spp) is an essential tuber crop for hundreds of millions of people in many African, Asian and South American countries. Considering in particular Southwest Nigeria, chips, flakes and flours are amongst the most common shelf-stable traditionally-processed yam products. This paper reports a systematic study on the proximate (moisture, protein, carbohydrate, fibre, fat, ash and gross energy) and mineral composition of these three food commodities sold in Nigerian markets. Results showed no significant differences in the moisture, crude protein and fibre content of all samples (10.0-12.3, 2.7-4.3 and 1.3-2.0 wt%, respectively). Gross energy was also comparable for all yam derived food items (between 3300 and 3507 kcal/kg), contradicting the common belief that yam flakes have lower nutritional value than chips and flours. Considering the mineral composition, Ca, Mg, P and K were the predominant macronutrients. Micronutrients such as Zn, Co, Mn and Cu were also detected. Significant differences existed between products, and their various sources (markets). Principal component analysis showed a direct correlation between ash content of the samples and the assessed macronutrients, irrespective of the market, or the seller of the commodities. This study confirmed that yam derived food stuffs have an adequate nutritional composition, irrespective of their form and/or origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C I Omohimi
- 1Department of Food Science & Technology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State Nigeria
| | - C Piccirillo
- 2CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Roriz
- 2CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - V Ferraro
- 2CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - M W Vasconcelos
- 2CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - L O Sanni
- 1Department of Food Science & Technology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State Nigeria
| | - K Tomlins
- 3Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, UK
| | - M M Pintado
- 2CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - L A Abayomi
- 3Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, UK
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Abass AB, Awoyale W, Sulyok M, Alamu EO. Occurrence of Regulated Mycotoxins and Other Microbial Metabolites in Dried Cassava Products from Nigeria. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E207. [PMID: 28661436 PMCID: PMC5535154 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9070207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dried cassava products are perceived as one of the potential sources of mycotoxin ingestion in human foods. Processing either contributes to the reduction of toxins or further exposes products to contamination by microorganisms that release metabolic toxins into the products. Thus, the prevalence of microbial metabolites in 373 processed cassava products was investigated in Nigeria. With the use of liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the constituent analysis, a few major mycotoxins (aflatoxin B₁ and G₁, fumonisin B₁ and B₂, and zearalenone) regulated in food crops by the Commission of the European Union were found at concentrations which are toxicologically acceptable in many other crops. Some bioactive compounds were detected at low concentrations in the cassava products. Therefore, the exposure of cassava consumers in Nigeria to regulated mycotoxins was estimated to be minimal. The results provide useful information regarding the probable safety of cassava products in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebayo B Abass
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320 Oyo Road, Ibadan 200285, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Wasiu Awoyale
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320 Oyo Road, Ibadan 200285, Oyo State, Nigeria.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kwara State University Malete, PMB 1530, Ilorin 240001, Kwara State, Nigeria.
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Emmanuel O Alamu
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320 Oyo Road, Ibadan 200285, Oyo State, Nigeria.
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Morin-Sardin S, Nodet P, Coton E, Jany JL. Mucor: A Janus-faced fungal genus with human health impact and industrial applications. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Sanoussi AF, Dansi A, Ahissou H, Adebowale A, Sanni LO, Orobiyi A, Dansi M, Azokpota P, Sanni A. Possibilities of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] value chain upgrading as revealed by physico-chemical composition of ten elites landraces of Benin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5897/ajb2015.15107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Sulyok M, Beed F, Boni S, Abass A, Mukunzi A, Krska R. Quantitation of multiple mycotoxins and cyanogenic glucosides in cassava samples from Tanzania and Rwanda by an LC-MS/MS-based multi-toxin method. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 32:488-502. [PMID: 25350522 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.975752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A multi-mycotoxin method based on liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used for a mycotoxin survey in 627 samples of processed cassava collected from different districts across Tanzania and Rwanda after the method performance for this matrix had been determined. Matrix effects as well as extraction efficiencies were found to be similar to most other previously investigated matrices with the exception of distinct matrix effects in the negative ionisation mode for early eluting compounds. Limits of detection were far below the regulatory limits set in the European Union for other types of commodities. Relative standard deviations were generally lower than 10% as determined by replicates spiked on two concentration levels. The sample-to-sample variation of the apparent recoveries was determined for 15 individually spiked samples during three different analytical sequences. The related standard deviation was found to be lower than 15% for most of the investigated compounds, thus confirming the applicability of the method for quantitative analysis. The occurrence of regulated mycotoxins was lower than 10% (with the exception of zearalenone) and the related limits were exceeded only in few samples, which suggests that cassava is a comparatively safe commodity as regards mycotoxins. The most prevalent fungal metabolites were emodin, kojic acid, beauvericin, tryptophol, 3-nitropropionic acid, equisetin, alternariol methylether, monocerin, brevianamide F, tenuazonic acid, zearalenone, chrysophanol, monilifomin, enniatins, apicidin and macrosporin. The related concentrations exceeded 1 mg kg(-1) only in few cases. However, extremely high levels of cyanogenic plant toxins, which had been previously added to the method, were observed in few samples, pointing out the need for improved post-harvest management to decrease the levels of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sulyok
- a Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln) , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU) , Tulln , Austria
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Ediage EN, Hell K, De Saeger S. A comprehensive study to explore differences in mycotoxin patterns from agro-ecological regions through maize, peanut, and cassava products: a case study, Cameroon. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:4789-4797. [PMID: 24796244 DOI: 10.1021/jf501710u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A total of 420 samples were collected from agrarian households. Whereas 51% (215/420) of the samples were contaminated with one or more toxins, the contamination rates for maize, peanut, and cassava products were 74, 62, and 24%, respectively. The fumonisins (20-5412 μg/kg), aflatoxin B1 (6-645 μg/kg), roquefortine C (1-181 μg/kg), and deoxynivalenol (27-3842 μg/kg) were the most prevalent contaminants in maize. For peanut samples, aflatoxin B1 (6-125 μg/kg) and ochratoxin A (0.3-12 μg/kg) were the main contaminants, whereas aflatoxin B1 (6-194 μg/kg) and penicillic acid (25-184 μg/kg) were detected in the cassava products. Exposures calculated through maize intake for fumonisin B1 and aflatoxin B1 were several-fold higher (2-5 for fumonisin B1 and 10(4)-10(5) for aflatoxin B1) than the health-based guidance values of 2 μg/kg bw/day and 0.15 ng/kg bw/day, respectively. The study design constitutes a good model that can be implemented in other sub-Saharan African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Njumbe Ediage
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University , Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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17
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Adjovi YCS, Bailly S, Gnonlonfin BJG, Tadrist S, Querin A, Sanni A, Oswald IP, Puel O, Bailly JD. Analysis of the contrast between natural occurrence of toxigenic Aspergilli of the Flavi section and aflatoxin B1 in cassava. Food Microbiol 2013; 38:151-9. [PMID: 24290638 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by Aspergilli of the section Flavi that may contaminate food, in the field or during storage. Cassava represents an important staple food in sub-Saharan Africa. The analysis of aflatoxigenic fungi in 36 cassava samples obtained from producers in Benin indicated that 40% were contaminated by Aspergilli of the section Flavi. Upon morphological and molecular characterization of the 20 isolates, 16 belonged to Aspergillus flavus, 2 to Aspergillus parvisclerotigenus and 2 to Aspergillus novoparasiticus. This is the first time that this latter species is isolated from food. Although most of these isolates were toxigenic on synthetic media, no AFB1 contamination was observed in these cassava samples. In order to determine the action of cassava on AFB1 synthesis, a highly toxigenic strain of A. flavus, was inoculated onto fresh cassava and despite a rapid development, no AFB1 was produced. The anti-aflatoxin property was observed with cassava from different geographical origins and on other aflatoxigenic strains of the section Flavi, but it was lost after heating, sun drying and freezing. Our data suggest that fresh cassava is safe regarding AFB1 contamination, however, processing may alter its ability to block toxinogenesis leading to secondary contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C S Adjovi
- INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, F-31027 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse III, INP, Toxalim, F-31076 Toulouse, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, 04 P.O. Box 0320, Cotonou, Benin
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Mohale S, Medina A, Rodríguez A, Sulyok M, Magan N. Mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins associated with stored maize from different regions of Lesotho. Mycotoxin Res 2013; 29:209-19. [PMID: 23955377 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-013-0176-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Samples of stored maize from villages located in five different agroecological zones (southern lowlands, northern lowlands, Senqu river valley, foothills and mountains) of Lesotho were collected in 2009/10 and 2010/11 and assessed for contamination with toxigenic fungi. The water activity of all samples collected during the two seasons was <0.70. The total fungal populations of the maize from different regions in the two seasons was not significantly different (p > 0.05). Fusarium verticillioides, F. proliferatum and F. subglutinans predominated in different regions in both seasons based on molecular analyses. In the 2009/10 season, the isolates of these species all produced FB1, while in the 2010/11 season, very few produced FB1. A. flavus isolates (2009/10) were recovered from mountains and Senqu river valley samples while the 2010/11 isolates were predominantly from the foothills and northern lowlands. The mountain isolates of Aspergillus section Flavi produced the highest levels of AFB1 (20 mg kg(-1)). Aspergillus parasiticus was only isolated from the foothills, Senqu river valley and southern lowlands samples, and the AFB1 levels produced ranged from 'none detected' to 3.5 mg kg(-1). The Aspergillus ochraceous isolates were least frequently encountered in both seasons. In the 2009/10 season, the isolates from the northern lowlands produced ochratoxin A (OTA) in culture. No isolates of A. niger from different regions in both seasons produced any OTA. Multi-mycotoxin analyses of the maize samples were done for a range of mycotoxins. At least one sample from each region in both seasons was FB1-positive. FB1 levels for 2010/11 samples (7-936 μg kg(-1)) were higher than in the 2009/10 season (2-3 μg kg(-1)). In both seasons, the mountains registered the highest levels of FB1. Deoxynivalenol (DON) was recovered from all the samples analysed, with the highest mean contamination of 1,469 μg kg(-1) in samples from the northern lowlands. Moniliformin (MON) was detected from all agroecological zones in the two seasons (5-320 μg kg(-1) in 2009/10; 15-1,205 μg kg(-1) in 2010/11). Emerging toxins such as fusaproliferin (FUS) and beauvericin (BEA) were also detected. OTA was not detected in any of the samples analysed. Only one 2009/10 sample in the Senqu river valley was positive for AFB1. This is the first report on toxigenic fungi and multi-mycotoxin contamination of maize samples from subsistence farmers' stores in different agroecological zones of Lesotho.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejakhosi Mohale
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedford, MK43 0AL, UK
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Rubert J, Fapohunda S, Soler C, Ezekiel C, Mañes J, Kayode F. A survey of mycotoxins in random street-vended snacks from Lagos, Nigeria, using QuEChERS-HPLC-MS/MS. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gnonlonfin GJB, Hell K, Adjovi Y, Fandohan P, Koudande DO, Mensah GA, Sanni A, Brimer L. A review on aflatoxin contamination and its implications in the developing world: a sub-Saharan African perspective. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 53:349-65. [PMID: 23320907 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.535718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins contamination in some agricultural food commodities seriously impact human and animal health and reduce the commercial value of crops. Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi that contaminate agricultural commodities pre- or postharvest. Africa is one of the continents where environmental, agricultural and storage conditions of food commodities are conducive of Aspergillus fungi infection and aflatoxin biosynthesis. This paper reviews the commodity-wise aetiology and contamination process of aflatoxins and evaluates the potential risk of exposure from common African foods. Possible ways of reducing risk for fungal infection and aflatoxin development that are relevant to the African context. The presented database would be useful as benchmark information for development and prioritization of future research. There is need for more investigations on food quality and safety by making available advanced advanced equipments and analytical methods as well as surveillance and awareness creation in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J B Gnonlonfin
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Makun HA, Adeniran A, Mailafiya SC, Ayanda IS, Mudashiru AT, Ojukwu UJ, Jagaba AS, Usman Z, Salihu DA. Natural occurrence of ochratoxin A in some marketed Nigerian foods. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gnonlonfin G, Adjovi C, Katerere D, Shephard G, Sanni A, Brimer L. Mycoflora and absence of aflatoxin contamination of commercialized cassava chips in Benin, West Africa. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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GNONLONFIN G, ADJOVI Y, GBAGUIDI F, GBENOU J, KATERERE D, BRIMER L, SANNI A. SCOPOLETIN IN CASSAVA PRODUCTS AS AN INHIBITOR OF AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION. J Food Saf 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2011.00334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Malaysian population widely consumes the cereal-based foods, oilseeds, nuts, and spices in their daily diet. Mycotoxigenic fungi are well known to invade food products under storage conditions and produce mycotoxins that have threat to human and animal health. Therefore, determining toxigenic fungi and aflatoxin B(1) (AFB1) in foods used for human consumption is of prime importance to develop suitable management strategies and to minimize risk. Ninety-five food products marketed in Penang, Malaysia were randomly collected from different supermarkets and were analyzed for presence of Aspergillus spp. by agar plate assay and AFB1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A. flavus was the dominant fungi in all foods followed by A. niger. Fifty-five A. flavus strains were tested for their ability to produce aflatoxins on rice grain substrate. Thirty-six (65.4%) strains out of 55 produced AFB1 ranging from 1700 to 4400 μg/kg and 17 strains (31%) produced AFB2 ranging from 620 to 1670 μg/kg. Natural occurrence of AFB1 could be detected in 72.6% food products ranging from 0.54 to 15.33 μg/kg with a mean of 1.95 μg/kg. Maximum AFB1 levels were detected in peanut products ranging from 1.47 to 15.33 μg/kg. AFB1 levels detected in all food products were below the Malaysian permissible limits (<35 μg/kg). Aspergillus spp. and AFB1 was not detected in any cookies tested. Although this survey was not comprehensive, it provides valuable information on aflatoxin levels in foods marketed in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasa R N Reddy
- Plant Pathology and Mycology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Univ. Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia.
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26
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Kastner S, Kandler H, Hotz K, Bleisch M, Lacroix C, Meile L. Screening for mycotoxins in the inoculum used for production of attiéké, a traditional Ivorian cassava product. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2010; 43:1160-1163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2010.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gashgari RM, Shebany YM, Gherbawy YA. Molecular Characterization of Mycobiota and Aflatoxin Contamination of Retail Wheat Flours from Jeddah Markets. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:1047-54. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yassmin M. Shebany
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Youssuf A. Gherbawy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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Liu Y, Wu F. Global burden of aflatoxin-induced hepatocellular carcinoma: a risk assessment. Environ Health Perspect 2010; 118:818-24. [PMID: 20172840 PMCID: PMC2898859 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 623] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), or liver cancer, is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, with prevalence 16-32 times higher in developing countries than in developed countries. Aflatoxin, a contaminant produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus in maize and nuts, is a known human liver carcinogen. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the global burden of HCC attributable to aflatoxin exposure. METHODS We conducted a quantitative cancer risk assessment, for which we collected global data on food-borne aflatoxin levels, consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated foods, and hepatitis B virus (HBV) prevalence. We calculated the cancer potency of aflatoxin for HBV-postive and HBV-negative individuals, as well as the uncertainty in all variables, to estimate the global burden of aflatoxin-related HCC. RESULTS Of the 550,000-600,000 new HCC cases worldwide each year, about 25,200-155,000 may be attributable to aflatoxin exposure. Most cases occur in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and China where populations suffer from both high HBV prevalence and largely uncontrolled aflatoxin exposure in food. CONCLUSIONS Aflatoxin may play a causative role in 4.6-28.2% of all global HCC cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felicia Wu
- Address correspondence to F. Wu, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Dr., Rm 560, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA. Telephone: (412) 624-1306. Fax: (412) 624-3040. E-mail:
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López OV, Viña SZ, Pachas ANA, Sisterna MN, Rohatsch PH, Mugridge A, Fassola HE, García MA. Composition and food properties ofPachyrhizus ahiparoots and starch. Int J Food Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2009.02125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Shephard G, Berthiller F, Dorner J, Krska R, Lombaert G, Malone B, Maragos C, Sabino M, Solfrizzo M, Trucksess M, van Egmond H, Whitaker T. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2008-2009. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2010. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2009.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights developments in mycotoxin analysis and sampling over a period between mid-2008 and mid-2009. It covers the major mycotoxins: aflatoxins, alternaria toxins, cyclopiazonic acid, fumonisins, ochratoxin, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone. Developments in mycotoxin analysis continue, with emphasis on novel immunological methods and further description of LC-MS and LC-MS/MS, particularly as multimycotoxin applications for different ranges of mycotoxins. Although falling outside the main emphasis of the review, some aspects of natural occurrence have been mentioned, especially if linked to novel method developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Shephard
- PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - F. Berthiller
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Research, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - J. Dorner
- USDA, ARS, National Peanut Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 509, 1011 Forrester Dr SE, Dawson, GA 31742, USA
| | - R. Krska
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Research, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - G. Lombaert
- Health Canada, 510 Lagimodiere Blvd., Winnipeg, MB, R2J 3Y1, Canada
| | - B. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 111 West Fourth Street, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- USDA, ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Sabino
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av Dr Arnaldo 355, 01246-902, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari 700126, Italy
| | - M. Trucksess
- US Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - H. van Egmond
- RIKILT, Cluster Natural Toxins & Pesticides, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - T. Whitaker
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, P.O. Box 7625, N.C. State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625 USA
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Hell K, Gnonlonfin B, Kodjogbe G, Lamboni Y, Abdourhamane I. Mycoflora and occurrence of aflatoxin in dried vegetables in Benin, Mali and Togo, West Africa. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 135:99-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 07/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
The majority of human food and animal feed production occurs in a highly managed agroecosystem. Management decisions include variety grown, tillage and irrigation methods and practices, fertilization, pest and disease control, harvesting methods, and storage and transportation practices. This system is generally managed for optimum returns to labor and capital investments. The spores of toxigenic fungi have ubiquitous distribution and toxigenic fungi exploit food sources when conditions of moisture and temperature are above minimums for growth. The safety margins in the agroecosystem are close and are influenced by extrinsic factors such as climatic events. Control of fungal growth is important in management of raw feedstuffs, foodstuffs, condiments-spices, botanicals, and other consumable substances as they are grown, harvested, stored, and transported. The risk factors for mycotoxin production are weather conditions during crop growth and when the crop is mature, damage to seeds before, during, and after harvest, how commodities are physically handled, the presence of weed seeds and other foreign material in grain, and how commodity moisture and temperature are managed during storage and transportation. Diversion of commodities and by-products from human consumption to animal feedstuffs can increase the risk of mycotoxicoses in animals. The toxicology of selected toxigenic fungi and the mycotoxins they produce are reviewed.
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Manjula K, Hell K, Fandohan P, Abass A, Bandyopadhyay R. Aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination of cassava products and maize grain from markets in Tanzania and republic of the Congo. TOXIN REV 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/15569540802462214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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