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Zhong Y, Li J, Zhu X, Huang N, Liu R, Sun R. A comprehensive review of bupleuri radix and its bioactive components: with a major focus on treating chronic liver diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 2024; 330:118244. [PMID: 38663781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Bupleuri Radix (BR) has been recognized as an essential herbal medicine for relieving liver depression for thousands of years. Contemporary research has provided compelling evidence of its pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, metabolic regulation, and anticancer properties, positioning it as a promising treatment option for various liver diseases. Hepatitis, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer are among the prevalent and impactful liver diseases worldwide. However, there remains a lack of comprehensive systematic reviews that explore the prescription, bio-active components, and underlying mechanisms of BR in treating liver diseases. AIM OF THE REVIEW To summarize the BR classical Chinese medical prescription and ingredients in treating liver diseases and their mechanisms to inform reference for further development and research. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature in the last three decades of BR and its classical Chinese medical prescription and ingredients were collated and summarized by searching PubMed, Wiley, Springer, Google Scholar, Web of Science, CNKI, etc. RESULTS: BR and its classical prescriptions, such as Xiao Chai Hu decoction, Da Chai Hu decoction, Si Ni San, and Chai Hu Shu Gan San, have been utilized for centuries as effective therapies for liver diseases, including hepatitis, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. BR is a rich source of active ingredients, such as saikosaponins, polysaccharides, flavonoids, sterols, organic acids, and so on. These bioactive compounds exhibit a wide range of beneficial effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and lipid metabolism regulation. However, it is important to acknowledge that BR and its constituents can also possess hepatotoxicity, which is associated with cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes and oxidative stress. Therefore, caution should be exercised when using BR in therapeutic applications to ensure the safe and appropriate utilization of its potential benefits while minimizing any potential risks. CONCLUSIONS To sum up, BR, its compounds, and its based traditional Chinese medicine are effective in liver diseases through multiple targets, multiple pathways, and multiple effects. Advances in pharmacological and toxicological investigations of BR and its bio-active components in the future will provide further contributions to the discovery of novel therapeutics for liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhong
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Ave, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, China.
| | - Jianchao Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 4655 Daxue Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, China.
| | - Xiaomin Zhu
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Ave, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, China.
| | - Nana Huang
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Ave, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, China; Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 4655 Daxue Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, China.
| | - Runping Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Rong Sun
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Ave, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, China; Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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Chen S, Wang K, Wang H, Gao Y, Nie K, Jiang X, Su H, Tang Y, Lu F, Dong H, Wang Z. The therapeutic effects of saikosaponins on depression through the modulation of neuroplasticity: From molecular mechanisms to potential clinical applications. Pharmacol Res 2024; 201:107090. [PMID: 38309381 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Depression is a major global health issue that urgently requires innovative and precise treatment options. In this context, saikosaponin has emerged as a promising candidate, offering a variety of therapeutic benefits that may be effective in combating depression. This review delves into the multifaceted potential of saikosaponins in alleviating depressive symptoms. We summarized the effects of saikosaponins on structural and functional neuroplasticity, elaborated the regulatory mechanism of saikosaponins in modulating key factors that affect neuroplasticity, such as inflammation, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, oxidative stress, and the brain-gut axis. Moreover, this paper highlights existing gaps in current researches and outlines directions for future studies. A detailed plan is provided for the future clinical application of saikosaponins, advocating for more targeted researches to speed up its transition from preclinical trials to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Chen
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Ke Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Hongzhan Wang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Kexin Nie
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Xinyue Jiang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Hao Su
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yueheng Tang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Fuer Lu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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Zhao L, Jin L, Yang B. Saikosaponin A alleviates Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis in mice by inhibiting ferroptosis via SIRT1/Nrf2 pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:3443-3450. [PMID: 37644785 PMCID: PMC10660613 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is a common and serious bacterial infection of the mammary gland. Saikosaponin A (SSA) is a triterpenoid saponin isolated from Bupleurum falcatum that has the ability to treat various diseases. However, little is known about the role of SSA in achieving mastitis remission. Here, we found that SSA alleviated Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)-induced mastitis by attenuating inflammation and maintaining blood-milk barrier integrity. Furthermore, S. aureus activated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway by upregulated p-p65 and p-IκB. S. aureus also induced ferroptosis in mammary gland in mice, mainly characterized by excessive iron accumulation, mitochondrial morphological changes and impaired antioxidant production. However, S. aureus-induced NF-κB activation and ferroptosis were prevented by SSA. Moreover, SAA could upregulate the expression of SIRT1, Nrf2, HO-1 and GPX4. And the inhibitory effects of SAA on inflammation and ferroptosis were reversed by SIRT1 inhibitor EX-527. In conclusion, SAA protected S. aureus-induced mastitis through suppressing inflammation and ferroptosis by activating SIRT1/Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Zhao
- Department of Breast SurgeryChina‐Japan Union Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of AnesthesiologyChina‐Japan Union Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Breast SurgeryChina‐Japan Union Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
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Zhu Y, Lai Y. Pharmacological properties and derivatives of saikosaponins-a review of recent studies. J Pharm Pharmacol 2023:7194607. [PMID: 37307427 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgad052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Saikosaponins (SSs) constitute a class of medicinal monomers characterised by a triterpene tricyclic structure. Despite their potential therapeutic effects for various pathological conditions, the underlying mechanisms of their actions have not been systematically analysed. Here, we mainly review the important anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antiviral mechanisms underlying SS actions. METHODS Information from multiple scientific databases, such as PubMed, the Web of Science, and Google Scholar, was collected between 2018 and 2023. The search term used was saikosaponin. KEY FINDINGS Numerous studies have shown that Saikosaponin A exerts anti-inflammatory effects by modulating cytokine and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and lipid metabolism. Moreover, saikosaponin D exerts antitumor effects by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis and autophagy, and the antiviral mechanisms of SSs, especially against SARS-CoV-2, have been partially revealed. Interestingly, an increasing body of experimental evidence suggests that SSs show the potential for use as anti-addiction, anxiolytic, and antidepressant treatments, and therefore, the related molecular mechanisms warrant further study. CONCLUSIONS An increasing amount of data have indicated diverse SS pharmacological properties, indicating crucial clues for future studies and the production of novel saikosaponin-based anti-inflammatory, efficacious anticancer, and anti-novel-coronavirus agents with improved efficacy and reduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Zhu
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Lai
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Bak SB, Song YR, Bae SJ, Lee WY, Kim YW. Integrative approach to uncover antioxidant properties of Bupleuri Radix and its active compounds: Multiscale interactome-level analysis with experimental validation. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 199:141-153. [PMID: 36841364 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Acute and chronic liver disease are global problems with high morbidity and mortality. Bupleuri Radix (BR) is an herbal medicine that has been prescribed empirically in traditional Asian medicine to modulate liver metabolism. However, its active compounds and therapeutic mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we integrated a network-based approach and experimental validation to elucidate BR's therapeutic potential in treating oxidative liver injury. Our approach incorporated data collection and network construction utilizing bioinformatics tools, and identified active compounds and key mechanisms based on the multiscale interactome. The proposed mechanisms were validated using an in vitro oxidative stress model and an in vivo carbon tetrachloride-induced model. We found that BR ameliorated the oxidative hepatic damage by acting on multiple proteins (STAT3, TNF, and BCL2) and signaling pathways (AMPK and Hippo signaling pathways). Subsequent in vitro experiments confirmed that BR significantly inhibited oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage. We further validated the effect of BR on the AMPK and Hippo-YAP pathways; a key mechanism for the antioxidant properties of BR. We prioritized the active compounds in BR based on a multiscale interactome-based approach, and further experiments revealed that saikosaponin A was a key active compound involved in hepatocyte protection (EC50 = 50 μM), similar to the result using metformin and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide. Histochemistry and blood biochemistry established that BR significantly inhibited carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative tissue damage in mice. Thus, BR can be used to develop novel therapeutics for oxidative liver injury. Moreover, we suggest a novel strategy to prioritize and validate the active compounds and key mechanisms of herbal medicine based on the multiscale interactome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Been Bak
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeonju, 38066, South Korea
| | - Yu Rim Song
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeonju, 38066, South Korea
| | - Su-Jin Bae
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeonju, 38066, South Korea
| | - Won-Yung Lee
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeonju, 38066, South Korea.
| | - Young Woo Kim
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeonju, 38066, South Korea; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
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Fang Z, Li Y, Wang J, Wang X, Huang L, Sun L, Deng Q. Alleviative Effect of Threonine on Cadmium-Induced Liver Injury in Mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022:10.1007/s12011-022-03506-x. [PMID: 36454454 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03506-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
As a toxic trace element commonly found in food, cadmium (Cd) can cause severe liver injury. Our previous study showed that threonine (Thr) could significantly alleviate Cd toxicity in yeast. To investigate the effect of Thr on Cd-induced liver injury in mice, twenty-four mice were randomly divided into four groups: control, Cd, and low/high dose of Thr-treatment groups (0.04 and 0.08 mmol/kg/day, respectively). After 7 days of continuous treatment, the alleviative effect of Thr on liver injury in Cd-exposed mice was assessed. The results showed that Thr significantly reduced the elevation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in Cd-exposed mice. Histological analysis showed that Thr decreased Cd-induced hepatic steatosis, zonal necrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Thr also reduced the Cd-induced malondialdehyde (MDA) and O2- levels and restored superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in the liver. Further investigation showed that Thr significantly suppressed Cd-induced inflammatory response (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6) and restored the level of anti-apoptotic protein (Blc-2) but inhibited the elevation of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax and caspase-3), as well as the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in Cd-exposed mice. In conclusion, Thr alleviated Cd-induced liver injury through reducing Cd-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and attenuating hepatocyte apoptosis via PI3K/AKT-related signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijia Fang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, 1 Haida Road, Mazhang District, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yongbin Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, 1 Haida Road, Mazhang District, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, 1 Haida Road, Mazhang District, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong Province, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang, China.
- Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Zhanjiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| | - Xinran Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, 1 Haida Road, Mazhang District, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Linru Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, 1 Haida Road, Mazhang District, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Lijun Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, 1 Haida Road, Mazhang District, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Qi Deng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, 1 Haida Road, Mazhang District, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
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Wang J, Fang Z, Li Y, Sun L, Liu Y, Deng Q, Zhong S. Ameliorative Effects of Oyster Protein Hydrolysates on Cadmium-Induced Hepatic Injury in Mice. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20120758. [PMID: 36547905 PMCID: PMC9784078 DOI: 10.3390/md20120758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread environmental toxicant that can cause severe hepatic injury. Oyster protein hydrolysates (OPs) have potential effects on preventing liver disease. In this study, thirty mice were randomly divided into five groups: the control, Cd, Cd + ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, 100 mg/kg), and low/high dose of OPs-treatment groups (100 mg/kg or 300 mg/kg). After continuous administration for 7 days, the ameliorative effect of OPs on Cd-induced acute hepatic injury in Cd-exposed mice was assessed. The results showed that OPs significantly improved the liver function profiles (serum ALT, AST, LDH, and ALP) in Cd-exposed mice. Histopathological analysis showed that OPs decreased apoptotic bodies, hemorrhage, lymphocyte accumulation, and inflammatory cell infiltration around central veins. OPs significantly retained the activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px, and decreased the elevated hepatic MDA content in Cd-exposed mice. In addition, OPs exhibited a reductive effect on the inflammatory responses (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and inhibitory effects on the expression of inflammation-related proteins (MIP-2 and COX-2) and the ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway. OPs suppressed the development of hepatocyte apoptosis (Bax, caspase-3, and Blc-2) and the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in Cd-exposed mice. In conclusion, OPs ameliorated the Cd-induced hepatic injury by inhibiting oxidative damage and inflammatory responses, as well as the development of hepatocyte apoptosis via regulating the ERK/NF-κB and PI3K/AKT-related signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Food, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Zhijia Fang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Food, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Correspondence: (Z.F.); (S.Z.); Tel./Fax: +86-759-2396027 (Z.F.)
| | - Yongbin Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Food, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Lijun Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Food, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Food, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Qi Deng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Food, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Saiyi Zhong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Food, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Correspondence: (Z.F.); (S.Z.); Tel./Fax: +86-759-2396027 (Z.F.)
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Jia A, Yang X, Zou B, Li J, Wang Y, Ma R, Li J, Yao Y. Saikosaponins: A Review of Structures and Pharmacological Activities. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221094908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Radix Bupleuri is a traditional medicine widely used in China and other Asian countries. Phytochemistry and pharmacology study reveal that saikosaponins(SSs) are the main bioactive compounds in Radix Bupleuri. SSs are complex compounds composed of triterpene aglycone and carbohydrate part containing 1-13 monosaccharides, which can be divided into seven types based on their structural characteristics. Many different kinds of SSs have been isolated from plants of Bupleurum L. SSs show a variety of biological activities, such as central nervous system protection, liver protection, antivirus, anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, hormone-like effects, and immune regulation functions. Due to their broad activity and favorable safety profile, SSs attract an increasing amount of attention in recent years. In this review, the structures of 86 SSs are summarized based on the different aglycones due to the diverse structures of saikosaponin(SS). The pharmacological effects and related mechanism of SSs are thoroughly reviewed, and perspectives for future research are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Jia
- School of pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xinhe Yang
- School of pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Bin Zou
- School of pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jia Li
- School of pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yefeng Wang
- School of Public Health & Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Ruixia Ma
- School of pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yao Yao
- School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
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Chang GR, Lin WL, Lin TC, Liao HJ, Lu YW. The Ameliorative Effects of Saikosaponin in Thioacetamide-Induced Liver Injury and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11383. [PMID: 34768813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver disorders are a major health concern. Saikosaponin-d (SSd) is an effective active ingredient extracted from Bupleurum falcatum, a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, its hepatoprotective properties and underlying mechanisms are unknown. We investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms of SSd treatment for thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver injury and high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in male C57BL/6 mice. The SSd group showed significantly higher food intake, body weight, and hepatic antioxidative enzymes (catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) and lower hepatic cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) compared with controls, as well as reduced expression of inflammation-related genes (nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)) messenger RNA (mRNA). In NAFLD mice, SSd reduced serum ALT, AST, triglycerides, fatty acid–binding protein 4 (FABP4) and sterol regulatory element–binding protein 1 (SREBP1) mRNA, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress-related proteins (phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α subunit (p-eIF2α), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). SSd has a hepatoprotective effect in liver injury by suppressing inflammatory responses and acting as an antioxidant.
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Liu GZ, Xu XW, Tao SH, Gao MJ, Hou ZH. HBx facilitates ferroptosis in acute liver failure via EZH2 mediated SLC7A11 suppression. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:67. [PMID: 34615538 PMCID: PMC8495979 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00762-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute liver failure (ALF) is a syndrome of severe hepatocyte injury with high rate of mortality. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the major cause of ALF worldwide, however, the underlying mechanism by which HBV infection leads to ALF has not been fully disclosed. Methods D-GalN-induced hepatocyte injury model and LPS/D-GalN-induced ALF mice model were used to investigate the effects of HBV X protein (HBx) in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Cell viability and the levels of Glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and iron were measured using commercial kits. The expression of ferroptosis-related molecules were detected by qRT-PCR and western blotting. Epigenetic modification and protein interaction were detected by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay and co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), respectively. Mouse liver function was assessed by measuring aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The histological changes in liver tissues were monitored by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, and SLC7A11 immunoreactivity was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis. Results D-GalN triggered ferroptosis in primary hepatocytes. HBx potentiated D-GalN-induced hepatotoxicity and ferroptosis in vitro, and it suppressed SLC7A11 expression through H3K27me3 modification by EZH2. In addition, EZH2 inhibition or SLC7A11 overexpression attenuated the effects of HBx on D-GalN-induced ferroptosis in primary hepatocytes. The ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) protected against ALF and ferroptosis in vivo. By contrast, HBx exacerbates LPS/D-GalN-induced ALF and ferroptosis in HBx transgenic (HBx-Tg) mice. Conclusion HBx facilitates ferroptosis in ALF via EZH2/H3K27me3-mediated SLC7A11 suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Zhen Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.87, Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xu-Wen Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Shu-Hui Tao
- Department of Liver Diseases, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518100, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming-Jian Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.87, Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Zhou-Hua Hou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.87, Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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Jiang H, Liu J, Zhang K, Zeng Q. Saikosaponin D Inhibits the Proliferation and Promotes the Apoptosis of Rat Hepatic Stellate Cells by Inducing Autophagosome Formation. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2021; 2021:5451758. [PMID: 34457023 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5451758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the effects of saikosaponin D (SSd) on the proliferation and apoptosis of the HSC-T6 hepatic stellate cell line and determine the key pathway that mediates SSd's function. Methods Cell viability was detected using the CCK-8 kit. The EdU kit and flow cytometry were used to examine cell proliferation. The Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining kit and flow cytometry were used to examine cell apoptosis. Western blot analysis was performed to analyze the expression levels of LC3, Ki67, cleaved caspase 3, Bax, and Bcl2. Autophagosome formation was detected by LC3-GFP adenovirus transfection. Results SSd inhibits the proliferation and promotes the apoptosis of acetaldehyde-activated HSC-T6 cells. SSd treatment increased the expression of cleaved caspase 3 and Bax but reduced that of Ki67 and Bcl2. The same concentration of SSd barely influenced the growth of normal rat liver BRL-3A cells. SSd upregulated LC3-II expression and induced autophagosome formation. Autophagy agonist rapamycin had the same effect as SSd and autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine could neutralize the effect of SSd in acetaldehyde-activated HSC-T6 cells. Conclusions SSd could inhibit the proliferation and promote the apoptosis of HSC-T6 cells by inducing autophagosome formation.
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Cui L, Li C, Zhuo Y, Yang L, Cui N, Li Y, Zhang S. Saikosaponin A inhibits the activation of pancreatic stellate cells by suppressing autophagy and the NLRP3 inflammasome via the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 128:110216. [PMID: 32497863 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are the main effector cells in the development of pancreatic fibrosis. Finding substances that inhibit PSC activation is an important approach to inhibiting pancreatic fibrosis. Saikosaponin A (SSa) has numerous pharmacological activities, but its effect on PSCs remains unknown. This study was conducted to explore the effects of SSa on PSC activation in cultured rat PSCs. Cell viability, proliferation, migration and apoptosis were evaluated by MTT assays, the iCELLigence System, Transwell assays and flow cytometry. Markers of PSC activation, autophagy and the NLRP3 inflammasome were measured by real-time PCR, immunofluorescence and western blotting. Rapamycin and phenformin hydrochloride were used to determine the effect of SSa via the AMPK/mTOR pathway. The results showed that SSa suppressed PSC viability, proliferation, and migration and promoted apoptosis. SSa inhibited PSC activation, restrained PSC autophagy and suppressed the NLRP3 inflammasome. In addition, there was interaction between autophagy and the NLRP3 inflammasome during SSa inhibition of PSCs. Moreover, promotion of p-AMPK increased autophagy and the NLRP3 inflammasome. Inhibition of p-mTOR increased autophagy and decreased the NLRP3 inflammasome. Our results indicated that SSa inhibited PSC activation by inhibiting PSC autophagy and the NLRP3 inflammasome via the AMPK/mTOR pathway. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the use of SSa to treat pancreatic fibrosis and further suggest that targeting autophagy and the NLRP3 inflammasome may provide new strategies for the treatment of pancreatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Cui
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, China; Nankai Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300107, China
| | - Caixia Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, China; Nankai Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300107, China
| | - Yuzhen Zhuo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, China; Nankai Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300107, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, China; Nankai Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300107, China
| | - Naiqiang Cui
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, China; Nankai Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300107, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Institute of TCM, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Shukun Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, China; Nankai Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300107, China.
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Tan Z, Huang Y, Chen F, Cao C, Wang S. Comparative Effect of Aqueous and Methanolic Bupleuri Radix Extracts on Hepatic Uptake of High-Density Lipoprotein and Identification of the Potential Target in HFD-Fed Mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2019; 2019:9074289. [PMID: 31885672 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9074289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study found saikosaponin b2 (SSb2) increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) uptake in HepG2 cells. SSb2 is only found in aqueous Bupleuri Radix extract, and it is one of the secondary saponins derived from saikosaponin d (SSd), which exists in the methanolic extract. This study aimed to compare the effect of aqueous extract of Bupleuri Radix on hepatic uptake of HDL with methanolic extract and to reveal the underlying mechanism of enhancing HDL uptake in mice fed with high-fat diet (HFD). Cellular HDL uptake in each group was quantified by flow cytometry. Bioactive components bound to the HepG2 cytomembrane were detected with HPLC-DAD. RNA sequencing was performed to screen the underlying target on hepatic HDL-uptake, and western blotting was conducted to verify differential protein expression. Significant increases of HDL uptake by HepG2 cells were observed in all groups of aqueous extract of Bupleuri Radix, while no effect or negative effect was observed in the methanolic extract. Saikosaponin b1 (SSb1) and SSb2 were detected in the desorption elute of the aqueous extract from the HepG2 cytomembrane, while saikosaponin a (SSa) and SSd were not found. Remarkable upregulation of FGF21 in HFD-fed mice liver was affirmed after treatment with aqueous extract. This study suggested that aqueous Bupleuri Radix extract could promote hepatic HDL uptake in vitro but methanolic extract could not, and FGF21 might be the potential target.
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