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Mahnashi MH, Ali S, M Alshehri O, Almazni IA, Asiri SA, Sadiq A, Zafar R, Jan MS. Pharmacological evaluations of amide carboxylates as potential anti-Alzheimer agents: anti-radicals, enzyme inhibition, simulation and behavioral studies in animal models. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-20. [PMID: 37642974 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2251052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological disorder that progresses gradually but irreversibly leading to dementia and is difficult to prevent and treat. There is a considerable time window in which the progression of the disease can be intervened. Scientific advances were required to help the researchers to identify the effective methods for the prevention and treatment of disease. This research was designed to investigate potential mediators for the remedy of AD, five new carboxylate amide zinc complexes (AAZ9-AAZ13) were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic and physicochemical techniques. The biological evaluation was carried out based on the cholinesterase inhibitory mechanism. The preparation methodology provided the effective synthesis of targeted moieties. The in vitro pharmacological activities were evaluated involving AChE/BChE inhibition and antioxidant potential. All synthesized compounds displayed activity against both enzymes in higher or comparable to the standard drug Galantamine, a reversible inhibitor but the results displayed by compound AAZ10 indicated IC50 of 0.0013 µM (AChE) and 0.061 µM (BChE) as high values for dual AChE/BChE inhibition with potent anti-oxidant results. Structure activity relationship (SAR) indicated that the potent activity of compound AAZ10 appeared due to the presence of nitro clusters at the ortho position of an aromatic ring. The potent synthesized compound AAZ10 was also explored for the in-vivo Anti-Alzheimer activity and anti-oxidant activity. Binding approaches of all synthesized compounds were revealed through molecular docking studies concerning binding pockets of enzymes that analyzed the best posture interaction with amino acid (AA) residues providing an appreciable understanding of enzyme inhibitory mechanisms. Results indicate that synthesized zinc (II) amide carboxylates can behave as an effective remedy in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mater H Mahnashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Saqib Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Osama M Alshehri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Abdullah Almazni
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Ahmed Asiri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Sadiq
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara, KP, Pakistan
| | - Rehman Zafar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Yang X, Ye T, He Y, Wen L, Cheng X. Qi-fu-yin attenuated cognitive disorders in 5xFAD mice of Alzheimer's disease animal model by regulating immunity. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1183764. [PMID: 37441611 PMCID: PMC10333586 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1183764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cognitive impairment is the main symptom of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Accumulating evidence implicate that immunity plays an important role in AD. Here, we investigated the effect of Qi-fu-yin (QFY) on cognitive impairment and cytokine secretion of 5xFAD mice. Methods We used 2.5-month-old 5xFAD transgenic mice for behavioral tests to observe the changes in cognitive function after QFY treatment. After the behavioral experiment, the whole brain, cortex and plasma of each mouse were collected for soluble Aβ analysis, immunohistochemical experiment and cytokine analysis. Results Here we found that the treatment of QFY ameliorated the ability of object recognition, passive avoidance responses and the ability of spatial learning and memory in 5xFAD mice. The deposits of β1 - 42 and Aβ1 - 40 were alleviated and the ration of Aβ1 - 42/Aβ1 - 40 was decrease in the plasma and brain of 5xFAD mice administrated with QFY. The administration of QFY promoted the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-5, IL-10 and G-CSF, and reduced the content of proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ in plasma of 5xFAD mice. Notably, we found that the treatment of QFY decreased the concentration of CCL11 in the brain and plasma of 5xFAD mice. Conclusion This suggested that QFY improved cognition and reduced Aβ deposits in 5xFAD mice by regulating abnormal immunity in 5xFAD mice. QFY may be as a potential therapeutic agent for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhao Yang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Tianyuan Ye
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yun He
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Wen
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for TCM Dampness Disease, Neurology and Immunology Research, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaorui Cheng
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Quinn JF, Kelly MJ, Harris CJ, Hack W, Gray NE, Kulik V, Bostick Z, Brumbach BH, Copenhaver PF. The novel estrogen receptor modulator STX attenuates Amyloid-β neurotoxicity in the 5XFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 174:105888. [PMID: 36209948 PMCID: PMC10108899 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on previous evidence that the non-steroidal estrogen receptor modulator STX mitigates the effects of neurotoxic Amyloid-β (Aβ) in vitro, we have evaluated its neuroprotective benefits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Cohorts of 5XFAD mice, which begin to accumulate cerebral Aβ at two months of age, were treated with orally-administered STX starting at 6 months of age for two months. After behavioral testing to evaluate cognitive function, biochemical and immunohistochemical assays were used to analyze key markers of mitochondrial function and synaptic integrity. Oral STX treatment attenuated Aβ-associated mitochondrial toxicity and synaptic toxicity in the brain, as previously documented in cultured neurons. STX also moderately improved spatial memory in 5XFAD mice. In addition, STX reduced markers for reactive astrocytosis and microgliosis surrounding amyloid plaques, and also unexpectedly reduced overall levels of cerebral Aβ in the brain. The neuroprotective effects of STX were more robust in females than in males. These results suggest that STX may have therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F Quinn
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States of America.
| | - Martin J Kelly
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, OHSU, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Christopher J Harris
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Wyatt Hack
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Nora E Gray
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Veronika Kulik
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Zoe Bostick
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, OHSU, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Barbara H Brumbach
- Biostatistics and Design Program, OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Philip F Copenhaver
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, OHSU, Portland, OR, United States of America
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Ullah R, Ali G, Baseer A, Irum Khan S, Akram M, Khan S, Ahmad N, Farooq U, Kanwal Nawaz N, Shaheen S, Kumari G, Ullah I. Tannic acid inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive impairment in adult mice by targeting multiple pathological features. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:108970. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Shah D, Iqbal A, Alshehri FS, Ullah A, Ali G, Muhammad T, Ullah R, Sewell RDE, Althobaiti YS. The Neuroprotective Propensity of Organic Extracts of Acacia stenophylla Bark and Their Effectiveness Against Scopolamine-/Diazepam-Induced Amnesia in Mice. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:4785-4802. [PMID: 36032937 PMCID: PMC9416337 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s376242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is more prevalent in the elderly. There is extensive literature on using Acacia species against central nervous system disorders, although Acacia stenophylla has not been investigated for any neuroprotective potential. The purpose of the study was to elucidate the ameliorative effect of ethyl acetate (ASEE) and butanol (ASB) extracts from the bark of A. stenophylla on memory deficits and cognitive dysfunction in scopolamine- or diazepam-induced amnesia in mice. Methods The phytochemical constituents of the extracts of A. stenophylla were determined by GC-MS and the in vitro anticholinesterase plus antioxidant activities were also evaluated. Anti-amnesic effects were determined employing the open field test, elevated plus maze (EPM), Morris water maze (MWM), and Y-maze paradigms. Results The in vitro cholinesterase assays disclosed a concentration-dependent inhibition of both AChE and BuChE with IC50 values of 28.48 and 44.86 µg/mL for the ASEE extract and 32.04 and 50.26 µg/mL for the ASB extract against AChE and BuChE respectively. DPPH and H2O2 antioxidant assays revealed respective IC50 values for the ASEE extract of 28.04 and 59.84 µg/mL, plus 32.77 and 64.65 µg/mL for ASB extract. The findings revealed that both extracts possessed substantial antioxidant properties. Furthermore, these fractions restored scopolamine- and diazepam-induced memory deficits in a dose-dependent manner, as observed by a significant decrease in the transfer latency in EPM, reduction in escape latency, added time spent in the target quadrant in the MWM, and elevated spontaneous alternation behavior (SAB) in the Y-maze test. Conclusion The ameliorative effect of A. stenophylla on scopolamine- and diazepam-induced amnesia can be attributed to antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity. Consequently, the use of A. stenophylla might be exploited in the alleviation of oxidative stress and the management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawood Shah
- Department of Botany, Islamia College Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Arshad Iqbal
- Department of Botany, Islamia College Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Fahad S Alshehri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aman Ullah
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Gowhar Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Muhammad
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry and Development (MiND) Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rahim Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Robert D E Sewell
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Yusuf S Althobaiti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.,Addiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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Fawazy NG, Panda SS, Mostafa A, Kariuki BM, Bekheit MS, Moatasim Y, Kutkat O, Fayad W, El-Manawaty MA, Soliman AAF, El-Shiekh RA, Srour AM, Barghash RF, Girgis AS. Development of spiro-3-indolin-2-one containing compounds of antiproliferative and anti-SARS-CoV-2 properties. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13880. [PMID: 35974029 PMCID: PMC9380671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17883-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 1″-(alkylsulfonyl)-dispiro[indoline-3,2'-pyrrolidine-3',3″-piperidine]-2,4″-diones 6a‒o has been synthesized through regioselective multi-component azomethine dipolar cycloaddition reaction of 1-(alkylsulfonyl)-3,5-bis(ylidene)-piperidin-4-ones 3a‒h. X-ray diffraction studies (6b‒d,h) confirmed the structures. The majority of the synthesized analogs reveal promising antiproliferation properties against a variety of human cancer cell lines (MCF7, HCT116, A431 and PaCa2) with good selectivity index towards normal cell (RPE1). Some of the synthesized agents exhibit potent inhibitory properties against the tested cell lines with higher efficacies than the standard references (sunitinib and 5-fluorouracil). Compound 6m is the most potent. Multi-targeted inhibitory properties against EGFR and VEGFR-2 have been observed for the synthesized agents. Flow cytometry supports the antiproliferation properties and shows the tested agents as apoptosis and necrosis forming. Vero cell viral infection model demonstrates the anti-SARS-CoV-2 properties of the synthesized agents. Compound 6f is the most promising (about 3.3 and 4.8 times the potency of the standard references, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine). QSAR models explain and support the observed biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehmedo G Fawazy
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Siva S Panda
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Benson M Kariuki
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Mohamed S Bekheit
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Yassmin Moatasim
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Omnia Kutkat
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Walid Fayad
- Drug Bioassay-Cell Culture Laboratory, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - May A El-Manawaty
- Drug Bioassay-Cell Culture Laboratory, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A F Soliman
- Drug Bioassay-Cell Culture Laboratory, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Riham A El-Shiekh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Aladdin M Srour
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Reham F Barghash
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Adel S Girgis
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
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Ullah R, Badshah W, Ali G, Ullah A, Khan SU, Ahmad N, Shahid M, Naveed M, Ullah S, Bangash SA, Althobaiti YS. Cassia artemisiodes attenuates nociceptive and diabetes-induced neuropathic pain modalities apropos antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112834. [PMID: 35339108 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cassia plants have a considerable position in conventional systems of medicine. The possible anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and anti-neuropathic properties of Cassia artemisiodes (CAD) extract were tested using the standard animal models. In this study, in vitro antioxidant, cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and 2), and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibitory assays were performed. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan, histamine, and serotonin-induced paw edema models. Antipyretic activity, thermally and chemically-induced nociception, and naloxone antagonistic activities were carried out. The CAD extract was tested for anti-neuropathic activity in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy model. Suppressing the effect of CAD extract on the mRNA level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), COX-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) was determined by performing RT-PCR. The CAD extract inhibited COX-2 and 5-LOX enzymes, paw inflammation, and reduced nociceptive behaviors. The mRNA gene expression of iNOS, COX-2, and inflammatory cytokines was reduced significantly with increased DPPH scavenging activity. The extract significantly reduced the diabetes-induced neuropathic pain. In a nutshell, these results recommended that the CAD extract has anti-nociceptive and anti-neuropathic activities due to inhibition of inflammatory and oxidative signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Ullah
- Faculty of Life Science, Department of Pharmacy Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Waseem Badshah
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Gowhar Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurosciences Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Tarry Building, Room 13-715 300 East Superior St., Chicago IL 60611, USA.
| | - Aman Ullah
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Saleem Ullah Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Nisar Ahmad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Grand Asian University Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Integrative Biosciences, CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Sami Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Sudhair Abbas Bangash
- Faculty of Life Science, Department of Pharmacy Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Yusuf S Althobaiti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; Addiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia.
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Ullah R, Ali G, Rasheed A, Subhan F, Khan A, Ahsan Halim S, Al-Harrasi A. The 7-Hydroxyflavone attenuates chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain by targeting inflammatory pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 107:108674. [PMID: 35276461 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vincristine and paclitaxel are widely used chemotherapeutic drugs for the treatment of brain tumors, breast cancer, leukemia, lymphomas, and malignant solid tumors. Though, these drugs are associated with some severe adverse effects including peripheral neuropathic pain. The anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of the 7-Hydroxyflavone (7HF) were evaluated in the mice using thermally- and chemically-induced nociception, naloxone antagonistic test, and carrageenan-induced paw edema models. Initially, the in-vitro cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibitory assays were carried out. Peripheral neuropathic pain was induced in the Sprague Dawley (SD) rats by administration of paclitaxel (4 mg/kg) and vincristine (200 µg/kg) on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9, respectively. The protective effect of 7HF was assessed against the chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in the rats. Moreover, the expression of the inflammatory mediators in the spinal cord was investigated through RT-PCR. In addition, a computational study was performed to find the potential therapeutic targets and the binding mechanism of 7HF. The 7HF caused concentration-dependent inhibition of COX-2 and 5-LOX, it attenuated the nociceptive pain, carrageenan-induced paw edema, and the development of mechanical and cold allodynia, and hyperalgesia dose-dependently without causing motor coordination deficit. Likewise, the 7HF decreased the vincristine-induced increased expression of different inflammatory mediators including COX-2, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). The computational study showed the effective interactions of 7HF with the binding sites of NF-κB, COX-2, and 5-LOX, exert its inhibitory activities. These findings reveal that the 7HF has anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and anti-neuropathic potentials.
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