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Díaz-Sánchez F, García-Castro MA, Amador-Ramírez MP, Arzola-Flores JA, Limón-Aguilar X. Experimental Determination of the Standard Enthalpy of Formation of Trimellitic Acid and Its Prediction by Supervised Learning. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:2200-2209. [PMID: 38445978 PMCID: PMC10961834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c05235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The standard molar enthalpy of formation for trimellitic acid (TMAc) in the crystalline phase at 298.15 K, ΔfHm°(cr), was calculated experimentally from the enthalpy of combustion through combustion calorimetry experiments. Likewise, the standard molar enthalpy of sublimation was determined from the standard molar enthalpy of fusion and from the standard molar enthalpy of vaporization from differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry, respectively. Subsequently, the standard molar enthalpies of formation in the gas-phase at 298.15 K, ΔfHm°(g), were calculated. The enthalpies of formation for TMAc, hemimellitic, and trimesic acids were predicted using multiple linear regression (MLR) with a nonreplacement evaluation technique. MLR was applied to the data set that allowed estimating these thermochemical properties with an R2 greater than 0.99. This model was used to compare the predicted and experimental results for benzene carboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Díaz-Sánchez
- Facultad
de Ingeniería Química de la Benemérita Universidad
Autónoma de Puebla, 18 Sur y Av. San Claudio, C.P. 72570 Puebla Pue, Mexico
| | - Miguel Angel García-Castro
- Facultad
de Ingeniería Química de la Benemérita Universidad
Autónoma de Puebla, 18 Sur y Av. San Claudio, C.P. 72570 Puebla Pue, Mexico
| | - María Patricia Amador-Ramírez
- Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma
de Puebla, 14 Sur y Av.
San Claudio, C.P. 72570 Puebla Pue, Mexico
| | - Jesús Andrés Arzola-Flores
- Facultad
de Ingeniería Química de la Benemérita Universidad
Autónoma de Puebla, 18 Sur y Av. San Claudio, C.P. 72570 Puebla Pue, Mexico
| | - Ximena Limón-Aguilar
- Facultad
de Ingeniería Química de la Benemérita Universidad
Autónoma de Puebla, 18 Sur y Av. San Claudio, C.P. 72570 Puebla Pue, Mexico
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Meek B, Bridges JW, Fasey A, Sauer UG. Evidential requirements for the regulatory hazard and risk assessment of respiratory sensitisers: methyl methacrylate as an example. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:931-946. [PMID: 36797432 PMCID: PMC10025211 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03448-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
This review addresses the need for a framework to increase the consistency, objectivity and transparency in the regulatory assessment of respiratory sensitisers and associated uncertainties. Principal issues are considered and illustrated through a case study (with methyl methacrylate). In the absence of test methods validated for regulatory use, formal documentation of the weight-of-evidence for hazard classification both at the level of integration of individual studies within lines of evidence and across a broad range of data streams was agreed to be critical for such a framework. An integrated approach is proposed to include not only occupational studies and clinical evidence for the regulatory assessment of respiratory sensitisers, but also information on structure and physical and chemical factors, predictive approaches such as structure activity analysis and in vitro and in vivo mechanistic and toxicokinetic findings. A weight-of-evidence protocol, incorporating integration of these sources of data based on predefined considerations, would contribute to transparency and consistency in the outcome of the assessment. In those cases where a decision may need to be taken on the basis of occupational findings alone, conclusions should be based on transparent weighting of relevant data on the observed prevalence of occupational asthma in various studies taking into account all relevant information including the range and nature of workplace exposures to the substance of interest, co-exposure to other chemicals and study quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James W Bridges
- Emeritus Professor, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Ursula G Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy-Animal Welfare, Hallstattfeld 16, 85579, Neubiberg, Germany.
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Jamali Moghadam Siahkali M, Guigo N, Sbirrazzuoli N. Cross-Linking Mechanisms of a Rigid Plant Oil-Based Thermoset from Furfural-Derived Cyclobutane. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathanael Guigo
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, Université Côte d’Azur, 06100Nice, France
| | - Nicolas Sbirrazzuoli
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, Université Côte d’Azur, 06100Nice, France
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4
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Ahookhosh K, Vanoirbeek J, Vande Velde G. Lung function measurements in preclinical research: What has been done and where is it headed? Front Physiol 2023; 14:1130096. [PMID: 37035677 PMCID: PMC10073442 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1130096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the close interaction of lung morphology and functions, repeatable measurements of pulmonary function during longitudinal studies on lung pathophysiology and treatment efficacy have been a great area of interest for lung researchers. Spirometry, as a simple and quick procedure that depends on the maximal inspiration of the patient, is the most common lung function test in clinics that measures lung volumes against time. Similarly, in the preclinical area, plethysmography techniques offer lung functional parameters related to lung volumes. In the past few decades, many innovative techniques have been introduced for in vivo lung function measurements, while each one of these techniques has their own advantages and disadvantages. Before each experiment, depending on the sensitivity of the required pulmonary functional parameters, it should be decided whether an invasive or non-invasive approach is desired. On one hand, invasive techniques offer sensitive and specific readouts related to lung mechanics in anesthetized and tracheotomized animals at endpoints. On the other hand, non-invasive techniques allow repeatable lung function measurements in conscious, free-breathing animals with readouts related to the lung volumes. The biggest disadvantage of these standard techniques for lung function measurements is considering the lung as a single unit and providing only global readouts. However, recent advances in lung imaging modalities such as x-ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging opened new doors toward obtaining both anatomical and functional information from the same scan session, without the requirement for any extra pulmonary functional measurements, in more regional and non-invasive manners. Consequently, a new field of study called pulmonary functional imaging was born which focuses on introducing new techniques for regional quantification of lung function non-invasively using imaging-based techniques. This narrative review provides first an overview of both invasive and non-invasive conventional methods for lung function measurements, mostly focused on small animals for preclinical research, including discussions about their advantages and disadvantages. Then, we focus on those newly developed, non-invasive, imaging-based techniques that can provide either global or regional lung functional readouts at multiple time-points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Ahookhosh
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Vanoirbeek
- Centre of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greetje Vande Velde
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Greetje Vande Velde,
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5
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Mason P, Liviero F, Crivellaro M, Maculan P, Maestrelli P, Guarnieri G. Cutaneous sensitization to aziridine preceding the onset of occupational asthma. Occup Med (Lond) 2021; 70:135-138. [PMID: 32002545 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqz154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a 47-year-old non-atopic woman, working as a spray painter in a tannery for 23 years, with a 16-year history of cutaneous symptoms and a subsequent 2-year history of asthmatic symptoms after exposure to aerosol and vapour of polyfunctional aziridine (PFA) at work. To confirm the occupational origin of the dermatitis and asthma we performed a skin prick test with PFA and a specific inhalation challenge (SIC) with PFA. Prick test with PFA elicited an immediate positive skin reaction. She developed an immediate asthmatic reaction upon SIC with PFA. The onset of occupational dermatitis before asthma is consistent with the hypothesis that the sensitization to PFA was triggered in the skin. The observation that the reactions elicited in skin and airways upon exposure to PFA exhibited the same time course, suggests a similar mechanism at both sites. Thus, the avoidance of both skin and airway exposure to PFA should be recommended in workplace hygiene practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mason
- Department of Cardiac-Thoracic-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - F Liviero
- Department of Cardiac-Thoracic-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - M Crivellaro
- Department of Cardiac-Thoracic-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - P Maculan
- Department of Cardiac-Thoracic-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - P Maestrelli
- Department of Cardiac-Thoracic-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - G Guarnieri
- Department of Cardiac-Thoracic-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Ghosh D, Bernstein JA. Health Effects of Trimellitic Anhydride Occupational Exposure: Insights from Animal Models and Immunosurveillance Programs. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 59:61-77. [PMID: 32594360 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-020-08801-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acid anhydrides are used by chemical industries as plasticizers. Trimellitic acid (TMA) is an acid anhydride widely utilized in factories to produce paints, varnishes, and plastics. In addition to causing direct irritant effects, TMA can augment antibody responses in exposed factory workers leading to occupational asthma. Therefore, industries producing TMA have implemented occupational immunosurveillance programs (OISPs) to ensure early diagnosis and medical management, involving exposure reduction/ complete removal of sensitized workers from exposure areas. Multiple animal models (mice strains, rat stains, guinea pig, swine) with different exposure patterns (dermal, nasal, vapor inhalation exposures for different time frames) have been described to elucidate the pathophysiology of TMA exposure. In TMA factories, in spite of implementing advanced environmental controls and personal protective measures to limit exposure, workers become TMA-sensitized. Animal models revealed sIgG, sIgE, sIgA, and sIgM along with pulmonary lesions, cellular infiltrates, alveolar hemorrhage, and pneumonitis associated with TMA exposure. Molecular studies showed involvement of specific functional gene clusters related to cytokine and chemokine responses, lung remodeling, and arginase function. However, thus far, there is no evidence supporting fetotoxic or carcinogenic effects of TMA. OISP data showed IgG and IgE responses in exposed factory workers. Interestingly, timelines for detectable sIgG response, in conjunction with its magnitude, have been shown to be a predictor for future sIgE response. OISPs have been very successful so far at creating a healthy and safe working environment for TMA-exposed factory workers. Graphical Abstract Trimellitic Acid (TMA), used to produce paints, varnishes and plastics, can cause irritant-mediated and immune-mediated occupational health problems. NCBI pubmed search indicated that multiple animal models (different animal types, with chronic vs. acute exposure type, using TMA dust/suspension applied via dermal or other routes) have been used by investigators to elucidate the pathobiology of TMA-exposure. Several outcomes have been measured including humoral, lung/ airway, lymph nodes and dermal/ ear thickening responses. Studies on human subjects have been conducted mostly as parts of Occupational immunosurveillance programs (OISPs) implemented to identify TMA-sensitized workers (using ImmunoCAP and Skin prick testing), monitoring them longitudinally and their medical management including exposure reduction/ complete removal of sensitized workers from exposure areas. Clinical management also includes identification of irritant-induced and/ or immune-mediated outcomes of TMA occupational exposure. Collectively, these studies have led to important insights into the pathomechanism of TMA-exposure and have been very successful at creating a safe working environment for TMA-exposed factory workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debajyoti Ghosh
- Division of Immunology, Allergy Section, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Jonathan A Bernstein
- Division of Immunology, Allergy Section, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
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Tsui HC, Decaesteker T, Jonckheere AC, Vande Velde G, Cremer J, Verbeken E, Hoet PHM, Nemery B, Vanoirbeek JAJ. Cobalt exposure via skin alters lung immune cells and enhances pulmonary responses to cobalt in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L641-L651. [PMID: 32726143 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00265.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobalt has been associated with allergic contact dermatitis and occupational asthma. However, the link between skin exposure and lung responses to cobalt is currently unknown. We investigated the effect of prior dermal sensitization to cobalt on pulmonary physiological and immunological responses after subsequent challenge with cobalt via the airways. BALB/c mice received epicutaneous applications (25 μL/ear) with 5% CoCl2*6H2O (Co) or the vehicle (Veh) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) twice; they then received oropharyngeal challenges with 0.05% CoCl2*6H2O or saline five times, thereby obtaining four groups: Veh/Veh, Co/Veh, Veh/Co, and Co/Co. To detect early respiratory responses noninvasively, we performed sequential in vivo microcomputed tomography (µCT). One day after the last challenge, we assessed airway hyperreactivity (AHR) to methacholine, inflammation in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and dendritic cells (DCs) in the lungs, and serum IgE. Compared with the Veh/Veh group, the Co/Co group showed increased µCT-derived lung response, increased AHR to methacholine, mixed neutrophilic and eosinophilic inflammation, elevated monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and elevated keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC) in BAL. Flow cytometry in the Co/Co group demonstrated increased DC, type 1 and type 2 conventional DC (cDC1/cDC2), monocyte-derived DC, increased ILC group 2, and natural cytotoxicity receptor-ILC group 3. The Veh/Co group showed only increased AHR to methacholine and elevated MCP-1 in BAL, whereas the Co/Veh group showed increased cDC1 and ILC2 in lung. We conclude that dermal sensitization to cobalt may increase the susceptibility of the lungs to inhaling cobalt. Mechanistically, this enhanced susceptibility involves changes in pulmonary DCs and ILCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chang Tsui
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tatjana Decaesteker
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne-Charlotte Jonckheere
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greetje Vande Velde
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Cremer
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Verbeken
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter H M Hoet
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benoit Nemery
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen A J Vanoirbeek
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Lee KI, Bae JS, Kim EH, Kim JH, Lyu L, Chung YJ, Mo JH. Strain-Specific Differences in House Dust Mite (Dermatophagoides farinae)-Induced Mouse Models of Allergic Rhinitis. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 13:396-406. [PMID: 32407614 PMCID: PMC7669312 DOI: 10.21053/ceo.2019.01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives. Limited information is available regarding strain-related differences in mouse models of allergic rhinitis induced by Dermatophagoides farinae (Der f1). In this study, we compared differences between two mouse strains and determined the optimal dose of Der f1 for allergic rhinitis mouse models. Methods. Forty-eight mice were assigned to the following six groups (n=8 per group): group A (control, BALB/c), group B (Der f1-sensitized BALB/c, 25 µg), group C (Der f1-sensitized BALB/c, 100 µg), group D (control, C57BL/6), group E (Der f1-sensitized C57BL/6, 25 µg), and group F (Der f1-sensitized C57BL/6, 100 µg). Allergic inflammation was induced with Der f1 and alum sensitization, followed by an intranasal challenge with Der f1. Rubbing and sneezing scores, eosinophil and neutrophil infiltration, and immunoglobulin, cytokine, and chemokine levels in the nasal mucosa and from splenocyte cultures were assessed. Results. Rubbing and sneezing scores were higher in groups B, C, E, and F than in groups A and D, with a similar pattern in both strains (i.e., group B vs. E and group C vs. F). Serum immunoglobulin levels were significantly elevated compared to the control in groups B and C, but not in groups E and F. Eosinophil and neutrophil infiltration increased (all P<0.05) after the Der f1 challenge (groups B, C, E, and F) compared to the control (groups A and D) in both the BALB/c and C57BL/6 strains, without any significant difference between the two strains (group A vs. D, group B vs. E, and group C vs. F) (P>0.05). BALB/c mice (group B) showed a greater elevation of splenic interleukin (IL)-4 (P<0.01), IL-5 (P<0.01), and IL-6 levels (P<0.05) and nasal IL-4 mRNA levels (P<0.001) than the C57BL/6 mice (group E). Interestingly, mice treated with 100 µg Der f1 showed a weaker allergic response than those treated with 25 µg. Conclusion. We found 25 µg to be a more appropriate dose for Der f1 sensitization. BALB/c mice are more biased toward a Th2 response and are a more suitable model for allergic rhinitis than C57BL/6 mice. This study provides information on the appropriate choice of a mouse model for allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Il Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jun-Sang Bae
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Eun Hee Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Lele Lyu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Young-Jun Chung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Ji-Hun Mo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
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9
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Lehmann DM, Williams WC. Physiological responses to cisplatin using a mouse hypersensitivity model. Inhal Toxicol 2020; 32:68-78. [PMID: 32188332 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2020.1737762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: The physiological mechanisms underlying the development of respiratory hypersensitivity to cisplatin (CDDP) are not well-understood. It has been suggested that these reactions are likely the result of type I hypersensitivity, but other explanations are plausible and the potential for CDDP to induce type I hypersensitivity responses has not been directly evaluated in an animal model. Objectives and Methods: To investigate CDDP hypersensitivity, mice were topically sensitized through application of CDDP before being challenged by oropharyngeal aspiration (OPA) with CDDP. Before and immediately after OPA challenge, pulmonary responses were assessed using whole body plethysmography (WBP). Results: CDDP did not induce an immediate response or alter the respiratory rate in sensitized mice. Two days later, baseline enhanced pause (Penh) values were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in mice challenged with CDDP. When challenged with methacholine (Mch) aerosol, Penh values were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in sensitized mice and respiratory rate was reduced (p < 0.05). Lymph node cell counts and immunoglobulin E levels also indicated successful sensitization to CDDP. Irrespective of the sensitization state of the mice, the number of neutrophils increased significantly in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) following CDDP challenge. BALF from sensitized mice also contained 2.46 (±0.8) × 104 eosinophils compared to less than 0.48 (±0.2) × 104 cells in non-sensitized mice (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results from this study indicate that dermal exposure to CDDP induces immunological changes consistent with type I hypersensitivity and that a single respiratory challenge is enough to trigger pulmonary responses in dermally sensitized mice. These data provide previously unknown insights into the mechanisms of CDDP hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Lehmann
- Center for Public Health & Environmental Assessment (CPHEA), US - Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wanda C Williams
- Center for Public Health & Environmental Assessment (CPHEA), US - Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
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10
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Abstract
Chemical allergy can manifest into allergic contact dermatitis and asthma and the importance of skin sensitization in both of these diseases is increasingly being recognized. Given the unique characteristics of chemical allergy, coupled with the distinct immunological microenvironment of the skin research is still unraveling the mechanisms through which sensitization and elicitation occur. This review first describes the features of chemical sensitization and the known steps that must occur to develop a chemical allergy. Next, the unique immunological properties of the skin - which may influence chemical sensitization - are highlighted. Additionally, mediators involved with the development of allergy are reviewed, starting with early ones - including the properties of haptens, skin integrity, the microbiome, the inflammasome, and toll-like receptors (TLR). Novel cellular mediators of chemical sensitization are highlighted, including innate lymphoid cells, mast cells, T-helper (TH) cell subsets, and skin intrinsic populations including γδ T-cells and resident memory T-cells. Finally, this review discusses two epigenetic mechanisms that can influence chemical sensitization, microRNAs and DNA methylation. Overall, this review highlights recent research investigating novel mediators of chemical allergy that are present in the skin. It also emphasizes the need to further explore these mediators to gain a better understanding of what makes a chemical an allergen, and how best to prevent the development of chemical-induced allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary L Shane
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Carrie M Long
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Stacey E Anderson
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Li M, Fan X, Ji L, Fan Y, Xu L. Exacerbating effects of trimellitic anhydride in ovalbumin-induced asthmatic mice and the gene and protein expressions of TRPA1, TRPV1, TRPV2 in lung tissue. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 69:159-168. [PMID: 30716586 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing morbidity and mortality of asthma, asthma aggravated by environmental pollution has drawn more attention. This study investigated the exacerbating effects of trimellitic anhydride (TMA), a typical pollutant, in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic mice and the gene and protein expressions of TRPA1, V1, V2 in lung tissue. Female BALB/c mice were respectively administered for 42 days as follow: sensitized and challenged with OVA, sensitized and challenged with TMA, sensitized with OVA and challenged with OVA plus TMA, as well as sensitized and challenged with OVA plus TMA. 24 h after the last challenge, the changes in airway resistance (RI) and lung dynamic compliance (Cdyn) were tested. The levels of the inflammatory cells in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were determined. The gene and protein expressions of TRPA1, V1, V2 in lung tissue were examined, and levels of interleukin (IL)-4, -13, substance P (SP), prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), nerve growth factor (NGF) in BALF and the supernatant of lung homogenate were measured. The results indicated that OVA plus TMA significantly increased the amount of inflammatory cells in blood and BALF, enhanced RI while decreased Cdyn, and aggravated lung injury. Increased gene and protein expressions of TRPA1, V1, V2 in lung tissue, level of IL-4 in the supernatant of lung homogenate, levels of IL-13, SP, PGD2, NGF in BALF and the supernatant of lung homogenate were observed. It was suggested that exacerbating effects of TMA in OVA-induced asthma might be related to the regulation of TRPA1, V1, V2 and relevant neurokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwen Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinsheng Fan
- School of Basic Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Leilei Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhao Fan
- School of Basic Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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12
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Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the respiratory tract that is characterized by reversible airflow obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness. The non-atopic variant of asthma that appears later in life has no allergic background and is more severe and resistant to standard treatment. Hapten-induced asthma models can be utilized to investigate mechanisms behind the development of non-atopic and occupational asthma, in which non-allergic processes seems to play significant role. The development of adequate animal models of non-allergic asthma is a necessary prerequisite both for understanding the pathophysiology of non-allergic asthma and for the possibility of testing new therapies. Still, there is no ideal model that represents all the hallmarks of this complex disease. In this review, we examine the most popular hapten-induced murine models of occupational and non-atopic asthma. For this reason, we describe the most popular sensitizing haptens, sensitization and challenge protocols, symptoms produced by asthma, and advantages and disadvantages of the models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Russjan
- Department of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kaczyńska
- Department of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw Poland.
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Choi DW, Kwon DA, Jung SK, See HJ, Jung SY, Shon DH, Shin HS. Silkworm dropping extract ameliorate trimellitic anhydride-induced allergic contact dermatitis by regulating Th1/Th2 immune response. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1531-1538. [PMID: 29806566 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1475210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is an inflammatory skin disease caused by hapten-specific immune response. Silkworm droppings are known to exert beneficial effects during the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Here, we studied whether topical treatment and oral administration of silkworm dropping extract (SDE) ameliorate trimellitic anhydride (TMA)-induced ACD. In ACD mice model, SDE treatment significantly suppressed the increase in both ear thickness and serum IgE levels. Furthermore, IL-1β and TNF-α levels were reduced by SDE. In allergic responses, SDE treatment significantly attenuated the production of the Th2-associated cytokine IL-4 in both ear tissue and draining lymph nodes. However, it increased the production of the Th1-mediated cytokine IL-12. Thus, these results showed that SDE attenuated TMA-induced ACD symptoms through regulation of Th1/Th2 immune response. Taken together, we suggest that SDE treatment might be a potential agent in the prevention or therapy of Th2-mediated inflammatory skin diseases such as ACD and atopic dermatitis. ABBREVIATIONS ACD: allergic contact dermatitis; AD: atopic dermatitis; APC: antigen presenting cells; CCL: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand; CCR: C-C chemokine receptor; Dex: dexamethasone; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IFN: interferon; Ig: immunoglobulin; IL: interleukin; OVA: ovalbumin; PS: prednisolone; SDE: silkworm dropping extract; Th: T helper; TMA: trimellitic anhydride; TNF: tumor necrosis factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Woon Choi
- a Food Biotechnology Program , Korea University of Science and Technology , Republic of Korea.,b Division of Nutrition and Metabolism Research , Korea Food Research Institute , Wanju-gun , Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Ae Kwon
- b Division of Nutrition and Metabolism Research , Korea Food Research Institute , Wanju-gun , Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Keun Jung
- a Food Biotechnology Program , Korea University of Science and Technology , Republic of Korea.,c Division of Functional Food Research , Korea Food Research Institute , Wanju-gun , Republic of Korea.,e School of Food Science and Biotechnology , Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jeong See
- b Division of Nutrition and Metabolism Research , Korea Food Research Institute , Wanju-gun , Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Jung
- a Food Biotechnology Program , Korea University of Science and Technology , Republic of Korea.,b Division of Nutrition and Metabolism Research , Korea Food Research Institute , Wanju-gun , Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hwa Shon
- b Division of Nutrition and Metabolism Research , Korea Food Research Institute , Wanju-gun , Republic of Korea.,d Department of Food Processing and Distribution , Gangneung-Wonju National University , Gangneung , Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Soon Shin
- a Food Biotechnology Program , Korea University of Science and Technology , Republic of Korea.,b Division of Nutrition and Metabolism Research , Korea Food Research Institute , Wanju-gun , Republic of Korea
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Park HJ, Choi WS, Lee WY, Choi Y, Park C, Kim JH, Hong KH, Song H. A novel mouse model of atopic dermatitis that is T helper 2 (Th2)-polarized by an epicutaneous allergen. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 58:122-130. [PMID: 29329020 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD) involves T helper 2 (Th2) cells, and effective therapies remain elusive due to the paucity of animal models. We aimed to develop a mouse model of an immune system aberration caused by allergen. Experiments were conducted in two phases. In experiment 1, BALB/c mice were sensitized with one of four chemical allergens - toluene diisocyanate (TDI), hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), trimellitic anhydride (TMA), or 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) - for 3 weeks. Based on results of experiment 1, immunological features were compared between TMA-sensitized BALB/c mice and NC/Nga mice, after exposure to mite extracts, harmful chemicals and detergents in experiment 2. Sensitization by allergen caused a large number of pathological changes in the skin, and an increase in mast cell number. TMA-sensitized BALB/c mice models showed higher sensitivity to an environmental allergen than NC/Nga mice did. Overall, the initial sensitization with TMA leads to disturbances in Th2-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Wahn Soo Choi
- School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Young Lee
- Department of Beef and Dairy Science, Korea National College of Agricultures and Fisheries, Jeonju-si 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsok Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon Ho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Singleton H, Popple A, Gellatly N, Maxwell G, Williams J, Friedmann PS, Kimber I, Dearman RJ. Anti-hapten antibodies in response to skin sensitization. Contact Dermatitis 2015; 74:197-204. [PMID: 26560413 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Whereas T lymphocyte (T cell) activation is the key event in the acquisition of skin sensitization and subsequent elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis, the humoral component of immune responses to organic contact allergens has received little consideration. There is evidence that, in experimental animals, topical exposure to potent contact allergens is associated with B cell activation and proliferation, and hapten-specific antibody production. However, there is very limited evidence available for anti-hapten antibody responses being induced following topical exposure of humans to contact allergens. Nevertheless, it is important to appreciate that there are almost no negative studies in which evidence for antibody production as the result of skin sensitization has been sought and not found. That is, there is absence of evidence rather than evidence of absence. Furthermore, exposure to chemical respiratory allergens, in which the skin has been implicated as a potential route of sensitization, results in anti-hapten antibody responses. It is proposed that skin sensitization to contact allergens will normally be accompanied by antibody production. The phenomenon is worthy of investigation, as anti-hapten antibodies could potentially influence and/or regulate the induction of skin sensitization. Moreover, such antibodies may provide an informative correlate of the extent to which sensitization has been acquired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Singleton
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Amy Popple
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Nichola Gellatly
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Bedford, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Gavin Maxwell
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Bedford, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | | | - Peter S Friedmann
- Division of Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Ian Kimber
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Rebecca J Dearman
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Haenen S, Vanoirbeek JA, De Vooght V, Schoofs L, Nemery B, Clynen E, Hoet PH. Proteomic Alterations in B Lymphocytes of Sensitized Mice in a Model of Chemical-Induced Asthma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138791. [PMID: 26398101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIM The role of B-lymphocytes in chemical-induced asthma is largely unknown. Recent work demonstrated that transferring B lymphocytes from toluene diisocyanate (TDI)-sensitized mice into naïve mice, B cell KO mice and SCID mice, triggered an asthma-like response in these mice after a subsequent TDI-challenge. We applied two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) to describe the "sensitized signature" of B lymphocytes comparing TDI-sensitized mice with control mice. RESULTS Sixteen proteins were identified that were significantly up- or down-regulated in B lymphocytes of sensitized mice. Particularly differences in the expression of cyclophilin A, cofilin 1 and zinc finger containing CCHC domain protein 11 could be correlated to the function of B lymphocytes as initiators of T lymphocyte independent asthma-like responses. CONCLUSION This study revealed important alterations in the proteome of sensitized B cells in a mouse model of chemical-induced asthma, which will have an important impact on the B cell function.
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Abstract
Occupational exposure to halogenated platinum salts can trigger the development of asthma. The risk to the general population that may result from the use of platinum in catalytic converters and its emerging use as a diesel fuel additive is unclear. To investigate pulmonary responses to platinum, we developed a mouse model of platinum hypersensitivity. Mice were sensitized through application of ammonium hexachloroplatinate (AHCP) to the shaved back on days 0, 5 and 19, and to each ear on days 10, 11 and 12. On days 24 and 29, mice were challenged by oropharyngeal aspiration with AHCP in saline. Before and immediately after challenge, pulmonary responses were assessed using whole body plethysmography (WBP). A dose-dependent increase in immediate responses was observed in AHCP-sensitized and challenged mice. On days 26 and 31, changes in ventilatory responses to methacholine (Mch) aerosol were assessed by WBP; dose-dependent increases in Mch responsiveness occurred in sensitized mice. Lymph node cell counts indicate a proliferative response in lymph nodes draining the sites of application. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid harvested from sensitized mice contained an average of 5% eosinophils compared to less than 0.5% in non-sensitized mice (p < 0.05); significant increases in total serum immunoglobulin E were observed for all sensitized mice. Although a second airway challenge on day 29 affected some results, only one airway challenge was needed to observe changes in lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Williams
- a Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health, and Environmental Effects Laboratory (NHEERL), US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
| | - J R Lehmann
- a Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health, and Environmental Effects Laboratory (NHEERL), US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
| | - E Boykin
- a Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health, and Environmental Effects Laboratory (NHEERL), US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
| | | | - D M Lehmann
- a Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health, and Environmental Effects Laboratory (NHEERL), US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
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Devos FC, Pollaris L, Van Den Broucke S, Seys S, Goossens A, Nemery B, Hoet PH, Vanoirbeek JA. Methylisothiazolinone: dermal and respiratory immune responses in mice. Toxicol Lett 2015; 235:179-88. [PMID: 25907379 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Methylisothiazolinone (MI), a widely used chemical preservative in industrial and household products, and cosmetics, has been associated with allergic contact dermatitis. However, the asthmogenic capacity of MI is currently unknown. In this study, we investigated the capacity of MI to elicit asthma-like responses in a validated mouse model. On days 1 and 8, mice (C57Bl/6 and BALB/c) were dermally treated with MI or vehicle on each ear. On day 15, mice received a single intranasal challenge with MI or vehicle. Immediately after the challenge, the early ventilatory response was measured using a double chamber plethysmograph. One day later, airway hyperreactivity, pulmonary inflammation and immune-related parameters were assessed. Dermal treatment with MI in both C57Bl/6 and BALB/c mice induced increased T- and B-cell proliferation in the auricular lymph nodes, along with IFN-γ production and limited increases in total serum IgE, confirming dermal sensitization. An airway challenge with MI led to an early ventilatory response (decreased breathing frequency), indicative for acute sensory irritation. However, 24h later no allergic respiratory response (no airway hyperreactivity (AHR) nor pulmonary inflammation) was found in either mouse strains. Our study indicates that MI can be classified as a strong dermal sensitizer and irritant, but not an asthmogen after initial dermal sensitization, followed by an airway challenge.
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Forreryd A, Johansson H, Albrekt AS, Borrebaeck CAK, Lindstedt M. Prediction of chemical respiratory sensitizers using GARD, a novel in vitro assay based on a genomic biomarker signature. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118808. [PMID: 25760038 PMCID: PMC4356558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Repeated exposure to certain low molecular weight (LMW) chemical compounds may result in development of allergic reactions in the skin or in the respiratory tract. In most cases, a certain LMW compound selectively sensitize the skin, giving rise to allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), or the respiratory tract, giving rise to occupational asthma (OA). To limit occurrence of allergic diseases, efforts are currently being made to develop predictive assays that accurately identify chemicals capable of inducing such reactions. However, while a few promising methods for prediction of skin sensitization have been described, to date no validated method, in vitro or in vivo, exists that is able to accurately classify chemicals as respiratory sensitizers. Results Recently, we presented the in vitro based Genomic Allergen Rapid Detection (GARD) assay as a novel testing strategy for classification of skin sensitizing chemicals based on measurement of a genomic biomarker signature. We have expanded the applicability domain of the GARD assay to classify also respiratory sensitizers by identifying a separate biomarker signature containing 389 differentially regulated genes for respiratory sensitizers in comparison to non-respiratory sensitizers. By using an independent data set in combination with supervised machine learning, we validated the assay, showing that the identified genomic biomarker is able to accurately classify respiratory sensitizers. Conclusions We have identified a genomic biomarker signature for classification of respiratory sensitizers. Combining this newly identified biomarker signature with our previously identified biomarker signature for classification of skin sensitizers, we have developed a novel in vitro testing strategy with a potent ability to predict both skin and respiratory sensitization in the same sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Forreryd
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Johansson
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
- SenzaGen AB, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ann-Sofie Albrekt
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Malin Lindstedt
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Ollé-Monge M, Muñoz X, Vanoirbeek JA, Gómez-Ollés S, Morell F, Cruz MJ. Persistence of asthmatic response after ammonium persulfate-induced occupational asthma in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109000. [PMID: 25303285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Since persulfate salts are an important cause of occupational asthma (OA), we aimed to study the persistence of respiratory symptoms after a single exposure to ammonium persulfate (AP) in AP-sensitized mice. Material and Methods BALB/c mice received dermal applications of AP or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) on days 1 and 8. On day 15, they received a single nasal instillation of AP or saline. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) was assessed using methacholine provocation, while pulmonary inflammation was evaluated in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), IgG1 and IgG2a were measured in blood at 1, 4, 8, 24 hours and 4, 8, 15 days after the single exposure to the causal agent. Histological studies of lungs were assessed. Results AP-treated mice showed a sustained increase in AHR, lasting up to 4 days after the challenge. There was a significant increase in the percentage of neutrophils 8 hours after the challenge, which persisted for 24 hours in AP-treated mice. The extent of airway inflammation was also seen in the histological analysis of the lungs from challenged mice. Slight increases in total serum IgE 4 days after the challenge were found, while IgG gradually increased further 4 to 15 days after the AP challenge in AP-sensitized mice. Conclusions In AP-sensitized mice, an Ig-independent response is induced after AP challenge. AHR appears immediately, but airway neutrophil inflammation appears later. This response decreases in time; at early stages only respiratory and inflammatory responses decrease, but later on immunological response decreases as well.
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Abstract
CONTEXT Anti-inflammatory effect of advanced adipose stem cell derived protein extract (AAPE) could be improved by minimising protein degradation. OBJECTIVE To develop a proliposomal formulation of AAPE for the treatment of topical atopic dermatitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Proliposomal powder was manufactured by evaporating a solution of soy phosphatidyl choline, AAPE and Poloxamer 407 in ethanol under vacuum on sorbitol powder. Characterisation of proliposomes (zeta potential, diameter, stability and flowability) as well as in vivo efficacy in a dermatitis mouse model was investigated. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Reconstitution of the proliposomal powder formed liposomes of 589 ± 3.6 nm diameter with zeta potential of -51.33 ± 0.36 mV. Protein stability was maintained up to 90 days at 25 °C as proliposomes. In vivo studies on atopic dermatitis mouse model showed a significant reduction in IgE levels after topical AAPE proliposome treatment. CONCLUSION AAPE proliposomes maintained protein stability and showed promising results for atopic dermatitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Jahn
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University , Seoul , South Korea and
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Tang H, Zhao H, Song J, Dong H, Yao L, Liang Z, LV Y, Zou F, Cai S. Ethyl pyruvate decreases airway neutrophil infiltration partly through a high mobility group box 1-dependent mechanism in a chemical-induced murine asthma model. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 21:163-70. [PMID: 24819717 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diisocyanates are one of the leading causes of occupational asthma, which is dominated by granulocytic inflammation in the airway. In this study, we intended to explore the role of ethyl pyruvate (EP) on neutrophil infiltration in a toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI)-induced murine asthma model. METHODS The experimental mice were first dermally sensitized and then challenged with TDI via oropharyngeal aspiration. The mice were treated intraperitoneally with 100, 50 or 10mg/kg EP 1h before each challenge. One day after the last challenge, airway reactivity to methacholine was measured by a barometric plethysmographic chamber. Total and differential cell counts, along with levels of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), TNF-α in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and mRNA expression of CXCR2 in the lung were assessed. To depict neutrophils, a naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase kit was used. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) was determined by western blot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Treatment with EP dramatically decreased airway hyperresponsiveness in TDI-challenged mice, as well as numbers of neutrophils in BAL fluid and peribronchovascular regions. Both the TDI-induced raised protein level and abnormal distribution of HMGB1 were significantly recovered by EP in a dose-dependent manner. The concentration of MIP-2 in TDI-induced asthma mice was significantly higher than that of the control ones, while EP had few effects on MIP-2. The mRNA expression of CXCR2 didn't change significantly, and TNF-α was not detected in BAL fluids. CONCLUSION EP reduces airway neutrophil infiltration partly through downregulating HMGB1 in a chemical-induced murine asthma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiong Tang
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Haijin Zhao
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiafu Song
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Hangming Dong
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Lihong Yao
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhenyu Liang
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yanhua LV
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Fei Zou
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Shaoxi Cai
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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ter Burg W, Bouma K, Schakel DJ, Wijnhoven SWP, van Engelen J, van Loveren H, Ezendam J. Assessment of the risk of respiratory sensitization from fragrance allergens released by air fresheners. Inhal Toxicol 2014; 26:310-8. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.888110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
Chronic inflammation of the upper airways is common and can arbitrarily be divided into rhinitis and rhinosinusitis. Infection and allergy represent two well-characterized and most frequently diagnosed etiologies of upper airway inflammation. Persistent upper airway inflammation caused by agents inhaled in the work environment represents a diagnostic challenge in clinical practice, and its pathophysiology has been little studied. Occupational rhinitis is a recognized medical condition with diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines. In contrast, only limited evidence is available about the relationship between work exposures and rhinosinusitis. This review aims at providing a comprehensive overview of the available literature on occupational upper airway disease with a focus on pathophysiological mechanisms and with an emphasis on the current unmet needs in work-related upper airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Hox
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery; University Hospitals Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - B. Steelant
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - W. Fokkens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - B. Nemery
- Research Unit of Lung Toxicology; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - P. W. Hellings
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery; University Hospitals Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
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Richter J, Toelen J, Vanoirbeek J, Kakigano A, Dekoninck P, Verbeken E, Deprest J. Functional assessment of hyperoxia-induced lung injury after preterm birth in the rabbit. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 306:L277-83. [PMID: 24375793 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00315.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to document early neonatal (7 days) pulmonary outcome in the rabbit model for preterm birth and hyperoxia-induced lung injury. Preterm pups were delivered at 28 days (term = 31 days; early saccular phase of lung development) by cesarean section, housed in an incubator, and gavage fed for 7 days. Pups were divided into the following groups: 1) normoxia (21% O2; normoxia group) and 2) and hyperoxia (>95% O2; hyperoxia group). Controls were pups born at term who were housed in normoxic conditions (control group). Outcome measures were survival, pulmonary function tests using the whole body plethysmograph and forced oscillation technique, and lung morphometry. There was a significant difference in survival of preterm pups whether they were exposed to normoxia (83.3%) or hyperoxia (55.9%). Hyperoxic exposure was associated with increased tissue damping and elasticity and decreased static compliance compared with normoxic controls (P < 0.01). Morphometry revealed an increased linear intercept and increased mean wall transection length, which translates to larger alveoli with septal thickening in hyperoxia compared with normoxia (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the current experimental hyperoxic conditions to which preterm pups are exposed induce the typical clinical features of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. This model will be used to study novel preventive or therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jute Richter
- Clinical Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Academic Dept. of Development and Regeneration, Organ System Cluster, Univ. Hospitals of Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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De Vooght V, Carlier V, Devos FC, Haenen S, Verbeken E, Nemery B, Hoet PH, Vanoirbeek JA. B-lymphocytes as key players in chemical-induced asthma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83228. [PMID: 24349469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes are key players in allergic asthma, with B-lymphocytes producing antigen-specific immunoglobulins E (IgE). We used a mouse model of chemical-induced asthma and transferred B-lymphocytes from sensitized animals into naïve wild type mice, B-lymphocyte knock-out (B-KO) mice or severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. On days 1 and 8, BALB/c mice were dermally sensitized with 0.3% toluene diisocyanate (TDI) (20µl/ear). On day 15, mice were euthanized and the auricular lymph nodes isolated. B-lymphocytes (CD19+) were separated from the whole cell suspension and 175,000 cells were injected in the tail vein of naïve wild type, B-KO or SCID mice. Three days later, the mice received a single oropharyngeal challenge with 0.01% TDI (20µl) or vehicle (acetone/olive oil (AOO)) (controls). Airway reactivity to methacholine and total and differential cell counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were measured 24 hours after challenge. B-lymphocytes of AOO or TDI-sensitized mice were characterized for the expression of surface markers and production of cytokines. We found that transfer of B-cells obtained from mice dermally sensitized to toluene diisocyanate (TDI) into naïve wild type mice, B-KO mice or SCID mice led, within three days, to an acute asthma-like phenotype after an airway challenge with TDI. This response was specific and independent of IgE. These B-lymphocytes showed antigen presenting capacities (CD80/CD86 and CD40) and consisted of B effector (Be)2- (IL-4) and Be1-lymphocytes (IFN-γ). The transferred B-lymphocytes were visualized near large airways, 24 hours after TDI challenge. Thus, B-lymphocytes can provoke an asthmatic response without the action of T-lymphocytes and without major involvement of IgE.
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Haenen S, Clynen E, De Vooght V, Schoofs L, Nemery B, Hoet PHM, Vanoirbeek JAJ. Proteome changes in auricular lymph nodes and serum after dermal sensitization to toluene diisocyanate in mice. Proteomics 2012; 12:3548-58. [PMID: 23038679 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Some reactive chemicals, such as diisocyanates, are capable of initiating an allergic response, which can lead to occupational asthma after a latency period. Clinical symptoms such as cough, wheezing, and dyspnea occur only late, making it difficult to intervene at an early stage. So far, most studies using proteomics in lung research have focused on comparisons of healthy versus diseased subjects. Here, using 2D-DIGE, we explored proteome changes in the local draining lymph nodes and serum of mice dermally sensitized once or twice with toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) before asthma is induced. In the lymph nodes, we found 38 and 58 differentially expressed proteins after one and two treatments, respectively, between TDI-treated and vehicle-treated mice. In serum, seven and 16 differentially expressed proteins were detected after one and two treatments, respectively. We identified 80-85% of the differentially expressed proteins by MS. Among them, lymphocyte-specific protein-1, coronin 1a, and hemopexin were verified by Western blotting or ELISA in an independent group of mice. This study revealed alterations in the proteomes early during sensitization in a mouse model before the onset of chemical-induced asthma. If validated in humans, these changes could lead to earlier diagnosis of TDI-exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Haenen
- Occupational, Environmental and Insurance Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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De Vooght V, Smulders S, Haenen S, Belmans J, Opdenakker G, Verbeken E, Nemery B, Hoet PHM, Vanoirbeek JAJ. Neutrophil and eosinophil granulocytes as key players in a mouse model of chemical-induced asthma. Toxicol Sci 2012; 131:406-18. [PMID: 23091170 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diisocyanates are an important cause of chemical-induced occupational asthma. This type of immunologically mediated asthma is often characterized by a predominant granulocytic inflammation in the airways, rather than an infiltration by lymphocytes. We sought to determine the contribution of granulocytes in the outcome of chemical-induced asthma using general and specific leukocyte depletion strategies in an established mouse model of isocyanate asthma. On days 1 and 8, BALB/c mice received dermal applications with toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) or vehicle (acetone olive oil), followed by two ip injections of cyclophosphamide (CP, days 11 and 13), or one iv injection of antigranulocyte receptor 1 (aGR1, day 13) monoclonal antibody (mAb), or two ip injections of Ly6G-specific mAb (1A8, days 13 and 14). On day 15, the mice were challenged (oropharyngeal administration) with TDI or vehicle. The next day, we assessed methacholine airway hyperreactivity (AHR); bronchoalveolar lavage differential cell count; histopathology and total serum IgE; and auricular lymphocyte subpopulations and release of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and gamma interferon by these lymphocytes. CP depleted all leukocyte types and completely prevented AHR and airway inflammation. aGR1 depleted granulocytes and CD8(+) lymphocytes, which resulted in a partial prevention in AHR but no decrease in airway inflammation. Depletion of Ly6G-positive granulocytes, i.e., both neutrophils and eosinophils, prevented AHR and lung epithelial damage and significantly reduced airway inflammation. Injection of aGR1 or 1A8 led to significantly changed cytokine release patterns in TDI-treated mice. Granulocytes, both neutrophils and eosinophils, are key cellular players in this model of chemical-induced asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa De Vooght
- Occupational, Environmental and Insurance Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Mailbox 706, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Arrandale VH, Kudla I, Kraut AG, Scott JA, Tarlo SM, Redlich CA, Holness DL. Skin and respiratory symptoms among workers with suspected work-related disease. Occup Med (Lond) 2012; 62:420-6. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqs133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Hussain S, Smulders S, De Vooght V, Ectors B, Boland S, Marano F, Van Landuyt KL, Nemery B, Hoet PHM, Vanoirbeek JAJ. Nano-titanium dioxide modulates the dermal sensitization potency of DNCB. Part Fibre Toxicol 2012; 9:15. [PMID: 22621278 PMCID: PMC3583227 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-9-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the ability of a model nanoparticle (NP) (titanium dioxide, TiO(2)) to modulate sensitization induced by a known potent dermal sensitizer (dinitrochlorobenzene) using a variant of the local lymph node assay called lymph node proliferation assay.BALB/c mice received sub-cutaneous injections of vehicle (2.5 mM sodium citrate), TiO(2) NPs (0.004, 0.04 or 0.4 mg/ml) or pigment particles (0.04 mg/ml) both stabilized in sodium citrate buffer at the base of each ear (2x50μl), before receiving dermal applications (on both ears) of 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) (2x25μl of 0.1%) or its vehicle (acetone olive oil - AOO (4:1)) on days 0, 1 and 2. On day 5, the stimulation index (SI) was calculated as a ratio of (3)HTdR incorporation in lymphocytes from DNBC-treated mice and AOO-treated controls. In a second experiment the EC(3)-value for DNCB (0 to 0.1%) was assessed in the absence or presence of 0.04 mg/ml TiO(2). In a third experiment, the lymphocyte subpopulations and the cytokine secretion profile were analyzed after TiO(2) (0.04 mg/ml) and DNCB (0.1%) treatment. Injection of NPs in AOO-treated control mice did not have any effect on lymph node (LN) proliferation. DNCB sensitization resulted in LN proliferation, which was further increased by injection of TiO(2) NPs before DNCB sensitization. The EC(3) of DNCB, with prior injection of vehicle control was 0.041%, while injection with TiO(2) decreased the EC(3) of DNCB to 0.015%. TiO(2) NPs pre-treatment did not alter the lymphocyte subpopulations, but significantly increased the level of IL-4 and decreased IL-10 production in DNCB treated animals.In conclusion, our study demonstrates that administration of nano-TiO(2) increases the dermal sensitization potency of DNCB, by augmenting a Th(2) response, showing the immunomodulatory abilities of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salik Hussain
- Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology CNRS EAC 4413, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Responses to Xenobiotics, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
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Abstract
Occupational asthma (OA) is one of the most common forms of work-related lung disease in all industrialized nations. The clinical management of patients with OA depends on an understanding of the multifactorial pathogenetic mechanisms that can contribute to this disease. This article discusses the various immunologic and nonimmunologic mechanisms and genetic susceptibility factors that drive the inflammatory processes of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zana L Lummus
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3255 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0563, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Salik Hussain
- Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Responses to Xenobiotics, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Research Unit for Lung Toxicology, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Lee CS, Yi EH, Kim HR, Huh SR, Sung SH, Chung MH, Ye SK. Anti-dermatitis effects of oak wood vinegar on the DNCB-induced contact hypersensitivity via STAT3 suppression. J Ethnopharmacol 2011; 135:747-753. [PMID: 21511023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIMS OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-dermatitis effects of oak wood vinegar (OWV) in a 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced contact dermatitis mice model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunoglobulin E (IgE) production, infiltration of immune cells (neutrophils, CD3+ cells), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, skin thickness, and expression of phosphorylated STAT3 (signal transducers and activators of transcription 3) protein were tested in a DNCB-induced contact dermatitis model. In vitro wound healing and proliferative assays were also performed. RESULTS OWV showed anti-inflammatory effects on DNCB-induced dermatitis in mice, leading to inhibition of IgE production, immune cell infiltration, and iNOS expression. Skin thickness and the level of phospho-STAT3 were dramatically reduced by OWV. Using the HaCaT human keratinocyte cell line, we confirmed that constitutive STAT3 activation induced faster proliferation of epithelial cells. In addition, OWV suppressed HaCaT proliferative ability and phospho-STAT3 levels. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed that OWV has anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects in a DNCB-induced contact dermatitis mice model. Furthermore, we showed that the mechanism by which OWV most likely inhibits epithelial proliferation is through STAT3 inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Seok Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehangno, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
The purpose of this article is to critically review the available evidence pertaining to occupational, environmental, and individual factors that can affect the development of occupational asthma (OA). Increasing evidence suggests that exploration of the intrinsic characteristics of OA-causing agents and associated structure-activity relationships offers promising avenues for quantifying the sensitizing potential of agents that are introduced in the workplace. The intensity of exposure to sensitizing agents has been identified as the most important environmental risk factor for OA and should remain the cornerstone for primary prevention strategies. The role of other environmental co-factors (e.g., non-respiratory routes of exposure and concomitant exposure to cigarette smoke and other pollutants) remains to be further delineated. There is convincing evidence that atopy is an important individual risk factor for OA induced by high-molecular-weight agents. There is some evidence that genetic factors, such as leukocyte antigen class II alleles, are associated with an increased risk of OA; however, the role of genetic susceptibility factors is likely to be obscured by complex gene-environment interactions. OA, as well as asthma in general, is a complex disease that results from multiple interactions between environmental factors and host susceptibilities. Determining these interactions is a crucial step towards implementing optimal prevention policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Vandenplas
- Department of Chest Medicine, Mont-Godinne Hospital, Université Catholique de Louvain, Yvoir, Belgium
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De Vooght V, Haenen S, Verbeken E, Nemery B, Hoet PHM, Vanoirbeek JAJ. Successful transfer of chemical-induced asthma by adoptive transfer of low amounts of lymphocytes in a mouse model. Toxicology 2010; 279:85-90. [PMID: 20888385 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We optimized an adoptive transfer protocol in our mouse model of TDI-induced asthma in order to investigate the mechanisms of this type of occupational asthma. METHODS On days 1 and 8, BALB/c mice were dermally sensitized with 0.3% TDI or vehicle (acetone/olive oil), and on day 15, they were sacrificed and a cell suspension was made from auricular lymph nodes. First, 0.1 x 10⁶, 0.5 x 10⁶, 1 x 10⁶ or 5 x 10⁶ cells were injected intravenously into naïve mice and three days later these mice received an oropharyngeal challenge with 0.01% TDI or vehicle. Second, mice were challenged with 0.01% TDI 1, 3, 5 or 7 days after transferring 0.5 x 10⁶ cells. The following endpoints were measured one day after challenge: methacholine reactivity; differential cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and total serum IgE. RESULTS Naïve mice receiving 0.5 x 10⁶, 1 x 10⁶ or 5 x 10⁶ cells showed significant increases in airway reactivity one day after TDI challenge; BAL neutrophils were increased after transferring 0.5 x 10⁶ and 1 x 10⁶ cells. A TDI challenge 3 days after transferring 0.5 x 10⁶ cells gave a 3-fold increase in airway resistance and a pronounced airway inflammation, whereas challenging at other time points gave no differences. CONCLUSION We were able to passively sensitize naïve mice using lymph node cells from TDI-sensitized mice, resulting in an asthma-like response after an airway challenge. In comparison to other adoptive transfer protocols we used substantially lower number of cells to obtain the desired response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa De Vooght
- Research Unit of Lung Toxicology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 706, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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De Vooght V, Vanoirbeek JAJ, Luyts K, Haenen S, Nemery B, Hoet PHM. Choice of mouse strain influences the outcome in a mouse model of chemical-induced asthma. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12581. [PMID: 20830207 PMCID: PMC2935354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of occupational asthma is the result of interactions between environmental factors and individual susceptibility. We assessed how our model of chemical-induced asthma is influenced by using different mouse strains. Methodology/Principal Findings On days 1 and 8, male mice of 7 different strains (BALB/c, BP/2, A/J, C57Bl/6, DBA/2, CBA and AKR) were dermally treated with toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) (0.3%) or vehicle (acetone/olive oil, AOO, 2∶3) on each ear (20 µl). On day 15, they received an oropharyngeal instillation of TDI (0.01%) or AOO (1∶4). Airway reactivity to methacholine, total and differential cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and total serum IgE and IgG2a levels were measured. Lymphocyte subpopulations in auricular lymph nodes and in vitro release of cytokines by ConA stimulated lymphocytes were assessed. In TDI-sensitized and challenged mice, airway hyper-reactivity was only observed in BALB/c, BP/2, A/J and AKR mice; airway inflammation was most pronounced in BALB/c mice; numbers of T-helper (CD4+), T-activated (CD4+CD25+), T-cytotoxic (CD8+) and B- lymphocytes (CD19+) were increased in the auricular lymph nodes of BALB/c, BP/2, A/J and CBA mice; elevated concentrations of IL-4, IL-10, IL-13 and IFN-γ were detected in supernatant of lymphocytes from BALB/c, BP/2, A/J, C57Bl/6 and CBA mice cultured with concanavaline A, along with an increase in total serum IgE. Conclusion The used mouse strain has considerable and variable impacts on different aspects of the asthma phenotype. The human phenotypical characteristics of chemically-induced occupational asthma were best reproduced in Th2-biased mice and in particular in BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa De Vooght
- Research Unit Lung Toxicology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Katrien Luyts
- Research Unit Lung Toxicology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Haenen
- Research Unit Lung Toxicology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benoit Nemery
- Research Unit Lung Toxicology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter H. M. Hoet
- Research Unit Lung Toxicology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Ban M, Langonné I, Goutet M, Huguet N, Pépin E. Simultaneous analysis of the local and systemic immune responses in mice to study the occupational asthma mechanisms induced by chromium and platinum. Toxicology 2010; 277:29-37. [PMID: 20732381 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
As a result of industrial development, increased exposure to platinum and chromium compounds and the subsequent development of occupational asthma (OA) has been reported. Although specific IgE antibodies, an indicator of allergic asthma, against chromium and platinum have been detected in workers with OA, the immunopathological mechanisms involved in this disease are not fully understood. To better understand these complex mechanisms, the local and systemic immune responses were simultaneously analyzed in mice sensitized and challenged three, four, or five times with sodium hexachloroplatinate (Pt salt) and with potassium dichromate (Cr salt) via the respiratory route. Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and anhydride trimellitic (TMA) were included in this study as reference compounds that induce Th1 and Th2 responses respectively. All the compounds studied may provoke pulmonary sensitization. In the Pt salt-treated mice with a significant increase in local Th2 cytokine production, the increase in IgE and mucus production and in eosinophil number had a positive correlation with the number of challenges (r=0.942, 0.976, and 0.978 respectively), whereas in the Cr salt-treated mice with no local increase in Th2 cytokines, the increase in IgE production and eosinophil numbers had an inverse correlation with the number of challenges (r=-0.895 and -0.999 respectively). The Th2-dominated response induced by Pt salt was very close to that induced by TMA and may thrive after the fifth challenge, probably due to the constancy of the significant decrease in IFN-γ level in the spleens. The results of the present work may increase our understanding of the immunopathological mechanisms of OA induced by platinum and chromium, and emphasize the advantage of simultaneously analyzing local and systemic immune response when studying respiratory allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masarin Ban
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), Département Polluants et Santé, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, 54019 Vandoeuvre Cedex, France.
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Abstract
Numerous occupational and environmental exposures that increase asthma risk have been identified. Research and prevention have focused primarily on the respiratory tract. However, recent studies suggest that the skin may also be an important route of exposure and site of sensitization that contributes to asthma development. Factors that impair skin barrier function, such as filaggrin gene mutations or skin trauma, may facilitate allergen entry and promote Th2-like sensitization and subsequent asthma. Animal studies demonstrate that skin exposure to chemical and protein allergens is highly effective at inducing sensitization, with subsequent inhalation challenge eliciting asthmatic responses. A similar role for human skin exposure to certain sensitizing agents, such as isocyanates, is likely. Skin exposure methodologies are being developed to incorporate skin exposure assessment into epidemiology studies investigating asthma risk factors.
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Boverhof DR, Gollapudi BB, Hotchkiss JA, Osterloh-Quiroz M, Woolhiser MR. A draining lymph node assay (DLNA) for assessing the sensitizing potential of proteins. Toxicol Lett 2010; 193:144-51. [PMID: 20060446 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for a simple and predictive model to identify the respiratory sensitization potential of (novel) proteins. The present study examined the use of a mouse draining lymph node assay (DLNA) approach, employing several routes of exposure, as a possible starting point for assessing protein sensitization potential. Consistent with the experimental procedure for the standard local lymph node assay (LLNA), female BALB/c mice were dosed dermally (topical), intranasally (IN) or by oropharyngeal aspiration (OP) on days 1, 2 and 3, and proliferation in the relevant draining lymph nodes was measured on day 6. For each route, the auricular, superficial cervical and tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN) were evaluated following treatment with Subtilisin Carlsberg (SUB; a potent sensitizer/allergen), ovalbumin (OVA; a potent food allergen), beta-lactoglobulin (BLG; a moderate food allergen), and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH; a strong immunogen with no reports of respiratory sensitization). Initial studies with OVA indicated that dermal administration did not stimulate lymph node proliferation. Responses in the tracheobronchial lymph node were most dramatic (stimulation indices up to 100) and reproducible for both the IN and OP routes. In a comparative experiment, all proteins induced lymph node proliferation with a rank order potency of SUB>KLH>OVA>BLG. The influence of the endotoxin content on lymph node proliferation was determined to be minimal, and did not impact the rank order potency. Molecular characterization of the TBLN at an equipotent proliferative dose was conducted for select gene transcripts based on research examining chemical sensitizers. Expression profiles differed among the four proteins, but the relevance of these responses was not clear and they did not further discriminate their allergic potential. These data illustrate both the opportunities and challenges associated with the examination of the draining lymph node proliferative response to assess the allergenic potential of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell R Boverhof
- Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, USA.
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Mishra NC, Rir-sima-ah J, March T, Weber W, Benson J, Jaramillo R, Seagrave JC, Schultz G, Grotendorst G, Sopori M. Sulfur mustard induces immune sensitization in hairless guinea pigs. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 10:193-9. [PMID: 19887117 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM, bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide) is a well known chemical warfare agent that may cause long-term debilitating injury. Because of the ease of production and storage, it has a strong potential for chemical terrorism; however, the mechanism by which SM causes chronic tissue damage is essentially unknown. SM is a potent protein alkylating agent, and we tested the possibility that SM modifies cellular antigens, leading to an immunological response to "altered self" and a potential long-term injury. To that end, in this communication, we show that dermal exposure of euthymic hairless guinea pigs induced infiltration of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells into the SM-exposed skin and strong upregulated expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-8) in distal tissues such as the lung and the lymph nodes. Moreover, we present evidence for the first time that SM induces a specific delayed-type hypersensitivity response that is associated with splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and proliferation of cells in these tissues. These results clearly suggest that dermal exposure to SM leads to immune activation, infiltration of T cells into the SM-exposed skin, delayed-type hypersensitivity response, and molecular imprints of inflammation in tissues distal from the site of SM exposure. These immunological responses may contribute to the long-term sequelae of SM toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neerad C Mishra
- Lovelace CounterACT Research Center of Excellence, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr. SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
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Fukuyama T, Tajima Y, Ueda H, Hayashi K, Shutoh Y, Saito TR, Harada T, Kosaka T. Investigation of the chemical-induced selective type II (TH2) allergic response in mice: Effect of the length of the sensitizing phase. J Immunotoxicol 2009; 6:75-83. [DOI: 10.1080/15476910902891319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Vanoirbeek JAJ, Tarkowski M, De Vooght V, Nemery B, Hoet PHM. Immunological determinants in a mouse model of chemical-induced asthma after multiple exposures. Scand J Immunol 2009; 70:25-33. [PMID: 19522764 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2009.02263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In a mouse model of chemical-induced asthma, we investigated the effects of multiple challenges, using toluene diisocyanate (TDI), a known cause of occupational asthma. On days 1 and 7, BALB/c mice received TDI or vehicle (acetone/olive oil). On days 10, 13 and 16 the mice received an intranasal instillation of TDI. Ventilatory function (Penh) was monitored by whole body plethysmography for 40 min after each challenge. Reactivity to methacholine was measured 22 h later. Pulmonary inflammation, TNF-alpha and MIP-2 levels were assessed 24 h after the last challenge by broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL). Other immunological parameters included total IgE, lymphocyte sub-populations in auricular and cervical lymph nodes, and IL-4, IFN-gamma and IL-13 levels in supernatants of lymph node cells, cultured with or without concanavalin A. Early ventilatory function and airway reactivity increased in all groups that received a dermal application and one or multiple intranasal challenges of TDI. After multiple challenges, lung inflammation was characterized by neutrophils (approximately 15%), and eosinophils (approximately 4%), along with an increase in BAL MIP-2 and TNF-alpha levels. The auricular and cervical lymph node cells of all sensitized mice showed an increase in B cells, Th cells and an increased concentration of in vitro release of IL-4, IFN-gamma and IL-13 after stimulation with concanavalin A. Total serum IgE was elevated in dermally TDI-sensitized mice. This protocol including multiple challenges results in a model that resembles human asthma, indicating that responses found in the model using a single challenge could be a good first indication for the development of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A J Vanoirbeek
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Research Unit of Lung Toxicology, Leuven, Belgium
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Cruz MJ, De Vooght V, Muñoz X, Hoet PHM, Morell F, Nemery B, Vanoirbeek JAJ. Assessment of the sensitization potential of persulfate salts used for bleaching hair. Contact Dermatitis 2009; 60:85-90. [PMID: 19207378 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persulfate salts have been associated with both allergic contact dermatitis and bronchial asthma. Because there is currently no experimental data available on the sensitizing properties of persulfate salts (ammonium, sodium, and potassium persulfates), we determined their dermal sensitizing capacity, using the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA). MATERIAL AND METHODS For three consecutive days, BALB/c mice were dermally treated with ammonium, sodium, or potassium persulfate or with the vehicle alone (dimethyl sulfoxide) on each ear (2 x 25 microl). On D6, mice were injected intravenously with [(3)H]-methyl thymidine. The draining auricular lymph nodes were removed, and the incorporation of [(3)H]-methyl thymidine was compared with that of vehicle-treated control mice. A stimulation index (SI) relative to the vehicle-treated control value was derived. The sensitizing potency of the chemicals tested was determined by estimating the concentration of chemical required to induce a SI of 3 (EC3). RESULTS All three chemicals provoked positive responses in the LLNA, with dose-dependent increases in proliferation. Maximal SIs recorded were 6.8 +/- 1.8, 6.5 +/- 1.2, and 5 +/- 1.0 at 5% for ammonium, sodium or potassium persulfate, respectively. The EC3 values were 1.9%, 0.9%, and 2.4% for ammonium, sodium, and potassium persulfates, respectively. CONCLUSIONS All three persulfate salts need to be considered strong-to-moderate sensitizers according to the murine LLNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Jesús Cruz
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain.
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De Jong WH, Arts JHE, De Klerk A, Schijf MA, Ezendam J, Kuper CF, Van Loveren H. Contact and respiratory sensitizers can be identified by cytokine profiles following inhalation exposure. Toxicology 2009; 261:103-11. [PMID: 19422874 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There are currently no validated animal models that can identify low molecular weight (LMW) respiratory sensitizers. The Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA) is a validated animal model developed to detect contact sensitizers using skin exposure, but all LMW respiratory sensitizers tested so far were also positive in this assay. Discrimination between contact and respiratory sensitizers can be achieved by the assessment of cytokine profiles. In a LLNA using the inhalation route, both contact and respiratory sensitizers enhanced proliferation in the draining lymph nodes. The question was if their cytokine profiles were affected by the route of exposure. Male BALB/c mice were exposed head/nose-only during 3 consecutive days to the respiratory sensitizers trimellitic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, toluene diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), and isophorone diisocyanate; the contact sensitizers dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), oxazolone (OXA) and formaldehyde (FA), and the irritant methyl salicylate (MS). Three days after the last exposure the draining lymph nodes were excised and cytokine production was measured after ex vivo stimulation with Concanavalin A. Skin application was used as a positive control. After inhalation exposure the respiratory sensitizers induced more interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin (IL-10) compared to the contact sensitizers, whereas the contact sensitizers, except formaldehyde, induced relatively more interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production. When IL-4 and IFN-gamma were plotted as a function of the proliferative response, it was shown that IL-4 could be used to identify respiratory sensitizers, except HDI, at concentration levels inducing intermediate stimulation indices. HDI could be distinguished from DNCB and OXA at high SI values. In contrast, contact sensitizers could only be identified when IFN-gamma was measured at high stimulation indices. The skin positive control, tested at high concentrations, showed comparable results for IL-4 and IL-10, whereas IFN-gamma levels could not be used to discriminate between respiratory and contact sensitizers. The contact sensitizer FA and the irritant MS did not induce significant cytokine production after inhalation and skin exposure. In conclusion, the respiratory LLNA is able to identify and distinguish strong contact and respiratory sensitizers when simultaneously proliferation and cytokine production are assessed in the upper respiratory tract draining LNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim H De Jong
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Vanoirbeek JAJ, Rinaldi M, De Vooght V, Haenen S, Bobic S, Gayan-Ramirez G, Hoet PHM, Verbeken E, Decramer M, Nemery B, Janssens W. Noninvasive and invasive pulmonary function in mouse models of obstructive and restrictive respiratory diseases. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 42:96-104. [PMID: 19346316 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0487oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary function analysis is an important tool in the evaluation of mouse respiratory disease models, but much controversy still exists on the validity of some tests. Most commonly used pulmonary function variables of humans are not routinely applied in mice, and the question of which pulmonary function is optimal for the monitoring of a particular disease model remains largely unanswered. Our study aimed to delineate the potential and restrictions of existing pulmonary function techniques in different respiratory disease models, and to determine some common variables between humans and mice. A noninvasive (unrestrained plethysmography) and two invasive pulmonary function devices (forced maneuvers system from Buxco Research Systems [Wilmington, NC] and forced oscillation technique from SCIREQ [Montreal, PQ, Canada]) were evaluated in well-established models of asthma (protein and chemical induced): a model of elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema, and a model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. In contrast to noninvasive tests, both invasive techniques were efficacious for the quantification of parenchymal disease via changes in functional residual capacity, total lung capacity, vital capacity, and compliance of the respiratory system. Airflow obstruction and airflow limitation at baseline were only present in emphysema, but could be significantly induced after methacholine challenge in mice with asthma, which correlated best with an increase of respiratory resistance. Invasive pulmonary functions allow distinction between respiratory diseases in mice by clinically relevant variables, and should become standard in the functional evaluation of pathological disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen A J Vanoirbeek
- Lung Toxicology Research Unit, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 706, Leuven, Belgium.
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Soto-Montenegro ML, Conejero L, Vaquero JJ, Baeza ML, Zubeldia JM, Desco M. Assessment of airway distribution of transnasal solutions in mice by PET/CT imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 2009; 11:263-8. [PMID: 19340489 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-009-0199-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transnasal administration is one of the most common routes for allergen challenge in mouse models of airway diseases. Although this technique is widely used, neither the amount of allergen that reaches the lung nor its airway distribution has been well established. We used positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT) to examine the anatomical distribution of a solution containing a tracer immediately after transnasal delivery and to determine the possible influence of age and administered volume. PROCEDURES Forty-six female BALB/c mice were divided into three groups according to instillation volume and age: (A) 15 microl, 8-10 weeks old (N = 10), (B) 30 microl, 8-10 weeks old (N = 20), and (C) 30 microl, 32 weeks old (N = 16). Anesthetized animals underwent a dynamic scan in a dedicated small-animal PET scanner immediately after transnasal administration of a solution containing (18)FDG. Regions of interest were used to obtain quantitative data. Animals were also imaged with a small-animal CT scanner to obtain complementary anatomical information. RESULTS Mean +/- SD (5.69 +/- 4.51%) of the solution administered reached the lungs in group A, 41.84 +/- 8.03% in group B, and 36.65 +/- 16.15% in group C. A comparable percentage was delivered to the left and right lungs in all the groups. Analysis of variance revealed a significant difference between the groups in the proportion of the solution that reached the lungs depending on the injection volume (P < 0.001), but not depending on animal age. CONCLUSIONS In this first report on quantitative imaging by PET and CT in small animals, we confirmed the suitability of the transnasal route with an instilled volume of 30 microl delivering fluids into the lower airways, although only about 40% of the dose reaches the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Soto-Montenegro
- Unidad de Medicina y Cirugía Experimental, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain
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Vanoirbeek JAJ, De Vooght V, Synhaeve N, Nemery B, Hoet PHM. Is toluene diamine a sensitizer and is there cross-reactivity between toluene diamine and toluene diisocyanate? Toxicol Sci 2009; 109:256-64. [PMID: 19332649 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Toluene diamine (TDA) is formed when toluene diisocyanate (TDI), a potent sensitizer, comes in contact with an aqueous environment. The sensitizing capacity of TDA and the cross-reactivity between TDI and TDA are unknown. TDA (5-25%) and TDI (0.3%), dissolved in acetone/olive oil (AOO) (4:1) were tested in the mouse local lymph node assay (LLNA). To determine the capacity of TDA to elicit an asthmatic response and to determine the cross-reaction with TDI, a locally developed experimental mouse model of chemical-induced asthma was used. On days 1 and 8, BALB/c mice received 20 microl of TDI (0.3%), TDA (20%), or AOO (4:1) on each ear. On day 15, they received an intranasal instillation of TDI (0.1%), TDA (0.5%) or AOO (3:2). The EC(3) of TDA in the LLNA is 19%. In the model of chemical-induced asthma, TDI induced a ventilatory response [increased Penh after challenge; increased airway hyperreactivity (AHR)], inflammatory changes (bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophils), and immunological changes (increased CD19(+) lymphocytes, IL-4 and total serum IgE), whereas TDA did not show any of these responses. Mice sensitized with TDI and challenged with TDA also did not show any airway or inflammatory response, although they had increased levels of total serum IgE. Mice sensitized with TDA and challenged with TDI did not show any response. According to the classification of sensitizers in the LLNA, TDA is a weak dermal sensitizer. In the experimental mouse model of chemical-induced asthma, TDA does not act as a respiratory sensitizer, at the concentration used. No cross-reactivity between TDI and TDA was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen A J Vanoirbeek
- Research Unit Lung Toxicology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Tarkowski M, Kur B, Polakowska E, Jabłońska E. Comparative studies of lymph node cell subpopulations and cytokine expression in murine model for testing the potentials of chemicals to induce respiratory sensitization. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2008; 21:253-62. [PMID: 19042193 DOI: 10.2478/v10001-008-0031-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate immunological changes in lymph nodes based on expression of cell-specific receptors and cytokine expression profile and accompanying inflammatory reactions in lungs of mice treated with chemicals of known potentials to induce respiratory sensitization and those in which activity in this regard is unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS On day 1 and 7, Balb/c mice received toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI), trimellitic anhydride (TMA), 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB), glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA), benzalkonium chloride (ChB) or vehicle. On day 14, they received a single intranasal instillation with the same chemical or vehicle. On day 15, auricular lymph nodes (LN) were excised and used for analyzes of T-, B-cells, expression of CD44 and for the estimation of IL-4 and IFN-gamma production after in vitro stimulation with concanavalin A (ConA) and also for IL-4 and IFN-gamma mRNA expression analyses using Real-Time PCR. Inflammatory changes in lungs were observed by estimation of TNF-alpha and MIP-2 concentrations and cell numbers and their type in BAL. RESULTS There were no significant changes in cell subpopulations of T helper cells in LN. The percent of B cells was significantly increased after treatment with DNCB, TDI, and GA. Increased expression of CD44 on T cells was also observed. Both IL-4 and IFN-gamma were found increased in TDI- and FA-treated mice, while only IL-4 was increased in TMA-treated mice. Real-Time PCR analyses, however, showed increased IL-4 mRNA expression for TDI- and TMA-, and IFN-gamma mRNA expression for DNCB-treated mice. We haven't observed significant changes in inflammatory reactions in the lungs of exposed animals. CONCLUSIONS Studying immunological changes with first determining the activation status of T cells followed by analyzes of expression of mRNA for Th1 and Th2 cytokines in murine model could be a useful method for assessment of the potentials of chemicals to induce respiratory sensitization but is not sufficient. Addition of ventilatory measurements, but not necessarily inflammatory reactions, could complete the model.
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De Vooght V, Vanoirbeek JAJ, Haenen S, Verbeken E, Nemery B, Hoet PHM. Oropharyngeal aspiration: an alternative route for challenging in a mouse model of chemical-induced asthma. Toxicology 2009; 259:84-9. [PMID: 19428947 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the importance of the route of challenge in an existing mouse model of chemical-induced asthma, we replaced intranasal instillation by oropharyngeal aspiration. To our knowledge, oropharyngeal aspiration as a challenge route has not yet been investigated in a mouse model of chemical-induced asthma. METHODS On days 1 and 8, mice were dermally sensitized with toluene diisocyanate (TDI) (0.3%) [or vehicle (acetone/olive oil)] and on day 15 they received a single challenge, via oropharyngeal aspiration, with TDI (0.01%) or vehicle. One day after challenge, airway reactivity to methacholine was measured by a forced oscillation technique (FlexiVent) and total and differential cell counts, as well as levels of KC, IL-5, IL-17 and TNF-alpha, were assessed in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Lymphocytes from the auricular and mediastinal lymph nodes were cultured to determine the concanavaline A-induced secretion of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17 and IFN-gamma. Total serum IgE was measured. RESULTS In TDI-sensitized mice, a significant increase in airway reactivity was found after a single oropharyngeal challenge with TDI. BAL neutrophils and eosinophils were increased 7- and 5-fold, respectively. An upregulation of Th1 (IFN-gamma), Th2 (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13) and Th17 (IL-17) cytokines was found in the auricular lymph nodes, in the mediastinal lymph nodes only IL-4 was upregulated. The total serum IgE level in TDI-sensitized mice was significantly increased when compared to control mice. CONCLUSION We conclude that challenging mice via oropharyngeal aspiration mimics the characteristics of human asthma well, without the possible drawbacks of other techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa De Vooght
- Research Unit of Lung Toxicology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 706, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Vanoirbeek JA, De Vooght V, Nemery B, Hoet PH. Multiple challenges in a mouse model of chemical-induced asthma lead to tolerance: ventilatory and inflammatory responses are blunted, immunologic humoral responses are not. Toxicology 2009; 257:144-52. [PMID: 19150644 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To improve our mouse model of chemical-induced asthma we compared a single with a multiple intranasal challenge protocol. BALB/c mice received toluene diisocyanate (TDI) or vehicle on each ear (days 1 and 8) with the first challenge by intranasal instillation given on day 15. In a "long" protocol, the mice received 1 to 6 intranasal instillations, with 1-week interval. In a "short" protocol, the mice received 6 intranasal challenges over a period of 10 days. The "early" ventilatory response and methacholine reactivity were measured. Broncho-alveolar-lavage (BAL), total serum immunoglobulins and draining lymph nodes were analyzed. After 1, 2 or 3 TDI challenges, a significant increase in airway reactivity, total cell count and neutrophils (15-20%) was found in TDI-treated mice. This response diminished with increasing numbers of challenges in both models. The percentage CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells decreased and the percentage CD19(+) cells increased in the lymph nodes, but these returned to control values with multiple challenges. IL-4 secretion increased in cervical lymph node cells in vitro. Total serum IgE levels were persistently increased in TDI-treated mice. Although humoral signs of allergy remain increased after multiple challenges, diminishing ventilatory and inflammatory responses are indicative of the induction of tolerance.
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