Effect of bulk and nano-Fe 2 O 3 particles on peanut plant leaves studied by Fourier transform infrared spectral studies

Immobilizing nanozymes on 3D-printed metal substrates for enhanced peroxidase-like activity and trace-level glucose detection

The prevalence of 3D-printed portable biomedical sensing devices, which are fashioned mainly from plastic and polymer materials, introduces a pressing concern due to their limited reusability and consequential generation of substantial disposable waste. Considering this, herein, we pioneered a ground-breaking advancement, i.e., a 3D-printed metal substrate-based enzyme. Our inventive methodology involved the synthesis of a thermally degraded Fe-based metal-organic framework, DEG 500, followed by its deposition on a 3D-printed metal substrate composed of Ti-Al-V alloy. This novel composite exhibited remarkable peroxidase-like activity in a range of different temperatures and pH, coupled with the ability to detect glucose in real-world samples such as blood and fruit juices. The exceptional enzymatic behaviour was attributed to the diverse iron (Fe) oxidation states and the presence of oxygen vacancies, as evidenced through advanced characterization techniques. Fundamentally, we rigorously explored the mechanistic pathway through controlled studies and theoretical calculations, culminating in a transformative stride toward more sustainable and effective biomedical sensing practices.

Nanotechnology in precision agriculture: Advancing towards sustainable crop production

Nanotechnology offers many potential solutions for sustainable agroecosystem, including improvement in nutrient use efficiency, efficacy of pest management, and minimizing the adverse environmental effects of agricultural production. Herein, we first highlighted the integrated application of nanotechnology and precision agriculture for sustainable productivity. Application of nanoparticle mediated material and advanced biosensors in precision agriculture is only possible by nanochips or nanosensors. Nanosensors offers the measurement of various stresses, soil quality parameters and detection of heavy metals along with the enhanced data collection, enabling precise decision-making and resource management in agricultural systems. Nanoencapsulation of conventional chemical fertilizers (known as nanofertilizers), and pesticides (known as nanopesticides) helps in sustained and slow release of chemicals to soils and results in precise dosage to plants. Further, nano-based disease detection kits are popular tools for early and speedy detection of viral diseases. Many other innovative approaches including biosynthesized nanoparticles have been evaluated and proposed at various scales, but in fact there are some barriers for practical application of nanotechnology in soil-plant system, including safety and regulatory concerns, efficient delivery at field levels, and consumer acceptance. Finally, we outlined the policy options and actions required for sustainable agricultural productivity, and proposed various research pathways that may help to overcome the upcoming challenges regarding practical implications of nanotechnology.

Adsorption and Desorption Study of Reusable Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Modified with Justicia adhatoda Leaf Extract for the Removal of Textile Dye and Antibiotic

The release of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) and methylene blue (MB) dye into the aquatic system uncontrollably caused major environmental and health problems; hence, their prevention required serious attention. Adsorption process is now being researched in order to increase adsorption efficiency and reprocess to alleviate environmental issues. The use of magnetic nanoparticle as an adsorbent for wastewater treatment has a lot of prospective. A magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle surface modified by Vasaka (Justicia adhatoda) leaf extract (JA-MIONs) is used to give a fast removal approach for MB dye and TCH antibiotics. Dynamic light scattering, UV-Vis and band gap measurement, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were operated to analyse the formation and size of these magnetic nanoparticles. The impacts of different factors such as contact time (30-150 min), adsorbate concentration (10-50 mg/L), pH (4-10), and adsorbent dose (2-10 mg) were explored. Adsorption kinetics and isotherms show that it follows the pseudo-first-order kinetic and the Freundlich isotherm, with maximum adsorption capacities of 76.92 mg/g for MB and 200 mg/g for TCH at 298 K. The reusability of the JA-MIONs eventually exhibited a decline in the adsorption percentage of MB and TCH after five and four times respectively. After the desorption-adsorption cycles, this adsorbent continued to exhibit significant adsorption capacity. This investigation furnished the significant reference data for the synthesis of JA-MIONs as a novel and auspicious adsorbent for the industrial clean-up of toxic dyes and heavily used antibiotics from water.

Fe2O3/diatomite materials as efficient photo-Fenton catalysts for ciprofloxacin removal

In this study, we used Fe₂O₃/diatomite material system toward ciprofloxacin (CIP) photo-Fenton removal in water under visible light (vis) excitation. The characterization of Fe₂O₃/diatomite catalysts was determined by X-ray diffraction patterns, Fourier-transform infrared analysis, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and scanning electron microscopy. The photo-Fenton catalytic activity of the Fe₂O₃/diatomite was appraised by the removal efficiency of the CIP throughout the effect of the H₂O₂ with various parameters such as initial pH, catalyst amount, and H₂O₂ amount. The results indicate that 0.2 gL^-1 Fe₂O₃/diatomite catalysts achieved the highest performance at approximately 90.03% with a 50 μL H₂O₂ concentration. Furthermore, the Fe₂O₃/diatomite catalysts have high stability, with over 80% CIP removed after five cycles. This study is inspired to develop a potential material for photo-Fenton degradation of antibiotics in wastewater.

Multifunctional Iron Oxide Nanocarriers Synthesis for Drug Delivery, Diagnostic Imaging, and Biodistribution Study

The aim of the current study is to design the radiolabeled and drug-loaded nanocarrier with high loading capacity and pH-dependent drug release characteristics that could effectively transport loaded compounds to various organs for efficient diagnostic imaging and chemotherapeutic drug delivery. The aqueous extract of green tea leaves was used to synthesize the small-sized iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). The nanoparticles were characterized with UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Iron oxide nanoparticles with sizes smaller than 50 nm were successfully synthesized, making them suitable for in vivo studies. In drug loading trials, 94% of the drug was loaded onto the active surface of iron oxide nanoparticles from the solution. The in vitro drug release study revealed that an acidic environment (pH 4.5) effectively triggers the release of doxorubicin (DOX) from the nanoparticles as compared to a neutral environment (pH 7.4). The gamma-emitting radionuclide ^99mTc was successfully labeled with IONPs for biodistribution and imaging studies. The efficiency of radiolabeling was observed to be ≥ 99%. Furthermore, the in vivo biodistribution study of radiolabeled IONPs in rabbit model showed rapid accumulation in various organs such as heart, liver, and kidneys. This work suggested that green synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles are potential nanocarriers for diagnostic imaging and efficiently distributing DOX to specific organs. The aqueous extract of green tea leaves was used for the facile green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). Furthermore, the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX) and gamma-emitting radionuclide ^99mTc were loaded on these iron oxide nanoparticles to evaluate the in vivo biodistribution and drug delivery studies in the rabbit models.

Adsorptive removal of tetracycline from aqueous solutions using magnetic Fe2O3 / activated carbon prepared from Cynometra ramiflora fruit waste

Herein, the sustainable fabrication of magnetic iron oxide nanoadsorbent prepared with activated carbon of inedible Cynometra ramiflora fruit has been investigated. Activated carbon was obtained from phosphoric acid-treated C. ramiflora fruit, which was then utilized for the synthesis of magnetic nanocomposite (CRAC@Fe₂O₃). The formed nanocomposite was a porous irregular dense matrix of amorphous evenly sized spherical nanoparticles, as visualized by FESEM, and also contained carbon, oxygen, iron, and phosphorous in its elemental composition. FT-IR spectrum depicted characteristic bands attributing to Fe-O, C-OH, C-N, CC, and -OH bonds. VSM and XRD results proved that CRAC@Fe₂O₃ was superparamagnetic with a moderate degree of crystallinity and high saturation magnetization value (1.66 emu/g). Superior surface area, pore size, and pore volume of 766.75 m²/g, 2.11 nm, and 0.4050 cm³/g respectively were measured on BET analysis of CRAC@Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite, indicating their suitability for use as an adsorbent. On application of this nanocomposite for adsorption of tetracycline, maximum removal of 95.78% of 50 ppm TC at pH 4, CRAC@Fe₂O₃ 0.4 g/L in 240 min. The adsorption of TC by CRAC@Fe₂O₃ was confirmed as monolayer sorption by ionic interaction (R² = 0.9999) as it followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm (R² = 0.9801). CRAC@Fe₂O₃ showed a maximum adsorption capacity of 312.5 mg/g towards TC antibiotics indicating its potential for the treatment of antibiotic-contaminated samples. Since negative ΔG^o and positive ΔH^o and ΔS^o values were obtained at all tested temperatures during the thermodynamic studies, the adsorption was confirmed to be endothermic, spontaneous, and feasible with an enhanced degree of randomness.

Phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis bio-mimics quantum dots photocatalytic activity: A novel approach for dye degradation

In our present study, the photocatalytic degradation of malachite green (MG) an organic dye was carried out using a phycocyanin extract of Spirulina platensis under the irradiation of sunlight. The aim of the present study is to incorporate a simple, novel, an eco-friendly, and cost-effective degradation of dyes without using any harmful metals and chemicals. It was observed that 25 ppm of MG dye got degraded nearly to 100 % at 3 h. The UV absorbance studies indicate the absence of a peak at 620 nm which is a conclusive evidence for MG dye degradation. An optimization study of MG dye degradation was evaluated by Response Surface Methodology using Minitab module 20.4.0.0 statistical software and its percentage of degradation was statistically analyzed using analystat. The FT-IR studies of raw spectra show minimal variation; however, the deconvoluted spectra in the region of 1600-1700 cm^-1 indicate the variation in the secondary structure of amide I bands that leads to the dye degradation. The dye degradation study mainly follows the first-order kinetics between the time intervals of 60-180 min. The characteristics of degraded water were assessed by a TOC analyzer. The value of total inorganic carbon (TIC) in MG before treatment was 90 mg/L and seems to be slightly high when compared to MG after treatment which was found to be 87.65 mg/L and the adsorbent-treated water with a low value of 54.25 mg/L. These results well matched with the characteristics of normal water. The presence of phycocyanin in the degraded water was effectively removed by treating with activated carbon and it was confirmed with fluorescence analysis. These results support that the MG dye degradation was exhibited by phycocyanin extract and bio-mimics the quantum dot photocatalytic activity.

Nanofertilizers for agricultural and environmental sustainability

Indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers in the agricultural production systems to keep pace with the food and nutritional demand of the galloping population had an adverse impact on ecosystem services and environmental quality. Hence, an alternative mechanism is to be developed to enhance farm production and environmental sustainability. A nanohybrid construct like nanofertilizers (NFs) is an excellent alternative to overcome the negative impact of traditional chemical fertilizers. The NFs provide smart nutrient delivery to the plants and proves their efficacy in terms of crop productivity and environmental sustainability over bulky chemical fertilizers. Plants can absorb NFs by foliage or roots depending upon the application methods and properties of the particles. NFs enhance the biotic and abiotic stresses tolerance in plants. It reduces the production cost and mitigates the environmental footprint. Multitude benefits of the NFs open new vistas towards sustainable agriculture and climate change mitigation. Although supra-optimal doses of NFs have a detrimental effect on crop growth, soil health, and environmental outcomes. The extensive release of NFs into the environment and food chain may pose a risk to human health, hence, need careful assessment. Thus, a thorough review on the role of different NFs and their impact on crop growth, productivity, soil, and environmental quality is required, which would be helpful for the research of sustainable agriculture.

Fate, bioaccumulation and toxicity of engineered nanomaterials in plants: Current challenges and future prospects

The main focus of this review is to discuss the current advancement in nano-metallic caused phytotoxicity on living organisms and current challenges in crops. Nanostructured materials provide new tools in agriculture to boost sustainable food production, but the main concern is that large-scale production and release of nanomaterials (NMs) into the ecosystem is a rising threat to the surrounding environment that is an urgent challenge to be addressed. The usage of NMs directly influences the transport pathways within plants, which directly relates to their stimulatory/ inhibitory effects. Because of the unregulated nanoparticles (NMs) exposure to soil, they are adsorbed at the root surface, followed by uptake and inter/intracellular mobility within the plant tissue, while the aerial exposure is taken up by foliage, mostly through cuticles, hydathodes, stigma, stomata, and trichomes, but the actual mode of NMs absorption into plants is still unclear. NMs-plant interactions may have stimulatory or inhibitory effects throughout their life cycle depending on their composition, size, concentration, and plant species. Although many publications on NMs interactions with plants have been reported, the knowledge on their uptake, translocation, and bioaccumulation is still a question to be addressed by the scientific community. One of the critical aspects that must be discovered and understood is detecting NMs in soil and the uptake mechanism in plants. Therefore, the nanopollution in plants has yet to be completely understood regarding its impact on plant health, making it yet another artificial environmental influence of unknown long-term consequences. The present review summarizes the uptake, translocation, and bioaccumulation of NMs in plants, focusing on their inhibitory effects and mechanisms involved within plants.

Co-Existence of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Manganese Oxide Nanorods as Decoration of Hollow Carbon Spheres for Boosting Electrochemical Performance of Li-Ion Battery

Here, we report that mesoporous hollow carbon spheres (HCS) can be simultaneously functionalized: (i) endohedrally by iron oxide nanoparticle and (ii) egzohedrally by manganese oxide nanorods (FexOy/MnO2/HCS). Detailed analysis reveals a high degree of graphitization of HCS structures. The mesoporous nature of carbon is further confirmed by N2 sorption/desorption and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. The fabricated molecular heterostructure was tested as the anode material of a lithium-ion battery (LIB). For both metal oxides under study, their mixture stored in HCS yielded a significant increase in electrochemical performance. Its electrochemical response was compared to the HCS decorated with a single component of the respective metal oxide applied as a LIB electrode. The discharge capacity of FexOy/MnO2/HCS is 1091 mAhg-1 at 5 Ag-1, and the corresponding coulombic efficiency (CE) is as high as 98%. Therefore, the addition of MnO2 in the form of nanorods allows for boosting the nanocomposite electrochemical performance with respect to the spherical nanoparticles due to better reversible capacity and cycling performance. Thus, the structure has great potential application in the LIB field.

Construction of three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide wrapped nZVI doped with Al2O3 as the ternary Fenton-like catalyst: Optimization, characterization and catalytic mechanism

The rational design and synthesis of novel nanocomposites as effective heterogeneous catalysts is meaningful for the advances in Fenton-like technology. Herein, multiple variants of three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide wrapped nZVI doped with Al₂O₃ (3D-RGO@nZVI/Al₂O₃) were prepared by three different self-assembly methods. The composites were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, Raman spectrum analysis, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A series of experiments on chloramphenicol degradation at different pH values were employed to evaluate the catalytic properties of the prepared catalysts. With the systematical investigation of their morphologies, chemical components and catalytic performance, the optimal 3D-RGO@nZVI/Al₂O₃ catalyst was synthesized, which was favorable for inducing the Fenton-like reaction by activation of dissolved oxygen (DO) within a wide pH range. The anchored nZVI particles were the main active sites for catalytic oxidation, and doped Al³⁺ played a major role in buffering the pH of CAP solution. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy revealed the existence of the superoxide radicals (·O₂^-) and singlet oxygen (¹O₂), which provides a new insight into the reaction mechanism of reactive oxygen species in the Fenton-like system. This work is an essential effort to explore the promoting effect of synthesis methods on the catalytic behavior of catalysts, and to further study the Fenton-like reaction triggered by DO activation.

Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticle using Carica papaya leaf extract: application for photocatalytic degradation of remazol yellow RR dye and antibacterial activity

Synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles by the recently developed green approach is extremely promising because of its non-toxicity and environmentally friendly behavior. In this study, nano scaled iron oxide particles (α-Fe₂O₃) were synthesized from hexahydrate ferric chloride (FeCl₃.6H₂O) with the addition of papaya (Carica papaya) leaf extract under atmospheric conditions. The synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles was confirmed by systematic characterization using FTIR, XRD, FESEM, EDX and TGA studies. The removal efficiency of remazol yellow RR dye with the synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles as a photocatalyst was determined along with emphasizing on the parameters of catalyst dosage, initial dye concentration and pH. Increasing the dose of iron oxide nanoparticles enhanced the decolorization of the dyes and a maximum 76.6% dye degradation was occurred at pH 2 after 6 h at a catalyst dose of 0.8 g/L. Unit removal capacity of the photocatalyst was found to be 340 mg/g at dye concentration of 70 ppm and at a catalyst dose of 0.4 g/L. The synthesized nanoparticles showed moderate antibacterial activity against Klebsiella spp., E.Coli, Pseudomonas spp., S.aureus bacterial strains. Although the cytotoxic effect of nanoparticles against Hela, BHK-21 and Vero cell line was found to be toxic at maximum doses but it can be considered for tumor cell damage because it showed excellent activity against the Hela and BHK-21 cell lines.

Enhanced removal of vanadium(V) from groundwater by layered double hydroxide-supported nanoscale zerovalent iron

To reduce the toxicity of vanadium(V) [V(V)] and inhibit the desorption of adsorbed vanadium in groundwater, we synthesized nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) dispersed on layered double hydroxide (LDH) composites (nZVI@LDH) to remove V(V) from simulated groundwater. We found that nZVI@LDH could reduce high-valence vanadium to low-valence vanadium, then forming vanadium-containing precipitation to reduce the toxicity and inhibiting vanadium from returning to groundwater. SEM and XRD characterizations exhibited the uniform dispersal of nZVI on the surface of LDH. nZVI@LDH with nZVI/LDH at a mass ratio of 1:2 provided the maximum adsorption capacity of 93.7 mg g^-1 at pH 3.0. Coexisting anions and dissolved oxygen in groundwater have little effect on V(V) removal. nZVI@LDH performed well across a wide pH range (3.0-8.0). The surface characterizations and XPS analysis revealed that LDH as supporting materials inhibited the aggregation and passivation of nZVI. The adsorbed V(V) was reduced to V(IV) and V(III) by nZVI and spontaneously transformed into insoluble VO₂ and V₂O₃. The DFT calculations indicated the strong complexation and better stability of the V(IV) and V(III) species with nZVI@LDH than V(V). This work suggests that nZVI@LDH has the potential to serve as an efficient material for the immobilization of V(V) in groundwater.

One-pot hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of magnetic nanocomposite of titania-deposited copper ferrite/ferrite oxide for photocatalytic decomposition of methylene blue dye

The pure titania (TiO2) and the heterogeneous ternary magnetic nanocomposite of copper ferrite/ferrite oxide (CuFe2O4/Fe2O3) deposited by titanium dioxide (TiO2) were fabricated using a facile one-pot hydrothermal synthesis for the photocatalytic decomposition of methylene blue (MB) dye, under visible light. The nanocomposite was encoded as TCF in this work, where T stands for TiO2, C for CuFe2O4 and F for Fe2O3. Various techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, nitrogen physisorption, and vibrational sample magnetometry (VSM) were used to characterize the prepared samples. The PXRD data showed that the samples had pure anatase structure and the average crystal size of anatase TiO2 in the pure titania and ternary nanocomposite were calculated 147 Å and 135 Å, respectively. The nitrogen physisorption analysis data showed that the pore diameter was increased from 10.6 nm in pure titania to 16.0 nm in TCF. The pore volume was also increased from 0.316 in titania to 0.383 cm3/g in TCF sample. It also increased the typical magnitude of the mesopores’ diameter and volume per weight but it reduced the specific surface area of the samples. The VSM analysis of the ternary nanocomposite showed a considerable magnetic property of the sample (1.99 emu/g), qualifying it as a paramagnetic material. The photocatalytic decomposition efficiency of MB reached 77% and 68% in the presence of pure titania and TCF ternary nanocomposite, after 240-min exposure by the visible light. Active species trapping experiments showed that the major active species responsible for the photodecomposition of MB in the presence of TCF are $${\text{O}}_{2}^{ \cdot - }$$O2·- radicals and holes (h+).

How does aquatic macrophyte Salvinia auriculata respond to nanoceria upon an increased CO2 source? A Fourier transform-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy and chlorophyll a fluorescence study

With the continued increase of technological uses of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO₂ NPs or nanoceria) and their unregulated disposal, the accumulation of nanoceria in the environment is inevitable. Concomitantly, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels continue to rise, increasing the concentrations of bicarbonate ions in aquatic ecosystems. This study investigates the influence of CeO₂ NPs (from 0 to 100 μgL^-1) in the presence and absence of an elevated bicarbonate (HCO₃^-) ion concentration (1 mM), on vibrational biochemical parameters and photosystem II (PSII) activity in leaf discs of Salvinia auriculata. Fourier transform-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) was capable of diagnostic use to understand biochemical and metabolic changes in leaves submitted to the CeO₂ NPs and also detected interactive responses between CeO₂ NPs and HCO₃^- exposure at the tissue level. The results showed that the higher CeO₂ NPs levels in the presence of HCO₃^- increased the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and coefficient of photochemical quenching in dark (qP_d) compared to the absence of HCO₃. Moreover, the presence of HCO₃^- significantly decreased the NPQ at all levels of CeO₂ NPs demonstrating that HCO₃^- exposure may change the non-radiative process involved in the operation of the photosynthetic apparatus. Overall, the results of this study are useful for providing baseline information on the interactive effects of CeO₂ NPs and elevated HCO₃^- ion concentration on photosynthetic systems.

The role of positively charged sites in the interaction between model cell membranes and γ-Fe2O3 NPs

The various applications of iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) in clinical care and wastewater treatment are rapidly developing, thus their biological safety is worth attention. The electrostatic interaction between cell membranes and NPs is the key mechanism behind membrane damage and membrane penetration. Cell membranes are generally negatively charged with a few positively charged domains. The role of the positively charged sites in the NP-membrane interaction needs further investigation. In this study, the ratio of the positively charged sites was adjusted in two model cell membranes: giant and small unilamellar vesicles (GUVs and SUVs). After exposure to negatively charged γ-Fe₂O₃ NPs, the adhesion of NPs on the membranes and the induced membrane disruption were studied by microscopic observation and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) monitoring. γ-Fe₂O₃ NPs adhered to and disrupted the membranes containing even few positively charged sites, although the whole membrane exhibited a negative zeta potential and hence electrostatically repels the NPs. The number of adhered γ-Fe₂O₃ NPs increased remarkably on membranes with overall positive zeta potential, but more serious disruption happened to membranes with higher ratios of positively charged sites. Therefore, the membrane rupture was more correlated to the number of positively charged sites than to the zeta potential of the whole membrane. In addition, exposure to γ-Fe₂O₃ NPs decreased the order of the lipid molecules and hence increased the fluidity of the membrane phase, and the most significant phase change occurred in the negatively charged membrane with the highest ratio of positively charged sites. Infrared spectra indicated that γ-Fe₂O₃ NPs probably interact with the membranes via the phosphodiester and trimethylamine groups in the lipid head groups. Our research furthers our knowledge of the electrostatic interaction between NPs and cell membranes, which should help to predict the biological effects of γ-Fe₂O₃ NPs.

Recent Developments on Nanotechnology in Agriculture: Plant Mineral Nutrition, Health, and Interactions with Soil Microflora

Plant mineral nutrition is important for obtaining higher agricultural productivity to meet the future demands of the increasing global human population. It is envisaged that nanotechnology can provide sustainable solutions by replacing traditional bulk fertilizers with their nanoparticulate counterparts possessing superior properties to overcome the current challenges of bioavailability and uptake of minerals, increasing crop yield, reducing fertilizer wastage, and protecting the environment. Recent studies have shown that nanoparticles of essential minerals and nonessential elements affect plant growth, physiology, and development, depending on their size, composition, concentration, and mode of application. The current review includes the recent findings on the positive as well as negative effects that nanofertilizers exert on plants when applied via foliar and soil routes, their effects on plant associated microorganisms, and potential for controlling agricultural pests. This review suggests future research needed for the development of sustained release nanofertilizers for enhancing food production and environmental protection.

Carvacrol and linalool co-loaded in β-cyclodextrin-grafted chitosan nanoparticles as sustainable biopesticide aiming pest control

Pesticides are the main tactics for pest control because they reduce the pest population very fast and their efficiency does not depend on abiotic factors. However, the indiscriminate use of these substances can speed up the development of resistant populations and causing environmental contamination. Therefore, alternative methods of pest control are sought, such as the use of botanical compounds. Nanoencapsulation of volatile compounds has been shown to be an important tool that can be used to overcome the lack of stability of these compounds. In this work, we describe the preparation and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles functionalized with β-cyclodextrin containing carvacrol and linalool. The toxicity and biological activity were evaluated. Decreases of toxicity were observed when the compounds were nanoencapsulated. The nanoparticles presented insecticidal activity against the species Helicoverpa armigera (corn earworm) and Tetranychus urticae (spider mite). In addition, repellent activity and reduction in oviposition were observed for the mites.

Synthesis and characterization of ZnO phytonanocomposite using Strychnos nux-vomica L. (Loganiaceae) and antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains from diabetic foot ulcer

Nanobiotechnology has been emerged as an efficient technology for the development of antimicrobial nanoparticles through an eco-friendly approach. In this study, green synthesized phytonanocomposite of ZnO from Strychnos nux-vomica leaf aqueous extract was characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), UV–visible-spectroscopy, Photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), High-resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM), and Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Antibacterial activity was investigated against multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR) isolated from diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), such as MDR–methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), MDR–Escherichia coli, MDR–Pseudomonas aeruginosa, MDR–Acinetobacter baumannii, as well as against standard bacterial strains, S. aureus ATCC 29213, E. coli ATCC 25922, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and E. faecalis ATCC 29212 through disc diffusion assays on Muller Hinton Agar. The characterization studies revealed a size-controlled synthesis of quasi-spherical hexagonal wurtzite structured ZnO phytonanocomposite with an average size of 15.52 nm. Additionally, remarkable bactericidal activities against MDR clinical as well as ATCC bacterial strains were exhibited, with a maximum zone of inhibition of 22.33 ± 1.53 mm (against S. aureus ATCC 29213) and 22.33 ± 1.16 mm (MDR–MRSA) at a concentration of 400 µg/mL. This study thus established the possibility of developing antimicrobial ZnO nanocomposite of Strychnos nux-vomica leaf extract to combat developing drug resistance currently being experienced in health care facilities.

Physiological and biochemical response of plants to engineered NMs: Implications on future design

Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) form the basis of a great number of commodities that are used in several areas including energy, coatings, electronics, medicine, chemicals and catalysts, among others. In addition, these materials are being explored for agricultural purposes. For this reason, the amount of ENMs present as nanowaste has significantly increased in the last few years, and it is expected that ENMs levels in the environment will increase even more in the future. Because plants form the basis of the food chain, they may also function as a point-of-entry of ENMs for other living systems. Understanding the interactions of ENMs with the plant system and their role in their potential accumulation in the food chain will provide knowledge that may serve as a decision-making framework for the future design of ENMs. The purpose of this paper was to provide an overview of the current knowledge on the transport and uptake of selected ENMs, including Carbon Based Nanomaterials (CBNMs) in plants, and the implication on plant exposure in terms of the effects at the macro, micro, and molecular level. We also discuss the interaction of ENMs with soil microorganisms. With this information, we suggest some directions on future design and areas where research needs to be strengthened. We also discuss the need for finding models that can predict the behavior of ENMs based on their chemical and thermodynamic nature, in that few efforts have been made within this context.

In vitro assessment of physiological changes of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) upon iron oxide nanoparticles exposure

With the rapid development of nanotechnology, developing nano iron fertilizer is an important strategy to alleviate Fe deficiency and elevate Fe fertilization effect in agricultural applications. In this study, watermelon seedlings were grown in soil amended with iron oxide nanoparticles (γ-Fe₂O₃ NPs) at different concentrations (0, 20, 50, 100 mg/L). The content of soluble sugar and protein, content of chlorophyll and malondialdehyde (MDA), and activity of antioxidant enzymes of watermelon leaves were determined in five successive weeks to evaluate the physiological changes of watermelon plants after γ-Fe₂O₃ NPs exposure. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations indicated that γ-Fe₂O₃ NPs could enter root cell of watermelon. Results showed that 20 mg/L γ-Fe₂O₃ NPs didn't cause any oxidative stress on watermelon and 50 mg/L γ-Fe₂O₃ NPs could increase soluble sugar, soluble protein and chlorophyll content in the growth of plants. In addition, 50 and 100 mg/L γ-Fe₂O₃ NPs caused oxidative stress on watermelon leaves, but this NP-induced stress was removed with the growth of watermelon. It is noteworthy that we found γ-Fe₂O₃ NPs might possess an intrinsic peroxidase-like activity. The variation trend of physiological parameters was correlated with the nutritional requirements of plants. It can be concluded that γ-Fe₂O₃ NPs at proper concentrations have the ability to improve iron deficiency chlorosis and promote the growth of watermelon plants. To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first holistic study focusing on the impact of γ-Fe₂O₃ NPs in long-term experiment of watermelon plants.