1
|
Yazaki M, Aihara T, Okamoto D, Saito S, Suzuki H, Nogami S, Yamauchi K. Comparison of three-dimensional soft tissue changes according to the split pattern after sagittal split osteotomy in patients with skeletal class III malocclusion. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 28:34. [PMID: 38147171 PMCID: PMC10751263 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to analyse the changes in soft tissue and hard tissue stability associated with the split pattern, i.e. long split (LS) or short split (SS), after sagittal split osteotomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients who underwent sagittal split ramus osteotomy were classified into LS or SS groups according to postoperative computed tomography images. They were examined via lateral cephalography and three-dimensional (3D) optical scanning before surgery (T0) and 1 (T1), 3 (T2), and 12 (T3) months after surgery. Six standard angles (SNA, SNB, ANB, FMA, FMIA, and IMPA) were used as measures of hard tissue change. The two sets of 3D data were superimposed, and the volumetric differences were calculated as the soft tissue change. The areas evaluated were delimited by 10 × 20-mm rectangles in the frontal aspect and a 25 × 25-mm square in the lateral aspect. RESULTS A total of 42 sides (26 patients) were analysed, including 20 (16 patients) in the SS group and 22 (16 patients) in the LS group. We found no significant differences in cephalographic angle or soft tissue changes in the frontal aspect between the SS and LS groups. We found significant differences in the subauricular region from T0-T1 (p = 0.02), T0-T2 (p = 0.03), and T0-T3 (p = 0.037) in terms of soft tissue changes in the lateral aspect. The volume increase associated with posterior mandibular movement was greater in the LS group. CONCLUSIONS We found that LS patients with mandibular prognathism exhibited increased subauricular volumes following mandibular setback. CLINICAL RELEVANCE It is essential to predict the postoperative facial profile before surgery. The split pattern after sagittal split osteotomy affects the postoperative profile of patients with mandibular prognathism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Yazaki
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tomoki Aihara
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Daigo Okamoto
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shizu Saito
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hikari Suzuki
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Nogami
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kensuke Yamauchi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Singh P, Hsung RTC, Ajmera DH, Leung YY, McGrath C, Gu M. Can smartphones be used for routine dental clinical application? A validation study for using smartphone-generated 3D facial images. J Dent 2023; 139:104775. [PMID: 37944629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the accuracy of smartphone-generated three-dimensional (3D) facial images to that of direct anthropometry (DA) and 3dMD with the aim of assessing the validity and reliability of smartphone-generated 3D facial images for routine clinical applications. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-five anthropometric soft-tissue facial landmarks were labelled manually on 22 orthognathic surgery patients (11 males and 11 females; mean age 26.2 ± 5.3 years). For each labelled face, two imaging operations were performed using two different surface imaging systems: 3dMDface and Bellus3D FaceApp. Next, 42 inter-landmark facial measurements amongst the identified facial landmarks were measured directly on each labelled face and also digitally on 3D facial images. The measurements obtained from smartphone-generated 3D facial images (SGI) were statistically compared with those from DA and 3dMD. RESULTS SGI had slightly higher measurement values than DA and 3dMD, but there was no statistically significant difference between the mean values of inter-landmark measures across the three methods. Clinically acceptable differences (≤3 mm or ≤5°) were observed for 67 % and 74 % of measurements with good agreement between DA and SGI, and 3dMD and SGI, respectively. An overall small systematic bias of ± 0.2 mm was observed between the three methods. Furthermore, the mean absolute difference between DA and SGI methods was highest for linear (1.41 ± 0.33 mm) as well as angular measurements (3.07 ± 0.73°). CONCLUSIONS SGI demonstrated fair trueness compared to DA and 3dMD. The central region and flat areas of the face in SGI are more accurate. Despite this, SGI have limited clinical application, and the panfacial accuracy of the SGI would be more desirable from a clinical application standpoint. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The usage of SGI in clinical practice for region-specific macro-proportional facial assessment involving central and flat regions of the face or for patient education purposes, which does not require accuracy within 3 mm and 5° can be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Singh
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Richard Tai-Chiu Hsung
- Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Chu Hai College, Hong Kong SAR, China; Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Deepal Haresh Ajmera
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yiu Yan Leung
- Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Colman McGrath
- Discipline of Applied Oral Sciences & Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Min Gu
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang XW, Yang HF, Wang EB, Cui XY, Zhao YJ, Jiang JH. Slim the face or not: 3D change of facial soft and hard tissues after third molars extraction: a pilot study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:508. [PMID: 37479973 PMCID: PMC10362706 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03214-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether slim the face or not after removed third molars is the concern of some orthodontic treatment candidates. The aim of this article is to explore the volume changes of facial soft and hard tissues after third molars extraction, as well as develop a reproducible clinical protocol to precisely assess facial soft tissue volume change. METHODS A non-randomized, non-blind, self-controlled pilot study was conducted. 24 adults aged 18-30 had ipsilateral third molars extracted. The body weight change was controlled within 2 kg. Structured light scans were taken under a standardized procedure pre-extraction (T0), three (T1), and six (T2) months post-extraction; CBCTs were taken at T0 and T2. The projection method was proposed to measure the soft tissue volume (STV) and the soft tissue volume change (STVC) by the Geomagic software. The hard tissue volume change (HTVC) was measured in the Dragonfly software. RESULTS The final sample size is 23, including 5 males (age 26.6 ± 2.5 years) and 18 females (age 27.3 ± 2.5 years). The HTVC was - 2.33 ± 0.46ml on the extraction side. On the extraction side, the STV decreased by 1.396 (95% CI: 0.323-2.470) ml (P < 0.05) at T1, and increased by 1.753 (95% CI: -0.01-3.507) ml (P = 0.05) at T2. T2 and T0 had no difference (P > 0.05). The inter and intra-raters ICC of the projection method was 0.959 and 0.974. There was no correlation between the STVC and HTVC (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS After ipsilateral wisdom teeth extraction, the volume of hard tissue on the extraction side reduces, and the volume of facial soft tissue does not change evidently. However, further research with large sample size is still needed. The STV measurement has excellent repeatability. It can be extended to other interested areas, including forehead, nose, paranasal, upper lip, lower lip and chin, which is meaningful in the field of orthodontics and orthopedics. TRIAL REGISTRATION ChiCTR, ChiCTR1800018305 (11/09/2018), http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=28868 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Wen Wang
- Third Clinical Division, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, CN, China
| | - Hui-Fang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, CN, China
| | - En-Bo Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, CN, China
| | - Xin-Yu Cui
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, #22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, CN, 100081, China
| | - Yi-Jiao Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, CN, China
| | - Jiu-Hui Jiang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, #22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, CN, 100081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nieberle F, Spoerl S, Lottner LM, Spanier G, Schuderer JG, Fiedler M, Maurer M, Ludwig N, Meier JK, Ettl T, Reichert TE, Taxis J. Direct Anthropometry Overestimates Cranial Asymmetry-3D Digital Photography Proves to Be a Reliable Alternative. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13101707. [PMID: 37238192 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13101707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study compared manual and digital measurements of plagiocephaly and brachycephaly in infants and evaluated whether three-dimensional (3D) digital photography measurements can be used as a superior alternative in everyday clinical practice. A total of 111 infants (103 with plagiocephalus and 8 with brachycephalus) were included in this study. Head circumference, length and width, bilateral diagonal head length, and bilateral distance from the glabella to the tragus were assessed by manual assessment (tape measure and anthropometric head calipers) and 3D photographs. Subsequently, the cranial index (CI) and cranial vault asymmetry index (CVAI) were calculated. Measured cranial parameters and CVAI were significantly more precise using 3D digital photography. Manually acquired cranial vault symmetry parameters were at least 5 mm lower than digital measurements. Differences in CI between the two measuring methods did not reach significance, whereas the calculated CVAI showed a 0.74-fold decrease using 3D digital photography and was highly significant (p < 0.001). Using the manual method, CVAI calculations overestimated asymmetry, and cranial vault symmetry parameters were measured too low, contributing to a misrepresentation of the actual anatomical situation. Considering consequential errors in therapy choices, we suggest implementing 3D photography as the primary tool for diagnosing deformational plagiocephaly and positional head deformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Nieberle
- Department of Cranio- and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of the University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Spoerl
- Department of Cranio- and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of the University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lisa-Marie Lottner
- Department of Cranio- and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of the University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerrit Spanier
- Department of Cranio- and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of the University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johannes G Schuderer
- Department of Cranio- and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of the University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Fiedler
- Department of Cranio- and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of the University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Maurer
- Department of Cranio- and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of the University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nils Ludwig
- Department of Cranio- and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of the University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johannes K Meier
- Department of Cranio- and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of the University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Ettl
- Department of Cranio- and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of the University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Torsten E Reichert
- Department of Cranio- and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of the University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Juergen Taxis
- Department of Cranio- and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of the University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wen A, Zhu Y, Xiao N, Gao Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang S, Zhao Y. Comparison Study of Extraction Accuracy of 3D Facial Anatomical Landmarks Based on Non-Rigid Registration of Face Template. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:1086. [PMID: 36980394 PMCID: PMC10047049 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13061086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Three-dimensional (3D) facial anatomical landmarks are the premise and foundation of facial morphology analysis. At present, there is no ideal automatic determination method for 3D facial anatomical landmarks. This research aims to realize the automatic determination of 3D facial anatomical landmarks based on the non-rigid registration algorithm developed by our research team and to evaluate its landmark localization accuracy. (2) Methods: A 3D facial scanner, Face Scan, was used to collect 3D facial data of 20 adult males without significant facial deformities. Using the radial basis function optimized non-rigid registration algorithm, TH-OCR, developed by our research team (experimental group: TH group) and the non-rigid registration algorithm, MeshMonk (control group: MM group), a 3D face template constructed in our previous research was deformed and registered to each participant’s data. The automatic determination of 3D facial anatomical landmarks was realized according to the index of 32 facial anatomical landmarks determined on the 3D face template. Considering these 32 facial anatomical landmarks manually selected by experts on the 3D facial data as the gold standard, the distance between the automatically determined and the corresponding manually selected facial anatomical landmarks was calculated as the “landmark localization error” to evaluate the effect and feasibility of the automatic determination method (template method). (3) Results: The mean landmark localization error of all facial anatomical landmarks in the TH and MM groups was 2.34 ± 1.76 mm and 2.16 ± 1.97 mm, respectively. The automatic determination of the anatomical landmarks in the middle face was better than that in the upper and lower face in both groups. Further, the automatic determination of anatomical landmarks in the center of the face was better than in the marginal part. (4) Conclusions: In this study, the automatic determination of 3D facial anatomical landmarks was realized based on non-rigid registration algorithms. There is no significant difference in the automatic landmark localization accuracy between the TH-OCR algorithm and the MeshMonk algorithm, and both can meet the needs of oral clinical applications to a certain extent.
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee Y, Lee JM, Park SH, Choi YJ, Choi SH, Hwang JJ, Yu HS. Three-dimensional soft tissue landmark detection with marching cube algorithm. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1544. [PMID: 36707701 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28792-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Current method of analyzing three-dimensional soft tissue data, especially in the frontal view, is subjective and has poor reliability. To overcome this limitation, the present study aimed to introduce a new method of analyzing soft tissue data reconstructed by marching cube algorithm (Program S) and compare it with a commercially available program (Program A). Cone-beam computed tomography images of 42 patients were included. Two orthodontists digitized six landmarks (pronasale, columella, upper and lower lip, right and left cheek) twice using both programs in two-week intervals, and the reliability was compared. Furthermore, computer-calculated point (CC point) was developed to evaluate whether human error could be reduced. The results showed that the intra- and inter-examiner reliability of Program S (99.7-100% and 99.9-100%, respectively) were higher than that of Program A (64.0-99.9% and 76.1-99.9%, respectively). Moreover, the inter-examiner difference of coordinate values and distances for all six landmarks in Program S was lower than Program A. Lastly, CC point was provided as a consistent single point. Therefore, it was validated that this new methodology can increase the intra- and inter-examiner reliability of soft tissue landmark digitation and CC point can be used as a landmark to reduce human error.
Collapse
|
7
|
Camcı H, Salmanpour F. Comparing the esthetic impact of virtual mandibular advancement, bichectomy, jawline, and their combination. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2023; 163:756-765. [PMID: 36646559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2022.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of mandibular advancement (MA), bichectomy, jawline, and their combination on facial attractiveness. The 3-dimensional (3D) visual sculpting is a method to perform the task. METHODS FaceBuilder software, a Blender 2.93 LTS add-on, was used to generate a 3D head and face model of a female patient with Class II Division I malocclusion. MA, bichectomy, jawline, and combination modifications were performed on the model using a 3D virtual sculpting tab, and 4 new head models were created. Five hundred thirteen participants scored lateral and frontal views of the modified and reference models. The Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, and Wilcoxon tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS MA modification received the highest frontal and lateral image scores. The raters found the jawline frontal photograph to be the least attractive. Significant differences were observed between the lateral and frontal attractiveness scores in all modifications except bichectomy. The combination of 3 modifications in both frontal and lateral images received the second-lowest score. CONCLUSIONS Facial esthetic modifications receive different attractiveness scores in lateral or frontal evaluations. MA outperforms bichectomy and jawline augmentation in terms of improving facial attractiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Camcı
- Department of Orthodontics, Afyonkarahisar Health Science University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
| | - Farhad Salmanpour
- Department of Orthodontics, Afyonkarahisar Health Science University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pan F, Liu J, Cen Y, Chen Y, Cai R, Zhao Z, Liao W, Wang J. Accuracy of RGB-D camera-based and stereophotogrammetric facial scanners: a comparative study. J Dent 2022; 127:104302. [PMID: 36152954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate and compare the accuracy and inter-operator reliability of a low-cost red-green-blue-depth (RGB-D) camera-based facial scanner (Bellus3D Arc7) with a stereophotogrammetry facial scanner (3dMD) and to explore the possibility of the former as a clinical substitute for the latter. METHODS A mannequin head was selected as the research object. In the RGB-D camera-based facial scanner group, the head was continuously scanned five times using an RGB-D camera-based facial scanner (Bellus3D Arc7), and the outcome data of each scan was then imported into CAD software (MeshLab) to reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) facial photographs. In the stereophotogrammetry facial scanner group, the mannequin head was scanned with a stereophotogrammetry facial scanner (3dMD). Selected parameters were directly measured on the reconstructed 3D virtual faces using a CAD software. The same parameters were then measured directly on the mannequin head using the direct anthropometry (DA) method as the gold standard for later comparison. The accuracy of the facial scanners was evaluated in terms of trueness and precision. Trueness was evaluated by comparing the measurement results of the two groups with each other and with that of DA using equivalence tests and average absolute deviations, while precision and inter-operator reliability were assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). A 3D facial mesh deviation between the two groups was also calculated for further reference using a 3D metrology software (GOM inspect pro). RESULTS In terms of trueness, the average absolute deviations between RGB-D camera-based and stereophotogrammetry facial scanners, between RGB-D camera-based facial scanner and DA, and between stereophotogrammetry facial scanner and DA were statistically equivalent at 0.50±0.27 mm, 0.61±0.42 mm, and 0.28±0.14 mm, respectively. Equivalence test results confirmed that their equivalence was within clinical requirements (<1 mm). The ICC for each parameter was approximately 0.999 in terms of precision and inter-operator reliability. A 3D facial mesh analysis suggested that the deviation between the two groups was 0.37±0.01 mm. CONCLUSIONS For facial scanners, an accuracy of <1 mm is commonly considered clinically acceptable. Both the RGB-D camera-based and stereophotogrammetry facial scanners in this study showed acceptable trueness, high precision, and inter-operator reliability. A low-cost RGB-D camera-based facial scanner could be an eligible clinical substitute for traditional stereophotogrammetry. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The low-cost RGB-D camera-based facial scanner showed clinically acceptable trueness, high precision, and inter-operator reliability; thus, it could be an eligible clinical substitute for traditional stereophotogrammetry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangwei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jialing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yueyan Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ye Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruilie Cai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, South Carolina, United States
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Staller S, Anigbo J, Stewart K, Dutra V, Turkkahraman H. Precision and accuracy assessment of single and multicamera three-dimensional photogrammetry compared with direct anthropometry. Angle Orthod 2022; 92:482186. [PMID: 35622942 PMCID: PMC9374348 DOI: 10.2319/101321-770.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the precision and accuracy of single-camera photogrammetry (SCP) and multicamera photogrammetry (MCP) compared with direct anthropometry (DA). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 30 participants were recruited, and 17 soft tissue landmarks were identified and used to complete a total of 16 measurements. Using SCP and MCP, two three-dimensional (3D) images were acquired from each participant. All 3D measurements and direct measurements were measured twice by the same operator to assess intraexaminer repeatability. Intraclass coefficients (ICCs) were used to evaluate intraexaminer repeatability and interexaminer agreement of the methods. Nonparametric bootstrap analyses were used to compare the means of the measurements among the three methods. RESULTS All three methods showed excellent intraexaminer repeatability (ICCs > 0.90), except interpupillary distance (ICC = 0.86) measured by SCP. Both SCP and MCP showed excellent interexaminer agreement (ICCs > 0.90), except interpupillary distance (ICC = 0.79), left gonion-pogonion (ICC = 0.74), and columella-subnasale-labrale superior angle (ICC = 0.86) measured by SCP. Overall, there was good agreement between methods, except for columella-subnasale-labrale superior angle (ICC = 0.40) between SCP and MCP. CONCLUSIONS Both SCP and MCP techniques were found to be reliable and valid options for 3D facial imaging. SCP produced slightly larger mean values for several measurements, but the differences were within a clinically acceptable range. Because of the larger margin of errors, measurements including the gonial area and subnasale should be assessed with caution.
Collapse
|
10
|
Lim YC, Abdul Shakor AS, Shaharudin R. Reliability and Accuracy of 2D Photogrammetry: A Comparison With Direct Measurement. Front Public Health 2022; 9:813058. [PMID: 35155360 PMCID: PMC8826070 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.813058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Facial anthropometric data is important for the design of respirators. Two-dimensional (2D) photogrammetry has replaced direct anthropometric method, but the reliability and accuracy of 2D photogrammetry has not been quantified. This study aimed to assess inter-rater reliability of 2D photogrammetry and to examine the reliability and accuracy of 2D photogrammetry with direct measurement. Design A cross-sectional study. Setting Malaysia. Participants A subset of 96 participants aged 18 and above. Primary and secondary outcomes Ten facial dimensions were measured using direct measurement and 2D photogrammetry. An assessment of inter-rater reliability was performed using intra-class correlation (ICC) of the 2D images. In addition, ICC and Bland-Altman analyses were used to assess the reliability and agreement of 2D photogrammetry with direct measurement. Results Except for head breadth and bigonial breadth, which were also found to have low inter-rater reliability, there was no significant difference in the inter-rater mean value of the 2D photogrammetry. The mean measurements derived from direct measurement and 2D photogrammetry were mostly similar. However, statistical differences were noted for two facial dimensions, i.e., bizygomatic breadth and bigonial breadth, and clinically the magnitude of difference was also significant. There were no statistical differences in respect to the remaining eight facial dimensions, where the smallest mean difference was 0.3 mm and biggest mean difference was 1.0 mm. The ICC showed head breadth had poor reliability, whilst Bland-Altman analyses showed seven out of 10 facial dimensions using 2D photogrammetry were accurate, as compared to direct measurement. Conclusion Only certain facial measurements can be reliably and accurately measured using 2D photogrammetry, thus it is important to conduct a reliability and validation study before the use of any measurement methods in anthropometric studies. The results of this study also suggest that 2D photogrammetry can be used to supplement direct measurement for certain facial dimensions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Cheng Lim
- Environmental Health Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health of Malaysia, Shah Alam, Malaysia.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ameerah Su'ad Abdul Shakor
- Environmental Health Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health of Malaysia, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Rafiza Shaharudin
- Environmental Health Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health of Malaysia, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mai HN, Lee DH. Effects of Artificial Extraoral Markers on Accuracy of Three-Dimensional Dentofacial Image Integration: Smartphone Face Scan versus Stereophotogrammetry. J Pers Med 2022; 12:490. [PMID: 35330489 PMCID: PMC8951552 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12030490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, three-dimensional (3D) facial scanning has been gaining popularity in personalized dentistry. Integration of the digital dental model into the 3D facial image allows for a treatment plan to be made in accordance with the patients’ individual needs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of extraoral markers on the accuracy of digital dentofacial integrations. Facial models were generated using smartphone and stereophotogrammetry. Dental models were generated with and without extraoral markers and were registered to the facial models by matching the teeth or markers (n = 10 in each condition; total = 40). Accuracy of the image integration was measured in terms of general 3D position, occlusal plane, and dental midline deviations. The Mann−Whitney U test and two-way analysis of variance were used to compare results among face-scanning systems and matching methods (α = 0.05). As result, the accuracy of dentofacial registration was significantly affected by the use of artificial markers and different face-scanning systems (p < 0.001). The deviations were smallest in stereophotogrammetry with the marker-based matching and highest in smartphone face scans with the tooth-based matching. In comparison between the two face-scanning systems, the stereophotogrammetry generally produced smaller discrepancies than smartphones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Nga Mai
- Institute for Translational Research in Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea;
| | - Du-Hyeong Lee
- Institute for Translational Research in Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea;
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang XW, Liu ZJ, Diao J, Zhao YJ, Jiang JH. Morphologic reproducibility in 6 regions of the 3-dimensional facial models acquired by a standardized procedure: An in vivo study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2021; 161:e287-e295. [PMID: 34924284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2020.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A standardized procedure was proposed to control involuntary motion and other factors during the capture of structural light scanning that could influence the morphology of 3-dimensional facial models; interoperator reproducibility was evaluated. METHODS Twenty subjects volunteered for facial scanning. Three researchers scanned each volunteer 3 times on the same day using the FaceScan structural light scanning system (Isravision, Darmstadt, Germany) and after the proposed procedure. Captures were done at 5-minute intervals. The 3 facial scans acquired by the same researcher were compared by reverse engineering software (Geomagic; 3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC). Six facial regions, including forehead, nose, paranasal, upper lip, lower lip and chin, and cheek, were divided. With the first scan as a reference, the other 2 scans were registered, and surface-to-surface distance maps were acquired to calculate the mean, standard deviation, and root mean squares (RMS) between 2 surfaces. The reproducibility between 3 researchers was then evaluated by a 1-way analysis of variance. RESULTS The mean of 6 facial regions was close to 0. The RMS of lip regions were largest (0.48-0.53 mm), the forehead was smallest (0.21 mm), and the others ranged 0.37 mm to 0.42 mm. The standard deviation was slightly smaller than RMS and had the same trend of change. There was no significant difference in RMS among the 3 researchers (P >0.05). CONCLUSIONS With the constraint of the standardized procedure, the morphologic reproducibility of facial models in 6 regions was satisfying.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Wen Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Jin Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Diao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Jiao Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiu-Hui Jiang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gallardo YNR, Salazar-Gamarra R, Bohner L, De Oliveira JI, Dib LL, Sesma N. Evaluation of the 3D error of 2 face-scanning systems: An in vitro analysis. J Prosthet Dent 2021; 129:630-636. [PMID: 34362565 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Facial scanning systems have been developed as auxiliary tools for diagnosis and planning in dentistry. However, little is known about the trueness of these free software programs and apps for facial scanning. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the trueness of 3D facial scanning by using Bellus3D and +ID ReCap Photo. MATERIAL AND METHODS A mannequin head was used as the master model. The control group was created by scanning the mannequin head with a noncontact structured blue light 3D scanner (ATOS Core). Two facial scanning methods were used for the experimental groups: a facial scanning app (FaceApp) and the Plus identity photogrammetry methodology (ReCap Photo). In both methods, image capturing was performed under the same natural lighting conditions with a smartphone (iPhone X) calibrated with an app. Trueness was assessed from the 3D measurement error, which was calculated with a 3D mesh analysis software program (GOM Inspect). Two comparison groups were created: ATOS versus Bellus3D (B3D) and ATOS versus +ID with ReCap Photo (+IDRP). The results were statistically evaluated by using the Shapiro-Wilk and paired t tests (α=.05). RESULTS B3D had a greater error than +IDRP in measuring the regions of the upper and lower lips, nose, and mentum (P<.01). This error was statistically higher for +IDRP (P<.01) in the right face area, but the left face area showed no statistically significant difference between the evaluated scanning methods (P=.93). The 3D global trueness of B3D was 0.34 ±0.14 mm, and that of +IDRP was 0.28 ±0.06 mm. CONCLUSIONS Both methods evaluated in this study provided a 3D model of the face with clinically acceptable trueness and should be reliable tools for planning esthetic restorations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda N R Gallardo
- PhD student, Department of Prosthodontics, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Salazar-Gamarra
- Professor, Department, Paulista University, Paulista University (UNIP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lauren Bohner
- Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Luciano L Dib
- Professor, Post-graduation Department, Paulista University (UNIP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Newton Sesma
- Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Okamoto D, Yamauchi K, Yazaki M, Saito S, Suzuki H, Nogami S, Takahashi T. A comparison of postoperative, three-dimensional soft tissue changes in patients with skeletal class III malocclusions treated via orthodontics-first and surgery-first approaches. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2021; 49:898-904. [PMID: 33994293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this retrospective study was to compare three-dimensional (3D) soft tissue and hard tissue changes between orthodontics-first approach (OFA) and surgery-first approach (SFA) after mandibular setback surgery. All patients underwent bilateral sagittal split osteotomy, and were examined by lateral cephalograms and 3D optical scanner before surgery (T0) and 1 (T1), 3 (T2), and 12 (T3) months after surgery. Three standard angles (FMA, U1 to FH, IMPA) were measured as hard tissue change and the 2 sets of 3D data were superimposed, and volumetric differences were calculated as soft tissue change. Statistical analyses were performed by using unpaired t-tests. Differences with P < 0.05 were considered significant. A total of 39 patients with mandibular prognathism were included in this study. The OFA group consisted of 24 patients and the SFA group of 15 patients. The SFA group exhibited more labial inclination from T1 to T2 (p = 0.008) and T2 to T3 (p = 0.003) than did the OFA group. There were no significant changes at maxilla and mandible at each term of T0, T1, T2 and T3 (p > 0.05), but compared to before surgery, mandibular volume in SFA group significant increased at 1year (p = 0.049) after surgery. We found that the soft tissue changes after the SFA differed significantly from those after the OFA; thus, soft tissue predictions require more care. An analysis of our data compared with OFA and SFA for the patient with mandibular prognathism confirm that the mandibular soft tissue changes by postoperative orthodontic treatment and occlusal relationship in SFA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daigo Okamoto
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kensuke Yamauchi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Mai Yazaki
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shizu Saito
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hikari Suzuki
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Nogami
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsu Takahashi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Baratta VM, Linden OE, Byrne ME, Sullivan SR, Taylor HO. A Quantitative Analysis of Facial Asymmetry in Torticollis Using 3-Dimensional Photogrammetry. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2021; 59:40-46. [PMID: 33593100 DOI: 10.1177/1055665621993284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether children with torticollis have quantifiably greater facial asymmetry than their age-matched controls using 3-dimensional (3D) photogrammetry. DESIGN We retrospectively analyzed patients diagnosed with torticollis and age-matched volunteers who underwent 3D photogrammetry of their faces. We calculated the root mean square deviation (RMSD) between native and reflected facial images, as a measure of asymmetry. Two observers independently measured RMSD values for all study participants. The Spearman correlation coefficient evaluated interobserver reliability. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test with Bonferroni adjusted P values for multiple comparisons. SETTING Institutional. PARTICIPANTS Twenty patients diagnosed with torticollis and 12 age-matched volunteers. Patients were analyzed on a computer database and volunteers were selected and consented in the hospital. We excluded patients with a history of facial trauma, facial operations, or other craniofacial diagnoses. INTERVENTIONS Facial surface scans were obtained using the Canfield Vectra stereophotogrammetry system. The technology captures surface anatomy without radiation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES RMSD comparisons between patients with torticollis and age-matched controls. RESULTS Compared to controls, patients with torticollis had statistically significant greater full face, upper third, and middle third facial asymmetry. There was a trend toward greater asymmetry of the lower facial third. CONCLUSIONS We used 3D photogrammetry to quantitate facial asymmetry from torticollis. We found greater asymmetry in patients with torticollis than in their unaffected peers. All areas of the face appeared to be affected, though the asymmetry in the lower facial third just failed to reach significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Baratta
- Department of General Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Olivia E Linden
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Margaret E Byrne
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital and Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Stephen R Sullivan
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Taylor & Sullivan Plastic Surgery, Mount Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Helena O Taylor
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Taylor & Sullivan Plastic Surgery, Mount Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Horn S, Matuszewska N, Gkantidis N, Verna C, Kanavakis G. Smile dimensions affect self-perceived smile attractiveness. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2779. [PMID: 33531621 PMCID: PMC7854600 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82478-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial expressions play a leading role in human interactions because they provide signaling information of emotion and create social perceptions of an individuals’ physical and personality traits. Smiling increases socially perceived attractiveness and is considered a signal of trustworthiness and intelligence. Despite the ample information regarding the social importance of an attractive smile, little is known about the association between smile characteristics and self-assessed smile attractiveness. Here we investigate the effect of smile dimensions on ratings of self-perceived smile attractiveness, in a group of 613 young adults using 3D facial imaging. We show a significant effect of proportional smile width (ratio of smile width to facial width) on self-perceived smile attractiveness. In fact, for every 10% increase in proportional smile width, self-perceived attractiveness ratings increased by 10.26%. In the present sample, this association was primarily evident in females. Our results indicate that objective characteristics of the smile influence self-perception of smile attractiveness. The increased strength of the effect in females provides support to the notion that females are overall more aware of their smile and the impact it has on their public image.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Horn
- Department of Pediatric Oral Health and Orthodontics, University Center for Dental Medicine (UZB) / University of Basel, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Matuszewska
- Department of Pediatric Oral Health and Orthodontics, University Center for Dental Medicine (UZB) / University of Basel, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaos Gkantidis
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | - Carlalberta Verna
- Department of Pediatric Oral Health and Orthodontics, University Center for Dental Medicine (UZB) / University of Basel, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Georgios Kanavakis
- Department of Pediatric Oral Health and Orthodontics, University Center for Dental Medicine (UZB) / University of Basel, Basel, 4058, Switzerland. .,Department of Orthodontics, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, 02111, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhao Z, Xie L, Cao D, Izadikhah I, Gao P, Zhao Y, Yan B. Accuracy of three-dimensional photogrammetry and cone beam computed tomography based on linear measurements in patients with facial deformities. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2021; 50:20200001. [PMID: 32791014 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was aimed to investigate the accuracy of soft-tissue measurements obtained by two imaging modalities, three-dimensional (3D) photogrammetry and cone beam CT (CBCT) when confounded by influence factors (facial deformities and partitions). METHODS 60 wax facial models from facially deformed patients were captured by 3D photogrammetry and CBCT. 19 linear distances on each image were measured and juxtaposed to reference values attained via a coordinate-measuring machine (CMM) as the gold-standard. Paired t-tests were used to compare linear accuracy of the test and reference systems. The influence of deformities and partitions (created by dividing the face with three vertical and five horizontal lines) on the measurement errors were analyzed by independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA. RESULTS Statistically significant differences were found between linear accuracy of the test and reference systems. The test values obtained by 3D photogrammetry were closer to the reference values than CBCT's. 3D photogrammetry's measurement errors were significantly higher in deformed areas, unlike CBCT's. Both systems reported significantly lower errors within partitions 8 and 13 compared to other partitions; for CBCT, aside from partitions 8 and 13, the differences in the errors for partitions 6 and 10 were significant compared to partitions 8, 12, 13, 14. CONCLUSION 3D photogrammetry showed a higher linear accuracy than CBCT in patients with facial deformities due to protuberances. Facial reconstruction by both test modalities was significantly influenced in different facial partitions, but facial deformities extensively affected the results from 3D photogrammetry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqi Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Stomatology, The First People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lizhe Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Engineering center for digital medical technology of stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Iman Izadikhah
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengcheng Gao
- Department of Orthodontics, Zhongda hospital, Southeast university, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Due to technological advances, the quantification of facial form can now be done via three-dimensional (3D) photographic systems such as stereophotogrammetry. To enable comparison with traditional cephalometry, soft-tissue anatomical landmark definitions have been modified to incorporate the third dimension. Annotating these landmarks manually, however, is still a time-consuming and arduous process. OBJECTIVE To develop an automated algorithm to accurately identify anatomical landmarks on three-dimensional soft tissue images. METHODS Thirty 3dMD images were selected from a private orthodontic practice consisting of 15 males and 15 females between 9 and 17 years of age. The soft-tissue 3D images were aligned along a reference plane to setup a Cartesian coordinate system. Screened by 2 observers, 21 landmarks were manually annotated and their coordinates defined. An automated landmark identification algorithm, based on their anatomical definitions, was developed to compare the landmark validity against the manually identified counterpart. RESULTS Twenty-one landmarks were analysed in detail. Inter-observer and intra-observer reliability using ICC was >0.9. The average difference and standard deviation between manual and automated methods for all landmarks was 3.2 and 1.64 mm, respectively. Sixteen out of twenty-one landmarks had a mean difference less than 4 mm. The landmarks of greatest agreement (≤2 mm) were mainly in the midline: pronasale, subnasale, subspinale, labiale superius, stomion, with the exception of chelion right. Five linear facial measurements were found to have moderate to good agreement between the manual and automated identification methods. CONCLUSIONS The developed algorithm was determined to be clinically relevant in the detection of midsagittal landmarks and associated measurements within the studied sample of adolescent Caucasian subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana Baksi
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
| | | | | | - Craig Dreyer
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chen X, Ma L, Aung ZM, Sun M, Yang X, Zhang Y, Xu H, Chai G. Hyperbaric CO2 Cryotherapy for Managing Swelling After Mandibular Angle Ostectomy. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 32:1758-61. [PMID: 33208699 DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000007242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Postoperative facial swelling after mandibular angle ostectomy is a concern for patients as it affects their quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of hyperbaric CO2 cryotherapy in relieving postoperative swelling. Thirty-seven patients (mean age: 22.95 ± 3.49 years) who underwent bilateral mandibular angle ostectomy from April to October 2019, were included in this study. A split-mouth design was adopted and through a random sequence, either side of the face was designated as the experimental side. Both received routine nursing care, while the experimental side underwent an additional hyperbaric CO2 cryotherapy treatment. The facial structure was recorded by a 3-dimensional laser scanner pre- and postoperatively. Geomagic Studio was used for alignment, visualization, and quantification of the swelling. The largest deviation value on each side was adopted to assess the overall swelling. Parameters were compared using the paired t-test, and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. No necrosis of the skin and adjacent structures or other complications occurred in these patients. After the first day of cryotherapy, the deviation in the experimental and the control groups was (8.40 ± 1.95) mm and (10.42 ± 2.03) mm, respectively. The next day, after cryotherapy, the value further reduced to (5.42 ± 1.36) mm and (8.24 ± 2.22) mm for the experimental and control groups, respectively. And the effect remained till the seventh day. No difference was observed in terms of volume of drainage. Hyperbaric CO2 cryotherapy is safe and effective in relieving postoperative swelling and seems to be more effective than the traditional cold-pack treatment after mandibular angle ostectomy.
Collapse
|
20
|
Wolff KD, Grill FD, Ritschl LM. Comparative Photographic, Retrospective Analysis of Nonsyndromic Cleft Noses Treated with or without NAM. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2020; 8:e3045. [PMID: 33133930 DOI: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000003045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: Long-term results and efficacy of nasoalveolar molding (NAM) on the perinasal region are reported controversially in the literature. With this study, we demonstrate our experiences, contribute to the ongoing discussion, and describe our decision-making when NAM is indicated or not. Methods: Conventional pre- and postinterventional photographs of patients with nonsyndromic unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP and BCLP) were analyzed. The 2 independent raters were blinded to therapy (NAM versus non-NAM), and 7 parameters were measured. Intraclass correlation coefficient for intra- and interrater reliability was calculated. The Mann–Whitney U test was performed to compare therapy- and appearance-matched pairs. Finally, 30 specialists in cranio-maxillofacial surgery performed a subjective, blinded rating of matched NAM and non-NAM cases. Results: Thirty-six patients, 16 UCLP and 20 BCLP, were enrolled. The intraclass correlation coefficients for intra- and interrater reliability were excellent for all measurements, except for nasal sill (0.77 intrarater and 0.80 interrater). Height-to-width ratio (P = 0.012) was significantly different in the comparison of non-NAM and NAM-treated severe cases with UCLP. Thirty blinded raters evaluated NAM-treated cases with severe UCLP better than matched non-NAM cases. Non-NAM-treated cases with moderate UCLP and BCLP were rated better than matched NAM cases. Conclusions: Children with severe UCLP may benefit from NAM therapy in the sense of better symmetry and a more homogenous appearance. Patients with moderate UCLP and BCLP did not benefit, and the risk of the burden of care increased.
Collapse
|
21
|
Mai HN, Lee DH. Accuracy of Mobile Device-Compatible 3D Scanners for Facial Digitization: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e22228. [PMID: 33095178 PMCID: PMC7647818 DOI: 10.2196/22228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The accurate assessment and acquisition of facial anatomical information significantly contributes to enhancing the reliability of treatments in dental and medical fields, and has applications in fields such as craniomaxillofacial surgery, orthodontics, prosthodontics, orthopedics, and forensic medicine. Mobile device–compatible 3D facial scanners have been reported to be an effective tool for clinical use, but the accuracy of digital facial impressions obtained with the scanners has not been explored. Objective We aimed to review comparisons of the accuracy of mobile device–compatible face scanners for facial digitization with that of systems for professional 3D facial scanning. Methods Individual search strategies were employed in PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, Science Direct, and Cochrane Library databases to search for articles published up to May 27, 2020. Peer-reviewed journal articles evaluating the accuracy of 3D facial models generated by mobile device–compatible face scanners were included. Cohen d effect size estimates and confidence intervals of standardized mean difference (SMD) data sets were used for meta-analysis. Results By automatic database searching, 3942 articles were identified, of which 11 articles were considered eligible for narrative review, with 6 studies included in the meta-analysis. Overall, the accuracy of face models obtained using mobile device–compatible face scanners was significantly lower than that of face models obtained using professional 3D facial scanners (SMD 3.96 mm, 95% CI 2.81-5.10 mm; z=6.78; P<.001). The difference between face scanning when performed on inanimate facial models was significantly higher (SMD 10.53 mm, 95% CI 6.29-14.77 mm) than that when performed on living participants (SMD 2.58 mm, 95% CI 1.70-3.47 mm, P<.001, df=12.94). Conclusions Overall, mobile device–compatible face scanners did not perform as well as professional scanning systems in 3D facial acquisition, but the deviations were within the clinically acceptable range of <1.5 mm. Significant differences between results when 3D facial scans were performed on inanimate facial objects and when performed on the faces of living participants were found; thus, caution should be exercised when interpreting results from studies conducted on inanimate objects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Nga Mai
- Institute for Translational Research in Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Du-Hyeong Lee
- Institute for Translational Research in Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ali A, Chandna AK, Munjal A. Accuracy and Reliability of Soft Tissue Landmarks Using Three-Dimensional Imaging in Comparison With Two-Dimensional Cephalometrics: A Systematic Review. J Indian Orthod Soc 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0301574220963412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Concerns about the accuracy and reliability of soft tissue landmarks using two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) imaging. Objective: The aim of the systematic review is to estimate accuracy and reliability of soft tissue landmarks with 2D imaging and 3D imaging for orthodontic diagnosis planning and treatment planning purposes. Data Sources: Electronic database search was performed in MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase via embase.com, and the Cochrane library website. Selection Criteria: The data were extracted according to two protocols based on Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM) critical appraisal tools. Next, levels of evidence were categorized into three groups: low, medium, and high. Data Synthesis: Fifty-five publications were found through database search strategies. A total of nine publications were included in this review. Conclusion According to the available literature, 3D imaging modalities were more accurate and reliable as compared to 2D modalities. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was considered the most reliable imaging tool for soft tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adeeba Ali
- Associate professor, Rajshree Medical College, Mahatma Jyotibha Phule Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, India
| | - Anil K. Chandna
- Senior professor, Director PG Studies, Department Of Orthodontics, Institute of Dental science, Bareilly International University, Bareilly, India
| | - Anshul Munjal
- Postgraduate student, I.T.S Dental College, hospital & Research Centre Greater Noida, Department of Orthodontics, CCS University Meerut, India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gibelli D, Dolci C, Cappella A, Sforza C. Reliability of optical devices for three-dimensional facial anatomy description: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2019; 49:1092-1106. [PMID: 31786104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2019.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of three-dimensional (3D) optical instruments to measure soft tissue facial characteristics is increasing, but systematic assessments of their reliability, practical use in research and clinics, outcome measurements, and advantages and limitations are not fully established. Therefore, a review of the current literature was performed on the reliability of facial anthropometric measurements obtained by 3D optical facial reproductions as compared to conventional anthropometry or other optical devices. The systematic literature search was conducted in electronic databases following the PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO registration: CRD42018085473). Overall, 815 studies were identified, with 27 final papers included. Two meta-analyses were conducted. Tested devices included conventional cameras, laser scanning, stereophotogrammetry, and structured light. Studies measured living people or inanimate objects. Overall, the optical devices were considered reliable for the measurement of linear distances. Some caution is needed for surface assessments. All instruments are suitable for the analysis of inanimate objects, but fast scan devices should be preferred for living subjects to avoid motion artefacts in the orbital and nasolabial areas. Prior facial landmarking is suggested to improve measurement accuracy. Practical needs and economic means should direct the choice of the most appropriate instrument. Considering the increasing interest in surface-to-surface measurements, fast scan devices should be preferred, and dedicated protocols devised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Gibelli
- Functional Anatomy Research Centre (FARC), Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Stomatognatico (LAFAS), Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - C Dolci
- Functional Anatomy Research Centre (FARC), Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Stomatognatico (LAFAS), Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - A Cappella
- Functional Anatomy Research Centre (FARC), Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Stomatognatico (LAFAS), Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - C Sforza
- Functional Anatomy Research Centre (FARC), Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Stomatognatico (LAFAS), Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ritschl LM, Wolff KD, Erben P, Grill FD. Simultaneous, radiation-free registration of the dentoalveolar position and the face by combining 3D photography with a portable scanner and impression-taking. Head Face Med 2019; 15:28. [PMID: 31767030 PMCID: PMC6876115 DOI: 10.1186/s13005-019-0212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Simultaneous, radiation-free registration of the teeth and the upper and lower jaw positions in relation to the extraoral soft tissue could improve treatment planning and documentation. The purpose of this study is to describe a workflow to solve this form of registration and surface acquisition with a mobile device. Methods Facial scans of ten healthy participants were taken using a blue-light LED 3D scanner (Artec® Space Spider; Artec® Group; Luxembourg). An impression of the maxillary dentoalveolar arch was taken simultaneously to the 3D photo using a modified impression tray with two different extraoral registration geometries (sphere vs. cross). Following, an impression of the mandibular dentoalveolar arch was taken once. Both impressions were scanned with the 3D scanner. All resulting standard tesselation language (.stl) files of the geometries were compared to the original, virtual .stl files and the root mean square errors (RMSE) were calculated for each surface (Artec Studio 13 Professional × 64; Artec® Group; Luxembourg) to determine which geometry serves as a better reference for intra-extraoral registration. Results The RMSE between the original geometries and the scanned counterfeits were statistically lower for spherical geometries (p < 0.008). Once scanned and aligned, both geometries enabled an alignment of the intra- and extraoral scan. However, the spherical geometries showed virtually better results without significance (p = 0.70). Conclusions The presented study provides a radiation-free solution for simultaneous dentoalveolar correlations in relation to the extraoral soft tissue. Spherical geometries achieved more precise and easier intra-extraoral alignments using the applied mobile 3D scanner and workflow.
Collapse
|
25
|
Othman SA, Saffai L, Wan Hassan WN. Validity and reproducibility of the 3D VECTRA photogrammetric surface imaging system for the maxillofacial anthropometric measurement on cleft patients. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 24:2853-2866. [PMID: 31754872 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-03150-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To validate the accuracy and reproducibility of linear measurements of three-dimensional (3D) images and to compare the measurements with the direct anthropometry method on cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nineteen linear facial measurements were derived from 16 standardized surface landmarks obtained from 37 cleft patients (20 males, 17 females; mean age 23.84 years, standard deviation ± 6.02). They were taken manually with calipers and were compared with the digitally calculated distance on the 3D images captured using the VECTRA-M5 360° Imaging System with pre-marked landmarks. Another pair of 19 linear measurements were computed on the 3D images 2 weeks apart for intra- and inter-observer agreements. Statistical analyses used were paired t test, the Bland-Altman analysis, and the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) index. RESULTS Most of the linear measurements showed no statistically significant differences between the proposed method and direct anthropometry linear measurements. Nevertheless, bias of the 3D imaging system is present in the linear measurements of the nose width and the upper vermillion height. The measurements' mean biases were within 2 mm, but the 95% limit of agreement was more than 2 mm. Intra- and inter-observer measurements generally showed good reproducibility. Four inter-observer measurements, the upper and lower face heights, nose width, and pronasale to left alar base were clinically significant. CONCLUSIONS Measurements obtained from this 3D imaging system are valid and reproducible for evaluating CLP patients. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The system is suitable to be used in a clinical setting for cleft patients. However, training of the operator is strictly advisable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siti A Othman
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry & Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Clinical Craniofacial Dentistry Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Lyddia Saffai
- Bangsar Dental Clinic, Jalan Bangsar, 59200, Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia
| | - Wan N Wan Hassan
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry & Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Clinical Craniofacial Dentistry Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Franco de Sá Gomes C, Libdy MR, Normando D. Scan time, reliability and accuracy of craniofacial measurements using a 3D light scanner. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2019; 9:331-335. [PMID: 31388482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To evaluate time, reliability and accuracy of craniofacial measurements with a 3D light scanner, considering prior demarcation of surface points on the face. Materials and methods Eleven facial measurements of 15 volunteers were obtained by a scanner (Artec Eva TM) and by a caliper directly on the face, with or without demarcation of facial reference points. Inter and intra-method comparison were examined by intraclass correlation coefficient and analysis of random error by the Dahlberg formula. Agreement between the methods was analyzed by the Bland-Altman. A Wilcoxon test was used to compare the time for each method, at p < 0.05. Results Marking points on the face improved accuracy for both methods. In the inter-methods analysis with landmarks, the scanner showed excellent reliability in all measures (ICC = 0.92-0.97, p < 0.0001). Measurements accuracy with scanner was around 2 mm when the points were not previously marked and about 1 mm when the points were marked. Measures taken with the scanner, however, took twice as long, compared with the direct method. Conclusions Craniofacial measurements obtained with scanner showed excellent reliability and accuracy, which qualifies this method for clinical and scientific use. Accuracy is improved when the points were previously marked on face. However, the time needed to obtain measurements is greater than about 4 min for the direct method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Normando
- Department of Orthodontics, Federal University of Pará, Belem, Pará, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang Y, Yang X, Gan R, Liu H, Wu G, Yu Q, Wang Z, Lu X, Jing J, Ma W, Quan Y, Sun Z, Fan L, Wang Y. Digital planning workflow for partial maxillectomy using an osteotomy template and immediate rehabilitation of maxillary Brown II defects with prosthesis. J Oral Rehabil 2019; 46:1133-1141. [PMID: 31260120 DOI: 10.1111/joor.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence of benefits for the rehabilitation of Brown II defects with prosthesis in surgery. However, the current literature is sparse for maxillary tumour resection using osteotomy templates. OBJECTIVES To assess the accuracy of maxillectomy using a custom fabricated osteotomy template and to evaluate the prosthesis for surgical accuracy, appearance and functioning (speech, swallowing and occlusal force). METHODS Ten patients with Brown II defects caused by tumour resection were treated with precise partial maxillectomy using an osteotomy template. The immediate rehabilitation of the Brown II defect was completed with a prefabricated prosthesis. The post-operative three-dimensional images and the pre-operative virtual images were superimposed, and average deviation and maximum deviation were calculated. Speech intelligibility, swallowing, appearance and University of Washington Quality of Life Questionnaire (UW-QoL) were examined at 1, 3 and 6 months after surgery. Occlusal force was examined post-operatively at 6 months. RESULTS The maximum deviation between the actual and virtual surgery was 5.12 ± 0.44 mm, with an average of 1.02 ± 0.17 mm. Speech intelligibility, swallowing and UW-QoL improved significantly (P < .05) after wearing the prosthesis. The recovery index of the occlusal force on the affected side was 20.19%-32.28%. The skewed degree of the mouth corner, the difference in the height of the left and right lips, the maximum deviation distance and the change area volume decreased significantly (P < .05). CONCLUSION The precise rehabilitation of maxillary Brown II defects can be achieved using a prosthesis fabricated with an osteotomy template. The prosthesis restored appearance and functional capabilities (such as speech and occlusal force).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ronglin Gan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huifen Liu
- Department of Oral Implantology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guofeng Wu
- Department of Oral Prosthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Oral Prosthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaolin Lu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianlong Jing
- Department of Oral Prosthodontics Technician, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjie Ma
- Department of Oral Implantology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Quan
- Shanghai UEG Medical Device Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziang Sun
- Shanghai UEG Medical Device Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Fan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Stephan CN, Caple JM, Guyomarc’h P, Claes P. An overview of the latest developments in facial imaging. Forensic Sci Res 2018; 4:10-28. [PMID: 30915414 PMCID: PMC6427692 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2018.1519892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial imaging is a term used to describe methods that use facial images to assist or facilitate human identification. This pertains to two craniofacial identification procedures that use skulls and faces-facial approximation and photographic superimposition-as well as face-only methods for age progression/regression, the construction of facial graphics from eyewitness memory (including composites and artistic sketches), facial depiction, face mapping and newly emerging methods of molecular photofitting. Given the breadth of these facial imaging techniques, it is not surprising that a broad array of subject-matter experts participate in and/or contribute to the formulation and implementation of these methods (including forensic odontologists, forensic artists, police officers, electrical engineers, anatomists, geneticists, medical image specialists, psychologists, computer graphic programmers and software developers). As they are concerned with the physical characteristics of humans, each of these facial imaging areas also falls in the domain of physical anthropology, although not all of them have been traditionally regarded as such. This too offers useful opportunities to adapt established methods in one domain to others more traditionally held to be disciplines within physical anthropology (e.g. facial approximation, craniofacial superimposition and face photo-comparison). It is important to note that most facial imaging methods are not currently used for identification but serve to assist authorities in narrowing or directing investigations such that other, more potent, methods of identification can be used (e.g. DNA). Few, if any, facial imaging approaches can be considered honed end-stage scientific methods, with major opportunities for physical anthropologists to make meaningful contributions. Some facial imaging methods have considerably stronger scientific underpinnings than others (e.g. facial approximation versus face mapping), some currently lie entirely within the artistic sphere (facial depiction), and yet others are so aspirational that realistic capacity to obtain their aims has strongly been questioned despite highly advanced technical approaches (molecular photofitting). All this makes for a broad-ranging, dynamic and energetic field that is in a constant state of flux. This manuscript provides a theoretical snapshot of the purposes of these methods, the state of science as it pertains to them, and their latest research developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl N. Stephan
- Laboratory for Human Craniofacial and Skeletal Identification (HuCS-ID Lab), School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Jodi M. Caple
- Laboratory for Human Craniofacial and Skeletal Identification (HuCS-ID Lab), School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Pierre Guyomarc’h
- Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5199 De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel: Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Peter Claes
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT)/Processing of Speech and Images (PSI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Medical Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Universitair Ziekenhuis, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ritschl LM, Roth M, Fichter AM, Mittermeier F, Kuschel B, Wolff KD, Grill FD, Loeffelbein DJ. The possibilities of a portable low-budget three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry system in neonates: a prospective growth analysis and analysis of accuracy. Head Face Med 2018; 14:11. [PMID: 30075821 PMCID: PMC6076401 DOI: 10.1186/s13005-018-0168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the technical development, portable three-dimensional (3D) photogrammetry systems are becoming more en vogue because of cost-effectiveness and comparable accuracy to common stationary 3D systems. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of a low-budget portable system for 3D image acquisition with special regard to the gracile nasal region in neonates. Furthermore, the study aimed to establish a 3D data set of the first 180 days post partum. Methods Thirty-three healthy, full-term newborn were enrolled and 3D photographs were prospectively taken monthly with a portable low-budget 3D stereophotogrammetry system (FUEL3D® SCANIFY®) for six months. In the third month, age-matched and corresponding 3D models were acquired by taking an impression of the perinasal area. The resulting plaster models were scanned (3Shape D700, 3Shape® A/S, Denmark). Three examiners analyzed independently 21 defined landmarks of the generated Standard Tessellation Language files with regard to accuracy by using 3dMDvultus™ software. A semi-automatic 3D best-fit analysis of 3D photo and plaster models were performed by using Geomagic® and the Root Mean Squared (RMS) errors were calculated. Results Statistically significant changes of midfacial distances and angles with a focus on nasal growth during the first 180 days postpartum could be specified in absolute and relative dimensions. Best-fit analysis in the third month revealed a RMS error of 0.72 ± 0.22 mm with a mean standard deviation of 0.71 ± 0.21 mm. Conclusions The analyzed portable 3D stereophotogrammetry system is a feasible methodology with good accuracy, even in newborn. A description of the growth as well as the establishment of a 3D data set was performed. Its implementation for basic documentation for example in cleft patients is possible and might reduce the need for impressions and facilitate the communications with parents and the interdisciplinary team.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas M Ritschl
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Roth
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Helios Klinikum München West, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas M Fichter
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabienna Mittermeier
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina Kuschel
- Section of Obstetrics, Frauenklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dietrich Wolff
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian D Grill
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Denys J Loeffelbein
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Helios Klinikum München West, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Munn L, Stephan CN. Changes in face topography from supine-to-upright position—And soft tissue correction values for craniofacial identification. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 289:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
31
|
Kim AJ, Gu D, Chandiramani R, Linjawi I, Deutsch ICK, Allareddy V, Masoud MI. Accuracy and reliability of digital craniofacial measurements using a small-format, handheld 3D camera. Orthod Craniofac Res 2018; 21:132-139. [PMID: 29863289 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Craniofacial assessments often involve three-dimensional facial imaging using an expensive camera with 6 SLR lenses to analyse the positions and relations of anatomic landmarks. Recently, a 3D small-format, handheld camera was developed; however, the accuracy and reliability of this system are largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of this system. MATERIALS & METHODS A total of 30 sets of evaluations were completed by 2 examiners on 5 human subjects, using 3 different methods: direct callipers, 3D handheld camera and conventional tripod 3D camera images. Each evaluation included 29 anthropometric landmarks that were used as reference points for facial analysis. Two examiners marked the landmarks directly on the faces and measured linear distances using the 3 measurement methods. RESULTS Accuracy analysis was performed for handheld vs direct calliper vs conventional camera measurements. Each of these analyses yielded a grand mean of correlation coefficients of .98. Bias measurements revealed that the handheld and conventional camera methods yielded larger measurements than direct callipers (with a mean difference of 1.74, 1.56 mm, respectively, for rater 1 and 0.94, 1.02 mm, respectively, for rater 2). When compared to one another, both the handheld camera and the conventional camera methods yielded similar values for most measurements, with the average overall difference between these modalities of 0.03 mm for rater 1 and 0.07 mm for rater 2. CONCLUSIONS The 3D handheld camera showed high accuracy and reliability in comparison with traditional models, indicating that this system may provide a useful tool in craniofacial anthropometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Kim
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D Gu
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - I Linjawi
- Dental Department, Jeddah Clinic Hospitals Group, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - I C K Deutsch
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - V Allareddy
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - M I Masoud
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wong KWF, Keeling A, Achal K, Khambay B. Using three-dimensional average facial meshes to determine nasolabial soft tissue deformity in adult UCLP patients. Surgeon 2018; 17:19-27. [PMID: 29880431 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE There is limited literature discussing the residual nasolabial deformity of adult patients prior to undergoing orthognathic surgery. The purpose of this study is to determine the site and severity of the residual nasolabial soft tissue deformity between adult unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) patients and a non-cleft reference group, prior to orthognathic surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixteen adult male UCLP patients, who all received primary lip and palate surgery according to a standardised Hong Kong protocol were recruited for this study. Facial images of each individual were captured using three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry and compared to a previous published Hong Kong non-cleft reference group of 48 male adults. Using two-sample t-tests differences in linear and angular measurements and asymmetry scores were evaluated between the two groups. In addition a "conformed" average UCLP facial template was superimposed and compared to conformed average non-cleft reference group facial template. Reproducibility of the measurements were assessed using Students paired t-tests and coefficients of reliability. MAIN FINDINGS Significant differences in linear and angular measurements and asymmetry scores were observed between the two groups (p < 0.05). Adult UCLP patients showed significantly narrower nostril floor widths, longer columella length on the unaffected side, a wider nose, shorter cutaneous lip height, shorter upper lip length and shorter philtrum length. Prior to orthognathic surgery adult UCLP patients showed significantly more facial asymmetry. Superimposition of the average facial meshes clearly showed the site and severity of the deficiency in the x, y and z-directions. CONCLUSIONS Many of the nasolabial characteristics reported to be present in children following primary UCLP repair continue into adulthood. The detrimental soft tissue effects of orthognathic surgery for UCLP patients may be different to non-cleft individuals; and as such the site and severity of the residual deformity should be assessed prior to surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ka Wai Frank Wong
- Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong
| | - Andrew Keeling
- School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Worsley Building, Leeds LS2 9NL, UK
| | - Kulraj Achal
- School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Worsley Building, Leeds LS2 9NL, UK
| | - Balvinder Khambay
- Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong; Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B5 7EG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ritschl LM, Grill FD, Mittermeier F, Lonic D, Wolff KD, Roth M, Loeffelbein DJ. Evaluation of a portable low-budget three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry system for nasal analysis. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2018; 46:2008-2016. [PMID: 30322779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2018.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional (3D) photogrammetry has reached high standards and accuracy but is mainly conducted with stationary and expensive systems. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a low-budget portable system with special regard to the gracile and challenging nasal region. MATERIAL AND METHODS 3D models of the perinasal area were acquired by impression-taking and the scanning of the generated plaster models (3Shape D500) or with a portable low-budget 3D stereophotogrammetry (FUEL3D® SCANIFY®) system. Four examiners analysed defined landmarks of the generated Standard Tessellation Language files with regard to accuracy and interobserver reliability by using 3dMDvultus™ software. A semi-automatic 3D best-fit analysis of both models was performed by using Geomagic® and the Root Mean Squared (RMS) errors were calculated. RESULTS 41 volunteers were included, with 22 perinasal and perioral landmarks, 15 3D distances and eight 3D angles being analysed per data set. In a point-based analysis the mean spreads were partially smaller in the plaster model scans. Most measurements showed very high (>0.8) to excellent (>0.9) intraclass correlation coefficients, the lowest being found for columella length (0.686) and left nostril width (0.636). Overall, the mean RMS error between the superimposed surfaces was 0.89 ± 0.22 mm in the best-fit analysis. CONCLUSIONS The corresponding software program was operator-friendly. The findings indicate that the analysed, affordable and portable system is a feasible solution for 3D image acquisition with comparable accuracy reported in the literature. Further studies will analyse the feasibility in neonates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas M Ritschl
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany.
| | - Florian D Grill
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Fabienna Mittermeier
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Daniel Lonic
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Helios Klinikum München West, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dietrich Wolff
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Maximilian Roth
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Helios Klinikum München West, Germany
| | - Denys J Loeffelbein
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Helios Klinikum München West, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yamamoto S, Miyachi H, Fujii H, Ochiai S, Watanabe S, Shimozato K. Intuitive Facial Imaging Method for Evaluation of Postoperative Swelling: A Combination of 3-Dimensional Computed Tomography and Laser Surface Scanning in Orthognathic Surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016; 74:2506.e1-2506.e10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2016.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
35
|
Radia S, Sherriff M, McDonald F, Naini FB. Relationship between maxillary central incisor proportions and facial proportions. J Prosthet Dent 2016; 115:741-8. [PMID: 26794701 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM No universally accepted parameter exists for selecting maxillary central incisors (MCIs) relative to facial proportions. PURPOSE The purpose of this prospective clinical study was to determine the relationship between MCIs and facial height and width in adults, intersex differences, and measurement differences between right and left MCI. MATERIAL AND METHODS A prospective study was undertaken of 149 dental students (F:76; M:73) aged between 18 and 30 years. Anthropometric MCI and horizontal and vertical facial measurements were recorded with digital calipers by 1 operator. Correlation was investigated with Pearson correlation coefficients (α=.05). Two-sample t tests were used for intersex comparisons and paired t tests to compare right and left MCIs. Intraexaminer reliability was tested by remeasuring 25 participants and applying the Bland-Altman and Lin analyses. RESULTS The mean MCI height was 10.28 mm (right and left) and the mean widths were 8.65 mm (right) and 8.66 mm (left). Intersex incisor differences existed for height measurements (M:F 0.54 mm [right], 0.46 mm [left]) and width measurements (M:F 0.26 mm) but not for width-to-height ratios (F=0.85; M=0.84). A mean ratio of 15.56 was found between bizygomatic width:tooth width (M=15.75, F=15.37) and of 17.93 between total face height:MCI height (M=17.97, F=17.89). Correlation coefficients were low for all tooth:face measurements. Intraexaminer reliability was clinically acceptable. CONCLUSIONS Men had larger teeth and faces but similar width:height ratios. There was no significant size difference between right and left MCI, little individual relationship between tooth:face proportions, and insignificant sex influence. The "biometric ratio"' of 1:16 for MCI:bizygomatic width was not reconfirmed exactly. A ratio of 1:18 is proposed for MCI height to total face height (Tr-Me') and 1:12 for face height (N'-Me').
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Radia
- Senior Specialty Registrar, Orthodontics, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martyn Sherriff
- Professor, Biostatistics, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Fraser McDonald
- Professor and Head, Department of Orthodontics, King's College University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Farhad B Naini
- Consultant Orthodontist, Kingston and St George's Hospitals and Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
De Menezes M, Cerón-Zapata AM, López-Palacio AM, Mapelli A, Pisoni L, Sforza C. Evaluation of a Three-Dimensional Stereophotogrammetric Method to Identify and Measure the Palatal Surface Area in Children with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2016; 53:16-21. [DOI: 10.1597/14-076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess a three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetric method for area delimitation and evaluation of the dental arches of children with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP). Obtained data were also used to assess the 3D changes occurring in the maxillary arch with the use of orthopedic therapy prior to rhinocheiloplasty and before the first year of life. Design Within the collaboration between the Università degli Studi di Milano (Italy) and the University CES of Medellin (Colombia), 96 palatal cast models obtained from neonatal patients with UCLP were analyzed using a 3D stereophotogrammetric imaging system. Main Outcome Measures The area of the minor and greater cleft segments on the digital dental cast surface were delineated by the visualization tool of the stereophotogrammetric software and then examined. “Trueness” of the measurements, as well as systematic and random errors between operators' tracings (“precision”) were calculated. Results The method gave area measurements close to true values (errors lower than 2%), without systematic measurement errors for tracings by both interoperators and intraoperators ( P > .05). Statistically significant differences ( P < .05) were noted for alveolar segment and time. Conclusions Maxillary segments have the potential for growth during presurgical orthopedic treatment in the early neonatal period. The cleft segment delimitation on digital dental casts and area measurements by the 3D stereophotogrammetric system revealed an accurate (true and precise) method for evaluating the stone casts of newborn patients with UCLP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcio De Menezes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Milano, Bolsista do CNPq, Brazil
- Course of Dentistry, School of Health Science, State University of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Cerón-Zapata
- Postgraduate Program Pediatric Dentistry and Preventive Orthodontics, and Specialist in Pediatric Dentistry and Preventive Orthodontics, University CES
| | - Ana Maria López-Palacio
- Postgraduate Program Pediatric Dentistry and Preventive Orthodontics, University CES, Medellin, Colombia, and Specialist in Comprehensive Dentistry for Children, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Andrea Mapelli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; bolsista Atração de Jovens Talentos, Pesquisador Colaborador no Brasil, BJT, Programa Ciência sem Fronteiras) from the Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia (MCT) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNP; and FARC, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Milano
| | - Luca Pisoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiarella Sforza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Facial symmetry is an important component of attractiveness. However, functional symmetry is favorable to aesthetic symmetry. In addition, fluctuating asymmetry is more natural and common, even if patients find such asymmetry to be noticeable. However, fluctuating asymmetry remains difficult to define. Several studies have shown that a certain level of asymmetry could generate an unfavorable image. A natural profile is favorable to perfect mirror-image profile, and images with canting and differences less than 3°-4° and 3-4 mm, respectively, are generally not recognized as asymmetry. In this study, a questionnaire survey among 434 medical students was used to evaluate photos of Asian women. The students preferred original images over mirror images. Facial asymmetry was noticed when the canting and difference were more than 3° and 3 mm, respectively. When a certain level of asymmetry is recognizable, correcting it can help to improve social life and human relationships. Prior to any operation, the anatomical component for noticeable asymmetry should be understood, which can be divided into hard tissues and soft tissue. For diagnosis, two-and three-dimensional (3D) photogrammetry and radiometry are used, including photography, laser scanner, cephalometry, and 3D computed tomography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Young Choi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bos EJ, Scholten T, Song Y, Verlinden JC, Wolff J, Forouzanfar T, Helder MN, van Zuijlen P. Developing a parametric ear model for auricular reconstruction: a new step towards patient-specific implants. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2015; 43:390-5. [PMID: 25703503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ear reconstruction is a tedious and demanding surgical procedure and the implant framework used is essential for the esthetic result. The outcome of a reconstructed ear, however, is not necessarily limited to the implant shape but rather to the available options of transplantable tissue for coverage. Apart from the visual aesthetics, ear reconstruction subsequently also requires implant dimensions to be adapted to the surgical possibilities. In this article, we have brought different disciplines together to develop a customizable ear model for 3D printing of ear implants. MATERIAL AND METHODS Computed tomography (CT) scans were made of 4 human cadaver ears before and after soft tissue dissection using a Discovery 750 High Definition Freedom Edition scanner (GE, Milwaukee, WI, USA) and subsequently converted into an STL data set using Mimics Software (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium). These scans were then used to develop a fully adjustable parametric model based on the essential ear anatomy using Rhinoceros and Grasshopper software. RESULTS To determine the quality of the developed models, directed Hausdorff distance (DHD) was applied as the basis for measuring the similarity between the parametric model and the ear cartilage scanning data. Two methods were used. The mean directed Haussdorff distance (MDHD) was calculated based on the distribution of point sets showing an average similarity of 0.8 mm (±0.05 mm). The mean similarity coefficient (SC) of the model and scan surfaces was 94% with a 2-mm threshold. CONCLUSION This study shows that a parametric standard model could be used as a feasible method to generate custom implants based on existing ear images.
Collapse
|