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Chahban M, Akodad M, Skalli A, Gueddari H, El Yousfi Y, Ait Hmeid H, Alitane A, Tabassum S, Saud Alam S, Husain Khan A, Sabi E, Zahmatkesh S. Hydrogeochemical assessment of aquifer salinization in north-eastern Morocco's Gueroaou coastal plain using statistical methods. Environ Res 2024; 244:117939. [PMID: 38128604 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The Guerouaou aquifer investigation spanning 280 km2 in Ain Zohra yields promising outcomes, instilling optimism for regional water quality. These analyses were applied to 45 sampling instances from 43 wells, enabling a comprehensive water quality assessment. Groundwater conductivity ranged from medium to high, peaking at 18360 ms/cm2. The conductivity reveals insights about the groundwater's mineralization. Key physiochemical parameters fell within desirable thresholds, bolstering the positive perspective. HCO3- levels spanned 82-420 mg/L, while chloride content ranged from 38 to 5316 mg/L, benefiting water quality. NO3- ions, vital for gauging pollution, ranged from 0 to 260 mg/L, indicating favorable results. Cation concentrations exhibited encouraging variations: Ca2+- 24 to 647 mg/L, Mg2+- 12 to 440 mg/L, Na+- 18 to 2722 mg/L, K+- 1.75 to 28.65 mg/L. These collectively favor water quality. Halite breakdown dominated mineralization, as evidenced by the prevalence of Na-Cl-Na-SO4 facies. Water resource management and local communities need effective management and mitigation strategies to prevent saltwater intrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Chahban
- Laboratory OLMAN-BPGE, Multidisciplinary Faculty of Nador, Mohamed First University-Oujda, 62700, Nador, Morocco.
| | - Mustapha Akodad
- Laboratory OLMAN-BPGE, Multidisciplinary Faculty of Nador, Mohamed First University-Oujda, 62700, Nador, Morocco.
| | - Ali Skalli
- Laboratory OLMAN-BPGE, Multidisciplinary Faculty of Nador, Mohamed First University-Oujda, 62700, Nador, Morocco.
| | - Hicham Gueddari
- Laboratory OLMAN-BPGE, Multidisciplinary Faculty of Nador, Mohamed First University-Oujda, 62700, Nador, Morocco.
| | - Yassine El Yousfi
- Laboratory of Water and Environmental Management Unit, National School of Applied Sciences - El Hoceima, Abdelmalek Essaadi University-Tangier, 32003, Al Hoceima, Morocco.
| | - Hanane Ait Hmeid
- Laboratory OLMAN-BPGE, Multidisciplinary Faculty of Nador, Mohamed First University-Oujda, 62700, Nador, Morocco.
| | - Abdennabi Alitane
- Geoengineering and Environment Laboratory, Research Group "Water Sciences and Environment Engineering", Geology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, 50000, Meknes, Morocco; Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB), 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sazia Tabassum
- Ecology Lab, Department of Zoology, HNB Garhwal University (A Central University), BGR Campus, Pauri Garhwal, 246001, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Shah Saud Alam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Afzal Husain Khan
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Jazan University, PO Box. 706, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ehab Sabi
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Jazan University, PO Box. 706, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sasan Zahmatkesh
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieríay Ciencias, Puebla, Mexico; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of Mazandaran, P. O. Box: 48518-78195, Behshahr, Mazandaran, Iran.
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R P, V J L, Kessarkar PM, Kumar A, Pesso C, Gomes C. Fresh and recirculated submarine groundwater discharge zones along the central west coast of India. Environ Res 2024; 250:118406. [PMID: 38382659 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The study area receives an average of 2840.0 mm of rainfall within four months every year. A portion of the rainwater is flown to the sea as surface water, and the other part is percolated into the bottom as groundwater. In coastal aquifers, the groundwater is transported to the sea due to a hydraulic gradient, and it contains a significant quantity of dissolved materials and nutrients. SGD processes impact the ocean productivity, mangrove and coral growth, local acidification and many. To isolate the SGD on the central west coast of India, different data was referred. The GWL concerning MSL contributed significantly to demarcating the SGD zones by considering the positive (>0 m) and negative (<0 m) values of GWL concerning above MSL. Thermal images for SST of pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods of 2020 exhibit cooler surrounded by warmer, which might be the SGD buffering zones in the off-central west coast of India. By considering the results from GWL and SST, 8 SGD beach sites were identified for the further particularized study. The water samples were collected in March 2022, and analyzed using standard procedures and instruments. Fresh and mixing (recirculated) zones have been isolated by piper, hydrochemical facies evolution, and Ca2++Mg2+/K++Na + Vs log Cl- ionic ratio plots. The aquifer water chemical elements are converting possibly due to ionic exchange processes. The decrease in salinity and conductivity observed in the pore water just below the seawater might be due to the influence of freshwater inputs, helping to isolate the fresh SGD and recirculated SGD zones in the study area. Among 8 sites, 3 were found to be fresh SGD sites and 5 were noticed to be mixing/recirculated SGD sites. Most of these Beaches are bounded by hills, which helps to lead the SGD along the central west coast of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash R
- Chemical Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India.
| | - Loveson V J
- Geological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India.
| | - Pratima M Kessarkar
- Geological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India.
| | - Ashwini Kumar
- Geological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India.
| | | | - Concy Gomes
- Geological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India.
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Sekar S, Perumal M, Roy PD, Ganapathy M, Senapathi V, Yong Chung S, Elzain HE, Duraisamy M, Kamaraj J. A review on global status of fresh and saline groundwater discharge into the ocean. Environ Monit Assess 2022; 194:915. [PMID: 36255565 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10566-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is the groundwater flow from land to the sea across the seabed, and it includes both terrane freshwater and recirculated seawater in the sub-surface. This review (i) systematically evaluates findings of various quantification methodologies, (ii) examines the estimated SGD in scientific publications between 2000 and 2020, and (iii) quantitatively evaluates current situation of coastal zone management through the bibliometric analysis of research papers. Apart from enhancing the shortage of groundwater resources in coastal area, the SGD brings nutrients (nitrate and phosphate), toxic heavy metals, and organic compounds, and thus contaminate the seawater. Therefore, the improved understanding about location and quantity of global SGD is essential to conserve the coastal and ocean ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvam Sekar
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Muthukumar Perumal
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India
- Registration No: 19212232221045, Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Priyadarsi Debajyoti Roy
- Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, CP, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Moorthy Ganapathy
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Sang Yong Chung
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Environmental Geosciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, Korea
| | - Hussam Eldin Elzain
- Water Research Center, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Manimaran Duraisamy
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jesuraja Kamaraj
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India
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Sunkari ED, Seidu J, Ewusi A. Hydrogeochemical evolution and assessment of groundwater quality in the Togo and Dahomeyan aquifers, Greater Accra Region, Ghana. Environ Res 2022; 208:112679. [PMID: 35007539 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater quality is generally better than surface water quality but this is not sacrosanct because during recharge and abstraction, groundwater may be subjected to variations due to influence from natural and anthropogenic processes. The Togo and Dahomeyan aquifers are threatened by several anthropogenic activities like dumping of domestic and industrial wastes in open landfill sites. These activities can be sources of groundwater constituents and can pose adverse health effects on humans and the ecosystem but little is known about the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater and its quality in the area. Therefore, the present study is aimed at unravelling the hydrogeochemical characteristics and quality of groundwater in the Togo and Dahomeyan aquifers in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. A total of 37 groundwater samples were collected and analysed for the concentrations of major ions, minor ions, and trace elements. The results were used to compute water quality parameters like electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio, sodium percent, and magnesium ratio to assess the quality of the water for irrigation purposes. Groundwater shows acidic to slightly alkaline pH and evolved from Mg-Na-HCO3, Ca-Na-Mg-HCO3, Na-Ca-Mg-HCO3-Cl to Na-Mg-Ca-HCO3 with other mixed water types, which reflect the local geology. Geochemical modelling indicates that groundwater is supersaturated with respect to goethite and hematite and saturated with respect to calcite, aragonite, and dolomite in some samples. Hydrochemical graphing and multivariate statistical analysis indicate that the chemistry of groundwater in the area is primarily controlled by an interplay of chemical weathering, mineral dissolution, ion exchange reactions, agricultural activities, and sewage disposal. The groundwater is not entirely suitable for drinking purposes because of high concentrations of EC, TDS, Na+, Cl-, F-, Fe, Mn, Pb, Cr, and Ni, which exceed their maximum permissible limits provided by the World Health Organization. The computed parameters for assessing the quality of the water for irrigation reveal that 64.9% of the samples are suitable for irrigation purposes. However, 35.1% of the samples show very high salinity and sodium hazard and thus, are unsuitable for irrigation purposes. Therefore, it is recommended that mixing of the high salinity and sodium water with low salinity and sodium water can improve crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Daanoba Sunkari
- Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Studies, University of Mines and Technology, P.O. Box 237, Tarkwa, Ghana; Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, 51240, Main Campus, Niğde, Turkey.
| | - Jamel Seidu
- Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Studies, University of Mines and Technology, P.O. Box 237, Tarkwa, Ghana
| | - Anthony Ewusi
- Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Studies, University of Mines and Technology, P.O. Box 237, Tarkwa, Ghana
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Kumar P, Biswas A, Banerjee S, Rathore S, Rana V, Ram K, Acharya T. Integrating magnetic susceptibility, hydrogeochemical, and isotopic data to assess the seawater invasion in coastal aquifers of Digha, West Bengal, India. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:23474-23503. [PMID: 34807381 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16934-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers is a major concern due to geogenic and anthropogenic activities leading to declining groundwater quality. The present study focuses on deciphering the sea water intruded zones and its extent in the Quaternary alluvial aquifer system in the coastal belt of Digha, West Bengal, India. In this study, 36 groundwater samples were collected during pre-monsoon (2020). Subsequently, an integrated approach of hydrogeological, hydrogeochemistry, bulk magnetic susceptibility, isotopic, multivariate statistical, and geochemical modeling is adopted. Spatial distribution maps of hydrological parameters (salinity, conductivity, TDS) and major ion concentration (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO42-, F-, and Br-) suggest that the northern, south-west, and eastern parts of the study area are largely affected by saltwater intrusion and are corroborated with seawater mixing index (SMI). Based on sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), and Permeability index (PI) distribution maps, the same locations are identified under critical condition for the suitability of groundwater for irrigation. The order of concentration of cations and anions in the water samples are Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ and HCO3- > SO4- > Cl- > Br- > F- respectively. Piper diagram shows three principal hydrochemical water types with water composition changes from fresh (86%) to saline water mix (14%). The hydrochemical facies evolution diagram depicts 81% of water samples are in the freshening phase, and 19% are in the intrusion phase. The various bivariate plots revealed that ion exchange, reverse ion exchange, silicate weathering, seawater mixing, and anthropogenic inputs are the governing factors that control groundwater evolution. R-mode factor analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and agglomerative hierarchical cluster (AHC) also indicate the influence on groundwater from seawater mixing and/or seawater intrusion. The superlativeness of bulk magnetic susceptibility (χ) analysis of water samples in delineating seawater intruded zones is elaborated. Saturation index (SI) shows that groundwater is saturated (> 0) with calcite, dolomite, and aragonite, plausibly due to seawater ingression. Stable isotopic analysis of δ2H (- 53.979 to - 16.9578‰) and δ18O (- 7.00183 to - 1.37 ‰) suggests precipitation recharge/paleo-water at some locations and evaporation enrichment of groundwater. It is recommended to increase groundwater recharge, reduce groundwater extraction at critically affected locations, and have regular monitoring and management to control seawater intrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Deparment of Geology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
| | - Arkoprovo Biswas
- Deparment of Geology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, UP, India.
| | - Sayandeep Banerjee
- Deparment of Geology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
| | - Sanny Rathore
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
| | - Virendra Rana
- Deparment of Geology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
| | - Kirpa Ram
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
| | - Tapas Acharya
- Department of Geology, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street Road, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India
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Raja P, Krishnaraj S, Selvaraj G, Kumar S, Francis V. Hydrogeochemical investigations to assess groundwater and saline water interaction in coastal aquifers of the southeast coast, Tamil Nadu, India. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:5495-5519. [PMID: 32968904 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10870-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater and saline water interaction is the most common processes in the coastal aquifers that alters the quality of aquifer waters. The quaternary alluvium aquifer system is a significant water resource of southeast coastal Tamil Nadu that provides water supplies for industrial, agriculture, and domestic utilities. Hydrogeochemical investigations were attempted to analyze groundwater-saline water interactions for which a total of three hundred and sixty samples representing surface water, pore water, and groundwater samples collected from three significant locations (location A, B, and C) and analyzed for major ion concentrations. Piper plot infers surface and pore water samples representing saline water type (Na-Cl) in all the three locations due to tidal variation and sand dominant surface layer. Groundwater samples represent (Ca-HCO3) type at location A due to fresh groundwater discharge, mixed or subterranean estuary (Ca, Mg-Cl, HCO3) at location B due to conversion of freshwater (Ca-HCO3) at low tide to saline water (Na-Cl) at high tide, and saline (Na-Cl) water at location C due to proximity and influence of tides. The Cl-/HCO3- vs. Cl- plot represents two water types, such as fresh groundwater (0.5) and strongly affected by seawater intrusion (6.6). The plot (Ca2++Mg2+)/(K++Na+) vs. log Cl- represents freshwater in location A, mixing in location B, and saline water in location C. Groundwater samples observed to be fresh in location A (20.0 km away from the coast), recirculated in location B (9.0 km away from the coast), and saline in location C (0.5 km away from the coast).
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Raja
- Department of Earth Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India.
- Department of Geology, Bharathidasan University, Khajamalai Campus, Trichy, 620 023, India.
| | | | - Gopinath Selvaraj
- Institute of Geophysics, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, CP, Mexico
| | - Saravanan Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Sciences, Bangalore, 560 012, India
| | - Vinnarasi Francis
- Department of Earth Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
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Prakash R, Srinivasamoorthy K, Sundarapandian SM, Nanthakumar C, Gopinath S, Saravanan K, Vinnarasi F. Submarine Groundwater Discharge from an Urban Estuary to Southeastern Bay of Bengal, India: Revealed by Trace Element Fluxes. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2021; 80:208-233. [PMID: 33108482 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00774-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Submarine groundwater discharge and associated trace element fluxes from the Coleroon River estuary to south bay, India, has been attempted, because increasing trace elements could result in harmful algal blooms and eutrophication. Trace elements (Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Mo, Ba, Pb, Th, and U) in surface water, pore, and groundwater samples were monitored for 10 days in three locations (A, B, and C) by considering tidal fluctuations. The trace elements Al, Cr, Fe, Ni, Zn, Sr, Mo, Pb, Th, and U were greater and found to be influenced by processes, such as fresh groundwater discharge and seawater intrusion. Lower Mn, Cu, and Ba signifies impact due to sediment adsorption, mixing, and elemental exchange during fresh groundwater and seawater mixing. Salinity versus trace element plot infers greater trace element mobility with cumulative salinity influenced by the conformist behavior of freshwater, seawater, and mixing. The calculated submarine groundwater discharge supported dissolved trace elements fluxes were 107,047.8 n mol d-1 m-1 for location A, 183,520.2 n mol d-1 m-1 for location B, and 181,474.4 n mol d-1 m-1 for location C, respectively. Variations in dissolved trace elements fluxes are attributed to variations in pH, free redox environment in the aquifer, adsorption or desorption by sediments, and the environmental cycle of marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Prakash
- Department of Earth Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India.
- Department of Geology, Khajamalai Campus, Bharathidasan University, Trichy, 620 023, India.
| | - K Srinivasamoorthy
- Department of Earth Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - S M Sundarapandian
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - C Nanthakumar
- Department of Statistics, Salem Sowdeswari College, Salem, 636010, India
| | - S Gopinath
- Institute of Geophysics, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - K Saravanan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Sciences, Bangalore, 560 012, India
| | - F Vinnarasi
- Department of Earth Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
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