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Carnogursky EA, Fall M, Haruna S. Strength development and self-desiccation of saline cemented paste backfill. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:14894-14911. [PMID: 38286929 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32200-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Given that many mines around the world are located in areas where fresh water is scarce, and companies are being held to increasingly stringent sustainability and environmental responsibility standards, many mines are looking to use locally available saline groundwater or seawater as mixing water in cemented paste backfill (CPB). However, the impacts of this decision on key engineering properties of CPB (e.g. strength and self-desiccation) that affect its mechanical stability need to be better understood to allow confident selection of this practical and more sustainable solution. Thus, the effect of mixing water salinity and binder type on the strength (unconfined compressive strength, UCS) development and self-desiccation (measured by suction and volumetric water content) of CPB is explored in this research. NaCl concentrations from 0 to 300 g/L were used in CPB made with silica tailings and Portland cement type I (PC). Concentrations of 10 and 35 g/L were found to moderately increase UCS, while a concentration of 100 g/L had comparable UCS to non-saline CPB and a concentration of 300 g/L was found to significantly decrease UCS over all curing times. The overall trend is 10 g/L > 35 g/L > 0 g/L > 100 g/L > 300 g/L. The UCS of the 60-day-old CPB with a NaCl of 300 g/L is significantly lower, registering a 26% decrease compared to the UCS of the 60-day-old CPB without salt. In contrast, the UCS of the 60-day-old CPBs containing 10 g/L and 35 g/L of salt exhibits a notable improvement, being 15% and 10% higher, respectively, than the UCS of the 60-day-old CPB without salt. Water content and suction monitoring were conducted up to 28 days of curing time, and it was found that suction only slightly contributed to UCS gain of the saline CPB, and high salt contents (100 and 300 g/L) significantly inhibited the self-desiccation ability of CPB due to inhibition of cement hydration by the excessive amount of salt. The increase in strength of both saline and non-saline samples was attributed primarily to the increase in cement hydration products, while the increased strength of the samples with salinities of 10 and 35 g/L was mainly attributed to the enhancement of the binder hydration due to the low amount of salt and the presence of Friedel's salt in the pores. The effect of PC replacement by 25 to 75% with slag on CPB with 35 g/L mixing water salinity was also studied. Slag replacement of 50% and higher resulted in significantly higher UCS over most curing times. Suction likely moderately contributed to UCS of the saline CPB with slag, in addition to the presence of Friedel's salt in the pores and the acceleration of cement and slag hydration by the presence of NaCl.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mamadou Fall
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Colonel By, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Sada Haruna
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Colonel By, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
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Huynh D, Haferburg G, Bunk B, Kaschabek SR, Sand W, Schlömann M. Alicyclobacillus sp. SO9, a novel halophilic acidophilic iron-oxidizing bacterium isolated from a tailings-contaminated beach, and its effect on copper extraction from chalcopyrite in the presence of high chloride concentration. Res Microbiol 2024; 175:104150. [PMID: 37926348 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Many acidophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria used in the mining industry for the bioleaching of sulfidic minerals are intolerant to high chloride concentrations, resulting in problems where chloride occurs in the deposit at high concentrations or only seawater is available. In search for strains tolerating such conditions a tetrathionate- and iron-oxidizing bacterium was isolated from a tailings-contaminated beach sample at Portman Bay, Cartagena-La Union mining district, Spain, in the presence of 20 g l-1 (0.34 M) sodium chloride. The isolate was able to form spores, did not grow in the absence of NaCl, and oxidized ferrous iron in the presence of up to 1.5 M (∼87 g l-1) NaCl. Genome sequencing based on a combination of Illumina and PacBio reads revealed two contigs, a circular bacterial chromosome of 5.2 Mbp and a plasmid of 90 kbp, respectively. The chromosome comprised seven different 16S rRNA genes. Submission of the chromosome to the Type (Strain) Genome Server (TYGS) without preselection of similar sequences revealed exclusively type strains of the genus Alicyclobacillus. In the TYGS analyses the respective most similar species were dependent on whether the final tree was derived from just 16S rRNA, from the genomes, or from the proteomes. Thus, TYGS analysis clearly showed that isolate SO9 represents a novel species of the genus Alicyclobacillus. In the presence of artificial seawater with almost 0.6 M chloride, the addition of Alicyclobacillus sp. SO9 improved copper dissolution from chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) compared to abiotic leaching without bacteria. The new isolate SO9, therefore, has potential for bioleaching at elevated chloride concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieu Huynh
- Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biosciences, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Götz Haferburg
- Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biosciences, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Boyke Bunk
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH Dept. Bioinformatics, IT and Databases, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan R Kaschabek
- Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biosciences, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sand
- Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biosciences, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schlömann
- Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biosciences, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
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Gauhar SJ, Qurashi AW, Liaqat I, Zafar U, Virk MA, Ara C, Faheem M, Mubin M. Halotolerant bacterial biofilms for desalination and water treatment: a pilot study. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27411-5. [PMID: 37171730 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27411-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Salinity has a significant impact on the water quality and crop yield. Physical desalination techniques were once thought to be expensive and time-consuming. Among biological techniques, halotolerant bacteria were thought to be the fastest and most effective way to reduce the salt content in brackish saltwater water. In the current study, halotolerant bacterial biofilms were used to desalinate saline water on abiotic substrates (such as sand, pebbles, glass beads, and plastic beads), and studied subsequently for the effects on Zea mays germination. Briefly, salt samples (SLT7 and SLT8) from the Khewra site in Punjab, Pakistan, as well as seawater and sea sand samples (USW1, USW3, USW6, DSW1, DSW4, SS1, and SS3) from Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan's Arabian Sea, were collected. Halotolerant bacteria were isolated and characterized. Crystal violet ring assays and capsule staining were used to estimate extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and biofilm development, respectively. All halotolerant bacterial strains were spore formers and produced EPS and formed biofilms well. 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the best halotolerant bacteria, USW6, showed the closest (100%) similarity to Bacillus aerius strain G-07 (a novel species) (accession number ON202984). A pilot-scale experiment for desalinating the artificial water (supplemented with 1 M NaCl) using biofilm adhered abiotic beads showed declined level of NaCl from 1 M to 0.00003 M after 15 days in treated water. Also, Zea mays germination was observed in the plants using treated water compared to no growth in the non-treated saline water. Estimations of chlorophyll, total soluble sugar, and protein revealed that plants cultivated using elute collected from a desalinated pilot scale setup contained less chlorophyll (i.e., 5.994 and 116.76). Likewise, plants grown with elute had a total soluble protein and sugar content of 1.45 mg/ml and 1.3 mg/ml, respectively. Overall, in treated water plants, a minor drop in chlorophyll content, a slight increase in total soluble sugar content, and a slight increase in protein content were noted. The study concluded that biofilm-treated desalt water has the potential to significantly reduce the effects of droughts, soil salinization, and economic and environmental issues associated with agricultural drainage. The results specified the application of halotolerant bacteria biofilms (Bacillus aerius, a novel species, USW6) for water desalination to overcome the problem of water scarcity caused by global warming and the increased salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Jahan Gauhar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aisha Waheed Qurashi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Iram Liaqat
- Microbiology Lab, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Urooj Zafar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arshad Virk
- CVAS, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Jhang Campus, Jhang, Pakistan
| | - Chaman Ara
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Faheem
- Microbiology Lab, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mubin
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Lejwoda P, Świnder H, Thomas M. Evaluation of the stability of heavy metal-containing sediments obtained in the wastewater treatment processes with the use of various precipitating agents. Environ Monit Assess 2023; 195:442. [PMID: 36869997 PMCID: PMC9985567 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The article presents the results of research on the leachability of selected heavy metals (cadmium, nickel, chromium, cobalt, lead, and copper) from solid waste obtained in laboratory processes involved in the industrial treatment of wastewater generated in metal surface treatment plants. The test sludges were precipitated using sodium hydroxide solution, calcium hydroxide suspension, 45% solution sodium trithiocarbonate (Na2CS3), 15% solution trimercapto-s-triazine, sodium salt (TMT), and 40% solution sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate (DMDTC). The precipitates were treated with artificial acid rain and artificial salt water. After 1, 7, 14, and 21 days of leaching, the concentration of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Ni in the leachate was determined. Artificial acid rain leached Ni and Cd to a maximum concentration of 724 mg/L and 1821 mg/L, respectively, from the sludge obtained after the application of Na2CS3, while artificial salt water leached Ni in the maximum amount of 466 mg/L and Cd-max. 1320 mg/L. When Ca(OH)2/NaOH was used, the leaching of Cr reached a similar level for both leaching agents, i.e., the maximum for artificial acid rain was 72.2 mg/L and the maximum for artificial salt water 71.8 mg/L. The use of Na2CS3 or Ca(OH)2/NaOH poses a risk of some heavy metals entering the environment, which may have a negative impact on living organisms, whereas the sludges obtained with the use of DMDTC and TMT as precipitants were the most stable under the experimental conditions and did not pose a potential environmental hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Lejwoda
- Department of Environmental Monitoring, Central Mining Institute in Katowice, Plac Gwarków 1, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Henryk Świnder
- Department of Environmental Monitoring, Central Mining Institute in Katowice, Plac Gwarków 1, Katowice, Poland
| | - Maciej Thomas
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Cracow University of Technology, Kraków, 31-155, Warszawska 24, Poland
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Thavamani J, Kumar P. Experimental investigation on the performance improvement of double-slope solar still by different shapes of the channel integration. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:49450-49469. [PMID: 36780076 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25619-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
An experimental investigation has been done for the performance enhancement of double-slope solar still (DSSS) by incorporating channels of different shapes. There are five solar stills including one conventional solar still, and four others modified with square (Sq), rectangular (Rect), triangular (Tri), and trapezoidal (Trap) channel are used. The temperature difference between the channel inlet and outlet, basin, and glass cover was measured at an optimum basin water depth of 2 cm. It is found that incorporating the channels inside the still enhances the basin water surface temperature. Results demonstrate that the best yield rate was achieved from the trapezoidal shape channel inserted in double-slope solar still (DSSS + Trap). DSSS + Sq, DSSS + Rect, DSSS + Tri, and DSSS + Trap channels increased the yield rate by 4.35%, 13.04%, 20.28%, and 30.43% compared to conventional double-slope solar still. Energy and exergy analysis was calculated for different days in the modified solar still. The cost per liter of distillate water was least ($0.034) for DSSS + Trap system with a payback period of 6.5 months. Moreover, it is observed that the modified double-slope solar still with trapezoidal channel attachment has reduced 5.33 tons CO2 for its life cycle. Furthermore, water samples collected during experimental have a drinking quality as per requirements of the World Health Organization standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyaraj Thavamani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603203, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603203, Tamilnadu, India.
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Mohiuddin SA, Kaviti AK, Rao TS, Sakthivel S. Performance analysis of a contactless nanostructure in solar-powered desalination system. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:16277-16288. [PMID: 36181600 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To address the water scarcity problem, solar desalination by using solar still can be one feasible solution to purify the water. Researchers recently developed thermal absorption materials fully and partially submerged in water and floating. These thermal absorption materials transfer their absorbed solar energy to water through thermal conduction. However, direct contact of these thermal absorption materials with water will damage the material, reducing life. Here we developed a novel contactless nanostructure that is not in contact with water. The contactless nanostructure will first absorb the solar energy and then re-radiate the absorbed energy to water, resulting in water heating, evaporation, and condensation. Experimental results showed that the use of a vertical mirror of size 75 × 50 × 0.5 cm could able to enhance the productivity by 79.7% when synthetic saline water (3.5% Wt. NaCl) with 1-cm water depth was used inside the contactless nanostructure solar still (CNSSS) compared to without mirror. The salt deposition is completely prevented owing to the physical de-coupling of the nanostructure from water, resulting in a long lifespan of the nanostructure that can be used for years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaik Afzal Mohiuddin
- Centre for Solar Energy Materials, VNRVJIET, Hyderabad, 500090, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, VNRVJIET, Hyderabad, 500090, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, JNTUH, Hyderabad, 500085, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Kaviti
- Centre for Solar Energy Materials, VNRVJIET, Hyderabad, 500090, India.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, VNRVJIET, Hyderabad, 500090, India.
| | | | - Shanmugasundaram Sakthivel
- Centre for Solar Energy Materials, International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials, Balapur PO, Hyderabad, 500 005, India
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Gabr AA, Farag ME, Shahin GF, El-Kotamy EM. Impact of protein supply on the productive performance of growing lambs drinking natural saline water and fed low-quality forage under semi-arid conditions. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:59. [PMID: 36723688 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03462-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Consuming saline water causes animals salinity stress, which leads to many adapting metabolic changes that could negatively affect its performance and the quality of the derived products. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of increasing diet protein level on the productive performance of growing lambs drinking natural saline water in Egyptian semi-arid region. Twenty-four growing Barki lambs (4-5 months old) with an initial body weight of 20.7 ± 0.25 kg were randomly distributed into four similar groups for 150 days. Two diets were formulated: low protein and high protein levels (concentrate feed mixture containing 14% and 20% crude protein (CP) on dry matter basis, respectively). Within each level of CP, natural saline water was represented by low saline (LS) and high saline (HS) water, containing 658 and 2100 mg/L of total dissolved solids, respectively. Results showed that the HS water increased (p = 0.02) water intake by about 18% and had adverse effect (p < 0.001) on dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance. The ruminal pH values, total volatile fatty acids, and ammonia-N concentrations were not affected by drinking the HS water. However, the protein supplementation enhanced the HS lambs' nutrients digestion and showed greater growth performance. The HS water decreased (p < 0.001) the serum concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and increased (p = 0.03) the urea-N by about 9%. The protein supplementation amended the serum ALT and AST concentrations of HS lambs. It is concluded that the dietary protein supply was affective sustainable management strategy against the deleterious effect of drinking high saline water on growing lambs.
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Diab MR, Abou-Taleb FS, Essa FA, Omara ZM. Improving the vertical solar distiller performance using rotating wick discs and integrated condenser. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:57946-57963. [PMID: 35355192 PMCID: PMC9395486 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19873-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater is one of the most essential needs of society. Due to the limited amount of potable water on Earth, guaranteeing the supply of clean water to society is a major challenge. By utilizing abundant sunshine, solar still could be utilized to provide the necessary amount of drinking water in remote locations. The issue of restricted daily production inspires researchers to investigate novel ways for enhancing the thermal performance of desalination techniques while lowering expenses. In this work, the scholars improved a unique distillation method related to solar stills. The authors presented a novel improvement to the vertical distiller design to enhance the exposure area while decreasing the thickness of the water layer as much as possible. Thus, two rotational discs (flat type) covered with wick were integrated into the vertical distiller basin at 1.5 rpm and 5 cm water depth. Furthermore, providing vacuum via a fan with an external condenser. Besides, various rotating speeds (from 400 to 2000 rpm) were tested to determine the perfect fan speed that provides the maximum yield. The experimental findings revealed that the modified vertical distiller produced more pure water than the conventional distiller. Moreover, the rotation of wick discs and vacuum fan enhanced the yield of distillers enormously. Besides, the highest distiller performance was obtained at 1.5 rpm (wick disc speed) and 1600 rpm (fan speed, 10 min ON, and 10 min OFF). Moreover, the daily freshwater output was 19.1 L/m2 day for MDSVD without the fan and 23.65 L/m2 day for MDSVD with the fan. So, the yield of MSSVD without/with vacuum fan was improved by 548.65% and 660.45%, respectively, over that of CTD. The best thermal efficacy for MDSVD without/with vacuum fan was 77.47% and 84.05%, respectively. Lastly, the average cost of freshwater was 0.021, 0.0177, and 0.0164 $/L for CTD, MDSVD without/with vacuum fan, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ragab Diab
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Fawzy Shaban Abou-Taleb
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Fadl Abdelmonem Essa
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt.
| | - Zakaria Mohamed Omara
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
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Chidambaram S, Panda B, Keesari T, Prasanna MV, Singh DK, Ramanathan AL. Isotopic signatures to address the groundwater recharge in coastal aquifers. Mar Pollut Bull 2022; 174:113273. [PMID: 35090268 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of the coastal aquifers are well-expressed by geochemical and isotopic signatures. Coastal regions often exhibit complex groundwater recharge pattern due to the influence of depression in the Bay of Bengal, tidal variations on surface waters, saline water intrusion and agricultural return flows. In this research, groundwater recharge processes occurring in coastal Tamil Nadu, South India were evaluated using major ion chemistry and environmental isotopes. A total of 170 groundwater samples were collected from shallow and deep aquifers during both post-monsoon (POM) and pre-monsoon (PRM) seasons. The isotopic results showed a wide variation in the shallow groundwater, suggesting contribution from multiple recharge sources. But, the deeper groundwater recharge is mainly from precipitation. The northern part of the study area showed more depleted isotopic values, which rapidly changed towards south from -6.8 to -4.4‰. Alternatively, central and southern parts exhibited relatively enriched isotopic content with variation from -0.58 to -2.7‰. Groundwater was discerned to be brackish to saline with chloride content, 600-2060 mgL-1 and δ18O ranging from -5.8 to -4.5‰, suggesting influence of the saline water sources. A minor influence of anthropogenic activities was also observed in the deeper groundwater during PRM, which was confirmed by tritium and Cl- trends. The old groundwater with depleted isotopic content infer recharged by distant sources while modern groundwater with enriched isotopes points to the influence of evaporated recharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabarathinam Chidambaram
- Water Research Centre, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, Kuwait; Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Tamilnadu 608002, India.
| | - Banajarani Panda
- Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Tamilnadu 608002, India.
| | - Tirumalesh Keesari
- Isotope and Radiation Application Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, DAE, Mumbai 400094, India.
| | - M V Prasanna
- Department of Applied Geology, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia..
| | | | - A L Ramanathan
- School of Environmental Sciences, JNU, New Delhi, India.
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Diab MR, Essa FA, Abou-Taleb FS, Omara ZM. Solar still with rotating parts: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:54260-54281. [PMID: 34390475 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15899-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Access to freshwater is narrowed down every day in the world. Many diseases of human beings are related to water supplies contaminated or unpurified. Nowadays, there are massive water shortages in developed and developing nations due to unplanned mechanisms and water pollution caused by human behavior. Water desalination with no impact on the environment is the necessity of the hour. The distillation of saline or brackish water using free solar energy such as solar still is one of the techniques of water purification providing ultrapure distilled water. Besides, solar still is an economical and eco-friendly method, particularly in arid areas. Solar distillers also provide renewable equipment for freshwater productivity. The still design was affected by several operating and environmental factors. The low productivity of the solar still is its major drawback, so many researchers have studied various models to enhance solar still productivity. This paper aims to review the numerous studies of solar still incorporated with rotating parts that are deemed to be effective and efficient design because rotating parts break water surface tension, increase evaporation area, and improve the still performance. Throughout this detailed review, the scholars intend to present, clarify, and analyze the status of several solar distillers with various rotary component arrangements such as a fan, rotating wick, shaft, drum, disc... etc. In addition, based on the entire work, it was confirmed and recommended that the solar still with rotating parts should be continuously followed to supply potable water efficiently and economically. Different results showed the importance of part rotation (best daily yield & improvement) such as vertical disc distiller (16.5 L/m2/d & 617.4%), drum distiller (9.22 L/m2/d & 350%), moving wick solar still (9.17 L/m2/d & 315%), shaft still (0.83 L/m2/d & 39.49%), and vibratory distiller (5.8 L/m2/d & 132%). These important results obtain the importance of embedding rotating parts into the solar stills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ragab Diab
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Fadl Abdelmonem Essa
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt.
| | - Fawzy Shaban Abou-Taleb
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Zakaria Mohamed Omara
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
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Sun L, Shao S, Bao J. Microbial lipid fermentation of Trichosporon cutaneum in high saline water. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:71. [PMID: 38650229 PMCID: PMC10992498 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00424-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermentative production of microbial lipid requires high fresh water input. The utilization of high saline seawater or industrial wastewater is an important alternative to reduce the freshwater consumption. This study revealed that oleaginous yeast Trichosporon cutaneum was tolerant to a high salinity up to 130 g/L of NaCl after long-term adaptive evolution. Lipid fermentation of T. cutaneum in seawater achieved the lipid production of 31.7 g/L with approximately 36% greater than that in freshwater. The saline water containing phenol was also tested for lipid fermentation and 23.6 g/L of lipid was produced simultaneously with the complete biodegradation of phenol. An interesting phenomenon was also observed that the yeast cells spontaneously segregated onto the upper surface of the saline water. This study extended the lipid fermentation options with practical application potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luhuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Shuai Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jie Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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12
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Reddy BS, Maurya AK, V E S, Narayana PL, Reddy MH, Baazeem A, Cho KK, Reddy NS. Prediction of batch sorption of barium and strontium from saline water. Environ Res 2021; 197:111107. [PMID: 33812876 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Celestite and barite formation results in contamination of barium and strontium ions hinder oilfield water purification. Conversion of bio-waste sorbent products deals with a viable, sustainable and clean remediation approach for removing contaminants. Biochar sorbent produced from rice straw was used to remove barium and strontium ions of saline water from petroleum industries. The removal efficiency depends on biochar amount, pH, contact time, temperature, and Ba/Sr concentration ratio. The interactions and effects of these parameters with removal efficiency are multifaceted and nonlinear. We used an artificial neural network (ANN) model to explore the correlation between process variables and sorption responses. The ANN model is more accurate than that of existing kinetic and isotherm equations in assessing barium and strontium removal with adj. R2 values of 0.994 and 0.991, respectively. We developed a standalone user interface to estimate the barium and strontium removal as a function of sorption process parameters. Sensitivity analysis and quantitative estimation were carried out to study individual process variables' impact on removal efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Reddy
- Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology & RIGET, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - A K Maurya
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Institute, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Sathishkumar V E
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode, 638101, Tamilnadu, India
| | - P L Narayana
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Institute, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - M H Reddy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, St. Peter's Engineering College, Hyderabad, India
| | - Alaa Baazeem
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kwon-Koo Cho
- Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology & RIGET, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea.
| | - N S Reddy
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Institute, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea.
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13
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Liu G, Li S, Song K, Wang X, Wen Z, Kutser T, Jacinthe PA, Shang Y, Lyu L, Fang C, Yang Y, Yang Q, Zhang B, Cheng S, Hou J. Remote sensing of CDOM and DOC in alpine lakes across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau using Sentinel-2A imagery data. J Environ Manage 2021; 286:112231. [PMID: 33706125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As important components of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in an aquatic environment, colored DOM (CDOM) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) play an essential role in the carbon cycle of an inland aquatic system. Traditionally, CDOM and DOC in inland waters have been primarily determined using in situ observations and laboratory measurements. Most of past lake investigations on CDOM and DOC focused on easily accessible regions and covered a small fraction of lakes worldwide. To our knowledge, little is known about lakes in less accessible areas like the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). To address this challenge, optical satellite remote sensing might be useful for capturing a synoptic view of CDOM and DOC with high frequency at large scales, complementing in situ sampling methods for inland waters. In this study, 216 samples collected from 36 lakes across the QTP (2014-2017) were examined to determine the relationships between CDOM absorption coefficient at 350 nm (a350) and Sentinel-2A Multi Spectral Instrument (MSI) imagery reflectance data. A strong positive linear correlation with a350 was observed with B4/B2 (R2 = 0.78, p < 0.01) and with B4/B3 (R2 = 0.62). A multi-step regression model was established for estimating a350 with B4/B2 and B4/B3 as input variables (R2 = 0.81, p < 0.01). A scattered CDOM-DOC relationship was revealed (R2 = 0.34, p < 0.05) using a pooled dataset. By dividing the inland waters into four separate groups in accordance with their salinity gradients, we were able to develop much stronger relationships (R2 > 0.8, p < 0.01) for CDOM-DOC. Significant differences between fresh and saline waters were demonstrated using satellite-derived CDOM and DOC, where high CDOM (0.86 ± 0.67 m-1) and low DOC (3.76 ± 4.92 mg L-1) concentrations were observed for freshwaters, while inverse trends of CDOM (0.53 ± 0.72 m-1) and DOC (15.76 ± 17.07 mg L-1) were demonstrated for saline lakes in the Tibetan Plateau. This study confirmed that satellite optical imagery can be used for the monitoring of CDOM and DOC of the lakes of the Tibetan Plateau, which are sensitive to a changing climate and are infrequently investigated due to the harsh environment and poor accessibility. Moreover, it highlighted the importance of combining salinity and remote sensing data in the process of estimating lake DOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Liu
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shengbei Street NO.4888, 130102, Changchun, PR China.
| | - Sijia Li
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shengbei Street NO.4888, 130102, Changchun, PR China.
| | - Kaishan Song
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shengbei Street NO.4888, 130102, Changchun, PR China.
| | - Xiang Wang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shengbei Street NO.4888, 130102, Changchun, PR China.
| | - Zhidan Wen
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shengbei Street NO.4888, 130102, Changchun, PR China.
| | - Tiit Kutser
- Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Mäealuse 14, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Pierre-Andrew Jacinthe
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University, 420 University Blvd., 46202, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Yingxin Shang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shengbei Street NO.4888, 130102, Changchun, PR China.
| | - Lili Lyu
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shengbei Street NO.4888, 130102, Changchun, PR China.
| | - Chong Fang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shengbei Street NO.4888, 130102, Changchun, PR China.
| | - Ying Yang
- Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Tianjin, 30456, PR China.
| | - Qian Yang
- Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, PR China.
| | - Baohua Zhang
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, 252000, PR China.
| | - Shuai Cheng
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, 252000, PR China.
| | - Junbin Hou
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shengbei Street NO.4888, 130102, Changchun, PR China.
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14
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Yang M, Zhang H, Chang F, Hu X. Self-sensitized photochlorination of benzo[a]pyrene in saline water under simulated solar light irradiation. J Hazard Mater 2021; 408:124445. [PMID: 33221076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated organic compounds are ubiquitously detected in saline waters. The photochlorination of organic compounds is one possible source, and chlorine radicals originating from other photosensitive substances have been reported to be responsible for organic compounds chlorination in previous reports. In this study, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) chlorination in 10% acetonitrile/NaCl aqueous solution was initiated by self-sensitization of BaP, while chlorine radicals were not involved in the reaction. After 45 min of photoreaction in four seawater samples, chlorinated product (6-ClBaP) accounted for 10-17% of the fraction of transformed BaP, which was higher than that previously reported. The influences of Cl-, pH, humic acid, electron donors, and particulate matter on the formation of chlorobenzo[a]pyrene were systematically investigated. A self-sensitized photochlorination reaction mechanism was proposed as follow: photoexited BaP was activated to singlet state and then transformed to triplet state through inter-system crossing. Then the excited triplet state and oxygen formed [3BaP*-3O2] or [BaP-1O2] complex, which further reacted with Cl- to produce 6-ClBaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Haijing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003 Shandong, PR China
| | - Fei Chang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Xuefeng Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003 Shandong, PR China.
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15
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Raja P, Krishnaraj S, Selvaraj G, Kumar S, Francis V. Hydrogeochemical investigations to assess groundwater and saline water interaction in coastal aquifers of the southeast coast, Tamil Nadu, India. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:5495-5519. [PMID: 32968904 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10870-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater and saline water interaction is the most common processes in the coastal aquifers that alters the quality of aquifer waters. The quaternary alluvium aquifer system is a significant water resource of southeast coastal Tamil Nadu that provides water supplies for industrial, agriculture, and domestic utilities. Hydrogeochemical investigations were attempted to analyze groundwater-saline water interactions for which a total of three hundred and sixty samples representing surface water, pore water, and groundwater samples collected from three significant locations (location A, B, and C) and analyzed for major ion concentrations. Piper plot infers surface and pore water samples representing saline water type (Na-Cl) in all the three locations due to tidal variation and sand dominant surface layer. Groundwater samples represent (Ca-HCO3) type at location A due to fresh groundwater discharge, mixed or subterranean estuary (Ca, Mg-Cl, HCO3) at location B due to conversion of freshwater (Ca-HCO3) at low tide to saline water (Na-Cl) at high tide, and saline (Na-Cl) water at location C due to proximity and influence of tides. The Cl-/HCO3- vs. Cl- plot represents two water types, such as fresh groundwater (0.5) and strongly affected by seawater intrusion (6.6). The plot (Ca2++Mg2+)/(K++Na+) vs. log Cl- represents freshwater in location A, mixing in location B, and saline water in location C. Groundwater samples observed to be fresh in location A (20.0 km away from the coast), recirculated in location B (9.0 km away from the coast), and saline in location C (0.5 km away from the coast).
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Raja
- Department of Earth Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India.
- Department of Geology, Bharathidasan University, Khajamalai Campus, Trichy, 620 023, India.
| | | | - Gopinath Selvaraj
- Institute of Geophysics, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, CP, Mexico
| | - Saravanan Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Sciences, Bangalore, 560 012, India
| | - Vinnarasi Francis
- Department of Earth Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
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16
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Michailova P, Szarek-Gwiazda E, Kownacki A. Physicochemical characteristics of the Dombrovska pit lake (Ukraine) formed in an opencast potassium salt mine and the genome response of Chironomus salinarius Kieffer (Chironomidae, Diptera) to these conditions. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:446-458. [PMID: 32815011 PMCID: PMC7782447 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the Dombrovska pit lake, near the city of Kalush in Ukraine, which is a former potassium salt mine filled with brine and freshwater. The water level is still increasing and as a result the salinity is decreasing. We analyzed the benthic fauna communities and the genome instability by assessing the rearrangements in the polytene chromosomes of Chironomus salinarius and the physicochemical parameters of the near-bottom water (pH, conductivity, mineralization, major ions, NO3-, NH4+, metals Cd, Pb, Cu, Mn, and Fe) and sediment (pH, organic matter and metals Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe) at four sites. The water mineralization ranged from 17.3 to 26.2 g dm-3 which are classified as mesohaline and polyhaline waters, respectively. The biodiversity of the benthic fauna was low, and the dominant species was C. salinarius. The density of C. salinarius varied spatially and changed from 637 ind./m2 at a depth of 5 m to 8167 ind./m2 at a depth of 2.5 m. The genome instability was analyzed by examining the structural and functional changes in the salivary gland chromosomes of C. salinarius. The exposure of C. salinarius damaged the chromosomes and the activities of key structures, such as the Balbiani ring and nucleolar organizer, were partially or completely suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskeva Michailova
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Tzar Osvoboditel Boulv., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ewa Szarek-Gwiazda
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Adama Mickiewicza 33, 31-120, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Kownacki
- Polish Hydrobiological Society, Krakow Branch, Adama Mickiewicza 33, 31-120, Krakow, Poland
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17
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Biazar SM, Fard AF, Singh VP, Dinpashoh Y, Majnooni-Heris A. Estimation of evaporation from saline water. Environ Monit Assess 2020; 192:694. [PMID: 33037931 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Evaporation, as the main source of water loss from closed lakes, makes a significant contribution to the water balance equation of the lake and can lead to changes in the chemical composition thereof. The objective of the study was to develop an equation for estimation of evaporation from the water surface with different depths and concentrations. To that end, 48 barrels were used to model evaporation at 6 different depths and 8 different concentrations of salinity. The experiments have been conducted in the same meteorological condition for all the barrels near the Urmia Lake. Data were collected in March 1, 2019, to Aug 31, 2019. Different equations fitted to data for each concentrations of salinity separately with different depths, and the equations with the least errors were selected. A model was then developed for the estimation of evaporation, considering the effect of salinity and depth, and the results were compared with daily measurements. The results were evaluated using the root mean square error (RMSE), correlation coefficient (CC), and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NS). The results indicated that evaporation (Horizontal row) from water surface with high concentrations of salinity to low concentrations of salinity in different depths had an incremental trend. However, it can be seen in the vertical row that evaporation increased from low depth to high depth, and then decreased at a certain depth (120 cm) while the maximum evaporation rate belonged to 90-cm barrels for each concentration of salinity (in the vertical and horizontal row). At the end, the comparison of evaporation computed from the model and measured data showed that the model estimated evaporation at different depths and concentrations of salinity satisfactorily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mostafa Biazar
- Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Fakheri Fard
- Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vijay P Singh
- Caroline & William N. Lehrer Distinguished Chair in Water Engineering, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, 321 Scoates Hall, 2117 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-2117, USA
- Zachry Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, 321 Scoates Hall, 2117 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-2117, USA
| | - Yagob Dinpashoh
- Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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18
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Porcar-Santos O, Cruz-Alcalde A, López-Vinent N, Zanganas D, Sans C. Photocatalytic degradation of sulfamethoxazole using TiO 2 in simulated seawater: Evidence for direct formation of reactive halogen species and halogenated by-products. Sci Total Environ 2020; 736:139605. [PMID: 32502784 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays photoactivation mechanism of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) and reactive species involved in saline waters is not sufficiently established. In this study, TiO2 photocatalytic process under simulated solar irradiation was evaluated in synthetic seawater and compared with deionized water, using sulfamethoxazole (SMX) as model organic compound. For a TiO2 concentration of 100 mg L-1, SMX degradation resulted two times slower in seawater than in deionized water by the determination of their pseudo-first order rate constants of 0.020 min-1 and 0.041 min-1, respectively. Selected scavenging experiments revealed no significant contribution of hydroxyl radicals (OH) on the degradation process in seawater, while these radicals contributed to circa 60% on the SMX depletion in deionized water. Instead, the involvement of reactive halogen species (RHS) as main contributors for the SMX degradation in seawater could be established. A mechanism for the RHS generation was proposed, whose initiation reactions involve halides with the TiO2 photogenerated holes, yielding chlorine and bromine radicals (Cl and Br) that may later generate other RHS. Production of RHS was further confirmed by the identification of SMX transformation products (TPs) and their evolution over time, carried out by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). SMX transformation was conducted through halogenation, dimerization and oxidation pathways, involving mainly RHS. Most of the detected transformation products accumulated over time (up to 360 min of irradiation). These findings bring concerns about the viability of photocatalytic water treatments using TiO2 NPs in saline waters, as RHS could be yielded resulting in the generation and accumulation of halogenated organic byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Porcar-Santos
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alberto Cruz-Alcalde
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria López-Vinent
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dimitrios Zanganas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Sans
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Rees AB, Gallagher A, Wright LA, Wood J, Cathery T, Harrison B, Down C, Comber S. Leisure craft sacrificial anodes as a source of zinc and cadmium to saline waters. Mar Pollut Bull 2020; 158:111433. [PMID: 32753216 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sacrificial anodes are attached to the hulls of boats and marine structures to prevent corrosion. Their use inevitably leads to release of zinc as well as impurities in the zinc alloy such as cadmium to the saline environment. Risk assessments and source apportionment exercises require accurate assessments of the potential loads of chemicals into the environment. This research has surveyed a wide variety of zinc anodes for their composition to compare against a reported industry standard as well as using differing methodologies to determine the dissolution rate of zinc and cadmium from anodes. A zinc dissolution rate of 477 g/yr/kg of anode is proposed. Although most anodes tested had concentrations of cadmium within the prescribed limits set by the reported standard, calculated leaching rates from laboratory dissolution experiments suggested as much as 400 g per year of cadmium could leach from zinc anodes used on leisure vessels within UK waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldous B Rees
- Southampton Solent Univeristy, East Park Terrace, Southampton SO14 0YN, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Anthony Gallagher
- Southampton Solent Univeristy, East Park Terrace, Southampton SO14 0YN, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Laurance A Wright
- Southampton Solent Univeristy, East Park Terrace, Southampton SO14 0YN, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Jonathan Wood
- Plymouth Univeristy, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Timothy Cathery
- Plymouth Univeristy, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Bradley Harrison
- Plymouth Univeristy, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Chloe Down
- Plymouth Univeristy, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Sean Comber
- Plymouth Univeristy, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
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20
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Hussain MI, Farooq M, Muscolo A, Rehman A. Crop diversification and saline water irrigation as potential strategies to save freshwater resources and reclamation of marginal soils-a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:28695-28729. [PMID: 32462627 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Feeding 9 billion by 2050 is one of major challenges for researchers. Use of diversified crops, nonconventional water resources and rehabilitation of marginal lands are alternate options to produce more food to face climate change projections. Adaptation to climate change through climate smart agriculture practices, agroecology activities, and crop-based management packages can help transform the marginal lands from environmental burdens into productive and economic blocks. This review discusses the recent advancements on specialty group of alternate crops (oil seeds, legumes, cereals, medicinal, lignocellulose, and fruit crops) which can adapt in the marginal environments. Availability of alternate water resources (saline water, treated wastewater) for irrigation cannot be omitted. Crop diversification systems involving drought and salt-tolerant crops are likely to be the key to future agricultural and economic growth in the regions where salt-affected soils exist and/or saline aquifers are pumped for irrigation. These systems may tackle three main tasks: sustainable management of land resources and enhancement of per unit productivity; intensification of agroecological practices to increase soil fertility; and improving productivity of marginal lands for diversified climate smart crops. This review explores various aspects of marginal lands and selection of tolerant crop genotypes, crop diversification, and agroecological practices to maximize benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, 123, Al-Khoud, Oman
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Adele Muscolo
- Department of Agriculture, Mediterranea University, Feo di Vito, 89122, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Department of Crop Sciences and Biotechnology, Dankook University, 119, Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, 31116, Korea
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21
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Mourad KA, Hobro S. Developing chlorine-based antiseptic by electrolysis. Sci Total Environ 2020; 709:136108. [PMID: 31905555 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of Alcohol-based antiseptics is efficient and approved, however it has some limitations. This paper examined the possibility of using hypochlorite water as a chlorine-based antiseptic for handwashing in public buildings and healthcare facilities. The electrolysis method was used, which produces Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) from mixing drinking water with small amounts of sodium hydroxide. Hypochlorous acid is usually produced by blood cells to surround pathogens when the skin is cut and exposed to pathogens. The methods used were based on hydrolysing drinking water at a different salt concentration (from 0 up to saline water 0.9% NaCl) under the different power supply. The results showed that 0.005-0.01% hydrochloride water can be a perfect antiseptic that can kill most bacteria and pathogenies within 12 s. In one prototype set up one litter of the prepared solution needed the only 2 g of NaCl, 12 V and 3 amps' power. However, the pH value should be maintained to be around 5-6. The results also showed that the most efficient way was to produce the solution on-site. However, if stored properly it can be used for 7-10 days after production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaldoon A Mourad
- Lund University and the Centre for Sustainable Visions, 22100 Lund, Sweden.
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22
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Yang Q, Guo Y, E Y, Zhang S, Blatchley ER, Li J. Methyl chloride produced during UV 254 irradiation of saline water. J Hazard Mater 2020; 384:121263. [PMID: 31605974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is widely used for water treatment due to its effectiveness against a wide range of waterborne pathogens with minimal production of regulated disinfection byproducts. However, in this study, the formation of methyl chloride (CH3Cl) from guaiacol and chloride was observed during UV254 irradiation. The results indicated that direct photolysis of guaiacol produced an arenium ion, and the reactive methoxy group was further transformed to CH3Cl in the presence of chloride. O-quinone was detected as the primary product of the degradation of guaiacol resulting from UV254 irradiation. Other organic compounds containing methoxy, ethoxy, or methylamino groups with structures that are similar to guaiacol were also demonstrated to generate halocarbons in aqueous chloride or bromide solution under UV254 irradiation. Scavenging experiments and removal of oxygen demonstrated that neither oxygen nor chlorine radicals were involved in CH3Cl formation. In seawater samples, CH3Cl was also detected in the presence or absence of added organic matter. These results demonstrate that CH3Cl can be formed during UV254 irradiation in saline water and that attention should be paid to this compound and structurally-related compounds in the application of UV254 processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yue E
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Sanbing Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Ernest R Blatchley
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Division of Environmental & Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Xu X, Liu X, Oh M, Park J. Development of a novel base liner material for offshore final disposal sites and the assessment of its hydraulic conductivity. Waste Manag 2020; 102:190-197. [PMID: 31678805 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the process of landfilling, leachates resulting from the waste landfill are likely to cause secondary environmental pollution, and installation of a basal liner is essential under a landfill site to block and reduce permeation of leachate flowing into the subsurface environment. The research aims to develop a salt-resistant bentonite and a novel base liner material for offshore waste disposal. The liner materials consist of core materials and coating materials in which mixtures of bentonite, sepiolite, and guar gum were used to overcome the shortcomings in bentonite to realise a high water-resistance and a permeability coefficient of below 1.0 × 10-7 cm/s under saline water conditions. The optimal mixing ratio of bentonite, sepiolite, and guar gum was confirmed as 76:19:5 by conducting drying shrinkage cracking tests, free swelling tests, and hydraulic conductivity tests. The hydraulic conductivities of spherical particles, as measured in a rigid-wall permeameter and a flexible-wall permeameter, were less than 1.0 × 10-7 cm/s under saline water conditions. The compressive properties of spherical particles were evaluated through triaxial compression testing. The engineering characteristics of the liner material were studied in the present research, but the long-term biodegradation characteristics of polymer additives were also important, yet remained unclear. The long-term biostability of the additives, and its effect on basal liner performance should be evaluated in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- College of Civil Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Myounghak Oh
- Maritime ICT R&D Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Busan 49111, South Korea
| | - Junboum Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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Runa RA, Gerken M, Riek A, Brinkmann L. Boer goats physiology adaptation to saline drinking water. Res Vet Sci 2019; 129:120-128. [PMID: 31972458 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To examine the adaptive physiological responses to increasing salinity of drinking water in a choice situation, twelve female non-lactating Boer goats were used. After a control period with fresh water, in phase 2 the choice between different salt concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25 and 1.5% NaCl) and tap water was offered for two weeks. Subsequently, goats were stepwise habituated to saline water by only offering the choice between salted water with different increasing concentrations (up to 1.5% NaCl) for four weeks. In phase 4 the procedure of phase 2 was repeated. BW was not affected by saline water intake, whereas BCS decreased. Total water intakes differed between ages (P < .001), and increased (P < .001) from 91.6 to 118.0 g/kg BW0.82/day and from 105.5 to 142.9 g/kg BW0.82/day in young and old goats in phase 3, respectively. In adult goats, rumen temperature decreased (P < .05) with prolonged saline water intake, while it remained unaffected in young goats. Increasing consumption of saline water decreased plasma concentrations of magnesium (from 0.95 to a minimum of 0.80 mmol/L in phase 3, P < .001). Creatinine increased from 82.92 to 93.39 μmol/L in the post-trial period 4 (P < .02) and potassium concentration increased from phase 2 (P < .001). ALT, AST, glucose, urea, calcium, sodium, osmolality were unaffected. All measured blood parameters remained within reference ranges, indicating that the stepwise adaptation to saline drinking water applying concentrations up to 1.5% across 4 weeks caused no harmful effects. Young animals were less resistant to salt toxicity compared to older ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukhsana Amin Runa
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Martina Gerken
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Alexander Riek
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute,Dörnbergstr. 25/27, 29223 Celle, Germany
| | - Lea Brinkmann
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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Hasan M, Shang Y, Akhter G, Jin W. Delineation of contaminated aquifers using integrated geophysical methods in Northeast Punjab, Pakistan. Environ Monit Assess 2019; 192:12. [PMID: 31811443 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7941-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A decline in surface water sources in Pakistan is continuously causing the over-extraction of groundwater resources which is in turn costing the saltwater intrusion in many areas of the country. The saltwater intrusion is a major problem in sustainable groundwater development. The application of electrical resistivity methods is one of the best known geophysical approaches in groundwater study. Considering the accuracy in extraction of freshwater resources, the use of resistivity methods is highly successful to delineate the fresh-saline aquifer boundary. An integrated geophysical study of VES and ERI methods was carried out through the analysis and interpretation of resistivity data using Schlumberger array. The main purpose of this investigation was to delineate the fresh/saline aquifer zones for exploitation and management of fresh water resources in the Upper Bari Doab, northeast Punjab, Pakistan. The results suggest that sudden drop in resistivity values caused by the solute salts indicates the saline aquifer, whereas high resistivity values above a specific range reveal the fresh water. However, the overlapping of fresh/saline aquifers caused by the formation resistivity was delineated through confident solutions of the D-Z parameters computed from the VES data. A four-layered unified model of the subsurface geologic formation was constrained by the calibration between formation resistivity and borehole lithologs. i.e., sand and gravel-sand containing fresh water, clay-sand with brackish water, and clay having saline water. The aquifer yield contained within the fresh/saline aquifers was measured by the hydraulic parameters. The fresh-saline interface demarcated by the resistivity methods was confirmed by the geochemical method and the local hydrogeological data. The proposed geophysical approach can delineate the fresh-saline boundary with 90% confidence in any homogeneous or heterogeneous aquifer system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hasan
- Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.
- Institutions of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19, Beitucheng Western Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China.
| | - Yanjun Shang
- Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
- Institutions of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Gulraiz Akhter
- Department of Earth Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Weijun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
- Institutions of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Soothar RK, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Tankari M, Mirjat U, Wang Y. Evaluating the performance of SALTMED model under alternate irrigation using saline and fresh water strategies to winter wheat in the North China Plain. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:34499-34509. [PMID: 31646419 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06540-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effective water management in the North China Plain (NCP) needs a tool to predict winter wheat production due to water quality. A large quantity of brackish water is stored underground in this region, and whether this water can be used properly in agriculture is becoming a crucial issue that is about to be resolved. The SALTMED model is a generic modeling tool for efficient irrigation management strategies, especially for cyclic use of saline and fresh water as well as different water qualities, and it still needs further investigation for alternate irrigation using saline and fresh water at different growth stages of winter wheat. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to evaluate the performance of SALTMED model and simulate the production of winter wheat grown under different irrigation strategies. Irrigation strategies comprised rain-fed cultivation (NI), fresh and saline water irrigation (FS), saline and fresh water irrigation (SF), saline water irrigation (SS), and fresh water irrigation (FF). Three-year observed data were used for the validations of SALTMED model. The values of evaluation indices of relative error, RMSE, NRMSE, index of agreement (D-index), and R2 between simulated and observed grain yield were 6.8%, 0.8, 10.7, 0.9, and 0.9, respectively. The model results supported and matched the observed data and indicated similar differences among the irrigated and rain-fed treatments. It is concluded that the SALTMED model is able to predict grain yield of winter wheat and its productivity under the alternate irrigation using saline and fresh water and their interaction in the climate condition of the NCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Soothar
- State Engineering Laboratory of Efficient Water Use of Crops and Disaster Loss Mitigation/Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
- Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Institute of Dryland Farming, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Hengshui, China
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- State Engineering Laboratory of Efficient Water Use of Crops and Disaster Loss Mitigation/Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Moussa Tankari
- State Engineering Laboratory of Efficient Water Use of Crops and Disaster Loss Mitigation/Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Uris Mirjat
- Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Yaosheng Wang
- State Engineering Laboratory of Efficient Water Use of Crops and Disaster Loss Mitigation/Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China.
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Zhang R, Guo F, Xia Y, Tan J, Xing Y, Gui X. Recovering unburned carbon from gasification fly ash using saline water. Waste Manag 2019; 98:29-36. [PMID: 31421487 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Gasification fly ash is one of the wastes generated by coal gasifiers, and the unburned carbon therein seriously restricts the resource utilization of gasification fly ash. Flotation is one of the best ways to recover unburned carbon from it; however, surface pores of gasification fly ash are developed and contain several hollow hydrophilic glass beads, which makes it difficult for conventional flotation to recover unburned carbon effectively and the dosage of the flotation reagent is too high. In this study, different concentrations of saline water (NaCl, MgCl2, and AlCl3) are configured to the flotation solution, and their effect on the recovery of unburned carbon of gasification fly ash is investigated. Furthermore, the gasification fly ash treated with saline water is chosen to study the basic properties by the measurement of Zeta potential, surface tension, and flotation foam behavior. The experimental results show that with an increase in the valence state of the inorganic salt cation, the unburned carbon recovery efficiency of the gasification fly ash is significantly improved. When the concentration of Al3+ reaches 0.4 mol/L and the dosage of frother is 7.5 kg/t, the unburned carbon removal rate of the tailings reaches 95% or more. Saline water reduces the surface tension of the flotation system and weakening bubble decay; in the solution of Al3+, the flotation foam size is the smallest, followed by the solution of Mg2+, Na+. Furthermore, the saline water effectively reduces the Zeta potential of the particle surface and improves the floatability of the solid particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center of Coal Preparation and Purification, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fangyu Guo
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center of Coal Preparation and Purification, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yangchao Xia
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center of Coal Preparation and Purification, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinlong Tan
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yaowen Xing
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center of Coal Preparation and Purification, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiahui Gui
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center of Coal Preparation and Purification, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China; Henan Province Industrial Technology Research Institute of Resources and Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
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28
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Leite PG, Marques JI, Furtado DA, Lopes Neto JP, de Souza BB, do Nascimento JWB. Ethology, physiological, and ingestive responses of sheep subjected to different temperatures and salinity levels of water. Int J Biometeorol 2019; 63:1091-1098. [PMID: 31030320 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-019-01724-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological responses, ethology, and ingestive behavior of female Morada Nova sheep kept in a thermoneutral environment, after thermal stress and after consuming water with different levels of salinity. Thirty-six Morada Nova females with a mean age of 10.0 ± 2.0 months and a mean weight of 25.0 ± 3.0 kg were evaluated and distributed in a climatic chamber. The experimental design was completely randomized, with a factorial scheme of 2 (air temperature (AT)) × 3 (salinity levels (SLs)) and six replications. The sheep's physiological responses, ethology (day/night), and ingestive behavior were evaluated while they were subjected to ATs of 26.0 and 32.0 °C and SLs of 3.0, 6.0, and 9.0 dS/m. With elevation in AT, the animals experienced increased (P < 0.05) rectal temperatures (RTs), respiratory rates (RFs), and surface temperatures (STs) and exhibited reduced (P < 0.05) heart rates (HRs). When consuming water with an SL of 9.0 dS/m, a HR reduction (P < 0.05) was observed. Sleep behavior increased (P < 0.05) with the increase in SL during the day. Sleeping and drinking behaviors increased (P < 0.05), and the time of inactivity was reduced (P < 0.05) during the nocturnal period with increased SLs. With increased SLs, sheep consumed more water (P < 0.05) and reduced (P < 0.05) the number of regurgitated ruminal boluses per day (NRBD). Under the conditions of thermal stress (32.0 °C), sheep need to make physiological adjustments to maintain homeothermy. Water consumption of SLs up to 9.0 dS/m causes a higher state of dormancy in female Morada Nova sheep.
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Cai J, Zhao Y, Fan J, Li F, Feng C, Guan Y, Wang R, Tang N. Photosynthetic bacteria improved hydrogen yield of combined dark- and photo-fermentation. J Biotechnol 2019; 302:18-25. [PMID: 31202797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.06.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Integration of dark- and photo-fermentation is a promising strategy to enhance saline wastewater treatment efficiency and biohydrogen production. In this study, dark- and photo-fermentative bacterial consortium was respectively enriched and their communities were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Both consortia were mainly composed of hydrogen-producing strains. After the first-stage dark-fermentation, the following conditions were applied prior to the second-stage fermentation: fermentative broth pH regulation (the pH group), glucose addition (the glucose group), glucose addition and pH regulation (the glucose + pH group), photosynthetic bacteria addition (the photo group), and photosynthetic bacteria addition and pH regulation (the photo + pH group), respectively. Dark fermentative broth with no pretreatment was used as control (the control group). Then the second stage began. The results showed that pH restriction had more influence than substrate or products restriction on dark-fermentative hydrogen production. Addition of photo-fermentative bacteria after dark-fermentation increased the hydrogen yield (134%) and substrate utilization (67%). These findings indicated syntrophic interactions between dark- and photo-fermentative bacteria during the hydrogen production process.
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30
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Song K, Shang Y, Wen Z, Jacinthe PA, Liu G, Lyu L, Fang C. Characterization of CDOM in saline and freshwater lakes across China using spectroscopic analysis. Water Res 2019; 150:403-417. [PMID: 30554078 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is a major component of DOM in waters, and plays a vital role in carbon cycling in inland waters. In this study, the light absorption and three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix spectra (EEMs) of CDOM of 936 water samples collected in 2014-2017 from 234 lakes in five regions across China were examined to determine relationships between lake water sources (fresh versus saline) and their fluorescence/absorption characteristics. Results indicated significant differences regarding DOC concentration and aCDOM(254) between freshwater (6.68 mg C L-1, 19.55 m-1) and saline lakes (27.4 mg C L-1, 41.17 m-1). While humic-like (F5) and fulvic-like (F3) compounds contributed to CDOM fluorescence in all lake waters significantly, their contribution to total fluorescence intensity (FT) differed between saline and freshwater lakes. Significant negative relationships were also observed between lake altitude with either F5 (R2 = 0.63, N = 306) or FT (R2 = 0.64, N = 306), suggesting that the abundance of humic-like materials in CDOM tends to decrease with increased in lakes altitude. In high-altitude lakes, strong solar irradiance and UV exposure may have induced photo-oxidation reactions resulting in decreased abundance of humic-like substances and the formation of low molecular weight compounds. These findings have important implications regarding our understanding of C dynamics in lacustrine systems and the contribution of these ecosystems to the global C cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaishan Song
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS, Changchun 130102, China.
| | - Yingxin Shang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS, Changchun 130102, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhidan Wen
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS, Changchun 130102, China.
| | - Pierre-Andre Jacinthe
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Ge Liu
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS, Changchun 130102, China.
| | - Lili Lyu
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS, Changchun 130102, China.
| | - Chong Fang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS, Changchun 130102, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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31
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Sappington EN, Rifai HS. Low-frequency electromagnetic treatment of oilfield produced water for reuse in agriculture: effect on water quality, germination, and plant growth. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:34380-34391. [PMID: 30302734 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3343-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Competing demand for high-quality fresh water for agricultural, industrial, and municipal uses has placed tremendous stress on water resources; irrigating crops with fresh water is expensive and unsustainable. Using unconventional water sources such as oilfield produced water (PW) and treating PW with physical treatment methods such as electromagnetic treatment may overcome water-limitation challenges. A germination experiment was conducted using treated and untreated PW to examine the effect on the germination of iron and clay cowpeas (ICCs) since germination is the stage at which plants are most sensitive to external factors and stresses. The results from the study showed that ICCs germinated when irrigated with higher salinity water that was treated using the electromagnetic technology. A plant growth study was also conducted to assess the effect of electromagnetic treatment of high-salinity PW on the growing ability and crop health of ICCs. A reduction in leaf area expansion rate, the first indicator of salt stress on plants, was observed. After 14 days, plants showed early signs of salt stress such as wilting, lightening in color, and reduction in leaf area. After 28 days, plants watered with higher salinity PW (21,475-42,950 mg/L total dissolved solids) died and plants watered with lower salinity PW (< 21,475 mg/L total dissolved solids) survived but grew smaller than plants irrigated using fresh water. Results from both experiments suggested a potential total dissolved solids limit of ICCs or electromagnetic technology (or both) between 4000 and 10,000 mg/L. The results further suggested that while the electromagnetic technology did not have a strong effect on plant growth, high-salinity water might be treated for reuse in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily N Sappington
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, N138, Engineering Building 1, 4726 Calhoun, Houston, TX, 77204-4003, USA
| | - Hanadi S Rifai
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, N138, Engineering Building 1, 4726 Calhoun, Houston, TX, 77204-4003, USA.
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32
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Chen L, Li C, Feng Q, Wei Y, Zheng H, Zhao Y, Feng Y, Li H. Shifts in soil microbial metabolic activities and community structures along a salinity gradient of irrigation water in a typical arid region of China. Sci Total Environ 2017; 598:64-70. [PMID: 28437772 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Saline water irrigation can change soil environment, which thereby influence soil microbial process. Based on a field experiment, the shifts in soil microbial metabolic activities and community structures under five irrigation salinities were studied using Biolog and metagenomic methods in this study. The results demonstrated that microbial metabolic activities were greatly restrained in saline water irrigated soils, as average well color development (AWCD) reduced under all saline water irrigation treatments. Although no significant difference in carbon substrate utilization of all six categories was observed among Mild, Medium, High and Severe treatments, the consumption of sole carbon source was significantly varied. Especially, asparagine, galacturonic, putrescine and 4-benzoic acid played a decisive role in dominating the differences. Soil bacterial richness and diversity increased with irrigation salinity while the number of bacterial phyla decreased. Three significantly increased (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi), two decreased (Planctomycetes, Bacteroidetes) and two irresponsive (Gemmatimonadetes and Acidobacteria) phyla were observed as the dominant groups in saline water irrigated soils. The results presented here could improve the understanding of the soil biological process under saline circumstance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Changsheng Li
- Plant Protection and Quarantine Station of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Qi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yongping Wei
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Hang Zheng
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong 523106, China; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Yongjiu Feng
- College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Huiya Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Haj-Amor Z, Ibrahimi MK, Feki N, Lhomme JP, Bouri S. Soil salinisation and irrigation management of date palms in a Saharan environment. Environ Monit Assess 2016; 188:497. [PMID: 27476071 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5488-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The continuance of agricultural production in regions of the world with chronic water shortages depends upon understanding how soil salinity is impacted by irrigation practises such as water salinity, irrigation frequency and amount of irrigation. A two-year field study was conducted in a Saharan oasis of Tunisia (Lazala Oasis) to determine how the soil electrical conductivity was affected by irrigation of date palms with high saline water. The study area lacked a saline shallow water table. Field results indicate that, under current irrigation practises, soil electrical conductivity can build up to levels which exceed the salt tolerance of date palm trees. The effects of irrigation practises on the soil electrical conductivity were also evaluated using model simulations (HYDRUS-1D) of various irrigation regimes with different frequencies, different amounts of added water and different water salinities. The comparison between the simulated and observed results demonstrated that the model gave an acceptable estimation of water and salt dynamics in the soil profile, as indicated by the small values of root mean square error (RMSE) and the high values of the Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NSE). The simulations demonstrated that, under field conditions without saline shallow groundwater, saline irrigation water can be used to maintain soil electrical conductivity and soil water content at safe levels (soil electrical conductivity <4 dS m(-1) and soil water content >0.04 cm(3) cm(-3)) if frequent irrigations with small amounts of water (90 % of the evapotranspiration requirements) were applied throughout the year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zied Haj-Amor
- Water, Energy and Environment Laboratory, National Engineering School of Sfax, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Mohamed-Khaled Ibrahimi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Nissma Feki
- Environmental, Geotechnical and Civil Materials Research Unit, National Engineering School of Sfax, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Jean-Paul Lhomme
- IRD (UMR LISAH), Montpellier SupAgro, 2 place Viala, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Salem Bouri
- Water, Energy and Environment Laboratory, National Engineering School of Sfax, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
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Santiago O, Walsh K, Kele B, Gardner E, Chapman J. Novel pre-treatment of zeolite materials for the removal of sodium ions: potential materials for coal seam gas co-produced wastewater. Springerplus 2016; 5:571. [PMID: 27247868 PMCID: PMC4864772 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Coal seam gas (CSG) is the extraction of methane gas that is desorbed from the coal seam and brought to the surface using a dewatering and depressurisation process within the saturated coalbed. The extracted water is often referred to as co-produced CSG water. In this study, co-produced water from the coal seam of the Bowen Basin (QLD, Australia) was characterised by high concentration levels of Na+ (1156 mg/L), low concentrations of Ca2+ (28.3 mg/L) and Mg2+ (5.6 mg/L), high levels of salinity, which are expected to cause various environmental problems if released to land or waters. The potential treatment of co-produced water using locally sourced natural ion exchange (zeolite) material was assessed. The zeolite material was characterized for elemental composition and crystal structure. Natural, untreated zeolite demonstrated a capacity to adsorb Na+ ions of 16.16 mEq/100 g, while a treated zeolite using NH4+ using a 1.0 M ammonium acetate (NH4C2H3O2) solution demonstrated an improved 136 % Na+ capacity value of 38.28 mEq/100 g after 720 min of adsorption time. The theoretical exchange capacity of the natural zeolite was found to be 154 mEq/100 g. Reaction kinetics and diffusion models were used to determine the kinetic and diffusion parameters. Treated zeolite using a NH4+ pre-treatment represents an effective treatment to reduce Na+ concentration in coal seam gas co-produced waters, supported by the measured and modelled kinetic rates and capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Santiago
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Rockhampton, QLD 4701 Australia
| | - Kerry Walsh
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Rockhampton, QLD 4701 Australia
| | - Ben Kele
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Rockhampton, QLD 4701 Australia ; Arris Pty Ltd, Rockhampton, QLD Australia
| | - Edward Gardner
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Rockhampton, QLD 4701 Australia
| | - James Chapman
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Rockhampton, QLD 4701 Australia
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Cai PF, Su CJ, Chang WT, Chang FC, Peng CY, Sun IW, Wei YL, Jou CJ, Wang HP. Capacitive deionization of seawater effected by nano Ag and Ag@C on graphene. Mar Pollut Bull 2014; 85:733-737. [PMID: 24928455 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water shortage has become worse in recent decades. A new capacitive deionization (CDI) method for increasing water supplies through the effective desalination of seawater has been developed. Silver as nano Ag and Ag@C which was prepared by carbonization of the Ag(+)-β-cyclodextrin complex at 573 K for 30 min can add the antimicrobial function into the CDI process. The Ag@C and Ag nanoparticles dispersed on reduced graphene oxide (Ag@C/rGO and nano Ag/rGO) were used as the CDI electrodes. The nano Ag/rGO and Ag@C/rGO electrodes can reduce the charging resistant, and enhance the electrosorption capability. Better CDI efficiencies with the nano Ag/rGO and Ag@C/rGO electrodes can therefore be obtained. When reversed the voltage, the electrodes can be recovered up to 90% within 5 min. This work presents the feasibility for the nano Ag and Ag@C on rGO electrodes applied in CDI process to produce drinking water from seawater or saline water.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-F Cai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - C-J Su
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - W-T Chang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - F-C Chang
- The Experimental Forest, National Taiwan University, Chu-Shan 55750 Nan-Tou Hsien, Taiwan
| | - C-Y Peng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - I-W Sun
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Y-L Wei
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - C-J Jou
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - H Paul Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
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