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Pankratz K, Warner NR. Radioactivity from oil and gas produced water accumulated in freshwater mussels. Sci Total Environ 2024; 927:172151. [PMID: 38575010 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Legacy disposal of oil and gas produced water (OGPW) to surface water has led to radium contamination in streambed sediment creating a long-term radium source. Increased radium activities pose a potential health hazard to benthic organisms, such as freshwater mussels, as radium is capable of bioaccumulation. This project quantifies the impact of OGPW disposal on adult freshwater mussels, Eurynia dilatata, which were examined along the Allegheny River adjacent to a centralized waste treatment facility (CWT) that historically treated and then discharged OGPW. Radium isotopes (226Ra and 228Ra) were measured in streambed sediment, mussel soft tissue, and mussel hard shell collected upstream, at the outfall, 0.5 km downstream, and 5 km downstream of the CWT. Total radium activity was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in mussel tissue (mean = 3.44 ± 0.95 pCi/g), sediment (mean = 1.45 ± 0.19 pCi/g), and hard shell (mean = 0.34 ± 0.11 pCi/g) samples 0.5 km downstream than background samples collected upstream (mean = 1.27 ± 0.24; 0.91 ± 0.09; 0.10 ± 0.02 pCi/g respectively). Mussel shells displayed increased 226Ra activities up to 5 km downstream of the original discharge. Downstream soft tissue and hard shell 87Sr/86Sr ratios, as well as hard shell metal/calcium (e.g., Na/Ca; K/Ca; Mg/Ca) and 228Ra/226Ra ratios demonstrated trends towards values characteristic of Marcellus OGPW. Combined, this study demonstrates multiple lines of evidence for radium retention and bioaccumulation in freshwater mussels resulting from exposure to Marcellus OGPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Pankratz
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 212 Sackett Building, University Park, PA 16802-1408, United States of America
| | - Nathaniel R Warner
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 212 Sackett Building, University Park, PA 16802-1408, United States of America.
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2
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Duong VH, Trung TC, Pham-Thi TX, Ngoc TN, Santhanabharathi B, Pradhoshini KP, Musthafa MS. Radiological hazard assessment of 210Po in freshwater mussels (Sinanodonta jourdyi) and golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) in Vietnam. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:14949-14958. [PMID: 38285249 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
210Po is a significant source of ionizing radiation that people are exposed to through food globally. This paper presents the wide range of accumulation level of 210Po in the organs of two species of shellfish including freshwater mussel (Sinanodonta jourdyi) and golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata), common freshwater species in Vietnam. There was a significant correlation between 210Po activity in muscle to their mass and size of freshwater mussels. In contrast, there was no relation between other organs of both species with their mass and size. The annual effective dose due to consumption of freshwater mussels ranged from 68.7 to 291 μSv year-1 with a mean value of 138 μSv year-1 for muscle and from 321 to 4560 μSv year-1 with a mean value of 1422 μSv year-1 for the hepatopancreas. Meanwhile, the AED for golden apple snail was recorded to be higher with values ranging from 105 to 2189 μSv year-1 with mean value of 673 μSv year-1 for muscle and from 468 to 4155 μSv year-1 with a mean value of 2332 μSv year-1 for hepatopancreas. Thus, the consumption of these two types of shellfish is considered relatively safe, but the hepatopancreas gland must be removed before processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Hao Duong
- VNU School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tien Chu Trung
- VNU School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh-Xuan Pham-Thi
- VNU School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Truc Nguyen Ngoc
- VNU School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Bharathi Santhanabharathi
- Unit of Research in Radiation Biology & Environmental Radioactivity (URRBER), P.G. & Research Department of Zoology, The New College (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 014, India
| | - Kumara Perumal Pradhoshini
- Unit of Research in Radiation Biology & Environmental Radioactivity (URRBER), P.G. & Research Department of Zoology, The New College (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 014, India
| | - Mohamed Saiyad Musthafa
- Unit of Research in Radiation Biology & Environmental Radioactivity (URRBER), P.G. & Research Department of Zoology, The New College (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 014, India.
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3
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Donaher SE, Dunn RP, Gonzales AK, Wattier BD, Powell BA, Martinez NE. Tissue-Specific Toxicokinetics of Aqueous Radium-226 in an Estuarine Mussel, Geukensia demissa. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:3187-3197. [PMID: 36799656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Radiological contamination of coastal habitats poses potential risk for native fauna, but the bioavailability of aqueous radium (Ra) and other dissolved metals to marine bivalves remains unclear. This study was the first to examine the tissue-specific disposition of aqueous 226Ra in a coastal mussel, specifically the Atlantic ribbed mussel Geukensia demissa. Most organ groups reached steady-state concentrations within 7 days during experimental exposure, with an average uptake rate constant of 0.0013 mL g-1 d-1. When moved to Ra-free synthetic seawater, mussels rapidly eliminated aqueous 226Ra (average elimination rate constant 1.56 d-1). The biological half-life for aqueous 226Ra ranged from 8.9 h for the gills and labial palps to 15.4 h for the muscle. Although previous field studies have demonstrated notable 226Ra accumulation in the soft tissues of marine mussels and that, for freshwater mussels, tissue-incorporated 226Ra derives primarily from the aqueous phase, our tissue-specific bioconcentration factors (BCFs) were on the order of (8.3 ± 1.5) × 10-4 indicating low accumulation potential of aqueous 226Ra in estuarine mussels. This suggests marine and estuarine mussels obtain 226Ra from an alternate route, such as particulate-sorbed Ra ingested during filter-feeding or from a contaminated food source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Donaher
- Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
| | - Robert P Dunn
- North Inlet-Winyah Bay National Estuarine Reserve, Georgetown, South Carolina 29442, United States
- Baruch Marine Field Laboratory, University of South Carolina, Georgetown, South Carolina 29442, United States
| | - Annelise K Gonzales
- Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
| | - Bryanna D Wattier
- Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
| | - Brian A Powell
- Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
- Center for Nuclear Environmental Engineering Sciences and Radioactive Waste Management (NEESRWM), Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Nicole E Martinez
- Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
- Center for Nuclear Environmental Engineering Sciences and Radioactive Waste Management (NEESRWM), Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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Guendouzi Y, Soualili DL, Boulahdid M, Eddalia N, Boudjenoun M. Effect of physiological conditions and biochemical factors of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis in radioactivity monitoring programs along the Algerian coast. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:46448-46457. [PMID: 32572743 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09775-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A study was carried out to determine the activities of radionuclides (137Cs, 40K, 226Ra, 214Bi, 214Pb, and 210Pb) and the levels of biochemical components (lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins) in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) along the Algerian coast. The goal was to evaluate the effect of mussels' biological parameters on radionuclide concentrations, through two coastal water biomonitoring programs. The mussels were taken from three study areas on the Algerian coast: Kristel (Oran), Surcouf (Alger), and Collo (Skikda), for the passive biomonitoring program and transplanted from each study area into the control site of Surcouf. Biochemical components were determined by means of UV-visible colorimetric assays, while the activity concentrations of radionuclides were measured by gamma-ray spectrometry. The results showed that carbohydrates were the most abundant biochemical components (40-60%) compared with proteins (20-40%) and lipids (15-20%). 137Cs activity concentrations were below the lower limit of detection (LOD) for all samples, while the high activities of 40K are the result of its behavior as stabile potassium K which is extensively used in the metabolism of mussels reflects the conditional state of mussels. 210Pb concentration reflects the conditional state of mussels (morphometric parameters and proteins content). The mussels' bioaccumulation capacity for radionuclides was found to be dependent on the growing site and the biomonitoring time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Guendouzi
- Department of Natural Sciences and Life, Morsli Abdallah University, Tipaza, Algeria.
| | - Dina Lila Soualili
- Department of Marine Sciences and Aquaculture, Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University, Mostaganem, Algeria
| | - Mostefa Boulahdid
- National School of Marine Sciences and Coastal Management, Dely Ibrahim, Algeria
| | - Nabila Eddalia
- National School of Marine Sciences and Coastal Management, Dely Ibrahim, Algeria
| | - Meriem Boudjenoun
- Center for Research in Physico-Chemical Analysis (CRAPC), Bou-Ismail, Algeria
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Doering C, Carpenter J, Orr B, Urban D. Whole organism concentration ratios in freshwater wildlife from an Australian tropical U mining environment and the derivation of a water radiological quality guideline value. J Environ Radioact 2019; 198:27-35. [PMID: 30579144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
More than 10,000 whole organism concentration ratio (CRwo-water) values for freshwater wildlife were derived from radionuclide and stable element data representing an Australian tropical U mining environment. The CRwo-water values were summarised into five wildlife groups (bird, fish, mollusc, reptile and vascular plant). The summarised CRwo-water values represented 77 organism-element combinations. The CRwo-water values for U decay series elements were used in a tier 3 ERICA assessment. The assessment results were used to derive a water radiological quality guideline value (GV) for radiation protection of freshwater ecosystems in the context of the planned remediation of the Ranger U mine. The GV was an above-background water 226Ra activity concentration of 14 mBq L-1 (filtered fraction) or approximately 22 mBq L-1 (total fraction). The GV was based on the results of mollusc-bivalve as the limiting organism for the freshwater ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Doering
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist (ERISS), GPO Box 461, Darwin, NT, 0801, Australia.
| | - Julia Carpenter
- Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA), 619 Lower Plenty Road, Yallambie, VIC, 3085, Australia
| | - Blake Orr
- Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA), 619 Lower Plenty Road, Yallambie, VIC, 3085, Australia
| | - David Urban
- Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA), 619 Lower Plenty Road, Yallambie, VIC, 3085, Australia
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Doering C, Medley P, Orr B, Urban D. Whole organism to tissue concentration ratios derived from an Australian tropical dataset. J Environ Radioact 2018; 189:31-39. [PMID: 29573589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Whole organism to tissue concentration ratios (CRwo-tissue) were derived for six wildlife groups (freshwater birds, freshwater bivalves, freshwater fishes, freshwater reptiles, freshwater vascular plants and terrestrial mammals). The wildlife groups and data represented species common to tropical northern Australia. Values of CRwo-tissue were derived for between 6 and 34 elements, depending upon wildlife group. The values were generally similar to international reference values. However, differences for some element-tissue combinations could affect radiation dose estimates for wildlife in certain environmental exposure situations, including uranium mining, where these data are intended to be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Doering
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist (ERISS), GPO Box 461, Darwin, NT, 0801, Australia.
| | - Peter Medley
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist (ERISS), GPO Box 461, Darwin, NT, 0801, Australia
| | - Blake Orr
- Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA), 619 Lower Plenty Road, Yallambie, VIC, 3085, Australia
| | - David Urban
- Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA), 619 Lower Plenty Road, Yallambie, VIC, 3085, Australia
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Kleinhenz LS, Trenfield MA, Mooney TJ, Humphrey CL, van Dam RA, Nugegoda D, Harford AJ. Acute ammonia toxicity to the larvae (glochidia) of the tropical Australian freshwater mussel Velesunio spp. Using a modified toxicity test protocol. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018; 37:2175-2187. [PMID: 29786863 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is recognized as a major pollutant worldwide, originating from natural and anthropogenic sources. Studies have reported that freshwater mussels are among the most sensitive taxa to ammonia, but few data are available on ammonia toxicity for the early life stages of freshwater mussels from tropical regions. We report on the modification of a 24-h acute toxicity test protocol for tropical freshwater mussels and application of the test using ammonia. Velesunio spp. from 3 different sites were used to assess the toxicity of ammonia at a targeted pH of 6.0 and a water temperature of 27.5 °C, which were the average annual values for some slightly to moderately acidic, soft water (3-6 mg/L as CaCO3 ) creeks of tropical northern Australia. The valve closure responses of mussel glochidia (larvae) to a sodium chloride solution were used to measure the survival endpoint. Acute toxicity estimates indicate that tropical Velesunio spp. were highly sensitive to ammonia, with 24-h exposures to ammonium sulfate generating median lethal concentration estimates ranging from 6.8 to 14.2 mg/L total ammonia nitrogen, which, when adjusted to pH 7 and 20 °C, were among the highest sensitivities yet reported for any freshwater mussel species, and among the highest in sensitivity for any tropical taxon. These toxicity estimates can contribute to the derivation or refinement of ammonia guideline values for freshwater ecosystems globally. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2175-2187. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda S Kleinhenz
- School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Supervising Scientist Branch, Department of the Environment and Energy, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Melanie A Trenfield
- Supervising Scientist Branch, Department of the Environment and Energy, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Thomas J Mooney
- Supervising Scientist Branch, Department of the Environment and Energy, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Christopher L Humphrey
- Supervising Scientist Branch, Department of the Environment and Energy, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Rick A van Dam
- Supervising Scientist Branch, Department of the Environment and Energy, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Dayanthi Nugegoda
- School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew J Harford
- Supervising Scientist Branch, Department of the Environment and Energy, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
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Lauer NE, Warner NR, Vengosh A. Sources of Radium Accumulation in Stream Sediments near Disposal Sites in Pennsylvania: Implications for Disposal of Conventional Oil and Gas Wastewater. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:955-962. [PMID: 29300469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In Pennsylvania, Appalachian oil and gas wastewaters (OGW) are permitted for release to surface waters after some treatment by centralized waste treatment (CWT) facilities. While this practice was largely discontinued in 2011 for unconventional Marcellus OGW at facilities permitted to release high salinity effluents, it continues for conventional OGW. This study aimed to evaluate the environmental implications of the policy allowing the disposal of conventional OGW. We collected stream sediments from three disposal sites receiving treated OGW between 2014 and 2017 and measured 228Ra, 226Ra, and their decay products, 228Th and 210Pb, respectively. We consistently found elevated activities of 228Ra and 226Ra in stream sediments in the vicinity of the outfall (total Ra = 90-25,000 Bq/kg) compared to upstream sediments (20-80 Bq/kg). In 2015 and 2017, 228Th/228Ra activity ratios in sediments from two disposal sites were relatively low (0.2-0.7), indicating that a portion of the Ra has accumulated in the sediments in recent (<3) years, when no unconventional Marcellus OGW was reportedly discharged. 228Ra/226Ra activity ratios were also higher than what would be expected solely from disposal of low 228Ra/226Ra Marcellus OGW. Based on these variations, we concluded that recent disposal of treated conventional OGW is the source of high Ra in stream sediments at CWT facility disposal sites. Consequently, policies pertaining to the disposal of only unconventional fluids are not adequate in preventing radioactive contamination in sediments at disposal sites, and the permission to release treated Ra-rich conventional OGW through CWT facilities should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Lauer
- Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina United States
| | - Nathaniel R Warner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania United States
| | - Avner Vengosh
- Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina United States
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Hirth GA, Johansen MP, Carpenter JG, Bollhöfer A, Beresford NA. Whole-organism concentration ratios in wildlife inhabiting Australian uranium mining environments. J Environ Radioact 2017; 178-179:385-393. [PMID: 28457640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Wildlife concentration ratios for 226Ra, 210Pb, 210Po and isotopes of Th and U from soil, water, and sediments were evaluated for a range of Australian uranium mining environments. Whole-organism concentration ratios (CRwo-media) were developed for 271 radionuclide-organism pairs within the terrestrial and freshwater wildlife groups. Australian wildlife often has distinct physiological attributes, such as the lower metabolic rates of macropod marsupials as compared with placental mammals. In addition, the Australian CRswo-media originate from tropical and semi-arid climates, rather than from the temperate-dominated climates of Europe and North America from which most (>90%) of internationally available CRwo-media values originate. When compared, the Australian and non-Australian CRs are significantly different for some wildlife categories (e.g. grasses, mammals) but not others (e.g. shrubs). Where differences exist, the Australian values were higher, suggesting that site-, or region-specific CRswo-media should be used in detailed Australian assessments. However, in screening studies, use of the international mean values in the Wildlife Transfer Database (WTD) appears to be appropriate, as long as the values used encompass the Australian 95th percentile values. Gaps in the Australian datasets include a lack of marine parameters, and no CR data are available for freshwater phytoplankton, zooplankton, insects, insect larvae or amphibians; for terrestrial environments, there are no data for amphibians, annelids, ferns, fungi or lichens & bryophytes. The new Australian specific parameters will aide in evaluating remediation plans and ongoing operations at mining and waste sites within Australia. They have also substantially bolstered the body of U- and Th-series CRwo-media data for use internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian A Hirth
- Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA), 619 Lower Plenty Rd, Yallambie, 3085, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Mathew P Johansen
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee, DC, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Julia G Carpenter
- Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA), 619 Lower Plenty Rd, Yallambie, 3085, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andreas Bollhöfer
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist, GPO Box 461, Darwin, 0801 Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Beresford
- Natural Environment Research Council - Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, United Kingdom
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Doering C, Bollhöfer A. Water hardness determines 226Ra uptake in the tropical freshwater mussel. J Environ Radioact 2017; 172:96-105. [PMID: 28342344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemical data for freshwater mussels (Velesunio spp.) and water from 15 sampling sites in the Alligator Rivers Region and Rum Jungle uranium provinces in tropical Northern Australia were analysed to develop a predictive model of radium-226 (226Ra) bioaccumulation for variable water calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) concentrations. Application of the model as a 226Ra screening approach for freshwater mussels in tropical waterbodies potentially impacted by operational or remediated uranium mine sites is discussed in relation to Mudginberri Billabong, located approximately 12 km downstream of Ranger uranium mine in the Alligator Rivers Region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Doering
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist (ERISS), GPO Box 461, Darwin, NT 0801, Australia.
| | - Andreas Bollhöfer
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist (ERISS), GPO Box 461, Darwin, NT 0801, Australia; Federal Office for Radiation Protection (Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, BfS), 79098 Freiburg, Germany
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Annamalai SK, Arunachalam KD, Selvaraj R. Natural radionuclide dose and lifetime cancer risk due to ingestion of fish and water from fresh water reservoirs near the proposed uranium mining site. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:15427-15443. [PMID: 28508337 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ten sampling locations in Nagarjuna Sagar Dam have been selected to assess the suitability of the reservoir water for human consumption. The sediment, water, and fish samples were collected and analyzed for radionuclide (238U, 232Th, 210Po, 226Ra, 210Pb) and physicochemical parameters like pH, TOC, total hardness, alkalinity, DO, cation exchange capacity, and particle size. The spatial variations among the radionuclides (238U, 232Th, 210Po, 226Ra, 210Pb) in water and bottom sediments of Nagarjuna Sagar Dam were determined. The uranium concentration in the sediment and water was in BDL (<0.5 ppb). The maximum permissible limits in water samples of the analyzed radionuclides are 238U-10 Bq/l, 210Po-0.1 Bq/l, 226Ra-1 Bq/l, and 210Pb-0.1 Bq/l. The radionuclides in our water samples were approximately 50 times far below the recommended limit. The ingestion of water and fish would not pose any significant radiological impact on health or cancer risk to the public, implicating that the fishes from Nagarjuna Sagar Dam reservoir are safe for human consumption except the fisherman community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathesh Kumar Annamalai
- Center for Environmental Nuclear Research, Directorate of Research, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Kantha Deivi Arunachalam
- Center for Environmental Nuclear Research, Directorate of Research, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
| | - Rajaram Selvaraj
- Environmental Survey Laboratories, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam, 603102, India
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Doering C, Bollhöfer A, Medley P. Estimating doses from Aboriginal bush foods post-remediation of a uranium mine. J Environ Radioact 2017; 172:74-80. [PMID: 28324688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a calculator to facilitate assessments of ingestion doses from Aboriginal bush foods. The calculator combines information on traditional diet and land use with radionuclide concentration ratios and ingestion dose coefficients to estimate doses. The calculator was applied to the planned remediation of Ranger uranium mine to derive a set of scaling factors between radionuclide activity concentrations in environmental media and ingestion dose from bush foods. The scaling factors can be used to estimate doses from bush foods once the post-remediation radiological conditions of the mine and surrounding environment are known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Doering
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist (ERISS), GPO Box 461, Darwin, NT 0801, Australia.
| | - Andreas Bollhöfer
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist (ERISS), GPO Box 461, Darwin, NT 0801, Australia; Federal Office for Radiation Protection (Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, BfS), 79098 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Medley
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist (ERISS), GPO Box 461, Darwin, NT 0801, Australia
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Abstract
AbstractA total of 2143 dissolved radon-222 and radium-226 activity concentrations measured together in water samples was compiled from the literature. To date, the use of such a large database is the first attempt to establish a relationship for the 226Ra–222Rn couple. Over the whole dataset, radon and radium concentrations range over more than nine and six orders of magnitude, respectively. Geometric means yield 9.82±0.73 Bq l−1 for radon and 54.6±2.7 mBq l−1 for radium. Only a few waters are in 226Ra–222Rn radioactive equilibrium, with most of them being far from equilibrium; the geometric mean of the radium concentration in water/radon concentration in water (CRa/CRn) ratio is estimated to be 0.0056±0.0004. Significant differences in radon and radium concentrations are observed between groundwaters and surface waters, on the one hand, and between hot springs and cold springs, on the other. Within water types, typical ranges of radon and radium concentrations can be associated with subgroups of waters. While the radium concentration characterizes the geochemistry of the groundwater–rock interaction, the radon concentration, in most cases, is a signal of non-mobile radium embedded in the encasing rocks. Thus, the 226Ra–222Rn couple can be a useful tool for the characterization of water and for the identification of water source rocks, shedding light on the various water–rock interaction processes taking place in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Girault
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Perrier
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Tadeusz A. Przylibski
- Faculty of Geoengineering, Mining and Geology, Division of Geology and Mineral Waters, Wrocław University of Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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14
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Doering C, Bollhöfer A. A tool for calculating concentration ratios from large environmental datasets. J Environ Radioact 2016; 165:32-34. [PMID: 27579895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a tool for calculating concentration ratios from a large and structured environmental dataset of radionuclide activity and metal concentrations. The tool has been developed in MS Excel™ and includes a simple user interface for setting up queries. The tool is capable of matching environmental media samples to biota samples based on user-defined spatial and temporal criteria to derive a representative estimate of the environmental exposure conditions of an organism and its accumulation. Some potential benefits and uses of the tool are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Doering
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist (ERISS), GPO Box 461, Darwin, NT, 0801, Australia.
| | - Andreas Bollhöfer
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist (ERISS), GPO Box 461, Darwin, NT, 0801, Australia; Federal Office for Radiation Protection (Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, BfS), 79098, Freiburg, Germany
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15
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Doering C, Bollhöfer A. A database of radionuclide activity and metal concentrations for the Alligator Rivers Region uranium province. J Environ Radioact 2016; 162-163:154-159. [PMID: 27259193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a database of radionuclide activity and metal concentrations for the Alligator Rivers Region (ARR) uranium province in the Australian wet-dry tropics. The database contains 5060 sample records and 57,473 concentration values. The data are for animal, plant, soil, sediment and water samples collected by the Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist (ERISS) as part of its statutory role to undertake research and monitoring into the impacts of uranium mining on the environment of the ARR. Concentration values are provided in the database for 11 radionuclides (227Ac, 40K, 210Pb, 210Po, 226Ra, 228Ra, 228Th, 230Th, 232Th, 234U, 238U) and 26 metals (Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, S, Sb, Se, Sr, Th, U, V, Zn). Potential uses of the database are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Doering
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist (ERISS), GPO Box 461, Darwin, NT 0801, Australia.
| | - Andreas Bollhöfer
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist (ERISS), GPO Box 461, Darwin, NT 0801, Australia; Federal Office for Radiation Protection (Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, BfS), 79098, Freiburg, Germany
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16
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Medley P, Martin P, Bollhöfer A, Parry D. 228Ra and 226Ra measurement on a BaSO 4 co-precipitation source. Appl Radiat Isot 2014; 95:200-207. [PMID: 25464199 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the most commonly-used methods for determination of 226Ra, particularly in water samples, utilises co-precipitation of Ra with BaSO4, followed by microfiltration to produce a source for alpha counting. This paper describes two extensions to BaSO4 co-precipitation methods which enable determination of 228Ra using the same source. The adaptations presented here do not introduce any contaminants that will affect the separation of radium or alpha counting for 226Ra, and can be used for re-analysis of already existing sources prepared by BaSO4 co-precipitation. The first adaptation uses detection of 228Ac on the source by gamma spectrometry. The detection efficiency is high, allowing analysis of water samples at sufficiently low activity to be suitable in testing for compliance with drinking water quality standards. As 228Ac grows in quickly, taking less than 2 days to reach equilibrium with the 228Ra parent, this can also be useful in radiological emergency response situations. The second adaptation incorporates a method for the digestion of BaSO4 sources, allowing separation of thorium and subsequent determination of 228Th activity. Although ingrowth periods for 228Th can be lengthy, very low detection limits for 228Ra can be achieved with this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Medley
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist (eriss), Darwin, NT 0810, Australia.
| | - Paul Martin
- Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA), Yallambie, Vic. 3085, Australia
| | - Andreas Bollhöfer
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist (eriss), Darwin, NT 0810, Australia
| | - David Parry
- Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
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17
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Marasinghe Wadige CPM, Taylor AM, Maher WA, Ubrihien RP, Krikowa F. Effects of lead-spiked sediments on freshwater bivalve, Hyridella australis: linking organism metal exposure-dose-response. Aquat Toxicol 2014; 149:83-93. [PMID: 24576491 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Lead entering aquatic ecosystems adsorbs to sediments and has the potential to cause adverse effects on the health of benthic organisms. To evaluate the freshwater bivalve Hyridella australis as a bioindicator for sediment toxicity, their exposure-dose and response to lead contaminated sediments (< 0.01, 205 ± 9 and 419 ± 16 μg/g dry mass) was investigated in laboratory microcosms using 28 day exposures. Despite high concentrations of lead in the sediments, organisms accumulated low concentrations of lead in their tissues after 28 days of exposure (low treatment: 2.2 ± 0.2 μg/g dry mass, high treatment: 4.2 ± 0.1 μg/g dry mass), however, accumulated lead concentrations in lead exposed organisms were two fold (low treatment) and four fold (high treatment) higher than that of unexposed organisms (1.2 ± 0.3 μg/g dry mass). Accumulation of lead by H. australis may have occurred as analogues of calcium and magnesium. Labial palps accumulated significantly more lead than other tissues. Of the lead accumulated in the hepatopancreas, 83%-91% was detoxified and stored in metal rich granules. The proportions and concentrations of lead in this fraction increased with lead exposure, which suggests that lead detoxification pathway plays an important role in metal tolerance of H. australis. The biologically active lead was mainly present in the mitochondrial fraction which increased with lead exposure. Total antioxidant capacity of H. australis significantly decreased while lipid peroxidation and lysosomal membrane destabilation increased with lead exposure. This study showed a clear lead exposure-dose-response relationship and indicates that H. australis would be a good biomonitor for lead in freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne M Taylor
- Ecochemistry Laboratory, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - William A Maher
- Ecochemistry Laboratory, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Rodney P Ubrihien
- Ecochemistry Laboratory, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Frank Krikowa
- Ecochemistry Laboratory, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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18
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Janovics R, Bihari Á, Papp L, Dezső Z, Major Z, Sárkány KE, Bujtás T, Veres M, Palcsu L. Monitoring of tritium, 60Co and 137Cs in the vicinity of the warm water outlet of the Paks Nuclear Power Plant, Hungary. J Environ Radioact 2014; 128:20-26. [PMID: 24246753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Danube water, sediment and various aquatic organisms (snail, mussel, predatory and omnivorous fish) were collected upstream (at a background site) and downstream of the outlet of the warm water channel of Paks Nuclear Power Plant. Gamma emitters, tissue free-water tritium (TFWT) and total organically-bound tritium (T-OBT) measurements were performed. A slight contribution of the power plant to the natural tritium background concentration was measured in water samples from the Danube section downstream of the warm water channel. Sediment samples also contained elevated tritium concentrations, along with a detectable amount of (60)Co. In the case of biota samples, TFWT exhibited only a very slight difference compared to the tritium concentration of the Danube water, however, the OBT was higher than the tritium concentration in the Danube, independent of the origin of the samples. The elevated OBT concentration in the mollusc samples downstream of the warm water channel may be attributed to the excess emission from the nuclear power plant. The whole data set obtained was used for dose rate calculations and will be contributed to the development of the ERICA database.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Janovics
- Hertelendi Laboratory of Environmental Studies, Institute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 4026 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Á Bihari
- Hertelendi Laboratory of Environmental Studies, Institute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - L Papp
- Hertelendi Laboratory of Environmental Studies, Institute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Z Dezső
- Isotoptech Ltd., Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Z Major
- Hertelendi Laboratory of Environmental Studies, Institute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - K E Sárkány
- Babeş-Bolyai University, Faculty of Biology and Department of Taxonomy and Ecology, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - T Bujtás
- Paks Nuclear Power Plant Co., Paks, Hungary
| | - M Veres
- Isotoptech Ltd., Debrecen, Hungary
| | - L Palcsu
- Hertelendi Laboratory of Environmental Studies, Institute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 4026 Debrecen, Hungary
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19
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Suursoo S, Kiisk M, Semakalu A, Isakar K. Radon leakage as a source of additional uncertainty in simultaneous determination of ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra by gamma spectrometry--validation of analysis procedure. Appl Radiat Isot 2013; 87:447-51. [PMID: 24321496 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of validation experiments was carried out to assess robustness, repeatability, and trueness of an analysis procedure for simultaneous determination of (226)Ra and (228)Ra in water samples. The study revealed instabilities in the radon holding capacity of the sample matrix (epoxy resin). The discovered effect is a new additional component in the uncertainty budget which should be considered when (226)Ra is measured via its progeny in similar sample matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siiri Suursoo
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Riia 142, 51014 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Madis Kiisk
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Riia 142, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Antonio Semakalu
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Riia 142, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kadri Isakar
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Riia 142, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
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20
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Yankovich T, Beresford NA, Fesenko S, Fesenko J, Phaneuf M, Dagher E, Outola I, Andersson P, Thiessen K, Ryan J, Wood MD, Bollhöfer A, Barnett CL, Copplestone D. Establishing a database of radionuclide transfer parameters for freshwater wildlife. J Environ Radioact 2013; 126:299-313. [PMID: 23103210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Environmental assessments to evaluate potentials risks to humans and wildlife often involve modelling to predict contaminant exposure through key pathways. Such models require input of parameter values, including concentration ratios, to estimate contaminant concentrations in biota based on measurements or estimates of concentrations in environmental media, such as water. Due to the diversity of species and the range in physicochemical conditions in natural ecosystems, concentration ratios can vary by orders of magnitude, even within similar species. Therefore, to improve model input parameter values for application in aquatic systems, freshwater concentration ratios were collated or calculated from national grey literature, Russian language publications, and refereed papers. Collated data were then input into an international database that is being established by the International Atomic Energy Agency. The freshwater database enables entry of information for all radionuclides listed in ICRP (1983), in addition to the corresponding stable elements, and comprises a total of more than 16,500 concentration ratio (CRwo-water) values. Although data were available for all broad wildlife groups (with the exception of birds), data were sparse for many organism types. For example, zooplankton, crustaceans, insects and insect larvae, amphibians, and mammals, for which there were CRwo-water values for less than eight elements. Coverage was most comprehensive for fish, vascular plants, and molluscs. To our knowledge, the freshwater database that has now been established represents the most comprehensive set of CRwo-water values for freshwater species currently available for use in radiological environmental assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yankovich
- Saskatchewan Research Council (SRC), Environment and Forestry, #125, 15 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, SK S7N 2X8, Canada.
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21
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Copplestone D, Beresford NA, Brown JE, Yankovich T. An international database of radionuclide concentration ratios for wildlife: development and uses. J Environ Radioact 2013; 126:288-298. [PMID: 23815858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A key element of most systems for assessing the impact of radionuclides on the environment is a means to estimate the transfer of radionuclides to organisms. To facilitate this, an international wildlife transfer database has been developed to provide an online, searchable compilation of transfer parameters in the form of equilibrium-based whole-organism to media concentration ratios. This paper describes the derivation of the wildlife transfer database, the key data sources it contains and highlights the applications for the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Copplestone
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom.
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22
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Mola M, Palomo M, Peñalver A, Aguilar C, Borrull F. Radionuclides in biota collected near a dicalcium phosphate plant, southern Catalonia, Spain. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2013; 298:2017-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-013-2690-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Howard BJ, Beresford NA, Copplestone D, Telleria D, Proehl G, Fesenko S, Jeffree RA, Yankovich TL, Brown JE, Higley K, Johansen MP, Mulye H, Vandenhove H, Gashchak S, Wood MD, Takata H, Andersson P, Dale P, Ryan J, Bollhöfer A, Doering C, Barnett CL, Wells C. The IAEA handbook on radionuclide transfer to wildlife. J Environ Radioact 2013; 121:55-74. [PMID: 22513215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An IAEA handbook presenting transfer parameter values for wildlife has recently been produced. Concentration ratios (CRwo-media) between the whole organism (fresh weight) and either soil (dry weight) or water were collated for a range of wildlife groups (classified taxonomically and by feeding strategy) in terrestrial, freshwater, marine and brackish generic ecosystems. The data have been compiled in an on line database, which will continue to be updated in the future providing the basis for subsequent revision of the Wildlife TRS values. An overview of the compilation and analysis, and discussion of the extent and limitations of the data is presented. Example comparisons of the CRwo-media values are given for polonium across all wildlife groups and ecosystems and for molluscs for all radionuclides. The CRwo-media values have also been compared with those currently used in the ERICA Tool which represented the most complete published database for wildlife transfer values prior to this work. The use of CRwo-media values is a pragmatic approach to predicting radionuclide activity concentrations in wildlife and is similar to that used for screening assessments for the human food chain. The CRwo-media values are most suitable for a screening application where there are several conservative assumptions built into the models which will, to varying extents, compensate for the variable data quality and quantity, and associated uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Howard
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK.
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24
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Markich SJ, Twining JR. Radioecology of Tropical Freshwater Ecosystems: Mechanisms and Kinetics of Bioaccumulation and the Importance of Water Chemistry. Radioactivity in the Environment 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-045016-2.00006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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