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Li H, Jiang H, Xu L, Deng Y, Xu J, Zhao Y. Effects of Different Extraction Methods in Pharmacopoeia on the Content and Structure Transformation of Ginsenosides. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144347. [PMID: 35889220 PMCID: PMC9351678 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer), a perennial herb, possesses immunostimulatory, anticarcinogenic, antiemetic, and antioxidative biological activities. In recent years, more and more people have paid attention to the extraction methods and quality evaluation of ginseng. China, the United States, Europe, Japan, and Korea have all had the quality standards and content determination methods of ginseng. The different treatment methods are adopted before the determination of ginseng samples and the content limits of the index components, such as ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rg1, and ginsenoside Re exist differences. The similarities and differences of ginseng content detection methods in pharmacopoeias of different countries have been analyzed by a research group, but the comparison of the effects of different methods on the ginsenoside content and structural transformation has not been reported. In this paper, ginsenosides in ginseng were extracted according to four national pharmacopoeias and analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively by UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS and HPLC-UV. It was illustrated that the pretreatment method has a significant influence on the content determination of ginseng. The yield of rare saponins was increased by heating concluded from both the qualitative and quantitative comparison. Finally, a simple and feasible extraction method was optimized by response surface method at room temperature. The analysis of the preparation method and process optimization of the four pharmacopoeias can provide important reference information for the revision of ginseng standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (H.L.); (H.J.); (L.X.); (Y.D.)
| | - Hua Jiang
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (H.L.); (H.J.); (L.X.); (Y.D.)
| | - Lei Xu
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (H.L.); (H.J.); (L.X.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yaling Deng
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (H.L.); (H.J.); (L.X.); (Y.D.)
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (H.L.); (H.J.); (L.X.); (Y.D.)
- Correspondence: (J.X.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-24-43520309 (Y.Z.); Fax: +86-24-435230300 (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (H.L.); (H.J.); (L.X.); (Y.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
- Correspondence: (J.X.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-24-43520309 (Y.Z.); Fax: +86-24-435230300 (Y.Z.)
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Zhang W, Zhang L, Zhou H, Li C, Shao C, He Y, Yang J, Wan H. Astragaloside IV Alleviates Infarction Induced Cardiomyocyte Injury by Improving Mitochondrial Morphology and Function. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:810541. [PMID: 35265681 PMCID: PMC8899080 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.810541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective effect of astragaloside IV (AS-IV) on myocardial injury after myocardial infarction has been reported. However, the underlying mechanism is still largely unknown. We established a myocardial infarction model in C57BL/6 mice and injected intraperitoneally with 10 mg/kg/d AS-IV for 4 weeks. The cardiac function, myocardial fibrosis, and angiogenesis were investigated by echocardiography, Masson's trichrome staining, and CD31 and smooth muscle actin staining, respectively. Cardiac mitochondrial morphology was visualized by transmission electron microscopy. Cardiac function, infarct size, vascular distribution, and mitochondrial morphology were significantly better in AS-IV-treated mice than in the myocardial infarction model mice. In vitro, a hypoxia-induced H9c2 cell model was established to observe cellular apoptosis and mitochondrial function. H9c2 cells transfected with silent information regulator 3 (Sirt3) targeting siRNA were assayed for Sirt3 expression and activity. Sirt3 silencing eliminated the beneficial effects of AS-IV and abrogated the inhibitory effect of AS-IV on mitochondrial division. These results suggest that AS-IV protects cardiomyocytes from hypoxic injury by maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis in a Sirt3-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huifen Zhou
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chang Li
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chongyu Shao
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu He
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Yu He
| | - Jiehong Yang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Jiehong Yang
| | - Haitong Wan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Haitong Wan
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Gao Z, Tang R, Ma S, Jia S, Zhang S, Gong B, Ou J. Design and construction of a hydrophilic coating on macroporous adsorbent resins for enrichment of glycopeptides. Anal Methods 2021; 13:4515-4527. [PMID: 34515267 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01276b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although macroporous adsorbent resins (MARs) have been commercialized and widely applied in industrial and life fields, it is still of necessity to develop simple approaches to functionalize MARs. One of the most widely used methods to realize excellent fouling resistance performance is surface modification of hydrophilic polymers on substrates to fabricate an anti-biofouling coating. Herein, three kinds of hydrophilic poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) MAR were designed and facilely prepared by coating a layer of porous organic polymers (POPs) via either an epoxy-amine ring-opening polymerization or amine-aldehyde condensation reaction using isophthalaldehyde (IPA), 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (cyclen), melamine and 1,3,5-triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC) as precursors. By taking advantage of their merits, such as large surface area, excellent hydrophilicity and unbiased affinity toward all types of glycopeptide, three functionalized hydrophilic MARs were successfully applied to capture glycopeptides from complex samples as hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) sorbents. A total of 694 N-glycopeptides and 372 N-glycosylation sites were identified from 2 μL of human serum digest with poly(TC)@MAR, which were not only more than those of poly(MT)@MAR (286 N-glycosylation sites and 547 N-glycopeptides) and poly(IM)@MAR (669 N-glycopeptides and 355 N-glycosylation sites), but also more than those of other reported HILIC materials. This work provided a new and simple way to synthesize enrichment materials for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of glycoproteomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Ruizhi Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Shujuan Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Shicong Jia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Shuai Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Bolin Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
| | - Junjie Ou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Feng M, Liu F, Xing J, Zhong Y, Zhou X. Anemarrhena saponins attenuate insulin resistance in rats with high-fat diet-induced obesity via the IRS-1/PI3K/AKT pathway. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 277:114251. [PMID: 34052350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Anemarrhena asphodeloides is the dry rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge. Anemarrhena Saponins isolated from Anemarrhena asphodeloides are one of the pharmacologically active components of this plant and have blood lipid reduction and blood glucose reduction properties. These facts suggest that these saponins might be helpful in the treatment of insulin resistance. AIM OF THE STUDY To determine the therapeutic effect of anemarrhena saponins on insulin resistance and the probable underlying mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Insulin-resistant rats were used as the experimental subject, to observe the therapeutic effect of anemarrhena saponins. The blood glucose and blood lipid parameters were determined using the relevant kits. We used hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining to observe the protective effect of anemarrhena saponins on the livers of insulin-resistant rats and reverser transcripition polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to analyze the mRNA expressions patterns of genes related to glucose metabolism and inflammatory factors. The toxicity of anemarrhena saponins to HepG2 cells was calculated using the MTT assay. Further, we conducted in vivo and in vitro experiments, and Western-blot analysis to study the effects of anemarrhena saponins on the IRS-1/PI3K/AKT pathway. RESULTS Anemarrhena saponins were found to improve dyslipidemia, reduce obesity and inflammation, and alleviate liver injury in insulin-resistant rats. Anemarrhena saponins also reduced the mRNA expression of gluconeogenesis-related genes sunch as G6pase, PEPCK, and GSK3β in the liver. Moreover, anemarrhena saponins up-regulated the phosphorylation levels of IRS-1, PI3K and AKT, promoted insulin signal transduction, and reduced liver injury induced by insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that anemarrhena saponins could promote insulin signal transduction through the IRS-1/PI3K/AKT pathway, thereby reducing the damage caused by insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Fen Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Juling Xing
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yanhua Zhong
- Department of Acupuncture-rehabilitation, Guangzhou-Liwan Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Xinxin Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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He G, Gu J, Wang H, Cheng S, Xiong Q, Ke M, Hu Y, Feng J, Song L, Liu Z, Xu Y. Nr2e1 deficiency aggravates insulin resistance and chronic inflammation of visceral adipose tissues in a diet-induced obese mice model. Life Sci 2021; 278:119562. [PMID: 33915130 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group E member 1 (Nr2e1) expression in adipose tissues of obese mice and assess the role of Nr2e1 in insulin resistance and chronic inflammation of the adipose tissues. MAIN METHODS An obese model was established in Nr2e1 knockout (KO) mice and their wild type (WT) littermates through a long-term high-fat diet (HFD) feeding regime. The epididymal fat weight, body weight, and daily food intake were recorded. The blood lipid profile, blood inflammatory factors, and the levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG) and fasting insulin were determined. We estimated insulin resistance by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). The expression of inflammatory factors and F4/80 was examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blotting to assess adipose tissues inflammation. We also determined the molecules of insulin signaling and the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway by western blotting. KEY FINDINGS The Nr2e1 expression was upregulated in WT obese mice when compared with that in control mice. Despite a lower body weight and epididymal fat mass in Nr2e1-/- mice, these rats showed increased inflammatory cytokines secretion, more pronounced hyperlipidemia, and impaired insulin sensitivity after HFD treatment. Further investigation revealed that Nr2e1 deletion affected the expression of insulin signaling and NF-κB pathway-related molecules in visceral adipose tissues. SIGNIFICANCE Nr2e1 may act as a potential target to improve insulin sensitivity and inflammation in obesity and related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhen He
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Taihe Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiaowei Gu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Taihe Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Huawei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siyuan Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Xiong
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengting Ke
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jieyuan Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Linyang Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yancheng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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