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Park J, Yamamoto Y, Hidaka K, Wada-Takahashi S, Takahashi SS, Morozumi T, Kubota N, Saita M, Saruta J, Sakaguchi W, To M, Shimizu T, Mikuni-Takagaki Y, Tsukinoki K. Effects of Diabetes and Voluntary Exercise on IgA Concentration and Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor Expression in the Submandibular Gland of Rats. Medicina (Kaunas) 2023; 59:medicina59040789. [PMID: 37109747 PMCID: PMC10144866 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59040789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Patients with diabetes are more susceptible to upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) because they are easily infected. Salivary IgA (sali-IgA) levels play a major role in transmitting URTIs. Sali-IgA levels are determined by salivary gland IgA production and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (poly-IgR) expression. However, it is unknown whether salivary gland IgA production and poly-IgR expression are decreased in patients with diabetes. While exercise is reported to increase or decrease the sali-IgA levels, it is unclear how exercise affects the salivary glands of patients with diabetes. This study aimed to determine the effects of diabetes and voluntary exercise on IgA production and poly-IgR expression in the salivary glands of diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Ten spontaneously diabetic Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats (eight-week-old) were divided into two groups of five rats each: a non-exercise group (OLETF-C) and a voluntary wheel-running group (OLETF-E). Five Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats without diabetes were bred under the same conditions as the OLETF-C. Sixteen weeks after the study began, the submandibular glands (SGs) were collected and analyzed for IgA and poly-IgR expression levels. Results: IgA concentrations and poly-IgR expression levels in SGs were lower in OLETF-C and OLETF-E than in LETO (p < 0.05). These values did not differ between the OLETF-C and OLETF-E. Conclusions: Diabetes decreases IgA production and poly-IgR expression in the salivary glands of rats. Moreover, voluntary exercise increases sali-IgA levels but does not increase IgA production and poly-IgR expression in the salivary glands of diabetic rats. Increasing IgA production and poly-IgR expression in the salivary glands, which is reduced in diabetes, might require slightly higher-intensity exercise than voluntary exercise under the supervision of a doctor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaebum Park
- Department of Environmental Pathology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Yamamoto
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Kanagawa Dental University, Junior College, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kouki Hidaka
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoko Wada-Takahashi
- Department of Oral Physiology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shun-Suke Takahashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshiya Morozumi
- Department of Endodontics, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, 1-8 Hamaura-cho, Chuo-ku, Niigata 9518580, Niigata, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Kubota
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Makiko Saita
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Juri Saruta
- Department of Education Planning, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Wakako Sakaguchi
- Department of Environmental Pathology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro To
- Department of Clinical Oral Anatomy, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shimizu
- Department of Implantology and Periodontology, Kanagawa Dental University, 3-31-6 Tsuruya, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 2210835, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Keiichi Tsukinoki
- Department of Environmental Pathology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan
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Schalow PR, Kimball KA, Schurger FT, Sooley GR, Bales SP, Rochester RP, Brooks RT, Hunt JM. Secretory Immunoglobulin A and Upper Cervical Chiropractic: A Preliminary Prospective, Multicenter, Observational Study. J Chiropr Med 2021; 20:121-127. [PMID: 35463842 PMCID: PMC9023133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcm.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelly A. Kimball
- International Chiropractors Association, Falls Church, Virginia
- Corresponding author: Kelly A. Kimball
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Yamamoto Y, Morozumi T, Takahashi T, Saruta J, To M, Sakaguchi W, Shimizu T, Kubota N, Tsukinoki K. Faster Short-Chain Fatty Acid Absorption from the Cecum Following Polydextrose Ingestion Increases the Salivary Immunoglobulin A Flow Rate in Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061745. [PMID: 32545166 PMCID: PMC7353249 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) plays a vital role in preventing upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). In our previous study, we showed that the intake of carbohydrates increases the intestinal levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which in turn increase salivary IgA levels. However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated in rats the effect of polydextrose (PDX) ingestion on salivary IgA level and SCFA concentration in cecal digesta and the portal vein. Five-week-old rats were fed with a fiber-free diet (control) or with 40 g/kg of PDX for 28 days. Compared to the control, ingestion of PDX led to a higher salivary IgA flow rate (p = 0.0013) and a higher concentration of SCFAs in the portal vein (p = 0.004). These two data were positively correlated (rs = 0.88, p = 0.0002, n = 12). In contrast, the concentration of SCFAs in cecal digesta and cecal digesta viscosity were significantly lower following PDX ingestion, compared to the control (p = 0.008 and 0.05, respectively). These findings suggest that the ingestion of PDX increases the absorption rate of SCFAs in the intestine through PDX-induced fermentation, which is accompanied by an increase in SCFA levels in the blood, and ultimately leads to increased salivary IgA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Yamamoto
- Department of Junior College, School of Dental Hygiene, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Toshiya Morozumi
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Interdisciplinary Medicine, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Toru Takahashi
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Health, Kanazawa Gakuin University, 10 Sue-machi, Kanazawa 9201392, Ishikawa, Japan;
| | - Juri Saruta
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan; (J.S.); (W.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Masahiro To
- Division of Dental Anatomy, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Wakako Sakaguchi
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan; (J.S.); (W.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Tomoko Shimizu
- Department of Highly Advanced Stomatology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 3-31-6 Tsuruya, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 2210835, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Nobuhisa Kubota
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan; (J.S.); (W.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Keiichi Tsukinoki
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan; (J.S.); (W.S.); (N.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-46-822-8866
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Peres CDS, Gava RP, Yoshida NM, Correa JCM, Scudeller LB, Seixas GF, Silva CC, Garbelini CCD, Ramos SDP. Could regular practice of volleyball modulate salivary secretory immunity in children? Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Apunts Sports Medicine 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apunsm.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Olley RB, Piercy RJ, Leeming G, McGowan CM. Unusual pathophysiological mechanisms of ptyalism in two horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. B. Olley
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital Department of Equine Clinical Science Institute of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool Leahurst UK
| | - R. J. Piercy
- Comparative Neuromuscular Disease Laboratory Clinical Science and Services The Royal Veterinary College North Mymms UK
| | - G. Leeming
- Department of Veterinary Pathology Institute of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool LeahurstUK
| | - C. M. McGowan
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital Department of Equine Clinical Science Institute of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool Leahurst UK
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Takahashi S, Uekita H, Taniwaki H, Domon T. Acinar cell response to liquid diet during rats' growth period differs in submandibular and sublingual glands from that in parotid glands. Tissue Cell 2017; 49:275-284. [PMID: 28222888 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Continuously feeding a liquid diet to growing rodents strongly inhibits parotid gland growth, due to suppressed growth of acinar cells. This study investigated whether a liquid diet had a similar effect on submandibular and sublingual glands of growing rats. Rats were weaned on day 21 after birth and then fed a pellet diet in the control group and a liquid diet in the experimental group for 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks. Their submandibular and sublingual glands were excised, weighed, and examined histologically, immunohistochemically (using antibodies to 5'-bromo-2-deoxyuridine and cleaved caspase 3), and ultrastructurally. The submandibular glands did not significantly differ between the control and experimental groups at all tested points. Only at Week 8, acinar cell area and 5'-bromo-2-deoxyuridine-labeling index of acinar cells in sublingual glands were significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group. These results show that a liquid diet during rats' growth period had no effect on acinar cells in their submandibular glands, and only a slight effect on acinar cells in their sublingual glands of growing rats, in contrast to the marked effect of a liquid diet on parotid glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Takahashi
- Department of Oral Functional Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Uekita
- Department of Crown and Bridge Prosthodontics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan
| | - Hiroto Taniwaki
- Department of Oral Functional Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan
| | - Takanori Domon
- Department of Oral Functional Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan
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Takahashi S, Uekita H, Kato T, Inoue K, Domon T. Growth of rat parotid glands is inhibited by liquid diet feeding. Tissue Cell 2015; 47:336-41. [PMID: 25956847 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated how liquid diet feeding affects the growth of parotid glands. We weaned 21-day-old rats and thereafter fed them a pellet diet (control group) or a liquid diet (experimental group) for 0, 1, 2, 4, or 8 weeks. Their parotid glands were excised, weighed, examined, and tested for 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and cleaved caspase-3 (Casp-3) as markers of proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. Parotid gland weights were consistently smaller in experimental animals than in controls. Morphometrical analysis showed that control group acinar cells increased in area during the experiment, but experimental group acinar cells were almost unchanged. Labeling indices of BrdU in acinar cells in both groups declined during the experiment, but were consistently lower in the experimental group than in controls. Casp-3-positive acinar cells were rare in both groups, which consistently express significantly similar Casp-3 levels. Ultrastructurally, terminal portions of the experimental parotid glands consisted of a few acinar cells that were smaller than those in controls. Control acinar cells showed mitotic figures within short experimental periods, but not in experimental glands. These observations indicate that liquid diet feeding inhibits growth of parotid glands in growing rats through suppression of growth and proliferation of individual acinar cells, but not through apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Takahashi
- Department of Oral Functional Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Uekita
- Department of Oral Functional Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kato
- Department of Oral Functional Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Inoue
- Department of Oral Functional Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Takanori Domon
- Department of Oral Functional Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
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Jarillo-Luna RA, Rivera-Aguilar V, Pacheco-Yépez J, Godínez-Victoria M, Oros-Pantoja R, Miliar-García A, Campos-Rodríguez R. Nasal IgA secretion in a murine model of acute stress. The possible role of catecholamines. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 278:223-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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10
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Takahashi S, Uekita H, Kato T, Yuge F, Ushijima N, Inoue K, Domon T. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural investigation of acinar cells in submandibular and sublingual glands of rats fed a liquid diet. Tissue Cell 2014; 46:136-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Picco DC, Costa LF, Delbem AC, Sassaki KT, Sumida DH, Antoniali C. Spontaneously hypertensive rat as experimental model of salivary hypofunction. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:1320-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Hellard P, Guimaraes F, Avalos M, Houel N, Hausswirth C, Toussaint JF. Modeling the association between HR variability and illness in elite swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43:1063-70. [PMID: 21085039 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318204de1c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether HR variability (HRV), an indirect measure of autonomic control, is associated with upper respiratory tract and pulmonary infections, muscular affections, and all-type pathologies in elite swimmers. METHODS For this study, 7 elite international and 11 national swimmers were observed weekly for 2 yr. The indexes of cardiac autonomic regulation in supine and orthostatic position were assessed as explanatory variables by time domain (SD1, SD2) and spectral analyses (high frequency [HF] = 0.15-0.40 Hz, low frequency [LF] = 0.04-0.15 Hz, and HF/LF ratio) of HRV. Logistic mixed models described the relationship between the explanatory variables and the risk of upper respiratory tract and pulmonary infections, muscular affections, and all-type pathologies. RESULTS The risk of all-type pathologies was higher for national swimmers and in winter (P < 0.01). An increase in the parasympathetic indexes (HF, SD1) in the supine position assessed 1 wk earlier was linked to a higher risk of upper respiratory tract and pulmonary infections (P < 0.05) and to a higher risk of muscular affections (increase in HF, P < 0.05). Multivariate analyses showed (1) a higher all-type pathologies risk in winter and for an increase in the total power of HRV associated with a decline SD1 in supine position, (2) a higher all-type pathologies risk in winter associated with a decline in HF assessed 1 wk earlier in orthostatic position, and (3) a higher risk of muscular affections in winter associated with a decrease SD1 and an increase LF in orthostatic position. CONCLUSIONS Swimmers' health maintenance requires particular attention when autonomic balance shows a sudden increase in parasympathetic indices in the supine position assessed 1 wk earlier evolving toward sympathetic predominance in supine and orthostatic positions.
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Abstract
Disgust motivates avoidance of pathogen sources, but whether its role in disease avoidance extends into activating the immune system is unexplored. This was tested here by comparing oral immune markers before and after a disgust induction, relative to neutral and negative induction control groups. The disgust group, but not controls, revealed an oral inflammatory response, with increased salivary tumor necrotizing factor alpha and albumin, as well as a down-regulation of immunoglobulin A (SIgA) secretion. It has been hypothesized that disgust evolved in animals to clear toxins from the oral cavity by gaping and increased salivary flow. Our data suggest down-regulated SIgA secretion may be a vestige of this response so as to conserve protein, while the inflammatory reaction may reflect an adaptive response to disease threat, selectively triggered by disgust. The broader implications of these data for a discrete neuro-gut-immune axis are examined.
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Azlina A, Javkhlan P, Hiroshima Y, Hasegawa T, Yao C, Akamatsu T, Hosoi K. Roles of lysosomal proteolytic systems in AQP5 degradation in the submandibular gland of rats following chorda tympani parasympathetic denervation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G1106-17. [PMID: 20689061 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00194.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Chorda tympani denervation (CTD) of rats was earlier shown to result in loss of submandibular gland (SMG) weight (at only 1 wk) and in continued reduction in aquaporin 5 (AQP5) protein expression (until 4 wk), without affecting its mRNA synthesis (Li X, Azlina A, Karabasil MR, Purwanti N, Hasegawa T, Yao C, Akamatsu T, Hosoi K. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 295: G112-G123, 2008). The present study indicated that despite elevation of bax, a proapoptosis protein, by CTD, the operation also increased the level of bcl-2, an antiapoptosis protein, in the SMG. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL assay) showed no increase in the number of apoptotic cells in the SMG. CTD, however, induced strongly and transiently (at 1-3 days) the protein expression of LC3B-II, a marker protein of autophagosomes, suggesting that the reduction in the gland weight was due to onset of autophagy by CTD. Upon CTD, Lamp2, a lysosomal marker, gradually increased in amount, reaching a peak at the 14th day. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed an increase in the number of lysosome-like structures positive for both AQP5 and Lamp2 in the acinar cells of the SMG after CTD; similar changes were observed also for AQP5 and LC3Bs. These data suggest that AQP5 in the SMG entered autophagosomes and/or lysosomes for degradation upon CTD. In vitro AQP5-degrading activity was found in the SMG extracts, and such activity was shown to be increased by CTD. Inhibitor experiments implied cathepsins B and L to be candidate enzymes for this degradation under normal and CTD conditions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Azlina
- Department of Molecular Oral Physiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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MUNETA Y, YOSHIKAWA T, MINAGAWA Y, SHIBAHARA T, MAEDA R, OMATA Y. Salivary IgA as a Useful Non-Invasive Marker for Restraint Stress in Pigs. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:1295-300. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro MUNETA
- Research Team for Advanced Biologicals, National Institute of Animal Health
| | - Tadao YOSHIKAWA
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Yu MINAGAWA
- Research Team for Advanced Biologicals, National Institute of Animal Health
| | | | - Ryuichiro MAEDA
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Yoshitaka OMATA
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
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Reyna-Garfias H, Miliar A, Jarillo-Luna A, Rivera-Aguilar V, Pacheco-Yepez J, Baeza I, Campos-Rodríguez R. Repeated restraint stress increases IgA concentration in rat small intestine. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:110-8. [PMID: 19748568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The most abundant intestinal immunoglobulin and first line of specific immunological defense against environmental antigens is secretory immunoglobulin A. To better understand the effect of repeated stress on the secretion of intestinal IgA, the effects of restraint stress on IgA concentration and mRNA expression of the gene for the alpha-chain of IgA was assessed in both the duodenum and ileum of the rats. Restraint stress induced an increase in intestinal IgA, which was blocked by an adrenalectomy, suggesting a role of catecholamines and glucocorticoids. Whereas the blocking of glucocorticoid receptors by RU-486 did not affect the increased IgA concentration, it did reduce IgA alpha-chain mRNA expression in both segments, indicating a possible mediation on the part of glucocorticoids in IgA secretion by individual cells. Treatment with corticosterone significantly increased both the IgA concentration and IgA alpha-chain mRNA expression in ileum but not in duodenum, suggesting that glucocorticoids may act directly on IgA-antibody forming cells to increase IgA secretion in the former segment. A probable role by catecholamines was evidenced by the reduction in IgA concentration and IgA alpha-chain mRNA expression in both segments after a chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Additionally, norepinephrine significantly reduced IgA alpha-chain mRNA levels but increased pIgR mRNA expression and IgA concentration in both intestinal segments. We propose that the increased intestinal IgA levels caused by repeated restraint stress is likely due to the effects of catecholamines on the transport of plgA across the epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Reyna-Garfias
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina y Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Plan de San Luis y Díaz Miron, México, DF CP 11340, Mexico
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Jarillo-Luna A, Rivera-Aguilar V, Garfias HR, Lara-Padilla E, Kormanovsky A, Campos-Rodríguez R. Effect of repeated restraint stress on the levels of intestinal IgA in mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2007; 32:681-92. [PMID: 17590521 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2006] [Revised: 04/14/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects of restraint stress on the intestinal humoral immune system, particularly those about intestinal IgA production, have not been explored in detail. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the effect of restraint stress on the production and secretion of intestinal IgA as well as on the number of IgA+ cells in the intestinal lamina propria. The involvement of glucocorticoids and catecholamines were also evaluated. Mice were exposed to 1 or 4 h restraint stress for 4 d. The intestinal IgA concentration was quantified by ELISA and the number of IgA containing cells in the lamina propria was determined by immunohistochemistry. The effects of restraint were also analyzed in mice submitted to different procedures: adrenalectomy, chemical sympathectomy, treatment with a glucocorticoid antagonist (RU486), dexamethasone and epinephrine. The main findings were that (1) chronic restraint-stress reduced the intestinal IgA concentration without changing the number of IgA+ cells in lamina propria; (2) adrenalectomy restored the production of IgA in stressed mice; (3) RU486 and chemical sympathectomy partially blocked the decrease in intestinal IgA in stressed mice; and (4) pharmacological doses of dexamethasone and epinephrine significantly reduced the intestinal IgA concentration and the number of IgA+ cells. The restraint stress probably reduced the intestinal IgA concentration through the effects of glucocorticoids and catecholamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Jarillo-Luna
- Departamento de Morfología, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, CP 11340, México, DF
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Abstract
Interest in the characterization of the salivary proteome has increased in the last few years. This review discusses the different techniques and methodologies applied to the separation and identification of salivary proteins. Nowadays, proteomic techniques are the state of the art for the analysis of biologic materials and saliva is no exception. 2D electrophoresis and tryptic digest analysis by mass spectrometry are the typical methodology, but new approaches using 2D liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry methods have already been introduced for saliva analysis. Due to their important physiologic role in the oral cavity, low-molecular-weight proteins and peptides are also included in this article and the methodologies discussed.
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Proctor GB, Carpenter GH. Regulation of salivary gland function by autonomic nerves. Auton Neurosci 2006; 133:3-18. [PMID: 17157080 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Oral homeostasis is dependent upon saliva and its content of proteins. Reflex salivary flow occurs at a low 'resting' rate and for short periods of the day more intense taste or chewing stimuli evoke up to ten fold increases in salivation. The secretion of salivary fluid and proteins is controlled by autonomic nerves. All salivary glands are supplied by cholinergic parasympathetic nerves which release acetylcholine that binds to M3 and (to a lesser extent) M1 muscarinic receptors, evoking the secretion of saliva by acinar cells in the endpieces of the salivary gland ductal tree. Most salivary glands also receive a variable innervation from sympathetic nerves which released noradrenaline from which tends to evoke greater release of stored proteins, mostly from acinar cells but also ductal cells. There is some 'cross-talk' between the calcium and cyclic AMP intracellular pathways coupling autonomic stimulation to secretion and salivary protein secretion is augmented during combined stimulation. Other non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic neuropeptides released from autonomic nerves evoke salivary gland secretion and parasympathetically derived vasointestinal peptide, acting through endothelial cell derived nitric oxide, plays a role in the reflex vasodilatation that accompanies secretion. Neuronal type, calcium-activated, soluble nitric oxide within salivary cells appears to play a role in mediating salivary protein secretion in response to autonomimetics. Fluid secretion by salivary glands involves aquaporin 5 and the extent to which the expression of aquaporin 5 on apical acinar cell membranes is upregulated by cholinomimetics remains uncertain. Extended periods of autonomic denervation, liquid diet feeding (reduced reflex stimulation) or duct ligation cause salivary gland atrophy. The latter two are reversible, demonstrating that glands can regenerate provided that the autonomic innervation remains intact. The mechanisms by which nerves integrate with salivary cells during regeneration or during salivary gland development remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon B Proctor
- Salivary Research Unit, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 17 Guy's Tower, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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Cox SW, Ebersole LE, Carpenter GH, Proctor GB. Effects of autonomic agonists and immunomodulatory cytokines on polymeric immunoglobulin receptor expression by cultured rat and human salivary and colonic cell lines. Arch Oral Biol 2006; 52:411-6. [PMID: 17118334 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Revised: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is transported across glandular epithelial cells by polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (plgR), with each receptor molecule participating in only one round of transcytosis. Nerve-related stimuli rapidly increase salivary secretion of IgA, while concentrations are increased in the autoimmune disease Sjögren's syndrome. Our aim here was to determine whether autonomic agonists and cytokines present in Sjögren's-affected glands can up-regulate salivary cell plgR expression. METHODS Cultures of rat parotid acinar cells (PAR C5) and human submandibular gland ductal cells (HSG) were exposed to carbachol or adrenaline for 24 h and to interleukin-4 and/or interferon-gamma for 48 h. The human colonic cell line HT-29 served as a positive control for cytokine response. plgR mRNA was quantified by reverse transcription and real-time PCR and protein expression was examined by immunoblotting. RESULTS Carbachol increased plgR mRNA levels significantly in all cells but adrenaline did so only with PAR cells (P<0.05). HSG and HT-29 cells both up-regulated plgR gene transcription on exposure to interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma either alone or in combination (P<0.05). By contrast, production of plgR mRNA in PAR cells tended to decrease in response to all cytokine treatments. plgR protein levels rose in line with mRNA expression in cytokine-treated HT-29 cultures (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Autonomimetics can up-regulate plgR transcription in transformed and neoplastic salivary and colonic cells, although intracellular coupling mechanisms require further investigation. Immunomodulatory cytokines increased plgR expression in one of the salivary cell lines, but additional work is needed to establish whether this occurs in Sjögren's patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Cox
- Salivary Research Unit, King's College London Dental Institute at Guy's, King's College and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK.
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Abstract
PURPOSE Prolonged, intensive exercise is associated with a reduction in concentration and secretion of salivary IgA (s-IgA). Saliva composition and secretion are under autonomic nervous system control, and caffeine ingestion, a widespread practice among athletes for its ergogenic properties, is associated with increased sympathetic nervous system activation. Therefore, this study investigated the influence of caffeine ingestion on s-IgA responses to prolonged, intensive exercise. METHODS In a randomized crossover design, 11 endurance-trained males cycled for 90 min at 70% VO2peak on two occasions, having ingested 6 mg x kg(-1) body mass of caffeine (CAF) or placebo (PLA) 1 h before exercise. Whole, unstimulated saliva samples were collected before treatment (baseline), preexercise, after 45 min of exercise (midexercise), immediately postexercise, and 1 h postexercise. Venous blood samples were collected from a subset of six of these subjects at baseline, preexercise, postexercise, and 1 h postexercise. RESULTS An initial pilot study found that caffeine ingestion had no effect on s-IgA concentration, secretion rate, or saliva flow rate at rest. Serum caffeine concentration was higher on CAF than PLA at preexercise, postexercise, and 1 h postexercise (P < 0.001). Plasma epinephrine concentration was higher on CAF than PLA at pre- and postexercise (P < 0.05). s-IgA concentration was higher on CAF than PLA at mid- and postexercise (P < 0.01), and s-IgA secretion rate was higher on CAF than PLA at midexercise only (P < 0.02). Caffeine ingestion did not affect saliva flow rate. Saliva alpha-amylase activity and secretion rate were higher on CAF than PLA (main effect for trial, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that caffeine ingestion before intensive exercise is associated with elevated s-IgA responses during exercise, which may be related to increases in sympathetic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette C Bishop
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.
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