1
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King RB. Trivalent Polyhedra as Duals of Borane Deltahedra: From Molecular Endohedral Germanium Clusters to the Smallest Fullerenes. Molecules 2023; 28. [PMID: 36677561 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The duals of the most spherical closo borane deltahedra having from 6 to 16 vertices form a series of homologous spherical trivalent polyhedra with even numbers of vertices from 8 to 28. This series of homologous polyhedra is found in endohedral clusters of the group 14 atoms such as the endohedral germanium cluster anions [M@Ge10]3- (M = Co, Fe) and [Ru@Ge12]3- The next members of this series have been predicted to be the lowest energy structures of the endohedral silicon clusters Cr@Si14 and M@Si16 (M = Zr, Hf). The largest members of this series correspond to the smallest fullerene polyhedra found in the endohedral fullerenes M@C28 (M = Zr, Hf, Th, U). The duals of the oblate (flattened) ellipsoidal deltahedra found in the dirhenaboranes Cp*2Re2Bn-2Hn-2 (Cp* = η5-Me5C5; 8 ≤ n ≤ 12) are prolate (elongated) trivalent polyhedra as exemplified experimentally by the germanium cluster [Co2@Ge16]4- containing an endohedral Co2 unit.
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2
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Liang X, Li X, Gao N, Wu X, Zhao Z, Shi R, Su Y, Zhao J. Theoretical prediction for growth behavior and electronic properties of monoanionic Ru2Gen− (n = 3–20) clusters. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.121141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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3
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Liu D, Xu S, Pei G, Xu J, Zhao X, Kong C, Yang Z, Yang T. Geometries, electronic structures, and bonding properties of endohedral Group-14 Zintl clusters TM@E 10 (TM = Fe, Co, Ni; E = Ge, Sn, Pb). J Comput Chem 2022; 43:828-838. [PMID: 35332548 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The geometries, electronic structures, and bonding properties of the title endohedral Zintl clusters have been studied by using ab initio calculations. [Fe@Ge10 ]4- and [Co@Ge10 ]3- have D5h -symmetric pentagonal prismatic structure and [Fe@Sn10 ]4- adopts the C2v -symmetric structure as their ground-state structures, whereas all the other clusters possess D4d bicapped square antiprismatic structures, in consistent with the experimental values when available. Natural bonding orbital and electron localization function disclosed that the negative charges are localized on the central atoms rather than the cages while the TME ionic bonding interactions increase in the order of Ge < Sn < Pb. The energy decomposition analysis revealed that the total bonding energy ∆Eint between central TM and E10 cage is above 150 kcal/mol. The ionic bonding interaction termed as electrostatic interaction ∆Eelstat increases in the order of Ge < Sn < Pb and becomes higher than the covalent bonding interactions termed as total orbital interactions ∆Eorb . Among the total orbital interactions, the π back donations from the TM-d orbitals to the empty cage orbitals consisting of E-p orbitals, the magnitude of which is importantly affected by the cage symmetry, are dominant contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Song Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gerui Pei
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianzhi Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xintian Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chuncai Kong
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhimao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Xi'an Jiaotong University Suzhou Academy, Suzhou, China
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4
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Xu HL, Tkachenko NV, Szczepanik DW, Popov IA, Muñoz-Castro A, Boldyrev AI, Sun ZM. Symmetry collapse due to the presence of multiple local aromaticity in Ge 244. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2149. [PMID: 35444180 PMCID: PMC9021308 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29626-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the structural changes taking place during the assembly of single atoms leading to the formation of atomic clusters and bulk materials remains challenging. The isolation and theoretical characterization of medium-sized clusters can shed light on the processes that occur during the transition to a solid-state structure. In this work, we synthesize and isolate a continuous 24-atom cluster Ge244−, which is characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, showing an elongated structural characteristic. Theoretical analysis reveals that electron delocalization plays a vital role in the formation and stabilization of the prolate cluster. In contrast with carbon atoms, 4 s orbitals of Ge-atoms do not easily hybridize with 4p orbitals and s-type lone-pairs can be localized with high occupancy. Thus, there are not enough electrons to form a stable symmetrical fullerene-like structure such as C24 fullerene. Three aromatic units with two [Ge9] and one [Ge6] species, connected by classical 2c-2e Ge-Ge σ-bonds, are aligned together forming three independent shielding cones and eventually causing a collapse of the global symmetry of the Ge244− cluster. Gaining insight on the structural transformations from atomic clusters to bulk materials is challenging. Here the authors synthesize a continuous cluster of germanium Ge244−, which can be viewed as two terminal Ge9 units bridged via a Ge6 central fragment, and characterize it by several techniques including X-ray diffraction; theoretical analysis indicates the presence of three aligned independent aromatic fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Tianjin Key Lab of Rare Earth Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Nikolay V Tkachenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Dariusz W Szczepanik
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ivan A Popov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Grupo de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexander I Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Tianjin Key Lab of Rare Earth Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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5
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Wallach C, Selic Y, Witzel BJL, Klein W, Fässler TF. Filled trivacant icosahedra as building fragments in 17-atom endohedral germanides [ TM2@Ge 17] n- ( TM = Co, Ni). Dalton Trans 2021; 50:13671-13675. [PMID: 34570145 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03078g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses and the characterization of two 17-atom endohedral Ge clusters, [Co2@Ge17]6- (1a) and [Ni2@Ge17]4- (2a), are reported. The anions 1a and 2a, which close the gap between the known 16- and 18-atom Ge clusters, are investigated by single crystal X-ray diffraction and by quantum chemical calculations. The structures mark a new example on the pathway for cluster growth towards larger clusters with icosahedral symmetry. Furthermore, the [Co@Ge10]3- anion (3a) is obtained from liquid ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Wallach
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - Yasmin Selic
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - Benedikt J L Witzel
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - Wilhelm Klein
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - Thomas F Fässler
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
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6
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Li AM, Wang Y, Zavalij PY, Chen YS, Muñoz-Castro A, Eichhorn BW. Contrasting Bonding Extremes in Two [Ge 6] n- Complexes: A Wadian Polyhedron ( n = 2) versus a Hydrocarbon-like 2c-2e Polygermanide ( n = 12). Inorg Chem 2021; 60:14697-14705. [PMID: 34555280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[Nb(η6-C6H3Me3)2] reacts with ethylenediamine (en) solutions of K4Ge9 in the presence of 18-crown-6 to give [(η6-C6H3Me3)NbHGe6]2- (1) and [(η6-C6H3Me3)NbGe6Nb(η6-C6H3Me3)]2- (2) as their corresponding [K(18-crown-6)]+ salts. The crystalline solids are dark brown, air-sensitive, and sparingly soluble or insoluble in most solvents. The [K(18-crown-6)]+ salts of cluster ions 1 and 2 have been characterized by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, NMR studies, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and electrospray ionization time-of-flight (ESI-TOF) mass spectrometry studies. Cluster ions 1 and 2 have markedly different [Ge6] moieties: an electron-deficient carborane-like subunit in 1 and a two-center, two-electron cyclohexane-like subunit in 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Min Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Peter Y Zavalij
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Yu-Sheng Chen
- ChemMatCARS, Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Laboratorio de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Llano Subercaseaux 2801, San Miguel, Santiago Chile
| | - Bryan W Eichhorn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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7
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Morgan HWT, Csizi KS, Huang YS, Sun ZM, McGrady JE. Open Shells in Endohedral Clusters: Structure and Bonding in the [Fe 2@Ge 16] 4- Anion and Comparison to Isostructural [Co 2@Ge 16] 4. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:4578-4588. [PMID: 34014678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c02837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The anionic cluster [Fe2@Ge16]4- has been characterized and shown to be isostructural to the known D2h-symmetric α isomer of the cobalt analogue [Co2@Ge16]4-. Together with the known pair of compounds [Co@Ge10]3- and [Fe@Ge10]3-, the title compound completes a set of four closely related germanium clusters that allow us to explore how the metal-metal and metal-cage interactions evolve as a function of size and of the identity of the metal. The results of spin-unrestricted density functional theory (DFT) and multiconfigurational self-consistent field (MC-SCF) calculations present a consistent picture of the electronic structure where transfer of electron density from the metal to the cage is significant, particularly in the Fe clusters where the exchange stabilization of unpaired spin density is an important driving force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry W T Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Katja-Sophia Csizi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Ya-Shan Huang
- Tianjin Key Lab of Rare Earth Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- Tianjin Key Lab of Rare Earth Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - John E McGrady
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qiuying Du
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Si Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Center for Informatics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, NH-91, Tehsil Dadri, Gautam Buddha Nagar 201314, U. P., India
- Dr. Vijay Kumar Foundation, 1969 Sector 4, Gurgaon 122001, Haryana, India
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9
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Pham HT, Dang CTP, Trung NT, Ngan VT. Transformation between Hexagonal Prism and Antiprism of the Singly and Doubly Cr-Doped Ge 12 Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:10721-10729. [PMID: 31756105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b08052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Structural transformation is a unique characteristic of atomic clusters, but it turns out very different from cluster to cluster. This theoretical study proves that the isomeric transformation between hexagonal prism and hexagonal antiprism is found for the doubly doped Cr2Ge12 cluster but not for singly doped CrGe12 cluster. We confirm that the ground state of CrGe12 is the distorted hexagonal prism C2h at the 3Bg triplet state instead of various shapes predicted in the previous studies. Upon comparison between the estimation at the B3P86/6-311+G(d) level of theory and the detachment energies measured by photoelectron spectroscopy, hexagonal antiprismatic shape is identified as the most stable isomer of the Cr2Ge12 cluster and it is easy to transform to the hexagonal prism-a less stable isomer by the rotation of the hexagonal rings. That is the first evidence for the structural transformation between a hexagonal prism and an antiprism of the germanium clusters, referring to the ability of Ge-based clusters in the formation of tubular geometry by doping Cr atoms. All the low-energy isomers of both Cr-doped germanium clusters have high magnetic moments. Interestingly, there is a tuning in magnetic properties of Cr2Ge12 from the ferromagnetism of the lowest-lying hexagonal antiprism to the ferrimagnetism of the higher-energy hexagonal prism. The stronger Cr-Cr bond and stronger interaction between the Cr2 moiety and the antiprism cage are accounted for by the higher stability of the hexagonal antiprismatic isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Tan Pham
- Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven , 3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Cam-Tu Phan Dang
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Modelling (LCCM), Department of Chemistry , Quy Nhon University , 170 An Duong Vuong , Quy Nhon City , Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Tien Trung
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Modelling (LCCM), Department of Chemistry , Quy Nhon University , 170 An Duong Vuong , Quy Nhon City , Vietnam
| | - Vu Thi Ngan
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Modelling (LCCM), Department of Chemistry , Quy Nhon University , 170 An Duong Vuong , Quy Nhon City , Vietnam
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10
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Wilson RJ, Lichtenberger N, Weinert B, Dehnen S. Intermetalloid and Heterometallic Clusters Combining p-Block (Semi)Metals with d- or f-Block Metals. Chem Rev 2019; 119:8506-8554. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Wilson
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Niels Lichtenberger
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Bastian Weinert
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dehnen
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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11
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Ogun E, Esenturk O, Esenturk EN. Optical and vibrational properties of nickel integrated germanium Zintl ion clusters. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Liu C, Jin X, Li LJ, Xu J, McGrady JE, Sun ZM. Synthesis and structure of a family of rhodium polystannide clusters [Rh@Sn 10] 3-, [Rh@Sn 12] 3-, [Rh 2@Sn 17] 6- and the first triply-fused stannide, [Rh 3@Sn 24] 5. Chem Sci 2019; 10:4394-4401. [PMID: 31057766 PMCID: PMC6472436 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03948h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Through relatively subtle changes in reaction conditions, we have been able to isolate four distinct Rh/Sn cluster compounds, [Rh@Sn10]3-, [Rh@Sn12]3-, [Rh2@Sn17]6- and [Rh3@Sn24]5-, from the reaction of K4Sn9 with [(COE)2Rh(μ-Cl)]2(COE = cyclooctene). The last of these has a hitherto unknown molecular topology, an edge-fused polyhedron containing three Rh@Sn10 subunits, and represents the largest endohedral Group 14 Zintl cluster yet to have been isolated from solution. DFT has been used to place these new species in the context of known cluster chemistry. ESI-MS experiments on the reaction mixtures reveal the ubiquitous presence of {RhSn8} fragments that may play a role in cluster growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & National Institute for Advanced Materials , Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications , Center for Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials , State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China . ; http://zhongmingsun.weebly.com
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 5625 Renmin Street , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , China .
| | - Xiao Jin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , South Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3QR , UK .
| | - Lei-Jiao Li
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering , Changchun University of Science & Technology , Changchun 130022 , China
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & National Institute for Advanced Materials , Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications , Center for Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials , State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China . ; http://zhongmingsun.weebly.com
| | - John E McGrady
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , South Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3QR , UK .
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & National Institute for Advanced Materials , Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications , Center for Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials , State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China . ; http://zhongmingsun.weebly.com
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 5625 Renmin Street , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , China .
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13
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14
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Abstract
A new Zintl cluster, [(Ni@Sn9)In(Ni@Sn9)]5−, has been isolated in two distinct isomeric forms, one where both Ni@Sn9 units are coordinated to the bridging indium atom in an η3- mode, the other where one is η3- and the other η4-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300350
| | | | - Zi-Chuan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300350
| | - Chao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Central South University
- Changsha
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300350
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15
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Wilson RJ, Hastreiter F, Reiter K, Büschelberger P, Wolf R, Gschwind RM, Weigend F, Dehnen S. [Co@Sn
6
Sb
6
]
3−
: Ein endohedraler 12‐Atom‐Cluster mit einem nicht‐zentrierten inneren Atom. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Wilson
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für MaterialwissenschaftenPhilipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Deutschland
| | - Florian Hastreiter
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Kevin Reiter
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Philipp Büschelberger
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Robert Wolf
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Ruth M. Gschwind
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Florian Weigend
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Stefanie Dehnen
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für MaterialwissenschaftenPhilipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Deutschland
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16
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Abstract
Zintl anions have been known for more than a century and were studied systematically by Eduard Zintl in the 1930s. Since then, they have been investigated for their interesting structures, bonding, and physical properties - in solid Zintl phases, in solvate salts, and in solution. While their popularity remained limited for several decades, Zintl ion chemistry has recently experienced a renaissance as a result of breakthroughs regarding their modifications into multinary anions that include transition metal atoms, their organic derivatization, and their oxidative linkage. A plethora of reports from the past two decades - demonstrating the ever growing variety of Zintl ion chemistry - have been since summarized in several review articles. Herein, we intend to present the most recent developments, which also shed light on Zintl anions and clusters as useful precursors for materials development, as illustrated by one recent example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Wilson
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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17
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Wilson RJ, Hastreiter F, Reiter K, Büschelberger P, Wolf R, Gschwind RM, Weigend F, Dehnen S. [Co@Sn 6 Sb 6 ] 3- : An Off-Center Endohedral 12-Vertex Cluster. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15359-15363. [PMID: 30270504 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We report on the asymmetric occupation of a 12-vertex cluster centered by a single metal atom. Three salts of related intermetalloid cluster anions, [Co@Sn6 Sb6 ]3- (1), [Co2 @Sn5 Sb7 ]3- (2), and [Ni2 @Sn7 Sb5 ]3- (3) were synthesized, which have pseudo-C4v -symmetric or pseudo-D4h -symmetric 12-vertex Sn/Sb shells and interstitial Co- ions or Ni atoms. Anion 1 is a very unusual single-metal-"centered" 12-atom cluster, with the inner atom being clearly offset from the cluster center for energetic reasons. Quantum chemistry served to assign atom types to the atomic positions and relative stabilities of this cluster type. The studies indicate that the structures are strictly controlled by the total valence electron count-which is particularly variable in ternary intermetalloid cluster anions. Preliminary 119 Sn NMR studies in solution, supported by quantum-chemical calculations of the shifts, illustrate the complexity regarding Sn:Sb distributions of such ternary systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Wilson
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Florian Hastreiter
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Reiter
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Philipp Büschelberger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Robert Wolf
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ruth M Gschwind
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Florian Weigend
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dehnen
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043, Marburg, Germany
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Liu C, Li LJ, Jin X, McGrady JE, Sun ZM. Reactivity Studies of [Co@Sn9]4– with Transition Metal Reagents: Bottom-Up Synthesis of Ternary Functionalized Zintl Clusters. Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lei-Jiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Xiao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - John E. McGrady
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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Liu C, Popov IA, Li L, Li N, Boldyrev AI, Sun Z. [Co
2
@Ge
16
]
4−
: Localized versus Delocalized Bonding in Two Isomeric Intermetalloid Clusters. Chemistry 2017; 24:699-705. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, Jilin 130022 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Ivan A. Popov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300, Old Main Hill Logan Utah 84322-0300 USA
| | - Lei‐Jiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, Jilin 130022 China
| | - Ning Li
- Rigaku (Beijing) Co., Ltd. Beijing 100044 China
| | - Alexander I. Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300, Old Main Hill Logan Utah 84322-0300 USA
| | - Zhong‐Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, Jilin 130022 China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
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Cetin A, Esenturk O, Esenturk EN. Optical and Vibrational Properties of [Pt@Pb
12
]
2–
, [Ni@Pb
12
]
2–
, and [Ni@Pb
10
]
2–
Zintl Ion Clusters. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asude Cetin
- Department of Chemistry Middle East Technical University 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Okan Esenturk
- Department of Chemistry Middle East Technical University 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Emren Nalbant Esenturk
- Department of Chemistry Middle East Technical University 06800 Ankara Turkey
- Micro and Nanotechnology Program Middle East Technical University 06800 Ankara Turkey
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Blades WH, Reber AC, Khanna SN, López-Sosa L, Calaminici P, Köster AM. Evolution of the Spin Magnetic Moments and Atomic Valence of Vanadium in VCu x+, VAg x+, and VAu x+ Clusters (x = 3-14). J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:2990-2999. [PMID: 28350450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The atomic structures, bonding characteristics, spin magnetic moments, and stability of VCux+, VAgx+, and VAux+ (x = 3-14) clusters were examined using density functional theory. Our studies indicate that the effective valence of vanadium is size-dependent and that at small sizes some of the valence electrons of vanadium are localized on vanadium, while at larger sizes the 3d orbitals of the vanadium participate in metallic bonding eventually quenching the spin magnetic moment. The electronic stability of the clusters may be understood through a split-shell model that partitions the valence electrons in either a delocalized shell or localized on the vanadium atom. A molecular orbital analysis reveals that in planar clusters the delocalization of the 3d orbital of vanadium is enhanced when surrounded by gold due to enhanced 6s-5d hybridization. Once the clusters become three-dimensional, this hybridization is reduced, and copper most readily delocalizes the vanadium's valence electrons. By understanding these unique features, greater insight is offered into the role of a host material's electronic structure in determining the bonding characteristics and stability of localized spin magnetic moments in quantum confined systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Blades
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Arthur C Reber
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Shiv N Khanna
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Luis López-Sosa
- Departamento de Química, CINVESTAV , Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, A.P. 14-740, México D.F. 07000, Mexico
| | - Patrizia Calaminici
- Departamento de Química, CINVESTAV , Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, A.P. 14-740, México D.F. 07000, Mexico
| | - Andreas M Köster
- Departamento de Química, CINVESTAV , Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, A.P. 14-740, México D.F. 07000, Mexico
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Baddick Abreu
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 701 West Grace Street, Richmond, Virginia 23220, USA
| | - Arthur C. Reber
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 701 West Grace Street, Richmond, Virginia 23220, USA
| | - Shiv N. Khanna
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 701 West Grace Street, Richmond, Virginia 23220, USA
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