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Mandal S, Sunagawa SW, Prathipati PK, Belshan M, Shibata A, Destache CJ. Targeted Immuno-Antiretroviral to Promote Dual Protection against HIV: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Nanomaterials 2022; 12:nano12111942. [PMID: 35683795 PMCID: PMC9183115 DOI: 10.3390/nano12111942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The C-C motif chemokine receptor-5 (CCR5) expression on the T-cell surface is the prime barrier to HIV/AIDS eradication, as it promotes both active human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infection and latency; however, antiretrovirals (ARVs) suppress plasma viral loads to non-detectable levels. Keeping this in mind, we strategically designed a targeted ARVs-loaded nanoformulation that targets CCR5 expressing T-cells (e.g., CD4+ cells). Conceptually, CCR5-blocking and targeted ARV delivery would be a dual protection strategy to prevent HIV infection. For targeting CCR5+ T-cells, the nanoformulation was surface conjugated with anti-CCR5 monoclonal antibodies (CCR5 mAb) and loaded with dolutegravir+tenofovir alafenamide (D+T) ARVs to block HIV replication. The result demonstrated that the targeted-ARV nanoparticle’s multimeric CCR5 binding property improved its antigen-binding affinity, prolonged receptor binding, and ARV intracellular retention. Further, nanoformulation demonstrated high binding affinity to CCR5 expressing CD4+ cells, monocytes, and other CCR5+ T-cells. Finally, the short-term pre-exposure prophylaxis study demonstrated that prolonged CCR5 blockage and ARV presence further induced a “protective immune phenotype” with a boosted T-helper (Th), temporary memory (TM), and effector (E) sub-population. The proof-of-concept study that the targeted-ARV nanoformulation dual-action mechanism could provide a multifactorial solution toward achieving HIV “functional cure”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhra Mandal
- School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (S.W.S.); (P.K.P.); (C.J.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-402-472-5922
| | - Shawnalyn W. Sunagawa
- School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (S.W.S.); (P.K.P.); (C.J.D.)
| | - Pavan Kumar Prathipati
- School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (S.W.S.); (P.K.P.); (C.J.D.)
| | - Michael Belshan
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA;
| | - Annemarie Shibata
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA;
| | - Christopher J. Destache
- School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (S.W.S.); (P.K.P.); (C.J.D.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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Jain P, Thota A, Saini PK, Raghuvanshi RS. Comprehensive Review on Different Analytical Techniques for HIV 1- Integrase Inhibitors: Raltegravir, Dolutegravir, Elvitegravir and Bictegravir. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 54:401-415. [PMID: 35617468 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2080493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The advent of HIV-Integrase inhibitors (IN) has marked a significant impact on the lives of HIV patients. Since the launch of the first anti retro-viral drug "Azidothymidine" to the recent advances of IN inhibitors, about 27.4 million people benefit by antiretroviral therapy (ART). The path had been challenging due to many crossroads, leading to the discovery of newer targets. One such recent ART target is Integrase. Use of Integrase inhibitors has surpassed the usage of all other ART owing to a strong barrier to resistance and have been reported to be the first-line therapy. Raltegravir, Elvitegravir, Dolutegravir and Bictegravir are US FDA approved IN inhibitors. The high usage of ART created an opportunity to study various analytical techniques for IN inhibitors. Hitherto, no review encompassing all IN inhibitors is presented. Herein, this review describes the analytical techniques employed for IN inhibitors estimation and quantification reported in the literature and official compendia. Literature suggests that most studies focus on LC-MS/MS and HPLC methods for drug estimation, and few reports suggest spectrophotometric, spectrofluorimetric and electrochemical methods. Furthermore, the review presents the techniques that describe the quantification of integrase drugs in various matrices. Although, antiretroviral drugs are extensively used but data suggests that limited studies have been conducted for determination of impurity profile and stability. This therefore, presents a scope to detect and validate impurities in order to meet ICH guidelines for their limits and further to improve the quality and safety of antiretroviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India
| | - Anusha Thota
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India
| | - Pawan K Saini
- Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Ghaziabad, UP, India
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Alossaimi MA, El Gamal RM, Altharawi A, Abbas M. An eco- friendly, selective, and sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for the quantification of Dolutegravir in its bulk and tablet dosage form. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2022; 273:121035. [PMID: 35193000 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study is concerned with assessing the bulk and tablet dosage forms of Dolutegravir (DTG) by means of a novel yet simple environmentally friendly spectrofluorimetric method that features fast response and high sensitivity compared to the time consuming HPLC methods and the lower sensitivity spectrophotometric ones. The method relies mainly on measuring the native fluorescence of Dolutegravir in water at an emission of 415 nm after excitation at 262 nm. The method shows rectilinear fluorescence-concentration relation over Dolutegravir concentration range of 0.2-1.2 µg/mL at the emission maxima, with detection limit of 0.020 µg/mL and quantification limit of 0.061 µg/mL. The results of the proposed method were compared with those obtained by applying the comparison method and the two sets coincided harmoniously. In addition, the method was validated in accordance with ICH guidelines for linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, and robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal A Alossaimi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rania M El Gamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ali Altharawi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Abbas
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
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Ramöller IK, Abbate MT, Vora LK, Hutton AR, Peng K, Volpe-Zanutto F, Tekko IA, Moffatt K, Paredes AJ, McCarthy HO, Donnelly RF. HPLC-MS method for simultaneous quantification of the antiretroviral agents rilpivirine and cabotegravir in rat plasma and tissues. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 213:114698. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Dannhorn A, Kazanc E, Hamm G, Swales JG, Strittmatter N, Maglennon G, Goodwin RJA, Takats Z. Correlating Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Tissue-Based Pharmacokinetic Studies. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12030261. [PMID: 35323705 PMCID: PMC8954739 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12030261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is a standard tool used for absolute quantification of drugs in pharmacokinetic (PK) studies. However, all spatial information is lost during the extraction and elucidation of a drugs biodistribution within the tissue is impossible. In the study presented here we used a sample embedding protocol optimized for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to prepare up to 15 rat intestine specimens at once. Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) were employed to determine the distributions and relative abundances of four benchmarking compounds in the intestinal segments. High resolution MALDI-MSI experiments performed at 10 µm spatial resolution allowed to determine the drug distribution in the different intestinal histological compartments to determine the absorbed and tissue bound fractions of the drugs. The low tissue bound drug fractions, which were determined to account for 56–66% of the total drug, highlight the importance to understand the spatial distribution of drugs within the histological compartments of a given tissue to rationalize concentration differences found in PK studies. The mean drug abundances of four benchmark compounds determined by MSI were correlated with the absolute drug concentrations. Linear regression resulted in coefficients of determination (R2) ranging from 0.532 to 0.926 for MALDI-MSI and R2 values ranging from 0.585 to 0.945 for DESI-MSI, validating a quantitative relation of the imaging data. The good correlation of the absolute tissue concentrations of the benchmark compounds and the MSI data provides a bases for relative quantification of compounds within and between tissues, without normalization to an isotopically labelled standard, provided that the compared tissues have inherently similar ion suppression effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Dannhorn
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (A.D.); (E.K.)
- Imaging & Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK; (G.H.); (J.G.S.); (N.S.); (R.J.A.G.)
| | - Emine Kazanc
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (A.D.); (E.K.)
| | - Gregory Hamm
- Imaging & Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK; (G.H.); (J.G.S.); (N.S.); (R.J.A.G.)
| | - John G. Swales
- Imaging & Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK; (G.H.); (J.G.S.); (N.S.); (R.J.A.G.)
| | - Nicole Strittmatter
- Imaging & Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK; (G.H.); (J.G.S.); (N.S.); (R.J.A.G.)
| | - Gareth Maglennon
- Oncology Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK;
| | - Richard J. A. Goodwin
- Imaging & Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK; (G.H.); (J.G.S.); (N.S.); (R.J.A.G.)
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Zoltan Takats
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (A.D.); (E.K.)
- Laboratoire PRISM, Inserm U1192, University of Lille, Villeneuve d’Ascq, 59655 Lille, France
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell OX11 0QG, UK
- Correspondence:
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Mandal S, Prathipati PK, Sunagawa SW, Destache CJ. A Concept Evaluation Study of a New Combination Bictegravir plus Tenofovir Alafenamide Nanoformulation with Prolonged Sustained-Drug-Release Potency for HIV-1 Preexposure Prophylaxis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e02320-20. [PMID: 33526487 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.02320-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiretroviral treatment (ART) approach is the best-prescribed approach to date for preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for high-risk individuals. However, the daily combination antiretroviral (cARV) regimen has become cumbersome for healthy individuals, leading to nonadherence. Recent surveys showed high acceptance of parenteral sustained-release ART enhancing PrEP adherence. Our approach is to design a parenteral nanoparticle (NP)-based cARV sustained-release (cARV-SR) system as long-acting HIV PrEP. Here, we report a new combination of two potent ARVs (tenofovir alafenamide fumarate [TAF] and bictegravir [BIC]) loaded as a nanoformulation intended as a cARV-SR for PrEP. The BIC+TAF NPs were fabricated by using a standardized in-house methodology. In vitro intracellular kinetics, cytotoxicity, and HIV-1 protection studies demonstrated that BIC+TAF encapsulation prolonged drug retention, reduced drug-associated cytotoxicity, and enhanced HIV protection. In human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, nanoformulated BIC+TAF demonstrated significant (P < 0.05) improvement in the drug's selectivity index by 472 times compared to the BIC+TAF in solution. In vivo pharmacokinetic study of BIC, TAF, and respective drug metabolites in female BALB/c mice after single subcutaneous doses of BIC+TAF NPs demonstrated plasma drug concentrations of BIC and tenofovir above the intracellular 50% inhibitory concentration during the entire 30-day study period and prolonged persistence of both active drugs in the HIV target organs, including the vagina, colon, spleen, and lymph nodes. This report demonstrates that the encapsulation of BIC+TAF in a nanoformulation improved its therapeutic selectivity and the in vivo pharmacokinetics of free drugs. Based on these preliminary studies, we hypothesize that cARV-SR has potential as an innovative once-monthly delivery treatment for PrEP.
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Acquavia MA, Foti L, Pascale R, Nicolò A, Brancaleone V, Cataldi TRI, Martelli G, Scrano L, Bianco G. Detection and quantification of Covid-19 antiviral drugs in biological fluids and tissues. Talanta 2020; 224:121862. [PMID: 33379073 PMCID: PMC7642756 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) started as a fast-spreading pandemic, causing a huge number of deaths worldwide, several therapeutic options have been tested to counteract or reduce the clinical symptoms of patients infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Currently, no specific drugs for COVID-19 are available, but many antiviral agents have been authorised by several national agencies. Most of them are under investigation in both preclinical and clinical trials; however, pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies are needed to identify the most suitable dose to achieve the desired effect on SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, the efforts of the scientific community have focused on the screening of therapies able to counteract the most severe effects of the infection, as well as on the search of sensitive and selective analytical methods for drug detection in biological matrices, both fluids and tissues. In the last decade, many analytical methods have been proposed for the detection and quantification of antiviral compounds currently being tested for COVID-19 treatment. In this review, a critical discussion on the overall analytical procedure is provided, i.e (a) sample pre-treatment and extraction methods such as protein precipitation (PP), solid-phase extraction (SPE), liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe), (b) detection and quantification methods such as potentiometry, spectrofluorimetry and mass spectrometry (MS) as well as (c) methods including a preliminary separation step, such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to UV–Vis or MS detection. Further current trends, advantages and disadvantages and prospects of these methods have been discussed, to help the analytical advances in reducing the harm caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Fourteen antiviral drugs were tested to counteract the effects of COVID-19. A review of analytical methods for antivirals detection is presented. Method validation, drugs extraction, separation and detection are discussed. LC-MS and MS/MS is mostly used for accurate and sensitive drugs quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Acquavia
- Università Degli Studi Della Basilicata, Dipartimento di Scienze, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100, Potenza, Italy; ALMAGISI S.r.l Corso Italia, 27-39100, Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Luca Foti
- Università Degli Studi Della Basilicata, Dipartimento di Scienze, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100, Potenza, Italy.
| | - Raffaella Pascale
- Università Degli Studi Della Basilicata, Dipartimento di Scienze, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100, Potenza, Italy.
| | - Antonia Nicolò
- Università Degli Studi Della Basilicata, Dipartimento di Scienze, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100, Potenza, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Brancaleone
- Università Degli Studi Della Basilicata, Dipartimento di Scienze, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100, Potenza, Italy.
| | - Tommaso R I Cataldi
- Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via E. Orabona, 4-70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Martelli
- Università Degli Studi Della Basilicata, Dipartimento di Scienze, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100, Potenza, Italy.
| | - Laura Scrano
- Università Degli Studi Della Basilicata, Dipartimento Delle Culture Europee e Del Mediterraneo: Arch., Ambiente, Patrimoni Culturali, Via Lanera, 20-75100, Matera, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Bianco
- Università Degli Studi Della Basilicata, Dipartimento di Scienze, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100, Potenza, Italy.
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Ma Z, Li S, He D, Wang Y, Jiang H, Zhou H, Jin J, Lin N. Rapid quantification of tenofovir in umbilical cord plasma and amniotic fluid in hepatitis B mono-infected pregnant women during labor by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2020; 34:e8728. [PMID: 31960519 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Tenofovir (TFV) is a first-line antiviral agent against hepatitis B virus (HBV) and is recommended for the prevention of mother-to-infant transmission of HBV. To study the distribution of TFV in umbilical cord plasma and amniotic fluid of HBV-infected pregnant women, a rapid and sensitive method for TFV determination was developed and validated. METHODS The quantification method was developed using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The analytes were separated on an Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column under gradient elution with methanol and 0.01% ammonia solution in 10 mM ammonium acetate/water. This is the first reported method for the determination of TFV using alkaline rather than acidic mobile phases. Linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of quantification, specificity and stability were assessed. RESULTS Detection of TFV was achieved within 4 min. The calibration curves for TFV quantification showed excellent linearity in the range of 1-500 ng/mL. The intra- and interbatch precision and accuracy ranged from -4.35% to 6.92%. This method was successfully applied to determination of samples from 50 HBV mono-infected women undergoing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate therapy. The mean concentrations of TFV in the umbilical cord and amniotic fluid samples were 29.2 (4.6-86) and 470.9 (156-902) ng/mL, respectively, which showed a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.5299, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS A simple, rapid but sensitive bioanalytical method to determine TFV concentration in both umbilical cord plasma and amniotic fluid using LC/MS/MS was developed and applied to HBV-infected women during labor who were undergoing TDF therapy, which will help us understand the efficacy and safety of tenofovir during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siying Li
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daqiang He
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huidi Jiang
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jie Jin
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nengming Lin
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
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Xiao D, Ling KHJ, Tarnowski T, Majeed SR, German P, Kearney BP, Zhao Y, Chen YS, Ma L, zhang T. An LC-MS/MS method for determination of tenofovir (TFV) in human plasma following tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) administration: Development, validation, cross-validation, and use of formic acid as plasma TFV stabilizer. Anal Biochem 2020; 593:113611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Ntshangase S, Mdanda S, Singh SD, Naicker T, Kruger HG, Baijnath S, Govender T. Mass Spectrometry Imaging Demonstrates the Regional Brain Distribution Patterns of Three First-Line Antiretroviral Drugs. ACS Omega 2019; 4:21169-21177. [PMID: 31867510 PMCID: PMC6921606 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
HIV in the central nervous system (CNS) contributes to the development of HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND), even with chronic antiretroviral therapy. In order for antiretroviral therapy to be effective in protecting the CNS, these drugs should have the ability to localize in brain areas known to be affected by HIV. Consequently, this study aimed to investigate the localization patterns of three first-line antiretroviral drugs, namely, efavirenz, tenofovir, and emtricitabine, in the rat brain. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) were utilized to assess the pharmacokinetics and brain spatial distribution of the three drugs. Each drug was administered (50 mg/kg) to healthy female Sprague-Dawley rats via intraperitoneal administration. LC-MS/MS results showed that all three drugs could be delivered into the brain, although they varied in blood-brain barrier permeability. MALDI-MSI showed a high degree of efavirenz localization across the entire brain, while tenofovir localized mainly in the cortex. Emtricitabine distributed heterogeneously mainly in the thalamus, corpus callosum, and hypothalamus. This study showed that efavirenz, tenofovir, and emtricitabine might be a potential drug combination antiretroviral therapy for CNS protection against HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sphamandla Ntshangase
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and Biomedical Resource Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Sipho Mdanda
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and Biomedical Resource Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Sanil D. Singh
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and Biomedical Resource Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Tricia Naicker
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and Biomedical Resource Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G. Kruger
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and Biomedical Resource Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Sooraj Baijnath
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and Biomedical Resource Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa
- E-mail: . Tel: +27 31 260 81799. Cell: +27 84 562 1530(S.B.)
| | - Thavendran Govender
- AnSynth
Pty Ltd., 498 Grove End
Drive, Durban 4000, South Africa
- E-mail: (T.G.)
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Holec AD, Mandal S, Prathipati PK, Destache CJ. Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: A Thorough Review, Present Status and Future Perspective as HIV Therapeutics. Curr HIV Res 2019; 15:411-421. [PMID: 29165087 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x15666171120110145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a severe viral infection that has claimed approximately 658,507 lives in the US between the years 2010-2014. Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy has proven to inhibit HIV-1, but unlike other viral illness, not cure the infection. OBJECTIVE Among various Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved ARVs, nucleoside/ nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are most effective in limiting HIV-1 infection. This review focuses on NRTIs mechanism of action and metabolism. METHODS A search of PubMed (1982-2016) was performed to capture relevant articles regarding NRTI pharmacology. RESULTS The current classical NRTIs pharmacology for HIV-1 prevention and treatment are presented. Finally, various novel strategies are proposed to improve the efficacy of NRTIs, which will increase therapeutic efficiency of present-day HIV-1 prevention/treatment regimen. CONCLUSION Use of NRTIs will continue to be critical for successful treatment and prevention of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley D Holec
- Creighton University Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Subhra Mandal
- Creighton University School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Omaha, NE, United States
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Patel SH, Ismaiel OA, Mylott WR, Yuan M, Hauser KF, McRae M. Simultaneous determination of intracellular concentrations of tenofovir, emtricitabine, and dolutegravir in human brain microvascular endothelial cells using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1056:79-87. [PMID: 30797464 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) regimens are recommended for HIV patients to better achieve and maintain plasma viral suppression. Despite adequate plasma viral suppression, HIV persists inside the brain, which is, in part thought to result from poor brain penetration of antiretroviral drugs. In this study, a simple and ultra-sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of tenofovir, emtricitabine, and dolutegravir in cell lysates of an immortalized human brain microvascular endothelial cell line (hCMEC/D3) was developed and validated. Analytes were separated on a reverse phase C18 column using water and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile as mobile phases. The analytes were detected using positive electrospray ionization mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The assay was linear in the concentration range of 0.1-100 ng mL-1 for all analytes. Intra- and inter-assay precision and accuracy were within ±13.33% and ±10.53%, respectively. This approach described herein was used to determine the intracellular accumulation of tenofovir, emtricitabine, dolutegravir simultaneously in hCMEC/D3 cells samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulay H Patel
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O Box 980533, 410 N 12th Street, Richmond, VA, 23298-0533, USA
| | - Omnia A Ismaiel
- PPD Laboratories, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | | | | | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980613, 1217 East Marshall Street, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - MaryPeace McRae
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O Box 980533, 410 N 12th Street, Richmond, VA, 23298-0533, USA.
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Mandal S, Kang G, Prathipati PK, Zhou Y, Fan W, Li Q, Destache CJ. Nanoencapsulation introduces long-acting phenomenon to tenofovir alafenamide and emtricitabine drug combination: A comparative pre-exposure prophylaxis efficacy study against HIV-1 vaginal transmission. J Control Release 2018; 294:216-225. [PMID: 30576746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Daily oral antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has proven efficacy for diverse groups of high-risk individuals. However, daily dosing regimen has augmented non-adherence. These experiments comparatively investigated the long-acting (LA) PrEP potency of subcutaneous (SubQ) administrated tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) and emtricitabine (FTC) loaded nanoparticles (NPs) to solution in humanized (hu) mice. TAF + FTC NPs and TAF + FTC solution (each drug at 200 mg/kg) were administered to hu-CD34-NSG mice (n = 3/time point) for plasma and tissue pharmacokinetic parameter estimation using LC-MS/MS. NP enhanced tissue ARV assimilation compared to plasma. The same dose was administered for PrEP efficacy in HIV-1 challenged hu-BLT mice (n = 5/group). The hu-BLT mice were vaginally challenged with a transmission-founder (T/F) virus at 5 × 105 TCID50 inoculation, on day 4, 7 and 14 post-SubQ treatments (PT) and were compared to infected-untreated-control hu-BLT mice. By 21 days PT, 100% TAF + FTC solution-treated and control-untreated mice were infected. However, TAF + FTC NPs resulted in significant (p = .0002) protection from HIV-1 (day 4: 80%, day 7 and 14: 60%, respectively) compared to control mice. This proof-of-concept study demonstrated detectable TAF/FTC vaginal levels among TAF + FTC NP-treated hu-BLT mice correlating with prolonged PrEP efficacy, thus establishing long-acting TAF + FTC NPs as a potential PrEP modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhra Mandal
- Creighton University School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Omaha, NE, United States.
| | - Guobin Kang
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | | | - You Zhou
- Nebraska Center for Virology and Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Wenjin Fan
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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Mandal S, Kang G, Prathipati PK, Fan W, Li Q, Destache CJ. Long-acting parenteral combination antiretroviral loaded nano-drug delivery system to treat chronic HIV-1 infection: A humanized mouse model study. Antiviral Res 2018; 156:85-91. [PMID: 29885378 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients are often diagnosed in the chronic stage of HIV/AIDS. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has improved quality of life for HIV-infected patients. Present study describes a novel long-acting parenteral formulation of combination antiretroviral (cARV) loaded nano-drugs for treating chronic HIV-1 (cHIV) in a humanized-BLT (hu-BLT) mice model. The cARV (elvitegravir+tenofovir alafenamide+emtricitabine; EVG+TAF+FTC) drugs (mimicking marketed Genvoya® one-pill for HIV-treatment) were encapsulated in poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (NPs). To establish cHIV, hu-BLT mice were intravaginally challenged with HIV-1 and maintained for 15 weeks. Plasma viral load (pVL) was monitored by RT-PCR to confirm cHIV. Baseline pVL (week 15) was comparable between treated (n = 10) and control (n = 5) mice groups. Subsequently, treatment hu-BLT mice received 3 subcutaneous doses of cARV NPs (417 mg/kg per dose; n = 10), biweekly, and a fourth/terminal dose a week later. Prior to each treatment and on sacrifice (week 24), pVL was determined. Within three subcutaneous doses of cARV NPs, a non-detectable pVL was established (week 19) and continued until week 22. After the establishment of a non-detectable pVL (week 19-22), 4 treated-mice were sacrificed for tissue drug concentration determination by LC-MS/MS analysis. A considerable amount of cARV was detected at the HIV-infection target and reservoir organs. Subsequently, pVL rebounded comparable to control group by week 24, (7 weeks post-terminal dosage). The present study demonstrated cARV NPs augments sustained ARV efficacy in the cHIV humanized-mouse model. Therefore, cARV NPs could be a novel delivery system to treat cHIV patients, by overcoming drawbacks of conventional cART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhra Mandal
- School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
| | - Guobin Kang
- Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 4240 Fair St, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | | | - Wenjin Fan
- Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 4240 Fair St, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 4240 Fair St, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Christopher J Destache
- School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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Prathipati PK, Mandal S, Destache CJ. LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of tenofovir, emtricitabine, elvitegravir and rilpivirine in dried blood spots. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4270. [PMID: 29700852 PMCID: PMC6203670 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A simple, short, and rugged LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of tenofovir, emtricitabine, elvitegravir and rilpivirine was developed and validated. Dried blood spots were prepared with 25 μL of spiked whole blood. A 3 mm punch was extracted with methanol containing labeled internal standards. Ten microliters was injected into the LC-MS/MS using isocratic mobile phase composed of 0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (45: 55 v/v) at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min. The method was validated in the range of 10-2000 ng/mL for all four analytes. The intra-assay accuracy (RE) of the method was -4.73-4.78, 1.35-2.89, -8.89 to -0.49 and - 1.40-1.81 for tenofovir, emtricitabine, elvitegravir and rilpivirine, respectively. The inter-assay accuracy was within ±15% of nominal and precision (CV) was <15%. The hematocrit effect on quantification was nonsignificant at the tested hematocrit levels (35-70%). The dried blood spot method showed good agreement with the plasma method, and hence can be used as an alternative to plasma method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Kumar Prathipati
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Creighton University School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Subhra Mandal
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Creighton University School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Christopher J Destache
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Creighton University School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Ocque AJ, Hagler CE, Morse GD, Letendre SL, Ma Q. Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS assay for tenofovir and tenofovir alafenamide in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 156:163-9. [PMID: 29709783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the determination of tenofovir and tenofovir alafenamide concentrations in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Tenofovir and tenofovir alafenamide were extracted from matrix by solid phase extraction. The dried extraction eluents were dissolved in water for LC-MS/MS analysis. Separation was achieved with a Phenomenex Synergi 4 μm Polar-RP 80A column (50 × 2 mm) with a gradient elution of 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile. The total run time was 5 min. Detection of analytes was achieved using electrospray ionization (positive mode) and triple quadrupole selected reaction monitoring. Standard curve concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 500 ng/mL for the plasma assay and 0.1-50 ng/mL for the cerebrospinal fluid assay. The intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision were less than 12% in low, medium, and high quality control samples for both matrices. The validated methods were applied to the analysis of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid samples of a patient undergoing tenofovir therapy which involved the switch from Stribild® (elvitegravir 150 mg/cobicistat 150 mg/emtricitabine 200 mg/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300 mg) to Genvoya® (elvitegravir 150 mg/cobicistat 150 mg/emtricitabine 200 mg/tenofovir alafenamide 10 mg).
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Ocque AJ, Hagler CE, Lapham J, Morse GD, Letendre S, Ma Q. Development and validation of a UHPLC-MS/MS assay for elvitegravir measurement in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Sep Sci plus 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201800043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Jacob Ocque
- Translational Pharmacology Research Core, Center for Integrated Global Biomedical Sciences; New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University at Buffalo; Buffalo NY USA
| | - Colleen E. Hagler
- Translational Pharmacology Research Core, Center for Integrated Global Biomedical Sciences; New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University at Buffalo; Buffalo NY USA
| | - Jill Lapham
- Translational Pharmacology Research Core, Center for Integrated Global Biomedical Sciences; New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University at Buffalo; Buffalo NY USA
| | - Gene D. Morse
- Translational Pharmacology Research Core, Center for Integrated Global Biomedical Sciences; New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University at Buffalo; Buffalo NY USA
| | - Scott Letendre
- Department of Medicine; University of California; San Diego CA
| | - Qing Ma
- Translational Pharmacology Research Core, Center for Integrated Global Biomedical Sciences; New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University at Buffalo; Buffalo NY USA
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Archibald TL, Murrell DE, Brown SD. Chromatographic methods in HIV medicine: Application to therapeutic drug monitoring. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32. [PMID: 29240228 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
HIV antiretroviral therapy spans several different drug classes, meant to combat various aspects of viral infection and replication. Many authors have argued the benefits of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for the HIV patient including compliance assurance and assessment of appropriate drug concentrations; however, the array of drug chemistries and combinations makes TDM an arduous task. HPLC-UV and LC-MS/MS are both frequent instruments for the quantification of HIV drugs in biological matrices with investigators striving to balance sensitivity and affordability. Plasma, the dominant matrix for these analyses, is prepared using protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction or solid-phase extraction depending on the specific complement of analytes. Despite the range of polarities found in drug classes relevant to HIV therapeutics, most chromatographic separations utilize a hydrophobic column (C18 ). Additionally, as the clinically relevant samples for these assays are infected with HIV, along with possible co-infections, another important aspect of sample preparation concerns viral inactivation. Although not routine in clinical practice, many published analytical methods from the previous two decades have demonstrated the ability to conduct TDM in HIV patients receiving various medicinal combinations. This review summarizes the analytical methods relevant to TDM of HIV drugs, while highlighting respective challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Archibald
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Derek E Murrell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Stacy D Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
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Prathipati PK, Mandal S, Pon G, Vivekanandan R, Destache CJ. Pharmacokinetic and Tissue Distribution Profile of Long Acting Tenofovir Alafenamide and Elvitegravir Loaded Nanoparticles in Humanized Mice Model. Pharm Res 2017; 34:2749-2755. [PMID: 28905173 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Non-adherence to the antiretroviral (ARV) regimen is a critical factor in determining efficacy of ARV drugs for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). A long-acting parenteral formulation may be an effective alternative to daily oral dosing. A pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution study of drug-loaded nanoparticle (NP) was performed in female humanized CD34+-NSG mice. METHODS Mice received 200 mg/kg each of tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) and elvitegravir (EVG) as free drugs (TAF + EVG solution) or as drug loaded NP (TAF + EVG NP) formulation by subcutaneous (SubQ) administration. Plasma and tissue were collected to determine tenofovir (TFV) and EVG concentrations using LC-MS/MS. Non-compartmental analysis was performed using WinNonlin. RESULTS SubQ administration of TAF + EVG NP formulation resulted in long residence time and exposure for both drugs. The AUC(0-72h) of TFV and EVG was 14.1 ± 2.0, 7.2 ± 1.8 μg × hr./mL from drugs in solution (free) and the AUC(0-14day) for the same drugs was 23.1 ± 4.4, 39.7 ± 6.7 μg × hr./mL from NPs. The observed elimination half-life (t1/2) for TFV of free and NPs were 14.2 h, 5.1 days and for EVG 10.8 h, 3.3 days, respectively. CONCLUSION This study documents that a TAF + EVG NP provides sustained release, which can overcome patient non-adherence to dosing and may facilitate prediction of appropriate protective drug concentration for HIV prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Kumar Prathipati
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Creighton University School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA.
| | - Subhra Mandal
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Creighton University School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Gregory Pon
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Creighton University School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | | | - Christopher J Destache
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Creighton University School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA.,School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
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Nováková L, Pavlík J, Chrenková L, Martinec O, Červený L. Current antiviral drugs and their analysis in biological materials - Part II: Antivirals against hepatitis and HIV viruses. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 147:378-399. [PMID: 29031512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review is a Part II of the series aiming to provide comprehensive overview of currently used antiviral drugs and to show modern approaches to their analysis. While in the Part I antivirals against herpes viruses and antivirals against respiratory viruses were addressed, this part concerns antivirals against hepatitis viruses (B and C) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Many novel antivirals against hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV have been introduced into the clinical practice over the last decade. The recent broadening portfolio of these groups of antivirals is reflected in increasing number of developed analytical methods required to meet the needs of clinical terrain. Part II summarizes the mechanisms of action of antivirals against hepatitis B virus (HBV), HCV, and HIV, their use in clinical practice, and analytical methods for individual classes. It also provides expert opinion on state of art in the field of bioanalysis of these drugs. Analytical methods reflect novelty of these chemical structures and use by far the most current approaches, such as simple and high-throughput sample preparation and fast separation, often by means of UHPLC-MS/MS. Proper method validation based on requirements of bioanalytical guidelines is an inherent part of the developed methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Pavlík
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Chrenková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Martinec
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Červený
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Mandal S, Prathipati PK, Kang G, Zhou Y, Yuan Z, Fan W, Li Q, Destache CJ. Tenofovir alafenamide and elvitegravir loaded nanoparticles for long-acting prevention of HIV-1 vaginal transmission. AIDS 2017; 31:469-76. [PMID: 28121666 DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This report presents tenofovir (TFV) alafenamide (TAF) and elvitegravir (EVG) fabricated into nanoparticles for subcutaneous delivery as prevention strategy. DESIGN Prospective prevention study in humanized bone marrow-liver-thymus (hu-BLT) mice. METHODS Using an oil-in-water emulsion solvent evaporation technique, TAF + EVG drugs were entrapped together into nanoparticles containing poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid). In-vitro prophylaxis studies (90% inhibition concentration) compared nanoparticles with drugs in solution. Hu-BLT (n = 5/group) mice were given 200 mg/kg subcutaneous, and vaginally challenged with HIV-1 [5 × 10 tissue culture infectious dose for 50% of cells cultures (TCID50)] 4 and 14 days post-nanoparticle administration (post-nanoparticle injection). Control mice (n = 5) were challenged at 4 days. Weekly plasma viral load was performed using RT-PCR. Hu-BLT mice were sacrificed and lymph nodes were harvested for HIV-1 viral RNA detection by in-situ hybridization. In parallel, CD34 humanized mice (3/time point) compared TFV and EVG drug levels in vaginal tissues from nanoparticles and solution. TFV and EVG were analyzed from tissue using liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS TAF + EVG nanoparticles were less than 200 nm in size. In-vitro prophylaxis indicates TAF + EVG nanoparticles 90% inhibition concentration was 0.002 μg/ml and TAF + EVG solution was 0.78 μg/ml. TAF + EVG nanoparticles demonstrated detectable drugs for 14 days and 72 h for solution, respectively. All hu-BLT control mice became infected within 14 days after HIV-1 challenge. In contrast, hu-BLT mice that received nanoparticles and challenged at 4 days post-nanoparticle injection, 100% were uninfected, and 60% challenged at 14 days post-nanoparticle injection were uninfected (P = 0.007; Mantel-Cox test). In-situ hybridization confirmed these results. CONCLUSION This proof-of-concept study demonstrated sustained protection for TAF + EVG nanoparticles in a hu-BLT mouse model of HIV vaginal transmission.
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