1
|
Abstract
Liver fibrosis resulting from chronic liver injury is a key factor to develop liver cirrhosis and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) which are major health burden worldwide. Therefore, it is necessary for antifibrotic therapies to prevent chronic liver disease progression and HCC development. There has been tremendous progress in understanding the mechanisms of liver fibrosis in the last decade, which has created new opportunities for the treatment of this condition. In this review, we aim to make an overview on information of different potential therapies (drug treatment, cell therapy, and liver transplantation) for the liver fibrosis and hope to provide the therapeutic options available for the treatment of liver fibrosis and discuss novel approaches.
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Previous studies have reported an important role of c-kit in embryogenesis and adulthood. Activation of the SCF/KIT signal transduction pathway is customarily linked to cell proliferation, migration and survival thus influence hematopoiesis, pigmentation, and spermatogenesis. The role of c-kit in the liver is controversial, it is however argued that it is a double-edged sword in liver regeneration and diseases. First, liver c-kit+ cells, including oval cells, bile epithelial cells, and part of hepatocytes, participate in liver tissue repair by regenerating target cells according to the type of liver injury. At the same time, c-kit+ mast cells, act as immature progenitors in circulation, playing a critical role in liver fibrosis. Furthermore, c-kit is also a proto-oncogene. Notably, c-kit overexpression regulates gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Various studies have explored on c-kit and hepatocellular carcinoma, nevertheless, the intricate roles of c-kit in the liver are largely understudied. Herein, we extensively summarize previous studies geared toward providing hints for future clinical and basic research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weina Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liyan Shui
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanning Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang J, Chan HF, Wang H, Shao D, Tao Y, Li M. Stem cell therapy and tissue engineering strategies using cell aggregates and decellularized scaffolds for the rescue of liver failure. J Tissue Eng 2021; 12:2041731420986711. [PMID: 35003615 PMCID: PMC8733710 DOI: 10.1177/2041731420986711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver failure is a lethal condition with hepatocellular dysfunction, and liver transplantation is presently the only effective treatment. However, due to the limited availability of donors and the potential immune rejection, novel therapeutic strategies are actively sought to restore the normal hepatic architectures and functions, especially for livers with inherited metabolic dysfunctions or chronic diseases. Although the conventional cell therapy has shown promising results, the direct infusion of hepatocytes is hampered by limited hepatocyte sources, poor cell viability, and engraftment. Hence, this review mainly highlights the role of stem cells and progenitors as the alternative cell source and summarizes the potential approaches based on tissue engineering to improve the delivery efficiency of cells. Particularly, the underlying mechanisms for cell therapy using stem cells and progenitors are discussed in two main aspects: paracrine effect and cell differentiation. Moreover, tissue-engineering approaches using cell aggregates and decellularized liver scaffolds for bioengineering of functional hepatic constructs are discussed and compared in terms of the potential to replicate liver physiological structures. In the end, a potentially effective strategy combining the premium advantages of stem cell aggregates and decellularized liver scaffolds is proposed as the future direction of liver tissue engineering and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Zhang
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hon Fai Chan
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Shao
- Institutes of Life Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Tao
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingqiang Li
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pinheiro D, Dias I, Ribeiro Silva K, Stumbo AC, Thole A, Cortez E, de Carvalho L, Weiskirchen R, Carvalho S. Mechanisms Underlying Cell Therapy in Liver Fibrosis: An Overview. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111339. [PMID: 31671842 PMCID: PMC6912561 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common feature in most pathogenetic processes in the liver, and usually results from a chronic insult that depletes the regenerative capacity of hepatocytes and activates multiple inflammatory pathways, recruiting resident and circulating immune cells, endothelial cells, non-parenchymal hepatic stellate cells, and fibroblasts, which become activated and lead to excessive extracellular matrix accumulation. The ongoing development of liver fibrosis results in a clinically silent and progressive loss of hepatocyte function, demanding the constant need for liver transplantation in clinical practice, and motivating the search for other treatments as the chances of obtaining compatible viable livers become scarcer. Although initially cell therapy has emerged as a plausible alternative to organ transplantation, many factors still challenge the establishment of this technique as a main or even additional therapeutic tool. Herein, the authors discuss the most recent advances and point out the corners and some controversies over several protocols and models that have shown promising results as potential candidates for cell therapy for liver fibrosis, presenting the respective mechanisms proposed for liver regeneration in each case.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, Brazil.
| | - Isabelle Dias
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, Brazil.
| | - Karina Ribeiro Silva
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, Brazil.
| | - Ana Carolina Stumbo
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, Brazil.
| | - Alessandra Thole
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, Brazil.
| | - Erika Cortez
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, Brazil.
| | - Lais de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, Brazil.
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Simone Carvalho
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nguyen QD, De Falco S, Behar-Cohen F, Lam WC, Li X, Reichhart N, Ricci F, Pluim J, Li WW. Placental growth factor and its potential role in diabetic retinopathy and other ocular neovascular diseases. Acta Ophthalmol 2018; 96:e1-e9. [PMID: 27874278 PMCID: PMC5811779 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), including in retinal vascular diseases, has been well studied, and pharmacological blockade of VEGF is the gold standard of treatment for neovascular age‐related macular degeneration, retinal vein occlusion and diabetic macular oedema. Placental growth factor (PGF, previously known as PlGF), a homologue of VEGF, is a multifunctional peptide associated with angiogenesis‐dependent pathologies in the eye and non‐ocular conditions. Animal studies using genetic modification and pharmacological treatment have demonstrated a mechanistic role for PGF in pathological angiogenesis. Inhibition decreases neovascularization and microvascular abnormalities across different models, including oxygen‐induced retinopathy, laser‐induced choroidal neovascularization and in diabetic mice exhibiting retinopathies. High levels of PGF have been found in the vitreous of patients with diabetic retinopathy. Despite these strong animal data, the exact role of PGF in pathological angiogenesis in retinal vascular diseases remains to be defined, and the benefits of PGF‐specific inhibition in humans with retinal neovascular diseases and macular oedema remain controversial. Comparative effectiveness research studies in patients with diabetic retinal disease have shown that treatment that inhibits both VEGF and PGF may provide superior outcomes in certain patients compared with treatment that inhibits only VEGF. This review summarizes current knowledge of PGF, including its relationship to VEGF and its role in pathological angiogenesis in retinal diseases, and identifies some key unanswered questions about PGF that can serve as a pathway for future basic, translational and clinical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandro De Falco
- Angiogenesis Laboratory; Institute of Genetics and Biophysics-CNR; Naples Italy
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- INSERM U1138; UMR_S 1138; Research Center of Cordeliers; Paris Descartes University; UPMC University; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris France
- Department of Ophthalmology of University of Lausanne; Jules Gonin Hospital; Asylum Foundation for the Blind; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Wai-Ching Lam
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Xuri Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Sun-Yat Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Nadine Reichhart
- Experimental Ophthalmology; Eye Clinic; Charité Medical University; Berlin Germany
| | - Federico Ricci
- UOSD Retinal Diseases Foundation PTV ‘Polyclinic Tor Vergata’; Rome Italy
| | | | - William W. Li
- The Angiogenesis Foundation; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kwak KA, Cho HJ, Yang JY, Park YS. Current Perspectives Regarding Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Liver Cirrhosis. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 2018:4197857. [PMID: 29670867 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4197857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is a major cause of mortality and a common end of various progressive liver diseases. Since the effective treatment is currently limited to liver transplantation, stem cell-based therapy as an alternative has attracted interest due to promising results from preclinical and clinical studies. However, there is still much to be understood regarding the precise mechanisms of action. A number of stem cells from different origins have been employed for hepatic regeneration with different degrees of success. The present review presents a synopsis of stem cell research for the treatment of patients with liver cirrhosis according to the stem cell type. Clinical trials to date are summarized briefly. Finally, issues to be resolved and future perspectives are discussed with regard to clinical applications.
Collapse
|
7
|
Malinovskaya NA, Komleva YK, Salmin VV, Morgun AV, Shuvaev AN, Panina YA, Boitsova EB, Salmina AB. Endothelial Progenitor Cells Physiology and Metabolic Plasticity in Brain Angiogenesis and Blood-Brain Barrier Modeling. Front Physiol 2016; 7:599. [PMID: 27990124 PMCID: PMC5130982 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is a considerable interest to the assessment of blood-brain barrier (BBB) development as a part of cerebral angiogenesis developmental program. Embryonic and adult angiogenesis in the brain is governed by the coordinated activity of endothelial progenitor cells, brain microvascular endothelial cells, and non-endothelial cells contributing to the establishment of the BBB (pericytes, astrocytes, neurons). Metabolic and functional plasticity of endothelial progenitor cells controls their timely recruitment, precise homing to the brain microvessels, and efficient support of brain angiogenesis. Deciphering endothelial progenitor cells physiology would provide novel engineering approaches to establish adequate microfluidically-supported BBB models and brain microphysiological systems for translational studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alla B. Salmina
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine & Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-YasenetskyKrasnoyarsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vainshtein JM, Kabarriti R, Mehta KJ, Roy-Chowdhury J, Guha C. Bone marrow-derived stromal cell therapy in cirrhosis: clinical evidence, cellular mechanisms, and implications for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014; 89:786-803. [PMID: 24969793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Current treatment options for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are often limited by the presence of underlying liver disease. In patients with liver cirrhosis, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy all carry a high risk of hepatic complications, ranging from ascites to fulminant liver failure. For patients receiving radiation therapy, cirrhosis dramatically reduces the already limited radiation tolerance of the liver and represents the most important clinical risk factor for the development of radiation-induced liver disease. Although improvements in conformal radiation delivery techniques have improved our ability to safely irradiate confined areas of the liver to increasingly higher doses with excellent local disease control, patients with moderate-to-severe liver cirrhosis continue to face a shortage of treatment options for HCC. In recent years, evidence has emerged supporting the use of bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs) as a promising treatment for liver cirrhosis, with several clinical studies demonstrating sustained improvement in clinical parameters of liver function after autologous BMSC infusion. Three predominant populations of BMSCs, namely hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and endothelial progenitor cells, seem to have therapeutic potential in liver injury and cirrhosis. Preclinical studies of BMSC transplantation have identified a range of mechanisms through which these cells mediate their therapeutic effects, including hepatocyte transdifferentiation and fusion, paracrine stimulation of hepatocyte proliferation, inhibition of activated hepatic stellate cells, enhancement of fibrolytic matrix metalloproteinase activity, and neovascularization of regenerating liver. By bolstering liver function in patients with underlying Child's B or C cirrhosis, autologous BMSC infusion holds great promise as a therapy to improve the safety, efficacy, and utility of surgery, chemotherapy, and hepatic radiation therapy in the treatment of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafi Kabarriti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Keyur J Mehta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Jayanta Roy-Chowdhury
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Genetics, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Chandan Guha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sun L, Fan X, Zhang L, Shi G, Aili M, Lu X, Jiang T, Zhang Y. Bone mesenchymal stem cell transplantation via four routes for the treatment of acute liver failure in rats. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:987-96. [PMID: 25110277 PMCID: PMC4152144 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we assessed the efficiency of four BMSC transplantation methods as a therapy for liver failure. A rat model (80 Sprague-Dawley rats) of D-galactosamine (D-gal)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute liver failure (ALF) was established and the rats were divided into 5 groups: a hepatic artery injection group, a portal vein injection group, a vena caudalis injection group, an intraperitoneal injection group and a control group (16 per group). Following transplantation, the liver tissue and blood samples were collected on days 1, 3 and 7, we detected the EdU (5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine)-labeled cells homing to the liver tissue and assessed the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cysteine-containing aspartate-specific protease (caspase)-3 expression in the liver tissue and detected the levels of stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in the liver tissues. Compared with the control group, the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and damage to the liver tissue in the hepatic artery group, the portal vein group and the vena caudalis group improved in vivo. The expression of PCNA and HGF in the liver was higher and caspase-3 expression was lower in the hepatic artery injection group, the portal vein injection group and the vena caudalis injection group than that in the intraperitoneal injection and control groups. The EdU-labeled BMSCs were only observed homing to the liver tissue in these three groups. However, no significant differences were observed between these three groups. Liver function in the rats with ALF was improved following BMSC transplantation via 3 endovascular implantation methods (through the hepatic artery, portal vein and vena caudalis). These 3 methods were effective in transplanting BMSCs for the treatment of ALF. However, the selection of blood vessel in the implantation pathway does not affect the transplantation outcome. Transplantation via intraperitoneal injection showed no therapeutic effect in our animal experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Sun
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Xiaotang Fan
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Guixiu Shi
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Maimaiti Aili
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobo Lu
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Yuexin Zhang
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Qi K, Li H, An L, Song G, Pan B, Chen W, Wang Z, Zhang C, Fang T, Hua J, Liu M, Wu Q, Cao J, Li Z, Zeng L, Xu K. The Correlation Between Platelet Activation and Liver Injury by Conditioning and Bone Marrow Transplantation. Transplant Proc 2014; 46:1523-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2014.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
11
|
Mehran R, Nilsson M, Khajavi M, Du Z, Cascone T, Wu HK, Cortes A, Xu L, Zurita A, Schier R, Riedel B, El-Zein R, Heymach JV. Tumor endothelial markers define novel subsets of cancer-specific circulating endothelial cells associated with antitumor efficacy. Cancer Res 2014; 74:2731-41. [PMID: 24626092 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Circulating endothelial cells (CEC) are derived from multiple sources, including bone marrow (circulating endothelial progenitors; CEP), and established vasculature (mature CEC). Although CECs have shown promise as a biomarker for patients with cancer, their utility has been limited, in part, by the lack of specificity for tumor vasculature and the different nonmalignant causes that can impact CEC. Tumor endothelial markers (TEM) are antigens enriched in tumor versus nonmalignant endothelia. We hypothesized that TEMs may be detectable on CEC and that these circulating TEM(+) endothelial cells (CTEC) may be a more specific marker for cancer and tumor response than standard CEC. We found that tumor-bearing mice had a relative increase in numbers of circulating CTEC, specifically with increased levels of TEM7 and TEM8 expression. Following treatment with various vascular-targeting agents, we observed a decrease in CTEC that correlated with the reductions in tumor growth. We extended these findings to human clinical samples and observed that CTECs were present in patients with esophageal cancer and non-small cell lung cancer (N = 40), and their levels decreased after surgical resection. These results demonstrate that CTECs are detectable in preclinical cancer models and patients with cancer. Furthermore, they suggest that CTECs offer a novel cancer-associated marker that may be useful as a blood-based surrogate for assessing the presence of tumor vasculature and antiangiogenic drug activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mehran
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery,Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Epidemiology, Genitourinary Medical Oncology, and The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; and Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Monique Nilsson
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery,Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Epidemiology, Genitourinary Medical Oncology, and The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; and Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mehrdad Khajavi
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery,Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Epidemiology, Genitourinary Medical Oncology, and The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; and Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhiqiang Du
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery,Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Epidemiology, Genitourinary Medical Oncology, and The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; and Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tina Cascone
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery,Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Epidemiology, Genitourinary Medical Oncology, and The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; and Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hua Kang Wu
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery,Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Epidemiology, Genitourinary Medical Oncology, and The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; and Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrea Cortes
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery,Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Epidemiology, Genitourinary Medical Oncology, and The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; and Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Li Xu
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery,Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Epidemiology, Genitourinary Medical Oncology, and The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; and Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amado Zurita
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery,Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Epidemiology, Genitourinary Medical Oncology, and The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; and Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert Schier
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery,Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Epidemiology, Genitourinary Medical Oncology, and The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; and Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bernhard Riedel
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery,Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Epidemiology, Genitourinary Medical Oncology, and The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; and Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Randa El-Zein
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery,Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Epidemiology, Genitourinary Medical Oncology, and The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; and Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John V Heymach
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery,Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Epidemiology, Genitourinary Medical Oncology, and The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; and Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu L, Kakiuchi-kiyota S, Arnold LL, Johansson SL, Wert D, Cohen SM. Pathogenesis of human hemangiosarcomas and hemangiomas. Hum Pathol 2013; 44:2302-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
13
|
Schmelzle M, Duhme C, Junger W, Salhanick SD, Chen Y, Wu Y, Toxavidis V, Csizmadia E, Han L, Bian S, Fürst G, Nowak M, Karp SJ, Knoefel WT, Esch JSA, Robson SC. CD39 modulates hematopoietic stem cell recruitment and promotes liver regeneration in mice and humans after partial hepatectomy. Ann Surg 2013; 257:693-701. [PMID: 23474584 PMCID: PMC4243517 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e31826c3ec2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study molecular mechanisms involved in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) mobilization after liver resection and determine impacts on liver regeneration. BACKGROUND Extracellular nucleotide-mediated cell signaling has been shown to boost liver regeneration. Ectonucleotidases of the CD39 family are expressed by bone marrow-derived cells, and purinergic mechanisms might also impact mobilization and functions of HSC after liver injury. METHODS Partial hepatectomy was performed in C57BL/6 wild-type, Cd39 ectonucleotidase-null mice and in chimeric mice after transplantation of wild-type or Cd39-null bone marrow. Bone marrow-derived HSCs were purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and administered after hepatectomy. Chemotactic studies were performed to examine effects of purinergic receptor agonists and antagonists in vitro. Mobilization of human HSCs and expression of CD39 were examined and linked to the extent of resection and liver tests. RESULTS Subsets of HSCs expressing Cd39 are preferentially mobilized after partial hepatectomy. Chemotactic responses of HSCs are increased by CD39-dependent adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis and adenosine signaling via A2A receptors in vitro. Mobilized Cd39 HSCs boost liver regeneration, potentially limiting interleukin 1β signaling. In clinical studies, mobilized human HSCs also express CD39 at high levels. Mobilization of HSCs correlates directly with the restoration of liver volume and function after partial hepatectomy. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate CD39 to be a novel HSC marker that defines a functionally distinct stem cell subset in mice and humans. HSCs are mobilized after liver resection, limit inflammation, and boost regeneration in a CD39-dependent manner. These observations have implications for monitoring and indicate future therapeutic avenues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Schmelzle
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Constanze Duhme
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Junger
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Steven D. Salhanick
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Vasilis Toxavidis
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Eva Csizmadia
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lihui Han
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shu Bian
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Günter Fürst
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martina Nowak
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peri-operative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Seth J. Karp
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Wolfram T. Knoefel
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Simon C. Robson
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen XW, Zhu DJ, Ju YL, Zhou SF. Therapeutic effect of transplanting magnetically labeled bone marrow stromal stem cells in a liver injury rat model with 70%-hepatectomy. Med Sci Monit 2013; 18:BR375-82. [PMID: 23018343 PMCID: PMC3560556 DOI: 10.12659/msm.883476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There are only few reports about the use of bone marrow stromal stem cells (BMSCs) for the treatment of traumatic liver injury. This study aimed to study the therapeutic effect of fluorescence-labeled BMSCs administered to rats subject to traumatic liver injury. Material/Methods Male SD rats with a 70% resection of the liver were injected with feridex-labeled BMSCs which could be induced to functional hepatocytes in vitro. Liver function was assayed and the liver scanned by 1.5-T MRI at 12 hrs and on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 post-operation. The pathological changes of liver sections were monitored. Results The serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, direct bilirubin, and total bilirubin in the transplantation group were significantly lower than the control group. The MRI showed rats of the transplantation group had an oval low signal area at 12 hr after operation; the low signal range gradually expanded and the signal intensity gradually decreased over 14 days after operation. The low signal range in the control group disappeared 12 hr after the operation. After Prussian blue staining, rats of the transplantation group contained blue granules with no significant hypertrophy or edema in hepatocytes, while the control group showed no blue granules with significant hypertrophy and edema. Conclusions The BMSCs transplanted into the injured rat liver gradually migrate to the surrounding liver tissue and partially repair the liver surgical injury in rats. BMSCs may represent an effective therapeutic approach for acute liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wu Chen
- First People's Hospital of Shunde, Southern Medical University, Shunde, Guangdong, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen JY, Feng L, Zhang HL, Li JC, Yang XW, Cao XL, Liu L, Qin HY, Liang YM, Han H. Differential regulation of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells and endothelial outgrowth cells by the Notch signaling pathway. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43643. [PMID: 23118846 PMCID: PMC3485270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are heterogeneous populations of cells that participate in vasculogenesis and promote tissue regeneration. However the different roles of EPC populations in vasculogenesis and tissue regeneration, as well as their regulation and mechanisms remain elusive. In the present study, we cultured bone marrow (BM)-derived early EPCs (EEPCs) and endothelial outgrowth cells (EOCs), and investigated their roles in liver regeneration and their regulation by the Notch signaling pathway. We found that Notch signaling exhibited different effects on the proliferation and migration of EEPCs and EOCs. Our results also showed that while EEPCs failed to form vessel-like structures in a three dimensional sprouting model in vitro, EOCs could sprout and form endothelial cords, and this was regulated by the Notch signaling. We further showed that, by using a conditional knockout model of RBP-J (the critical transcription factor mediating Notch signaling), Notch signaling differentially regulates EEPCs and EOCs. In a partial hepatectomy (PHx) model, EEPCs Notch-dependently benefitted liver regeneration with respect to liver function and hepatocyte proliferation and apoptosis. In contrast, EOCs appeared not directly involved in the recovery of liver function and the increase of hepatocytes. These data suggested that the RBP-J-mediated Notch signaling differentially regulated the two types of EPCs, which showed different roles in liver regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yuan Chen
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Long Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Chang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Li Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Yan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Min Liang
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (Y-ML); (HH)
| | - Hua Han
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (Y-ML); (HH)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wood JA, Colletti E, Mead LE, Ingram D, Porada CD, Zanjani ED, Yoder MC, Almeida-Porada G. Distinct contribution of human cord blood-derived endothelial colony forming cells to liver and gut in a fetal sheep model. Hepatology 2012; 56:1086-96. [PMID: 22488442 PMCID: PMC3396735 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although the vasculogenic potential of circulating and cord blood (CB)-derived endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFC) has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo, little is known about the inherent biologic ability of these cells to home to different organs and contribute to tissue-specific cell populations. Here we used a fetal sheep model of in utero transplantation to investigate and compare the intrinsic ability of human CB-derived ECFC to migrate to the liver and to the intestine, and to define ECFC's intrinsic ability to integrate and contribute to the cytoarchitecture of these same organs. ECFCs were transplanted by an intraperitoneal or intrahepatic route (IH) into fetal sheep at concentrations ranging from 1.1-2.6 × 10(6) cells/fetus. Recipients were evaluated at 85 days posttransplant for donor (human) cells using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. We found that, regardless of the route of injection, and despite the IH delivery of ECFC, the overall liver engraftment was low, but a significant percentage of cells were located in the perivascular regions and retained the expression of hallmark endothelial makers. By contrast, ECFC migrated preferentially to the intestinal crypt region and contributed significantly to the myofibroblast population. Furthermore, ECFC expressing CD133 and CD117 lodged in areas where endogenous cells expressed those same phenotypes. CONCLUSION ECFC inherently constitute a potential source of cells for the treatment of intestinal diseases, but strategies to increase the numbers of ECFC persisting within the hepatic parenchyma are needed in order to enhance ECFC therapeutic potential for this organ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Wood
- Dept. of Animal Biotechnology, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
| | - Evan Colletti
- Dept. of Animal Biotechnology, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
| | - Laura E. Mead
- Dept. of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - David Ingram
- Dept. of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | | | | | - Mervin C. Yoder
- Dept. of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
,Corresponding Authors: Graça Almeida-Porada, M.D., Ph.D., Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 391 Technology Way, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083 USA. Phone: (336) 713-1630; FAX: (336) 713-7290 Mervin C. Yoder, M.D. Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind., USA Phone: (317) 274-4738; FAX: (317) 274-8679
| | - Graça Almeida-Porada
- Dept. of Animal Biotechnology, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
,Corresponding Authors: Graça Almeida-Porada, M.D., Ph.D., Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 391 Technology Way, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083 USA. Phone: (336) 713-1630; FAX: (336) 713-7290 Mervin C. Yoder, M.D. Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind., USA Phone: (317) 274-4738; FAX: (317) 274-8679
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dusabineza AC, Van Hul NK, Abarca-Quinones J, Starkel P, Najimi M, Leclercq IA. Participation of liver progenitor cells in liver regeneration: lack of evidence in the AAF/PH rat model. J Transl Med 2012; 92:72-81. [PMID: 21912377 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
When hepatocyte proliferation is impaired, liver progenitor cells (LPC) are activated to participate in liver regeneration. We used the 2-acetaminofluorene/partial hepatectomy (AAF/PH) model to evaluate the contribution of LPC to liver cell replacement and function restoration. Fischer rats subjected to AAF/PH (or PH alone) were investigated 7, 10 and 14 days post-hepatectomy. Liver mass recovery (LMR) was estimated, and the liver mass to body weight ratio calculated. We used serum albumin and bilirubin levels, and liver albumin mRNA levels to assess the liver function. LPC expansion was analyzed by cytokeratin 19 (CK19), glutathione S-transferase protein (GSTp) immunohistochemistry and by CK19, CD133, transforming growth factor-β1 and hepatocyte growth factor mRNA expression in livers. Cell proliferation was evaluated by Ki67 and BrdU immunostaining. Compared with PH alone where LMR was ∼100% 14 days post-PH, LMR was defective in AAF/PH rats (64.1±15.5%, P=0.0004). LPC expansion was scarce in PH livers (0.5±0.4% of CK19(+) area), but significant in AAF/PH livers (8.5±7.2% of CK19(+)), and inversely correlated to LMR (r(2)=0.63, P<0.0001). A quarter of AAF/PH animals presented liver failure (low serum albumin and high serum bilirubin) 14 days post-PH. Compared with animals with preserved function, this was associated with a lower LMR (50±6.8 vs 74.6±9.4%, P=0.0005), a decreased liver to body weight ratio (2±0.3 vs 3.5±0.6%, P=0.001), and a larger LPC expansion such as proliferating Ki67(+) LPC covered 17.4±4.2% of the liver parenchyma vs 3.1±1.5%, (P<0.0001). Amongst those, rare LPC with an intermediate hepatocyte-like phenotype were seen. Also, less than 2% of hepatocytes were engaged into the cell cycle (Ki67(+)), while more numerous (∼25% of hepatocytes) in the livers with preserved function. These observations suggest that, in this model, the efficient recovery of the liver function was ensured rather by the proliferation of mature hepatocytes than by the LPC expansion and differentiation into hepatocytes.
Collapse
|
18
|
Becker CM, Beaudry P, Funakoshi T, Benny O, Zaslavsky A, Zurakowski D, Folkman J, D'Amato RJ, Ryeom S. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells are up-regulated in a mouse model of endometriosis. Am J Pathol 2011; 178:1782-91. [PMID: 21435458 PMCID: PMC3070089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a debilitating disease characterized by the growth of ectopic endometrial tissue. It is widely accepted that angiogenesis plays an integral part in the establishment and growth of endometriotic lesions. Recent data from a variety of angiogenesis-dependent diseases suggest a critical role of bone marrow–derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in neovascularization. In this study we examined the blood levels of EPCs and mature circulating endothelial cells in a mouse model of surgically induced endometriosis. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis revealed elevated levels of EPCs in the blood of mice with endometriosis compared with control subject that underwent a sham operation. EPC concentrations positively correlated with the amount of endometriotic tissue and peaked 1 to 4 days after induction of disease. In a green fluorescent protein bone marrow transplant experiment we found green fluorescent protein–positive endothelial cells incorporated into endometriotic lesions but not eutopic endometrium, as revealed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Finally, treatment of endometriosis-bearing mice with the angiogenesis inhibitor Lodamin, an oral nontoxic formulation of TNP-470, significantly decreased EPC levels while suppressing lesion growth. Taken together, our data indicate an important role for bone marrow–derived endothelial cells in the pathogenesis of endometriosis and support the potential clinical use of anti-angiogenic therapy as a novel treatment modality for this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Becker
- Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Francipane MG, Cervello M, Vizzini GB, Pietrosi G, Montalto G. Management of Liver Failure: From Transplantation to Cell-Based Therapy. Cell Med 2011; 2:9-25. [PMID: 26998399 DOI: 10.3727/215517911x575993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The severe shortage of deceased donor organs has driven a search for alternative methods of treating liver failure. In this context, cell-based regenerative medicine is emerging as a promising interdisciplinary field of tissue repair and restoration, able to contribute to improving health in a minimally invasive fashion. Several cell types have allowed long-term survival in experimental models of liver injury, but their therapeutic potential in humans should be regarded with deep caution, because few clinical trials are currently available and the number of patients enrolled so far is too small to assess benefits versus risks. This review summarizes the current literature on the physiological role of endogenous stem cells in liver regeneration and on the therapeutic benefits of exogenous stem cell administration with specific emphasis on the potential clinical uses of mesenchymal stem cells. Moreover, critical points that still need clarification, such as the exact identity of the stem-like cell population exerting the beneficial effects, as well as the limitations of stem cell-based therapies, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Francipane
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "Alberto Monroy," National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy; †Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Melchiorre Cervello
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "Alberto Monroy," National Research Council (CNR) , Palermo , Italy
| | - Giovanni Battista Vizzini
- ‡ Istituto Mediterraneo Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center in Italy , Palermo , Italy
| | - Giada Pietrosi
- ‡ Istituto Mediterraneo Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center in Italy , Palermo , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Montalto
- † Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu WH, Li R, Dou KF. Convenient and efficient enrichment of the CD133+ liver cells from rat fetal liver cells as a source of liver stem/progenitor cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2011; 7:94-102. [PMID: 20180050 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the stem cells are commonly isolated by FACS or MACS, they are very expensive and these is no specific marker for liver stem/progentior cells (LSPCs). This paper applied a convenient and efficient method to enrich LSPCs. The fetal liver cells (FLCs) were firstly enriched by Percoll discontinuous gradient centrifugation (PDGC) from the rat fetal liver. Then the FLCs in culture were purified to be homogeneous in size by differential trypsinization and differential adherence (DTDA). Flow cytometric analysis revealed more than half of the purified FLCs expressed alternative markers of LSPCs (CD117, c-Met, Sca-1, CD90, CD49f and CD133). In other words, the purified FLCs were heterogeneous. Therefore, they were sequentially layered into six fractions by Percoll continuous gradient centrifugation (PCGC). Both CD133 and CD49f expressed decreasingly from fraction 1 to 6. In fraction 1 and 2, about 85% FLCs expressed CD133, which were revealed to be LSPCs by high expressions of AFP and CK-19, low expressions of G-6-P and ALB. To conclude, the purity of CD133(+) LSPCs enriched by combination of PDGC, DTDA and PCGC is close to that obtained by MACS. This study will greatly contribute to two important biological aspects: liver stem cells isolation and liver cell therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-hui Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 Changle Western Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Liver regeneration is known to be a process involving highly organized and ordered tissue growth triggered by the loss of liver tissue, and remains a fascinating topic. A large number of genes are involved in this process, and there exists a sequence of stages that results in liver regeneration, while at the same time inhibitors control the size of the regenerated liver. The initiation step is characterized by priming of quiescent hepatocytes by factors such as TNF-α, IL-6 and nitric oxide. The proliferation step is the step during which hepatocytes enter into the cell cycle's G1 phase and are stimulated by complete mitogens including HGF, TGF-α and EGF. Hepatic stimulator substance, glucagon, insulin, TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 have also been implicated in regulating the regeneration process. Inhibitors and stop signals of hepatic regeneration are not well known and only limited information is available. Furthermore, the effects of other factors such as VEGF, PDGF, hypothyroidism, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, heat shock proteins, ischemic-reperfusion injury, steatosis and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on liver regeneration are also systematically reviewed in this article. A tissue engineering approach using isolated hepatocytes for in vitro tissue generation and heterotopic transplantation of liver cells has been established. The use of stem cells might also be very attractive to overcome the limitation of donor liver tissue. Liver-specific differentiation of embryonic, fetal or adult stem cells is currently under investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changku Jia
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tinazzi E, Dolcino M, Puccetti A, Rigo A, Beri R, Valenti MT, Corrocher R, Lunardi C. Gene expression profiling in circulating endothelial cells from systemic sclerosis patients shows an altered control of apoptosis and angiogenesis that is modified by iloprost infusion. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:R131. [PMID: 20609215 PMCID: PMC2945021 DOI: 10.1186/ar3069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Circulating endothelial cells are increased in patients affected by systemic sclerosis (SSc) and their number strongly correlates with vascular damage. The effects of iloprost in systemic sclerosis are only partially known. We aimed at studying the gene expression profile of circulating endothelial cells and the effects of iloprost infusion and gene expression in patients with systemic sclerosis. Methods We enrolled 50 patients affected by systemic sclerosis, 37 patients without and 13 patients with digital ulcers. Blood samples were collected from all patients before and 72 hours after either a single day or five days eight hours iloprost infusion. Blood samples were also collected from 50 sex- and age-matched healthy controls. Circulating endothelial cells and endothelial progenitors cells were detected in the peripheral blood of patients with systemic sclerosis by flow cytometry with a four-colour panel of antibodies. Statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS 16 statistical package.Circulating endothelial cells were then isolated from peripheral blood by immunomagnetic CD45 negative selection for the gene array study. Results The number of both circulating endothelial cells and progenitors was significantly higher in patients affected by systemic sclerosis than in controls and among patients in those with digital ulcers than in patients without them. Circulating endothelial cells and progenitors number increased after iloprost infusion. Gene array analysis of endothelial cells showed a different transcriptional profile in patients compared to controls. Indeed, patients displayed an altered expression of genes involved in the control of apoptosis and angiogenesis. Iloprost infusion had a profound impact on endothelial cells gene expression since the treatment was able to modulate a very high number of transcripts. Conclusions We report here that circulating endothelial cells in patients with systemic sclerosis show an altered expression of genes involved in the control of apoptosis and angiogenesis. Moreover we describe that iloprost infusion has a strong effect on endothelial cells and progenitors since it is able to modulate both their number and their gene expression profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Tinazzi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, le LA Scuro, Verona, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Development of new approaches to treat patients with hepatic diseases that can eliminate the need for liver transplantation is imperative. Use of cell therapy as a means of repopulating the liver has several advantages over whole-organ transplantation because it would be less invasive, less immunogenic, and would allow the use, in some instances, of autologous-derived cells. Stem/progenitor cells that would be ideal for liver repopulation would need to have characteristics such as availability and ease of isolation, the ability to be expanded in vitro, ensuring adequate numbers of cells, susceptibility to modification by viral vector transduction/genetic recombination, to correct any underlying genetic defects, and the ability of restoring liver function following transplantation. Bone marrow-derived stem cells, such as hematopoietic, mesenchymal and endothelial progenitor cells possess some or most of these characteristics, making them ideal candidates for liver regenerative therapies. Here, we will summarize the ability of each of these stem cell populations to give rise to functional hepatic elements that could mediate repair in patients with liver damage/disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graça Almeida-Porada
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557-0104, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Stem cell therapy has the potential to provide a valuable adjunct to the management of hepatic disease. Preclinical studies have demonstrated a range of endogenous repair processes that can be exploited through stem cell therapy. Initial translational studies have been encouraging and have suggested improved liver function in advanced chronic liver disease and enhanced liver regeneration after portal vein embolization. This article reviews the potential for stem cell therapies to enhance hepatic regeneration in acute and chronic hepatic disease and is based on a MEDLINE and PubMed search for English language articles investigating mechanisms of hepatic regeneration and delivery of cell therapies. Two main mechanisms of potential stem cell therapy delivery have emerged: (1) a direct contribution to the functional hepatocyte population with embryonic, induced pluripotent, or adult stem cells and (2) the promotion of endogenous regenerative processes with bone marrow-derived stem cells. Bioartificial hepatic support systems may be proven to be an effective method of using ex vivo differentiated hepatocytes and be indicated as a bridging therapy to definitive surgery in acute liver failure. The administration of bone marrow-derived stem cells may enhance liver regeneration in chronic liver disease after portal vein embolization and could facilitate regeneration after partial hepatic resection. Ultimately, the most appropriate hepatic disease targets for stem cell therapies will become apparent as mechanisms of stem involvement in hepatic regeneration are further elucidated.
Collapse
|
25
|
Aquino JB, Bolontrade MF, García MG, Podhajcer OL, Mazzolini G. Mesenchymal stem cells as therapeutic tools and gene carriers in liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gene Ther 2010; 17:692-708. [PMID: 20220785 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem (stromal) cells (MSCs) are a source of circulating progenitors that are able to generate cells of all mesenchymal lineages and to cover cellular demands of injured tissues. The extent of their transdifferentiation plasticity remains controversial. Cells with MSC properties have been obtained from diverse tissues after purification and expansion in vitro. These cellular populations are heterogeneous and under certain conditions show pluripotent-like properties. MSCs present immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory features and high migratory capacity toward inflamed or remodeling tissues. In this study we review available data regarding factors and signaling axes involved in the chemoattraction and engraftment of MSCs to an injured tissue or to a tissue undergoing active remodeling. Moreover, experimental evidence in support of uses of MSCs as vehicles of therapeutic genes is discussed. Because of its regenerative capacity and its particular immune properties, the liver is a good model to analyze the potential of MSC-based therapies. Finally, the potential application of MSCs and genetically modified MSCs in liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is proposed in view of available evidence.
Collapse
|
26
|
Stutchfield BM, Rashid S, Forbes SJ, Wigmore SJ. Practical Barriers to Delivering Autologous Bone Marrow Stem Cell Therapy as an Adjunct to Liver Resection. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:155-62. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Stutchfield
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research and Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sameena Rashid
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research and Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J. Forbes
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research and Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Wigmore
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research and Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang L, Wang YC, Hu XB, Zhang BF, Dou GR, He F, Gao F, Feng F, Liang YM, Dou KF, Han H. Notch-RBP-J signaling regulates the mobilization and function of endothelial progenitor cells by dynamic modulation of CXCR4 expression in mice. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7572. [PMID: 19859544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM)-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) have therapeutic potentials in promoting tissue regeneration, but how these cells are modulated in vivo has been elusive. Here, we report that RBP-J, the critical transcription factor mediating Notch signaling, modulates EPC through CXCR4. In a mouse partial hepatectomy (PHx) model, RBP-J deficient EPC showed attenuated capacities of homing and facilitating liver regeneration. In resting mice, the conditional deletion of RBP-J led to a decrease of BM EPC, with a concomitant increase of EPC in the peripheral blood. This was accompanied by a down-regulation of CXCR4 on EPC in BM, although CXCR4 expression on EPC in the circulation was up-regulated in the absence of RBP-J. PHx in RBP-J deficient mice induced stronger EPC mobilization. In vitro, RBP-J deficient EPC showed lowered capacities of adhering, migrating, and forming vessel-like structures in three-dimensional cultures. Over-expression of CXCR4 could at least rescue the defects in vessel formation by the RBP-J deficient EPC. These data suggested that the RBP-J-mediated Notch signaling regulated EPC mobilization and function, at least partially through dynamic modulation of CXCR4 expression. Our findings not only provide new insights into the regulation of EPC, but also have implications for clinical therapies using EPC in diseases.
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu F, Liu ZD, Wu N, Cong X, Fei R, Chen HS, Wei L. Transplanted endothelial progenitor cells ameliorate carbon tetrachloride-induced liver cirrhosis in rats. Liver Transpl 2009; 15:1092-100. [PMID: 19718641 DOI: 10.1002/lt.21845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cirrhosis is the most common end stage of liver diseases, and there are no effective treatment methods. Here we evaluated the effect of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) transplantation from rat bone marrow (BM) on the development of cirrhosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)). Ex vivo generated, characterized, and cultivated rat BM-derived EPCs were identified by their vasculogenic properties in vitro. EPCs from male rats were transplanted into female rats via the intraportal vein 12 weeks after they had been challenged with CCl(4), and the rats were killed 16 weeks later. The control rats received only a saline infusion. The fibrosis index and donor cell engraftment were assessed after EPC transplantation. After transplantation via the portal vein, PKH26 labeling, polymerase chain reaction, and in situ hybridization analysis revealed that the donor EPCs had adhered to the vasolateral surfaces of blood vessels and established in the liver. EPCs reduced the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin, collagen III, and transforming growth factor beta (P < 0.05) as well as levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and total bilirubin in the serum (P < 0.05), but at the same time they increased the levels of albumin and Ki67. CCl(4) treatment increased the international prothrombin ratio (P < 0.05) and reduced albumin levels, whereas EPCs restored these parameters to normal levels. These results suggest that EPC transplantation could play a role in regulating hepatocyte regeneration and ameliorating established liver cirrhosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Hepatology Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ohga N, Hida K, Hida Y, Muraki C, Tsuchiya K, Matsuda K, Ohiro Y, Totsuka Y, Shindoh M. Inhibitory effects of epigallocatechin-3 gallate, a polyphenol in green tea, on tumor-associated endothelial cells and endothelial progenitor cells. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:1963-70. [PMID: 19650861 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The polyphenol epigallocatechin-3 gallate (EGCG) in green tea suppresses tumor growth by direct action on tumor cells and by inhibition of angiogenesis, but it is not known whether it specifically inhibits tumor angiogenesis. We examined the anti-angiogenic effect of EGCG on tumor-associated endothelial cells (TEC), endothelial progenitor cells (EPC), and normal endothelial cells (NEC). EGCG suppressed the migration of TEC and EPC but not NEC. EGCG also inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt in TEC but not in NEC. Furthermore, vascular endothelial growth factor-induced mobilization of EPC into circulation was inhibited by EGCG. MMP-9 in the bone marrow plasma plays key roles in EPC mobilization into circulation. We observed that expression of MMP-9 mRNA was downregulated by EGCG in mouse bone marrow stromal cells. In an in vivo model, EGCG suppressed growth of melanoma and reduced microvessel density. Our study showed that EGCG has selective anti-angiogenic effects on TEC and EPC. It is suggested that EGCG could be a promising angiogenesis inhibitor for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Ohga
- Department of Oral Pathology and Biology, Division of Oral Pathological Science, University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tillman BW, Yazdani SK, Geary RL, Corriere MA, Atala A, Yoo JJ. Efficient Recovery of Endothelial Progenitors for Clinical Translation. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2009; 15:213-21. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2008.0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan W. Tillman
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Saami K. Yazdani
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest University Medical Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Randolph L. Geary
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Matthew A. Corriere
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - James J. Yoo
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Angiogenesis and disruption of liver vascular architecture have been linked to progression to cirrhosis and liver cancer (HCC) in chronic liver diseases, which contributes both to increased hepatic vascular resistance and portal hypertension and to decreased hepatocyte perfusion. On the other hand, recent evidence shows that angiogenesis modulates the formation of portal-systemic collaterals and the increased splanchnic blood flow which are involved in the life threatening complications of cirrhosis. Finally, angiogenesis plays a key role in the growth of tumours, suggesting that interference with angiogenesis may prevent or delay the development of HCC. This review summarizes current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of liver angiogenesis and on the consequences of angiogenesis in chronic liver disease. On the other hand, it presents the different strategies that have been used in experimental models to counteract excessive angiogenesis and its potential role in preventing transition to cirrhosis, development of portal hypertension and its consequences, and its application in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Fernández
- Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Eguchi S, Kanematsu T. What is the real contribution of extrahepatic cells to liver regeneration? Surg Today 2009; 39:1-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s00595-008-3836-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
33
|
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells have shown great therapeutic promise because of their natural capacity to regenerate damaged tissue. Likewise, autologous stem cells or genetically modified stem cells have already been successfully applied in animal or clinical experimental studies including cardiopathy, diabetic disease, system lupus erythema, pancreatic disease, and liver disease. In these studies regarding stem cell transplants in different diseases, identifying the location of implanted cells and distinguishing them from endogenous cells is the first and most important step. Moreover, different tracing techniques were applied in different studies for their different sensitivity, dynamic range, convenience and reliability of their assays. Therefore, we will here review different tracing techniques and their applications in stem cell transplants, including both experiment studies and preclinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 Changle Western Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710032, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|