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Brown F, Hill M, Renshaw D, Pedlar C, Hill J, van Someren K, Howatson G, Tallis J. The effect of medical grade compression garments on the repeated-bout effect in non-resistance-trained men. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:1490-1499. [PMID: 37768013 PMCID: PMC10988506 DOI: 10.1113/ep091399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? What are the effects of compression garments on recovery from unaccustomed damaging exercise and subsequent protective adaptations? What is the main finding and its importance? Compression did not influence recovery, but was associated with blunted protective adaptations for isokinetic performance, which were completely absent at high velocities. Based on these findings, the use of compression garments for recovery would not be recommended following unaccustomed exercise, particularly if the maintenance of high-velocity performance following exercise-induced muscle damage is desirable. ABSTRACT Whilst compression garments (CG) may enhance recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), many recovery strategies can attenuate adaptative responses. Therefore, the effects of CG on recovery from EIMD, and the rapid protective adaptations known as the repeated bout effect (RBE) were investigated. Thirty-four non-resistance-trained males (18-45 years) randomly received class II medical-grade CG or placebo for 72 h following eccentrically-focused lower-body exercise, in a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Indices of EIMD were assessed at baseline, 0, 24, 48 and 72 h post-exercise, before exercise and testing were repeated after 14 days. Results were analysed using a three-way (time × condition × bout) linear mixed-effects model. Exercise impaired isometric and isokinetic strength, with soreness and thigh circumference elevated for 72 h (P < 0.001). Compression did not enhance recovery (P > 0.05), despite small to moderate effect sizes (ES, reported alongside 90% confidence intervals) for isokinetic strength (ES from 0.2 [-0.41, 0.82] to 0.65 [0.03, 1.28]). All variables recovered faster after the repeated bout (P < 0.005). However, RBE for peak isokinetic force was impaired in CG at 60° s-1 (group × bout interaction: χ2 = 4.24, P = 0.0395; ES = -0.56 [-1.18, 0.07]) and completely absent at 120° s-1 (χ2 = 16.2, P < 0.001, ES = -0.96 [-1.61, -0.32]) and 180° s-1 (χ2 = 10.4, P = 0.001, ES = -0.72 [-1.35, -0.09]). Compression blunted RBE at higher isokinetic velocities without improving recovery in non-resistance-trained males, potentially contraindicating their use following unaccustomed exercise in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Brown
- School of Life SciencesCoventry UniversityCoventryUK
- Research Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise ScienceCoventry UniversityCoventryUK
| | - Matt Hill
- Research Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise ScienceCoventry UniversityCoventryUK
| | - Derek Renshaw
- Centre for Health and Life SciencesCoventry UniversityCoventryUK
| | - Charles Pedlar
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied ScienceSt Mary's UniversityTwickenhamUK
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division of Surgery and Interventional ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Jessica Hill
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied ScienceSt Mary's UniversityTwickenhamUK
| | - Ken van Someren
- Sports Lab NorthwestAtlantic Technological UniversityDonegalIreland
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life of SciencesNorthumbria UniversityNewcastle Upon TyneUK
- Water Research GroupNorthwest UniversityPotchefstroomSouth Africa
| | - Jason Tallis
- Research Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise ScienceCoventry UniversityCoventryUK
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Ueda H, Saegusa R, Tsuchiya Y, Ochi E. Pedal cadence does not affect muscle damage to eccentric cycling performed at similar mechanical work. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1140359. [PMID: 36969610 PMCID: PMC10036782 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1140359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to investigate muscle damage when performing equal mechanical work of fast and slow pedaling speed by eccentric muscle actions (ECCs) cycling.Methods: Nineteen young men [mean ± standard deviation (SD) age: 21.0 ± 2.2 years; height: 172.7 ± 5.9 cm; and body mass: 70.2 ± 10.5 kg] performed maximal effort of ECCs cycling exercise with fast speed (Fast) and slow speed trials (Slow). First, subjects performed the Fast for 5 min by one leg. Second, Slow performed until the total mechanical work was equal to that generated during Fast other one leg. Changes in maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) torque of knee extension, isokinetic pedaling peak torque (IPT), range of motion (ROM), muscle soreness, thigh circumference, muscle echo intensity, and muscle stiffness were assessed before exercise, and immediately after exercise, and 1 and 4 days after exercise.Results: Exercise time was observed in the Slow (1422.0 ± 330.0 s) longer than Fast (300.0 ± 0.0 s). However, a significant difference was not observed in total work (Fast:214.8 ± 42.4 J/kg, Slow: 214.3 ± 42.2 J/kg). A significant interaction effect was not observed in peak values of MVC torque (Fast:1.7 ± 0.4 Nm/kg, Slow: 1.8 ± 0.5 Nm/kg), IPT, muscle soreness (Fast:4.3 ± 1.6 cm, Slow: 4.7 ± 2.9 cm). In addition, ROM, circumference, muscle thickness, muscle echo intensity, and muscle stiffness also showed no significant interaction.Conclusion: The magnitude of muscle damage is similar for ECCs cycling with equal work regardless of velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Ueda
- Faculty of Healthcare and Medical Sports, Teikyo Heisei University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Riki Saegusa
- Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tsuchiya
- Center for Liberal Arts, Laboratory of Health and Sports Sciences, Meiji Gakuin University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Eisuke Ochi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Eisuke Ochi,
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Engel T, Schraplau A, Wochatz M, Kopinski S, Sonnenburg D, Schomoeller A, Risch L, Kaplick H, Mayer F. Feasability of An Eccentric Isokinetic Protocol to Induce Trunk
Muscle Damage: A Pilot Study. Sports Med Int Open 2022; 6:E9-E17. [PMID: 35313534 PMCID: PMC8934203 DOI: 10.1055/a-1757-6724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractEccentric exercise is discussed as a treatment option for clinical populations,
but specific responses in terms of muscle damage and systemic inflammation after
repeated loading of large muscle groups have not been conclusively
characterized. Therefore, this study tested the feasibility of an isokinetic
protocol for repeated maximum eccentric loading of the trunk muscles. Nine
asymptomatic participants (5 f/4 m;
34±6 yrs; 175±13 cm; 76±17 kg)
performed three isokinetic 2-minute all-out trunk strength tests (1x concentric
(CON), 2x eccentric (ECC1, ECC2), 2 weeks apart; flexion/extension,
60°/s, ROM 55°). Outcomes were peak torque, torque
decline, total work, and indicators of muscle damage and inflammation (over
168 h). Statistics were done using the Friedman test (Dunn’s
post-test). For ECC1 and ECC2, peak torque and total work were increased and
torque decline reduced compared to CON. Repeated ECC bouts yielded unaltered
torque and work outcomes. Muscle damage markers were highest after ECC1
(soreness 48 h, creatine kinase 72 h; p<0.05). Their
overall responses (area under the curve) were abolished post-ECC2 compared to
post-ECC1 (p<0.05). Interleukin-6 was higher post-ECC1 than CON, and
attenuated post-ECC2 (p>0.05). Interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis
factor-α were not detectable. All markers showed high inter-individual
variability. The protocol was feasible to induce muscle damage indicators after
exercising a large muscle group, but the pilot results indicated only weak
systemic inflammatory responses in asymptomatic adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Engel
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine & Sports
Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anne Schraplau
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine & Sports
Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Monique Wochatz
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine & Sports
Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stephan Kopinski
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine & Sports
Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Dominik Sonnenburg
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine & Sports
Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anne Schomoeller
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine & Sports
Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lucie Risch
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine & Sports
Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hannes Kaplick
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine & Sports
Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Frank Mayer
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine & Sports
Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Lindsay A, Abbott G, Ingalls CP, Baumann CW. Muscle Strength Does Not Adapt From a Second to Third Bout of Eccentric Contractions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Repeated Bout Effect. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:576-584. [PMID: 33337696 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lindsay, A, Abbott, G, Ingalls, CP, and Baumann, CW. Muscle strength does not adapt from a second to third bout of eccentric contractions: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the repeated bout effect. J Strength Cond Res 35(2): 576-584, 2021-The greatest muscle strength adaptations to repeated bouts of eccentric contractions (ECC) occur after the initial injury, with little to no change in subsequent bouts. However, because of the disparity in injury models, it is unknown whether three or more bouts provide further adaptation. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of the literature to evaluate whether a third bout of skeletal muscle ECC impacts immediate strength loss and rate of strength recovery compared with a second bout. A search of the literature in Web of Science, SCOPUS, Medline, and the American College of Sports Medicine database was conducted between May and September 2019 using the keywords eccentric contraction or lengthening contraction and muscle and repeated or multiple, and bout. Eleven studies with 12 experimental groups, using 72 human subjects, 48 mice, and 11 rabbits, met the inclusion criteria. A meta-analysis using a random effects model and effect sizes (ESs; Hedges' g) calculated from the standardized mean differences was completed. Calculated ESs for immediate strength loss provided no evidence that a third bout of ECC results in greater loss of strength compared with a second bout (ES = -0.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.41 to 0.17). Furthermore, the rate of strength recovery was not different between a second and third bout (ES = -0.15, 95% CI = -1.01 to 0.70). These results indicate a third bout of skeletal muscle ECC does not improve indices of strength loss or rate of strength recovery compared with a second bout. Therefore, coaches and athletes should expect some level of persistent weakness after each of their initial training sessions involving ECC, and the faster recovery of strength deficits in the second bout documented by previous research is not different from a third bout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Lindsay
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Gavin Abbott
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Christopher P Ingalls
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Cory W Baumann
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI) and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
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Kanthack TFD, Guillot A, Clémençon M, Debarnot U, Di Rienzo F. Effect of Physical Fatigue Elicited by Continuous and Intermittent Exercise on Motor Imagery Ability. Res Q Exerc Sport 2020; 91:525-538. [PMID: 32023175 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2019.1691709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The ability to perform motor imagery (MI) might be impaired by the physical fatigue elicited during training. Interestingly, there is also theoretical support for a more limited influence of fatigue in the existing literature. Method: We evaluated MI ability before and after two exercise protocols: (i) a continuous exercise of 20 min performed on a cycle ergometer at 80% of the secondary ventilatory threshold (Continuous exercise), and (ii) an intermittent exercise of 20 min involving sprints at maximal intensity performed with regular intervals (Intermittent exercise). MI ability evaluations were performed using validated behavioral (mental chronometry) and psychometric (subjective reports) methods. MI ability evaluations included mental rehearsal of a motor sequence which involved the main effectors of the exercise protocols (walking), and mental rehearsal of a motor task which did not involve the main somatic effectors of the exercise protocols (pointing movements with the upper limbs). Results: Mental chronometry showed that MI ability was degraded only after Intermittent exercise, while self-report measures of MI vividness revealed that MI ability was primarily impaired during MI of the walking task. Conclusions: Present results suggest that Intermittent exercise engaging anaerobic processes of energy expenditure, but not Continuous exercise engaging aerobic processes of energy expenditure, impaired MI ability. Findings are discussed in relation to the internal models theory of motor simulation, specifically changes in current state of the motor system under the fatigued state-affecting motor predictions. Present findings may contribute to successful applications of MI training in sports and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aymeric Guillot
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- Institut Universitaire de France
| | - Michel Clémençon
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- Normandie Université, Université de Rouen
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Stožer A, Vodopivc P, Križančić Bombek L. Pathophysiology of exercise-induced muscle damage and its structural, functional, metabolic, and clinical consequences. Physiol Res 2020; 69:565-598. [PMID: 32672048 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme or unaccustomed eccentric exercise can cause exercise-induced muscle damage, characterized by structural changes involving sarcomere, cytoskeletal, and membrane damage, with an increased permeability of sarcolemma for proteins. From a functional point of view, disrupted force transmission, altered calcium homeostasis, disruption of excitation-contraction coupling, as well as metabolic changes bring about loss of strength. Importantly, the trauma also invokes an inflammatory response and clinically presents itself by swelling, decreased range of motion, increased passive tension, soreness, and a transient decrease in insulin sensitivity. While being damaging and influencing heavily the ability to perform repeated bouts of exercise, changes produced by exercise-induced muscle damage seem to play a crucial role in myofibrillar adaptation. Additionally, eccentric exercise yields greater hypertrophy than isometric or concentric contractions and requires less in terms of metabolic energy and cardiovascular stress, making it especially suitable for the elderly and people with chronic diseases. This review focuses on our current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying exercise-induced muscle damage, their dependence on genetic background, as well as their consequences at the structural, functional, metabolic, and clinical level. A comprehensive understanding of these is a prerequisite for proper inclusion of eccentric training in health promotion, rehabilitation, and performance enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stožer
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Slovenia.
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Barreto RV, de Lima LCR, Greco CC, Denadai BS. Protective Effect Conferred by Isometric Preconditioning Against Slow- and Fast-Velocity Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1203. [PMID: 31632283 PMCID: PMC6779724 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated if the same isometric preconditioning protocol (IPP) attenuates the magnitude of muscle damage induced by different maximal eccentric exercise protocols in the elbow flexors. Sixty-four untrained men were assigned to either two experimental or two control groups. Participants in the experimental groups performed an IPP prior to either slow (60°·s-1 - ISO + ECC-S) or fast (180°·s-1 - ISO + ECC-F) maximal eccentric contractions (MaxECC). Subjects in the control groups performed slow (ECC-S) or fast (ECC-F) MaxECC without IPP. Maximal isokinetic concentric torque (MVC), muscle soreness (SOR), and muscle thickness (MT) were assessed before, immediately after, and 1-4 days following the MaxECC. Significant (p < 0.05) group vs. time interactions were found for MVC (F = 4,517), SOR (F = 6,318), and MT (F = 1,863). The ECC-S group presented faster (p < 0.05) recovery of MVC and MT and less (p < 0.05) SOR at 96 h post-MaxECC compared with ECC-F group. No significant differences in MVC and MT were found between ECC-S and ECC-F groups following MaxECC. The ISO + ECC-S group showed faster (p < 0.05) recovery of MVC and SOR compared to the ECC-S group. No significant differences were evident between ISO + ECC-S and ECC-S in any variable. The ISO + ECC-F group showed faster (p < 0.05) recovery of all assessed variables compared with the ECC-F group. MVC was greater (p < 0.05) at 48-72 h, and SOR was less (p < 0.05) at 48-96 h in the ISO + ECC-F compared to the ECC-F group. No significant differences were evident between ISO + ECC-S and ISO + ECC-F for any variable. These results show that the IPP accelerated recovery of MVC and SOR for the slow-eccentric exercise condition and attenuated strength loss and SOR in addition to faster recovery of all assessed variables for the fast-eccentric exercise condition. Therefore, the IPP can be used as a strategy to attenuate and accelerate recovery of muscle damage induced by different-velocity eccentric exercises, resulting in greater protection against muscle damage induced by faster velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Vieira Barreto
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Coelho Rabello de Lima
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil.,Faculty of Biological and Health Sciences, University Centre Herminio Ometto, Araras, Brazil.,School of Physical Education, Salesian University Centre of São Paulo, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Camila Coelho Greco
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Benedito Sérgio Denadai
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
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Warren GL, Call JA, Farthing AK, Baadom-Piaro B. Minimal Evidence for a Secondary Loss of Strength After an Acute Muscle Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2018; 47:41-59. [PMID: 27100114 PMCID: PMC5214801 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An immediate loss of strength follows virtually all types of muscle injury but there is debate whether the initial strength loss is maximal or if a secondary loss of strength occurs during the first 3 days post-injury. OBJECTIVE The objective of this analysis was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the research literature to determine if a secondary loss of strength occurs after an injurious initiating event. METHODS Literature searches were performed using eight electronic databases (e.g., PubMed, Cochrane Library). Search terms included skeletal muscle AND (injur* OR damage*) AND (strength OR force OR torque). The extracted strength data were converted to a standard format by calculating the standardized mean difference, which is reported as the effect size (ES) along with its 95 % confidence interval (CI). The calculation of ES was designed so that a negative ES that was statistically less than zero would be interpreted as indicating a secondary loss of strength. RESULTS A total of 223 studies with over 4000 human and animal subjects yielded data on 262 independent groups and a total of 936 separate ESs. Our overall meta-analysis yielded a small-to-medium, positive overall ES that was statistically greater than zero (overall ES = +0.34, 95 % CI 0.27-0.40; P < 0.00000001). Considerable variation in ES was observed among studies (I 2 = 86 %), which could be partially explained by the research group conducting the study, sex of the subject, day of post-injury strength assessment, whether fatigue was present immediately post-injury, and the muscle group injured. From the subgroup meta-analyses probing these variables, 36 subgroup ESs were calculated and none were statistically less than zero. CONCLUSION Overall, our findings do not support the presence of a secondary loss of strength following an acute muscle injury, and strongly suggest that strength, on average, recovers steadily over the first 3 days post-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon L Warren
- Department of Physical Therapy, Byrdine F. Lewis School of Nursing and Health Professions, Georgia State University, PO Box 4019, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA.
| | - Jarrod A Call
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Amy K Farthing
- Department of Physical Therapy, Byrdine F. Lewis School of Nursing and Health Professions, Georgia State University, PO Box 4019, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
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Baroni BM, Pompermayer MG, Cini A, Peruzzolo AS, Radaelli R, Brusco CM, Pinto RS. Full Range of Motion Induces Greater Muscle Damage Than Partial Range of Motion in Elbow Flexion Exercise With Free Weights. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 31:2223-2230. [PMID: 27398917 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Baroni, BM, Pompermayer, MG, Cini, A, Peruzzolo, AS, Radaelli, R, Brusco, CM, and Pinto, RS. Full range of motion induces greater muscle damage than partial range of motion in elbow flexion exercise with free weights. J Strength Cond Res 31(8): 2223-2230, 2017-Load and range of motion (ROM) applied in resistance training (RT) affect the muscle damage magnitude and the recovery time-course. Because exercises performed with partial ROM allow a higher load compared with those with full ROM, this study investigated the acute effect of a traditional RT exercise using full ROM or partial ROM on muscle damage markers. Fourteen healthy men performed 4 sets of 10 concentric-eccentric repetitions of unilateral elbow flexion on the Scott bench. Arms were randomly assigned to partial-ROM (50-100°) and full-ROM (0-130°) conditions, and load was determined as 80% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) in the full- and partial-ROM tests. Muscle damage markers were assessed preexercise, immediately, and 24, 48, and 72 hours after exercise. Primary outcomes were peak torque, muscle soreness during palpation and elbow extension, arm circumference, and joint ROM. The load lifted in the partial-ROM condition (1RM = 19.1 ± 3.0 kg) was 40 ± 18% higher compared with the full-ROM condition (1RM = 13.7 ± 2.2 kg). Seventy-two hours after exercise, the full-ROM condition led to significant higher soreness sensation during elbow extension (1.3-4.1 cm vs. 1.0-1.9 cm) and smaller ROM values (97.5-106.1° vs. 103.6-115.7°). Peak torque, soreness from palpation, and arm circumference were statistically similar between conditions, although mean values in all time points of these outcomes have suggested more expressive muscle damage for the full-ROM condition. In conclusion, elbow flexion exercise with full ROM seems to induce greater muscle damage than partial-ROM exercises, even though higher absolute load was achieved with partial ROM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M Baroni
- 1Strength Training Research Group, Exercise Research Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and 2Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Souron R, Nosaka K, Jubeau M. Changes in central and peripheral neuromuscular fatigue indices after concentric versus eccentric contractions of the knee extensors. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:805-16. [PMID: 29411127 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3816-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To better understand neuromuscular characteristics of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage, this study compared between concentric (CONC) and eccentric (ECC) exercises of knee extensor muscles, and the first (ECC1) and second bouts of the eccentric exercise (ECC2) for central and peripheral parameters associated with neuromuscular fatigue. METHODS Twelve young men performed three exercise bouts separated by at least 1 week between CONC and ECC1, and 2 weeks between ECC1 and ECC2. In each exercise, maximal voluntary concentric or eccentric contractions of the knee extensors were performed until a reduction in maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) torque of at least 40% MVC was achieved immediately post-exercise. MVC torque, central (voluntary activation and normalised electromyographic activity), and peripheral neuromuscular indices (evoked torque and M-wave amplitude), and muscle soreness were assessed before (PRE), immediately after (POST), 1 h (1H), and 1-4 days after exercise (D1, D2, D3, and D4). RESULTS MVC torque decreased at only POST for CONC (- 52.8%), but remained below the baseline at POST (- 48.6%), 1H (- 34.1%), and D1-D4 (- 34.1 to - 18.2%) after ECC1, and at POST (- 45.2%), 1H (- 24.4%) and D1 (- 13.4%) after ECC2 (p < 0.05). Voluntary activation decreased immediately after ECC1 (- 21.6%) and ECC2 (- 21.1%), but not after CONC. Electrically evoked torques decreased similarly at POST and 1H for the three conditions, but remained below the baseline at D1 only post-ECC1. CONCLUSION These results showed that both central and peripheral factors contributed to the MVC decrease after ECC1 and ECC2, but the decrease was mainly due to peripheral factors after CONC.
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Brentano MA, Umpierre D, Santos LP, Lopes AL, Radaelli R, Pinto RS, Kruel LFM. Muscle Damage and Muscle Activity Induced by Strength Training Super-Sets in Physically Active Men. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 31:1847-1858. [PMID: 27243916 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Brentano, MA, Umpierre, D, Santos, LP, Lopes, AL, Radaelli, R, Pinto, RS, and Kruel, LFM. Muscle damage and muscle activity induced by strength training super-sets in physically active men. J Strength Cond Res 31(7): 1847-1858, 2017-In strength training, muscle activity is often analyzed by surface electromyography (EMG) and muscle damage through indirect markers, such as plasma concentrations of creatine kinase (CK) after exercise. However, there is little information about the influence of the strength exercises order on these parameters. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of strength exercises order (super-sets) in muscle activity and indirect markers of muscle damage. Twenty men were randomly assigned to one of the strength training sessions (TS). Each TS (5 sets × 8-10 repetition maximum) consisted of 2 exercises for the knee extensor muscles and 2 exercises for the horizontal shoulder flexors performed in a different order: exercises for the same muscle group grouped (grouped exercises [GE]: n = 10; 26.6 ± 3.4 years; 17.4 ± 3.4 body fat) or separated (separated exercises [SE]: n = 10; 24.9 ± 2.6 years; 15.4 ± 5.9 body fat). Muscle activity was analyzed by surface EMG (vastus lateralis [VL], vastus medialis [VM], rectus femoris [RF], pectoralis major [PM], and anterior deltoid [AD]), and the main indirect marker of muscle damage was the CK, evaluated immediately before and after the first 5 days of each TS. There was a higher EMG activity of GE in the RF (GE: 88.4% × SE: 73.6%) and AD (GE: 176.4% × SE: 100.0%), in addition to greater concentration of CK (GE: 632.4% × SE: 330.5%) after exercise. Our findings suggest that, in physically active men, implementing super-sets with GE promotes greater muscle effort and muscle damage, wherein 5 days are not enough to recover the trained muscle groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel A Brentano
- 1Occupational Health, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Porto Alegre, Brazil; 2Exercise Pathophysiology Research Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; 3Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; 4Faculdade SOGIPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and 5Exercise Research Laboratory, Physical Education School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Zourdos MC, Henning PC, Jo E, Khamoui AV, Lee SR, Park YM, Naimo M, Panton LB, Nosaka K, Kim JS. Repeated Bout Effect in Muscle-Specific Exercise Variations. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 29:2270-6. [PMID: 25647658 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A single bout of unaccustomed exercise confers protective effect against muscle damage from a subsequent bout of similar activity, that is, repeated bout effect (RBE). It remains unknown whether varying muscle-specific exercise between sessions alters the magnitude of the RBE. This study examined the effects of muscle-specific exercise variation between consecutive sessions on the RBE. Twenty untrained males (21 ± 2 years) were assigned to one of 2 groups (n = 10 per group): (a) 2 sessions of incline curls, Fixed Exercise or (b) 1 session of incline curls followed by 1 session of preacher curls, Varied Exercise, with 7 days between sessions. Subjects performed 5 sets of 6 repetitions at ∼50% of maximal isometric elbow flexor strength during each session. Changes in maximal voluntary isometric and isokinetic torque, range of motion, muscle soreness, and serum creatine kinase were measured before, immediately after, and 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after each exercise session, and the changes were compared between bouts and between groups. There were significant time effects (p < 0.05) for isometric maximal voluntary contraction, concentric maximal voluntary contraction, range of motion, and muscle soreness during sessions 1 and 2 with no between-group differences. Both groups demonstrated a significantly faster recovery of range of motion and soreness to baseline levels after session 2 compared with session 1. Overall, our findings suggest that incline curls conferred a protective effect during subsequent preacher curls in a similar way to repeating incline curls; therefore, the RBE was not exercise specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Zourdos
- 1Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida; 2Military Performance Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts; 3Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California; 4Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida; 5Department of Health and Sport Sciences, The University and Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee; 6Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and 7School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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Alves AL, Garcia ES, Morandi RF, Claudino JG, Pimenta EM, Soares DD. Individual analysis of creatine kinase concentration in Brazilian elite soccer players. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-86922015210202167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: to determine the individual profile of blood concentration of creatine kinase CK in elite soccer players as well as to analyze the CK concentrations in different periods during the Professional Brazilian Championship.METHODS: resting CK of 17 soccer players was evaluated before the competition pre-season and after the matches 36 and 46 hours after the games CKGame for the individual blood CK. The Chi-square test was used to analyze the individual CK during the season. The competitive season was divided into three periods: initial, intermediate and final. The one-way ANOVA with repeated measurements followed by post hoc Student-Newman-Keuls test was used to compare the individual CK of each soccer player in each competitive period. The significance level was set at p<0.05.RESULTS: the highest frequency of individual CK was found in the second quartile 71 observations and the lowest frequency in the first 26 observations and the fourth quartile 40 observations compared to the expected number of 45.8 x2=22.21. CK concentrations were lower in the intermediate mean=66.99% and final mean=60.21% periods than in the initial period mean=89.33%.CONCLUSION: soccer players did not show elevated muscle damage and probably a muscle adaptation occurred in the competition, due to the reduction of CK concentrations observed.
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Coratella G, Bertinato L. Isoload vs isokinetic eccentric exercise: a direct comparison of exercise-induced muscle damage and repeated bout effect. Sport Sci Health 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-014-0213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Chan R, Newton M, Nosaka K. Effects of set-repetition configuration in eccentric exercise on muscle damage and the repeated bout effect. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112:2653-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2247-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Roschel H, Ugrinowistch C, Barroso R, Batista MAB, Souza EO, Aoki MS, Siqueira-Filho MA, Zanuto R, Carvalho CRO, Neves M, Mello MT, Tricoli V. Effect of eccentric exercise velocity on akt/mtor/p70(s6k) signaling in human skeletal muscle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2011; 36:283-90. [PMID: 21609291 DOI: 10.1139/h10-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that muscle tension plays a major role in the activation of intracellular pathways for skeletal muscle hypertrophy via an increase in mechano growth factor (MGF) and other downstream targets. Eccentric exercise (EE) imposes a greater amount of tension on the active muscle. In particular, high-speed EE seems to exert an additional effect on muscle tension and, thus, on muscle hypertrophy. However, little is known about the effect of EE velocity on hypertrophy signaling. This study investigated the effect of acute EE-velocity manipulation on the Akt/mTORCI/p70(S6K) hypertrophy pathway. Twenty subjects were assigned to either a slow (20°·s(-1); ES) or fast EE (210°·s(-1); EF) group. Biopsies were taken from vastus lateralis at baseline (B), immediately after (T1), and 2 h after (T2) the completion of 5 sets of 8 repetitions of eccentric knee extensions. Akt, mTOR, and p70(S6K) total protein were similar between groups, and did not change postintervention. Further, Akt and p70(S6K) protein phosphorylation were higher at T2 than at B for ES and EF. MGF messenger RNA was similar between groups, and only significantly higher at T2 than at B in ES. The acute manipulation of EE velocity does not seem to differently influence intracellular hypertrophy signaling through the Akt/mTORCI/p70S6K pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamilton Roschel
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Dartnall TJ, Nordstrom MA, Semmler JG. Adaptations in biceps brachii motor unit activity after repeated bouts of eccentric exercise in elbow flexor muscles. J Neurophysiol 2011; 105:1225-35. [PMID: 21248060 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00854.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine changes in motor unit activity in the biceps brachii muscle after an initial ( Bout 1) and repeated ( Bout 2) session of eccentric exercise separated by 1 wk. Eight subjects (aged 22 ± 2 yr) participated in experimental assessments of neuromuscular function obtained before, immediately after, 24 h after, and 7 days after each exercise bout. Each experimental session involved assessments of elbow-flexor force and biceps and triceps brachii electromyography during maximum voluntary isometric contractions (MVCs) and constant-force isometric contractions at five contraction intensities (5–50% MVC), along with indicators of muscle damage (muscle pain and passive tension). In addition, motor unit recordings were obtained before exercise, 7 days after Bout 1, and 24 h after Bout 2 to assess motor unit synchronization and recruitment thresholds. Following a single eccentric exercise session that elicited significant indicators of muscle damage, we found a 57% increase in motor unit synchronization 7 days later compared with before exercise, despite the recovery of maximal strength, soreness, and relaxed elbow-joint angle at this time. Furthermore, a second bout of the same eccentric exercise resulted in reduced indicators of muscle damage and a decline in the strength of motor unit synchronization (24 h after Bout 2) toward levels observed before both exercise sessions. In contrast, no changes in motor unit recruitment thresholds were observed 7 days after Bout 1 or 24 h after Bout 2 compared with before exercise. The increased motor unit synchronization 7 days after a single eccentric exercise session provides new evidence of changes in motor unit activity during the putative repair and regeneration phase following eccentric muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara J. Dartnall
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Chapman DW, Newton MJ, McGuigan MR, Nosaka K. Effect of Slow-Velocity Lengthening Contractions on Muscle Damage Induced by Fast-Velocity Lengthening Contractions. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:211-9. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181bac2bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sakamoto A, Maruyama T, Naito H, Sinclair PJ. Acute effects of high-intensity dumbbell exercise after isokinetic eccentric damage: interaction between altered pain perception and fatigue on static and dynamic muscle performance. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24:2042-9. [PMID: 20634739 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181d8e881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether high-intensity dumbbell exercise involving both concentric and eccentric contractions would provide a temporary alleviation of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). It also examined the effect of alleviated muscle soreness on dynamic muscle performance using a stretch-shortening cycle (SSC; peak angular acceleration and velocity of the elbow during both lowering and concentric phases) to provide indirect evidence that DOMS contributes to the dynamic performance decrement after eccentric injury. Thirteen untrained adults performed 30 maximal isokinetic eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors to induce eccentric damage. Five sets of arm curls using a dumbbell (equivalent to 70% of isometric maximal voluntary contraction) were then performed until failure on days 1, 2, 3, and 5 of recovery. Muscle soreness significantly decreased after each session of dumbbell exercise (p = 0.001). Isometric strength further decreased immediately after dumbbell exercise, indicating muscle fatigue (p < 0.001). Dynamic performance variables were less affected by fatigue, however, with performance being reduced only for peak lowering velocity (p < 0.001). Other measures of dynamic performance were relatively constant after dumbbell exercise, particularly on days 2 and 3 when soreness was greatest. It was concluded that high-intensity concentric/eccentric dumbbell exercise was able to temporarily alleviate DOMS and that this reduction in soreness served to counter the effect of peripheral muscle fatigue during dynamic activities. Practical applications of this study are that after eccentric damage, alleviation of muscle soreness through an optimal warm-up may be helpful to temporarily recover dynamic muscle performance. Free-weight loading is one suggested technique to temporarily manage DOMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Decision Science and Technology, Department of Human System Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
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Pullinen T, Mero A, Huttunen P, Pakarinen A, Komi P. Resistance exercise-induced hormonal response under the influence of delayed onset muscle soreness in men and boys. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010; 21:e184-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sakamoto A, Maruyama T, Naito H, Sinclair PJ. Effects of Exhaustive Dumbbell Exercise After Isokinetic Eccentric Damage: Recovery of Static and Dynamic Muscle Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2009; 23:2467-76. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181b22a3c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Micklewright D. The effect of soft tissue release on delayed onset muscle soreness: A pilot study. Phys Ther Sport 2009; 10:19-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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CHAPMAN DALEWILSON, NEWTON MICHAEL, MCGUIGAN MICHAEL, NOSAKA KAZUNORI. Effect of Lengthening Contraction Velocity on Muscle Damage of the Elbow Flexors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008; 40:926-33. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318168c82d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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