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Rossini S, Ambrosino S, Volpi C, Belladonna ML, Pallotta MT, Panfili E, Suvieri C, Macchiarulo A, Mondanelli G, Orabona C. Epacadostat stabilizes the apo-form of IDO1 and signals a pro-tumorigenic pathway in human ovarian cancer cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1346686. [PMID: 38333210 PMCID: PMC10850306 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1346686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The tryptophan-degrading enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a plastic immune checkpoint molecule that potently orchestrates immune responses within the tumor microenvironment (TME). As a heme-containing protein, IDO1 catalyzes the conversion of the essential amino acid tryptophan into immunoactive metabolites, called kynurenines. By depleting tryptophan and enriching the TME with kynurenines, IDO1 catalytic activity shapes an immunosuppressive TME. Accordingly, the inducible or constitutive IDO1 expression in cancer correlates with a negative prognosis for patients, representing one of the critical tumor-escape mechanisms. However, clinically trialed IDO1 catalytic inhibitors disappointed the expected anti-tumor efficacy. Interestingly, the non-enzymatic apo-form of IDO1 is still active as a transducing protein, capable of promoting an immunoregulatory phenotype in dendritic cells (DCs) as well as a pro-tumorigenic behavior in murine melanoma. Moreover, the IDO1 catalytic inhibitor epacadostat can induce a tolerogenic phenotype in plasmacytoid DCs, overcoming the catalytic inhibition of IDO1. Based on this recent evidence, IDO1 plasticity was investigated in the human ovarian cancer cell line, SKOV-3, that constitutively expresses IDO1 in a dynamic balance between the holo- and apo-protein, and thus potentially endowed with a dual function (i.e., enzymatic and non-enzymatic). Besides inhibiting the catalytic activity, epacadostat persistently stabilizes the apo-form of IDO1 protein, favoring its tyrosine-phosphorylation and promoting its association with the phosphatase SHP-2. In SKOV-3 cells, both these early molecular events activate a signaling pathway transduced by IDO1 apo-protein, which is independent of its catalytic activity and contributes to the tumorigenic phenotype of SKOV-3 cells. Overall, our findings unveiled a new mechanism of action of epacadostat on IDO1 target, repositioning the catalytic inhibitor as a stabilizer of the apo-form of IDO1, still capable of transducing a pro-tumorigenic pathway in SKOV-3 tumor. This mechanism could contribute to clarify the lack of effectiveness of epacadostat in clinical trials and shed light on innovative immunotherapeutic strategies to tackle IDO1 target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Rossini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sara Ambrosino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Volpi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - Eleonora Panfili
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Suvieri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giada Mondanelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ciriana Orabona
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Orecchini E, Belladonna ML, Pallotta MT, Volpi C, Zizi L, Panfili E, Gargaro M, Fallarino F, Rossini S, Suvieri C, Macchiarulo A, Bicciato S, Mondanelli G, Orabona C. The signaling function of IDO1 incites the malignant progression of mouse B16 melanoma. Oncoimmunology 2023; 12:2170095. [PMID: 36733497 PMCID: PMC9888476 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2023.2170095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), a leader tryptophan-degrading enzyme, represents a recognized immune checkpoint molecule. In neoplasia, IDO1 is often highly expressed in dendritic cells infiltrating the tumor and/or in tumor cells themselves, particularly in human melanoma. In dendritic cells, IDO1 does not merely metabolize tryptophan into kynurenine but, after phosphorylation of critical tyrosine residues in the non-catalytic small domain, it triggers a signaling pathway prolonging its immunoregulatory effects by a feed-forward mechanism. We here investigated whether the non-enzymatic function of IDO1 could also play a role in tumor cells by using B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells transfected with either the wild-type Ido1 gene (Ido1WT ) or a mutated variant lacking the catalytic, but not signaling activity (Ido1H350A ). As compared to the Ido1WT -transfected counterpart (B16WT), B16-F10 cells expressing Ido1H350A (B16H350A) were characterized by an in vitro accelerated growth mediated by increased Ras and Erk activities. Faster growth and malignant progression of B16H350A cells, also detectable in vivo, were found to be accompanied by a reduction in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and an increase in Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Our data, therefore, suggest that the IDO1 signaling function can also occur in tumor cells and that alternative therapeutic approach strategies should be undertaken to effectively tackle this important immune checkpoint molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Orecchini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - ML Belladonna
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - MT Pallotta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - C Volpi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - L Zizi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - E Panfili
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - M Gargaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - F Fallarino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - S Rossini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - C Suvieri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - A Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - S Bicciato
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - G Mondanelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - C Orabona
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy,CONTACT C Orabona Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Severi, Perugia06129, Italy
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Pallotta MT, Rossini S, Suvieri C, Coletti A, Orabona C, Macchiarulo A, Volpi C, Grohmann U. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1): an up-to-date overview of an eclectic immunoregulatory enzyme. FEBS J 2022; 289:6099-6118. [PMID: 34145969 PMCID: PMC9786828 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) catalyzes the initial rate-limiting step in the degradation of the essential amino acid tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway. When discovered more than 50 years ago, IDO1 was thought to be an effector molecule capable of mediating a survival strategy based on the deprivation of bacteria and tumor cells of the essential amino acid tryptophan. Since 1998, when tryptophan catabolism was discovered to be crucially involved in the maintenance of maternal T-cell tolerance, IDO1 has become the focus of several laboratories around the world. Indeed, IDO1 is now considered as an authentic immune regulator not only in pregnancy, but also in autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation, and tumor immunity. However, in the last years, a bulk of new information-including structural, biological, and functional evidence-on IDO1 has come to light. For instance, we now know that IDO1 has a peculiar conformational plasticity and, in addition to a complex and highly regulated catalytic activity, is capable of performing a nonenzymic function that reprograms the expression profile of immune cells toward a highly immunoregulatory phenotype. With this state-of-the-art review, we aimed at gathering the most recent information obtained for this eclectic protein as well as at highlighting the major unresolved questions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofia Rossini
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaItaly
| | - Chiara Suvieri
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaItaly
| | - Alice Coletti
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of PerugiaItaly
| | - Ciriana Orabona
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaItaly
| | | | - Claudia Volpi
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaItaly
| | - Ursula Grohmann
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaItaly
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Qian XH, Song XX, Liu XL, Chen SD, Tang HD. Inflammatory pathways in Alzheimer's disease mediated by gut microbiota. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 68:101317. [PMID: 33711509 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, numerous studies have demonstrated the close relationship between gut microbiota and the occurrence and development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the specific mechanism is still unclear. Both the neuroinflammation and systemic inflammation serve as the key hubs to accelerate the process of AD by promoting pathology and damaging neuron. What's more, the gut microbiota is also crucial for the regulation of inflammation. Therefore, this review focused on the role of gut microbiota in AD through inflammatory pathways. Firstly, this review summarized the relationship and interaction among gut microbiota, inflammation, and AD. Secondly, the direct and indirect regulatory effects of gut microbiota on AD through inflammatory pathways were described. These effects were mainly mediated by the component of the gut microbiota (lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and amyloid peptides), the metabolites of bacteria (short-chain fatty acids, branched amino acids, and neurotransmitters) and functional by-products (bile acids). In addition, potential treatments (fecal microbiota transplantation, antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary interventions) for AD were also discussed through these mechanisms. Finally, according to the current research status, the key problems to be solved in the future studies were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hang Qian
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Xiao-Xuan Song
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Xiao-Li Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, Shanghai, 201406, China.
| | - Sheng-di Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Hui-Dong Tang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Orecchini E, Mondanelli G, Orabona C, Volpi C, Adorisio S, Calvitti M, Thuy TT, Delfino DV, Belladonna ML. Artocarpus tonkinensis Extract Inhibits LPS-Triggered Inflammation Markers and Suppresses RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:593829. [PMID: 33551802 PMCID: PMC7862131 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.593829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Artocarpus tonkinensis (At) leaf decoction, a traditional remedy prepared in North Vietnam by the Hmong ethnic group, is a tea extract rich in bioactive compounds that may have therapeutic effects in arthritis and backache. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that At is able to inhibit Th17 lymphocytes development and to protect mice in an experimental model of collagen-induced arthritis. By resorting to macrophage in vitro models of inflammation and osteoclastogenesis, we showed that At extract significantly reduced nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) activity and IL-6 production by RAW 264.7 murine cells. Moreover, At demonstrated an anti-osteoclastogenic effect, as revealed by complete inhibition of TRAP-positive osteoclast formation and decreased expression of key osteoclast-related genes. This At activity likely relies on the inhibition of RANK downstream signaling pathway, as the activation of non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src is reduced upon RANKL-At exposure. Protective effect of At against bone loss was also enlightened in vivo by collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) experiment demonstrating that, although paw edema was only weakly opposed by drinking At decoction, bone and cartilage were well preserved in CIA+At mice and joint tissue expressed decreased levels of osteoclast marker genes respect to CIA control group. Maesopsin 4-O-β-D-glucoside (i.e., TAT-2, one of the main decoction bioactive components) was capable to contrast NOS2 activity, IL-6 expression and osteoclast formation, too, albeit to a lesser extent when compared to At decoction. Overall, this study enlightens another At cell target, macrophages, beside Th17 lymphocytes, and suggests that the anti-arthritic beneficial effects of At decoction largely derives from its ability to counteract not only inflammation, but also osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Orecchini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giada Mondanelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ciriana Orabona
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Volpi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Adorisio
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Foligno Nursing School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mario Calvitti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Trinh Thi Thuy
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Domenico V Delfino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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6
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Gregory KJ, Goudet C. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CXI. Pharmacology, Signaling, and Physiology of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 73:521-569. [PMID: 33361406 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.019133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors respond to glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, mediating a modulatory role that is critical for higher-order brain functions such as learning and memory. Since the first mGlu receptor was cloned in 1992, eight subtypes have been identified along with many isoforms and splice variants. The mGlu receptors are transmembrane-spanning proteins belonging to the class C G protein-coupled receptor family and represent attractive targets for a multitude of central nervous system disorders. Concerted drug discovery efforts over the past three decades have yielded a wealth of pharmacological tools including subtype-selective agents that competitively block or mimic the actions of glutamate or act allosterically via distinct sites to enhance or inhibit receptor activity. Herein, we review the physiologic and pathophysiological roles for individual mGlu receptor subtypes including the pleiotropic nature of intracellular signal transduction arising from each. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of prototypical and commercially available orthosteric agonists and antagonists as well as allosteric modulators, including ligands that have entered clinical trials. Finally, we highlight emerging areas of research that hold promise to facilitate rational design of highly selective mGlu receptor-targeting therapeutics in the future. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The metabotropic glutamate receptors are attractive therapeutic targets for a range of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Over the past three decades, intense discovery efforts have yielded diverse pharmacological tools acting either competitively or allosterically, which have enabled dissection of fundamental biological process modulated by metabotropic glutamate receptors and established proof of concept for many therapeutic indications. We review metabotropic glutamate receptor molecular pharmacology and highlight emerging areas that are offering new avenues to selectively modulate neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.) and Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France (C.G.)
| | - Cyril Goudet
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.) and Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France (C.G.)
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7
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Hosoya T, Shukla NM, Fujita Y, Yao S, Lao FS, Baba H, Yasuda S, Cottam HB, Carson DA, Hayashi T, Corr M. Identification of Compounds With Glucocorticoid Sparing Effects on Suppression of Chemokine and Cytokine Production by Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:607713. [PMID: 33390996 PMCID: PMC7773657 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.607713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years target based drug discovery has expanded our therapeutic armamentarium in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Despite these advances and adverse effects, glucocorticoids remain reliable agents that are used in many of these diseases. The anti-inflammatory mechanisms of glucocorticoids include the suppression of transcription factor activity like nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). By reanalyzing data from two prior high throughput screens (HTS) that utilized a NF-κB reporter construct in THP-1 cells, we identified 1824 small molecule synthetic compounds that demonstrated NF-κB suppressive activities similar to the glucocorticoids included in the original >134,000 compound libraries. These 1824 compounds were then rescreened for attenuating NF-κB activity at 5 and 16 h after LPS stimuli in the NF-κB THP-1 reporter cells. After a “Top X” selection approach 122 hit compounds were further tested for toxicity and suppression of LPS induced CXCL8 release in THP-1 cells. Excluding cytotoxic compounds, the remaining active compounds were grouped into chemotype families using Tanimoto based clustering. Promising representatives from clustered chemotype groups were commercially purchased for further testing. Amongst these index compounds a lead chemotype: 1H-pyrazolo [3,4 d] pyrimidin-4-amine, effectively suppressed CXCL8, and TNF production by THP-1 cells when stimulated with LPS, TNF or IL-1ß. Extending these studies to primary cells, these lead compounds also reduced IL-6 and CXCL8 production by TNF stimulated fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Importantly a lead 1H-pyrazolo [3,4 d] pyrimidin-4-amine compound demonstrated synergistic effects with dexamethasone when co-administered to TNF stimulated THP-1 cells and RA FLS in suppressing chemokine production. In summary, a cell based HTS approach identified lead compounds that reduced NF-κB activity and chemokine secretion induced by potent immunologic stimuli, and one lead compound that acted synergistically with dexamethasone as an anti-inflammatory agent showing a dose-sparing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Hosoya
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Rheumatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nikunj M Shukla
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Yuya Fujita
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Shiyin Yao
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Fitzgerald S Lao
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Hiroyuki Baba
- Department of Rheumatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Yasuda
- Department of Rheumatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Howard B Cottam
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Dennis A Carson
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Tomoko Hayashi
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Maripat Corr
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Mo C, Xie S, Zhong W, Zeng T, Huang S, Lai Y, Deng G, Zhou C, Yan W, Chen Y, Huang S, Gao L, Lv Z. Mutual antagonism between indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 regulates the maturation status of DCs in liver fibrosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:178-190. [PMID: 32771520 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis can develop into liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma substantially without effective available treatment currently due to rarely characterized molecular pathogenesis. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1(IDO1) can be detected on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and modulates various immune responses. However, the role of IDO1 in the regulation of dendritic cells (DCs) during liver fibrosis is rarely reported. Here, we found that hepatic IDO1 was up-regulated during CCL4-induced liver fibrosis, which accompanied by a significant decrease in the frequencies of CD11c+CD80+, CD11c+CD86+, CD11c+CD40+ and CD11c+MHCII+ cells and a reduction in the subsequent T cell proliferation rate, whereas these changes were reversed significantly in IDO1-/- mice. Overexpressing IDO1 by adeno-associated viral vector serotype 9 (AAV9) significantly inhibited the maturation status of DCs, worsened fibrosis. In vitro studies showed that significantly elevated CD80, CD86, CD40 and MHCII expression were observed in BMDCs derived from IDO1-/- mice. Moreover, the maturation of BMDCs derived from WT mice were significantly increased after stimulated with IDO1 inhibitor (1-methyl- D -tryptophan). Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a key regulator of the cellular adaptive response to oxidative insults and inflammation, exhibited a markedly decrease in the liver of WT fibrotic mice, nevertheless, knockout of IDO1 enhanced the protein level of Nrf2. Moreover, the expression of IDO1 and Nrf2 exhibited inverse colocalization pattern suggesting that ectopically expressed IDO1 down-regulated Nrf2. Additionally, up-regulation of IDO1 was also observed in the livers of Nrf2-/- fibrotic mice. Taken together, these data uncovered mutual antagonism between IDO1 and Nrf2 on the maturation status of DCs during hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Mo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Shuwen Xie
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Weichao Zhong
- Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, No.1, Fuhua Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518033, China
| | - Ting Zeng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Sha Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Yuqi Lai
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Guanghui Deng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Chuying Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Weixin Yan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Yuyao Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Shaohui Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Lei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China.
| | - Zhiping Lv
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China.
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9
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Iacono A, Pompa A, De Marchis F, Panfili E, Greco FA, Coletti A, Orabona C, Volpi C, Belladonna ML, Mondanelli G, Albini E, Vacca C, Gargaro M, Fallarino F, Bianchi R, De Marcos Lousa C, Mazza EM, Bicciato S, Proietti E, Milano F, Martelli MP, Iamandii IM, Graupera Garcia-Mila M, Llena Sopena J, Hawkins P, Suire S, Okkenhaug K, Stark AK, Grassi F, Bellucci M, Puccetti P, Santambrogio L, Macchiarulo A, Grohmann U, Pallotta MT. Class IA PI3Ks regulate subcellular and functional dynamics of IDO1. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49756. [PMID: 33159421 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of a protein's spatial dynamics at the subcellular level is key to understanding its function(s), interactions, and associated intracellular events. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a cytosolic enzyme that controls immune responses via tryptophan metabolism, mainly through its enzymic activity. When phosphorylated, however, IDO1 acts as a signaling molecule in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), thus activating genomic effects, ultimately leading to long-lasting immunosuppression. Whether the two activities-namely, the catalytic and signaling functions-are spatially segregated has been unclear. We found that, under conditions favoring signaling rather than catabolic events, IDO1 shifts from the cytosol to early endosomes. The event requires interaction with class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks), which become activated, resulting in full expression of the immunoregulatory phenotype in vivo in pDCs as resulting from IDO1-dependent signaling events. Thus, IDO1's spatial dynamics meet the needs for short-acting as well as durable mechanisms of immune suppression, both under acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. These data expand the theoretical basis for an IDO1-centered therapy in inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberta Iacono
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Pompa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy.,Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca De Marchis
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Perugia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Panfili
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco A Greco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alice Coletti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ciriana Orabona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Volpi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria L Belladonna
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Albini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carmine Vacca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Gargaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Bianchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carine De Marcos Lousa
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Center for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Silvio Bicciato
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Elisa Proietti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - Ioana M Iamandii
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Judith Llena Sopena
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | | | | | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Fabio Grassi
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Michele Bellucci
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Puccetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Laura Santambrogio
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ursula Grohmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Maria T Pallotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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10
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Biernacki T, Sandi D, Bencsik K, Vécsei L. Kynurenines in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Therapeutic Perspectives. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061564. [PMID: 32604956 PMCID: PMC7349747 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past years, an increasing amount of evidence has emerged in support of the kynurenine pathway’s (KP) pivotal role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative, psychiatric, vascular and autoimmune diseases. Different neuroactive metabolites of the KP are known to exert opposite effects on neurons, some being neuroprotective (e.g., picolinic acid, kynurenic acid, and the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), while others are toxic to neurons (e.g., 3-hydroxykynurenine, quinolinic acid). Not only the alterations in the levels of the metabolites but also disturbances in their ratio (quinolinic acid/kynurenic acid) have been reported in several diseases. In addition to the metabolites, the enzymes participating in the KP have been unearthed to be involved in modulation of the immune system, the energetic upkeep of neurons and have been shown to influence redox processes and inflammatory cascades, revealing a sophisticated, intertwined system. This review considers various methods through which enzymes and metabolites of the kynurenine pathway influence the immune system, the roles they play in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory diseases based on current evidence with a focus on their involvement in multiple sclerosis, as well as therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Biernacki
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (D.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Dániel Sandi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (D.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Krisztina Bencsik
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (D.S.); (K.B.)
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (D.S.); (K.B.)
- MTA—SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-62-545-356; Fax: +36-62-545-597
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11
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Abulwerdi G, Stoica BA, Loane DJ, Faden AI. Putative mGluR4 positive allosteric modulators activate G i-independent anti-inflammatory mechanisms in microglia. Neurochem Int 2020; 138:104770. [PMID: 32454165 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Chronic dysregulated microglial activation may lead to persistent inflammation and progressive neurodegeneration. A previous study reported that ADX88178, a putative metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (mGluR4) positive allosteric modulator (PAM), exerts anti-inflammatory effects in microglia by activating mGluR4. We employed in vitro models of immortalized microglia cell lines and primary microglia to elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the regulation of inflammatory pathways by ADX88178 and other mGluR4 PAMs. ADX88178 downregulated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, IL-1β, CCL-2, IL-6, NOS2, and miR-155, as well as NO levels, in BV2 cells and primary microglia. Other mGluR4 modulators had divergent activities; VU0361737 (PAM) showed anti-inflammatory effects, whereas the orthosteric group III agonist, L-AP4, and VU0155041 (PAM) displayed no anti-inflammatory actions. In contrast to the earlier report, ADX88178 anti-inflammatory effects appeared to be mGluR4-independent as mGluR4 expression in our in vitro models was very low and its actions were not altered by pharmacological or molecular inhibition of mGluR4. Moreover, we showed that ADX88178 activated Gi-independent, alternative signaling pathways as indicated by the absence of pertussis toxin-mediated inhibition and by increased phosphorylation of cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), an inhibitor of the NFkB pro-inflammatory pathway. ADX88178 also attenuated NFkB activation by reducing the degradation of IkB and the associated translocation of NFkB-p65 to the nucleus. ADX88178 did not exert its anti-inflammatory effects through adenosine receptors, reported as mGluR4 heteromerization partners. Thus, our results indicate that in microglia, putative mGluR4 PAMs activate mGluR4/Gi-independent mechanisms to attenuate pro-inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelareh Abulwerdi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - David J Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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12
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Manni G, Mondanelli G, Scalisi G, Pallotta MT, Nardi D, Padiglioni E, Romani R, Talesa VN, Puccetti P, Fallarino F, Gargaro M. Pharmacologic Induction of Endotoxin Tolerance in Dendritic Cells by L-Kynurenine. Front Immunol 2020; 11:292. [PMID: 32226425 PMCID: PMC7081078 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endotoxin tolerance aims at opposing hyperinflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) participates in protection against LPS-mediated tissue damage, as it plays a necessary role in restraining the proinflammatory action of IL-1β and TNF-α while fostering the expression of protective TGF-β. TGF-β, in turn, promotes durable expression of the immune regulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1). IDO1 degrades L-tryptophan to L-kynurenine-an activating ligand for AhR-thus establishing a feed-forward loop. In this study, we further demonstrate that L-kynurenine also promotes the dissociation of the Src kinase-AhR cytosolic complex, leading to the activation of both genomic and non-genomic events in conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) primed with LPS. Specifically, the Src kinase, by phosphorylating the downstream target IDO1, triggers IDO1's signaling ability, which results in enhanced production of TGF-β, an event key to establishing full endotoxin tolerance. We demonstrated that exogenous L-kynurenine can substitute for the effects of continued or repeated LPS exposure and that the AhR-Src-IDO1 axis represents a critical step for the transition from endotoxin susceptibility to tolerance. Moreover, much like fully endotoxin-tolerant dendritic cells (DCs) (i.e., treated twice with LPS in vitro), DCs-treated once with LPS in vitro and then with kynurenine-confer resistance on naïve recipients to an otherwise lethal LPS challenge. This may have clinical implications under conditions in which pharmacologically induced onset of endotoxin tolerance is a therapeutically desirable event.
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13
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Mondanelli G, Coletti A, Greco FA, Pallotta MT, Orabona C, Iacono A, Belladonna ML, Albini E, Panfili E, Fallarino F, Gargaro M, Manni G, Matino D, Carvalho A, Cunha C, Maciel P, Di Filippo M, Gaetani L, Bianchi R, Vacca C, Iamandii IM, Proietti E, Boscia F, Annunziato L, Peppelenbosch M, Puccetti P, Calabresi P, Macchiarulo A, Santambrogio L, Volpi C, Grohmann U. Positive allosteric modulation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 restrains neuroinflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:3848-57. [PMID: 32024760 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918215117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
l-tryptophan (Trp), an essential amino acid for mammals, is the precursor of a wide array of immunomodulatory metabolites produced by the kynurenine and serotonin pathways. The kynurenine pathway is a paramount source of several immunoregulatory metabolites, including l-kynurenine (Kyn), the main product of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the pathway. In the serotonin pathway, the metabolite N-acetylserotonin (NAS) has been shown to possess antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and neuroprotective properties in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, little is known about the exact mode of action of the serotonin metabolite and the possible interplay between the 2 Trp metabolic pathways. Prompted by the discovery that NAS neuroprotective effects in EAE are abrogated in mice lacking IDO1 expression, we investigated the NAS mode of action in neuroinflammation. We found that NAS directly binds IDO1 and acts as a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of the IDO1 enzyme in vitro and in vivo. As a result, increased Kyn will activate the ligand-activated transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor and, consequently, antiinflammatory and immunoregulatory effects. Because NAS also increased IDO1 activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a significant proportion of MS patients, our data may set the basis for the development of IDO1 PAMs as first-in-class drugs in autoimmune/neuroinflammatory diseases.
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14
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Ritprajak P, Kaewraemruaen C, Hirankarn N. Current Paradigms of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells and Clinical Implications for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101291. [PMID: 31640263 PMCID: PMC6830089 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs) are central players in the initiation and maintenance of immune tolerance and subsequent prevention of autoimmunity. Recent advances in treatment of autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have focused on inducing specific tolerance to avoid long-term use of immunosuppressive drugs. Therefore, DC-targeted therapies to either suppress DC immunogenicity or to promote DC tolerogenicity are of high interest. This review describes details of the typical characteristics of in vivo and ex vivo tolDC, which will help to select a protocol that can generate tolDC with high functional quality for clinical treatment of autoimmune disease in individual patients. In addition, we discuss the recent studies uncovering metabolic pathways and their interrelation intertwined with DC tolerogenicity. This review also highlights the clinical implications of tolDC-based therapy for SLE treatment, examines the current clinical therapeutics in patients with SLE, which can generate tolDC in vivo, and further discusses on possibility and limitation on each strategy. This synthesis provides new perspectives on development of novel therapeutic approaches for SLE and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patcharee Ritprajak
- Research Unit in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Chamraj Kaewraemruaen
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Nattiya Hirankarn
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Immunology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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15
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Gargaro M, Vacca C, Massari S, Scalisi G, Manni G, Mondanelli G, Mazza EMC, Bicciato S, Pallotta MT, Orabona C, Belladonna ML, Volpi C, Bianchi R, Matino D, Iacono A, Panfili E, Proietti E, Iamandii IM, Cecchetti V, Puccetti P, Tabarrini O, Fallarino F, Grohmann U. Engagement of Nuclear Coactivator 7 by 3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid Enhances Activation of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Immunoregulatory Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1973. [PMID: 31481962 PMCID: PMC6710348 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) catalyzes the first step in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan (Trp) degradation that produces several biologically active Trp metabolites. L-kynurenine (Kyn), the first byproduct by IDO1, promotes immunoregulatory effects via activation of the Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) in dendritic cells (DCs) and T lymphocytes. We here identified the nuclear coactivator 7 (NCOA7) as a molecular target of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA), a Trp metabolite produced downstream of Kyn along the kynurenine pathway. In cells overexpressing NCOA7 and AhR, the presence of 3-HAA increased the association of the two molecules and enhanced Kyn-driven, AhR-dependent gene transcription. Physiologically, conventional (cDCs) but not plasmacytoid DCs or other immune cells expressed high levels of NCOA7. In cocultures of CD4+ T cells with cDCs, the co-addition of Kyn and 3-HAA significantly increased the induction of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and the production of immunosuppressive transforming growth factor β in an NCOA7-dependent fashion. Thus, the co-presence of NCOA7 and the Trp metabolite 3-HAA can selectively enhance the activation of ubiquitary AhR in cDCs and consequent immunoregulatory effects. Because NCOA7 is often overexpressed and/or mutated in tumor microenvironments, our current data may provide evidence for a new immune check-point mechanism based on Trp metabolism and AhR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gargaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carmine Vacca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Serena Massari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giulia Scalisi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Manni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giada Mondanelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Emilia M C Mazza
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Silvio Bicciato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Maria T Pallotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ciriana Orabona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria L Belladonna
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Volpi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Bianchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Davide Matino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alberta Iacono
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Panfili
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elisa Proietti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Violetta Cecchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Puccetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Oriana Tabarrini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Ursula Grohmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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16
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Charvin D. mGlu 4 allosteric modulation for treating Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2018; 135:308-15. [PMID: 29578036 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
2017 is the 200th anniversary of the first published description of Parkinson's disease (PD). Fifty years ago, the clinical benefit of levodopa was first documented, representing the most important advance in the treatment of PD so far. Among the novel targets identified in the last decade, positive allosteric modulators (PAM) of mGlu4 receptors show great promise, with the potential to change the paradigm of the PD treatment approach. mGlu4 PAMs have shown consistent efficacy in various preclinical models of PD, and entered clinical trials for the first time in 2017. This review synthesizes the rationale for mGlu4 PAM development for PD and progress to date, reporting the key achievements from preclinical studies to the first-in-class compound assessment in man.
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17
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Volpi C, Fallarino F, Mondanelli G, Macchiarulo A, Grohmann U. Opportunities and challenges in drug discovery targeting metabotropic glutamate receptor 4. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:411-423. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1443076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Volpi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Giada Mondanelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ursula Grohmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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18
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Fazio F, Ulivieri M, Volpi C, Gargaro M, Fallarino F. Targeting metabotropic glutamate receptors for the treatment of neuroinflammation. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 38:16-23. [PMID: 29471184 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A large body of evidence suggests that neuroinflammation lies at the core of nearly all CNS disorders, including psychiatric disorders. Invading and local immune cells orchestrate the series of events that lead to either tissue repair or damage in response to neuroinflammation. Both lymphocytes and microglia express metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors, which respond to glutamate or other endogenous activators (e.g. some kynurenine metabolites of tryptophan metabolism) influencing immune phenotype and the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Here, we offer an up-to-date on the role of individual mGlu receptor subtypes in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune response, highlighting the relevance of this information in the development of subtype-selective mGlu receptor ligands for treatment of CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martina Ulivieri
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Volpi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Polo Unico Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Piazzale Gambuli, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Gargaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Polo Unico Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Piazzale Gambuli, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Fallarino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Polo Unico Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Piazzale Gambuli, 06132 Perugia, Italy
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19
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Gammon JM, Adapa AR, Jewell CM. Control of autoimmune inflammation using liposomes to deliver positive allosteric modulators of metabotropic glutamate receptors. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Gammon
- Fischell Department of BioengineeringUniversity of MarylandCollege Park Maryland
| | - Arjun R. Adapa
- Fischell Department of BioengineeringUniversity of MarylandCollege Park Maryland
| | - Christopher M. Jewell
- Fischell Department of BioengineeringUniversity of MarylandCollege Park Maryland
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Maryland Medical SchoolBaltimore Maryland
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer CenterBaltimore Maryland
- University States Department of Veteran AffairsBaltimore Maryland
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20
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Grohmann U, Mondanelli G, Belladonna ML, Orabona C, Pallotta MT, Iacono A, Puccetti P, Volpi C. Amino-acid sensing and degrading pathways in immune regulation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 35:37-45. [PMID: 28545736 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenases (IDOs) - belonging in the heme dioxygenase family and degrading tryptophan - are responsible for the de novo synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). As such, they are expressed by a variety of invertebrate and vertebrate species. In mammals, IDO1 has remarkably evolved to expand its functions, so to become a prominent homeostatic regulator, capable of modulating infection and immunity in multiple ways, including local tryptophan deprivation, production of biologically active tryptophan catabolites, and non-enzymatic cell-signaling activity. Much like IDO1, arginase 1 (Arg1) is an immunoregulatory enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of arginine. Here, we discuss the possible role of amino-acid degradation as related to the evolution of the immune systems and how the functions of those enzymes are linked by an entwined pathway selected by phylogenesis to meet the newly arising needs imposed by an evolving environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Grohmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Giada Mondanelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria L Belladonna
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ciriana Orabona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria T Pallotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alberta Iacono
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Puccetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Volpi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
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21
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Mondanelli G, Bianchi R, Pallotta MT, Orabona C, Albini E, Iacono A, Belladonna ML, Vacca C, Fallarino F, Macchiarulo A, Ugel S, Bronte V, Gevi F, Zolla L, Verhaar A, Peppelenbosch M, Mazza EMC, Bicciato S, Laouar Y, Santambrogio L, Puccetti P, Volpi C, Grohmann U. A Relay Pathway between Arginine and Tryptophan Metabolism Confers Immunosuppressive Properties on Dendritic Cells. Immunity 2017; 46:233-244. [PMID: 28214225 PMCID: PMC5337620 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Arginase 1 (Arg1) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) are immunoregulatory enzymes catalyzing the degradation of l-arginine and l-tryptophan, respectively, resulting in local amino acid deprivation. In addition, unlike Arg1, IDO1 is also endowed with non-enzymatic signaling activity in dendritic cells (DCs). Despite considerable knowledge of their individual biology, no integrated functions of Arg1 and IDO1 have been reported yet. We found that IDO1 phosphorylation and consequent activation of IDO1 signaling in DCs was strictly dependent on prior expression of Arg1 and Arg1-dependent production of polyamines. Polyamines, either produced by DCs or released by bystander Arg1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells, conditioned DCs toward an IDO1-dependent, immunosuppressive phenotype via activation of the Src kinase, which has IDO1-phosphorylating activity. Thus our data indicate that Arg1 and IDO1 are linked by an entwined pathway in immunometabolism and that their joint modulation could represent an important target for effective immunotherapy in several disease settings. Dendritic cells (DCs) can co-express Arg1 and IDO1 immunosuppressive enzymes Arg1 activity is required for IDO1 induction by TGF-β in DCs Spermidine, a downstream Arg1 product, but not arginine starvation, induces IDO1 in DCs Arg1+ myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) can render DCs immunosuppressive via IDO1
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Mondanelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Bianchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Ciriana Orabona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Elisa Albini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alberta Iacono
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Carmine Vacca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Fallarino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Ugel
- Department of Medicine, Verona University Hospital, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Bronte
- Department of Medicine, Verona University Hospital, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Federica Gevi
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Lello Zolla
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Auke Verhaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre Rotterdam, 3015 CE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maikel Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre Rotterdam, 3015 CE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Silvio Bicciato
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Yasmina Laouar
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5620, US
| | - Laura Santambrogio
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, US
| | - Paolo Puccetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Volpi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Ursula Grohmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
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Abstract
To evade immune destruction, tumors exploit a wide range of immune escape mechanisms, including the induction of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. This is mediated, in part, by amino acid degrading enzymes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, arginase 1 and arginase 2, which have emerged as key players in the regulation of tumor-induced immune tolerance. Here we describe how the expression of tryptophan- and arginine-degrading enzymes by tumor and tumor-infiltrating cells can hamper cancer-specific immune responses, and discuss how this knowledge is being exploited to develop new strategies for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Timosenko
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Andreas V Hadjinicolaou
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
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23
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Fazio F, Lionetto L, Curto M, Iacovelli L, Copeland CS, Neale SA, Bruno V, Battaglia G, Salt TE, Nicoletti F. Cinnabarinic acid and xanthurenic acid: Two kynurenine metabolites that interact with metabotropic glutamate receptors. Neuropharmacology 2017; 112:365-372. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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