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Salahuddin M, Shahid S, Tariq U, Aqeel M, Arif AU, Aslam M, Sattar S. Outcomes of patients with elevated pulmonary artery systolic pressure on echocardiography due to chronic lung diseases. Respir Investig 2024; 62:69-74. [PMID: 37952288 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension is associated with increased mortality, and lung diseases are the second most common cause of pulmonary hypertension. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of echocardiography in low-middle income countries where right heart catheterization is difficult to perform. METHODS This retrospective chart review study included adult patients hospitalized from June 2012 to May 2021, with a pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) of ≥35 mmHg on echocardiography. The control arm consisted of patients with similar lung diseases who did not have an elevated PASP. RESULTS The study and control arm consisted of 128 patients each, with both groups having similar lung diseases. Obesity hypoventilation syndrome was the most common etiology of elevated PASP (28.1 %), followed by pulmonary embolism (20.3 %). The overall 1-year mortality of the study cohort, after diagnosis of elevated PASP, was 20.3 %. The control cohort with normal PASP had a 1-year mortality of 4.7 %. In the study cohort, patients with bronchiectasis had the highest cause-specific 1-year mortality (45.5 %). In the normal PASP cohort, the highest cause-specific 1-year mortality was observed in patients with interstitial lung disease (13.0 %). One-year hospital readmission was observed in 46.9 % and 33.6 % of patients in the study and control arms, respectively. On multivariate analysis, increased odds of 1-year mortality were observed in patients with elevated PASP, patients with 1-year hospital readmission, and in patients with interstitial lung disease or bronchiectasis. CONCLUSION Elevated PASP on echocardiography may be a prognostic factor for mortality in patients with chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moiz Salahuddin
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Shayan Shahid
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Umar Tariq
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Masooma Aqeel
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ali Usman Arif
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Aslam
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Saadia Sattar
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Xu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Liang W, Wang Y, Zeng Z, Liang Z, Ling Z, Chen Y, Deng X, Huang Y, Liu X, Zhang H, Li Y. High driving pressure ventilation induces pulmonary hypertension in a rabbit model of acute lung injury. J Intensive Care 2023; 11:42. [PMID: 37749622 PMCID: PMC10518953 DOI: 10.1186/s40560-023-00689-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical ventilation may cause pulmonary hypertension in patients with acute lung injury (ALI), but the underlying mechanism remains elucidated. METHODS ALI was induced in rabbits by a two-hit injury, i.e., hydrochloric acid aspiration followed by mechanical ventilation for 1 h. Rabbits were then ventilated with driving pressure of 10, 15, 20, or 25 cmH2O for 7 h. Clinicopathological parameters were measured at baseline and different timepoints of ventilation. RNA sequencing was conducted to identify the differentially expressed genes in high driving pressure ventilated lung tissue. RESULTS The two-hit injury induced ALI in rabbits was evidenced by dramatically decreased PaO2/FiO2 in the ALI group compared with that in the control group (144.5 ± 23.8 mmHg vs. 391.6 ± 26.6 mmHg, P < 0.001). High driving pressure ventilation (20 and 25 cmH2O) significantly elevated the parameters of acute pulmonary hypertension at different timepoints compared with low driving pressure (10 and 15 cmH2O), along with significant increases in lung wet/dry ratios, total protein contents in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and lung injury scores. The high driving pressure groups showed more pronounced histopathological abnormalities in the lung compared with the low driving pressure groups, accompanied by significant increases in the cross-sectional areas of myocytes, right ventricular weight/body weight value, and Fulton's index. Furthermore, the expression of the genes related to ferroptosis induction was generally upregulated in high driving pressure groups compared with those in low driving pressure groups. CONCLUSIONS A rabbit model of ventilation-induced pulmonary hypertension in ALI was successfully established. Our results open a new research direction investigating the exact role of ferroptosis in ventilation-induced pulmonary hypertension in ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghao Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory and Health, Medical Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory and Health, Medical Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory and Health, Medical Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Weibo Liang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory and Health, Medical Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory and Health, Medical Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zitao Zeng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory and Health, Medical Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zhenting Liang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory and Health, Medical Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zhaoyi Ling
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory and Health, Medical Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yubiao Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory and Health, Medical Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiumei Deng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory and Health, Medical Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yongbo Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory and Health, Medical Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory and Health, Medical Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory and Health, Medical Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5B1W8, Canada.
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Yimin Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory and Health, Medical Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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Zainab A, Gooch M, Tuazon DM. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2023; 19:58-65. [PMID: 37547902 PMCID: PMC10402823 DOI: 10.14797/mdcvj.1244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart and lung interaction within the thoracic cavity is well known during inhalation and exhalation, both spontaneously and during mechanical ventilation. Disease and dysfunction of one organ affect the function of the other. A review of the cause-and-effect relationship between cardiovascular disease and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is of significance, as the disease burden of both conditions has both a national and global impact on health care. This literature review examines the relationship between cardiovascular disease and ARDS over the past 25 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Zainab
- Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston Methodist, Houston, Texas, US
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, US
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Leslie E, Gibson AL, Gonzalez Bosc LV, Mermier C, Wilson SM, Deyhle MR. Can Maternal Exercise Prevent High-Altitude Pulmonary Hypertension in Children? High Alt Med Biol 2023; 24:1-6. [PMID: 36695730 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2022.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Leslie, Eric, Ann L. Gibson, Laura V. Gonzalez Bosc, Christine Mermier, Sean M. Wilson, and Michael R. Deyhle. Review: can maternal exercise prevent high-altitude pulmonary hypertension in children? High Alt Med Biol. 24:1-6, 2023.-Chronic high-altitude exposure reduces oxygen delivery to the fetus during pregnancy and causes pathologic pulmonary artery remodeling, This increases the risk of high-altitude pulmonary hypertension (PH), which is a particularly fatal disease that is difficult to treat. Therefore, finding ways to prevent high-altitude PH, including during the neonatal period, is preferable. Cardiorespiratory exercise can improve functional capacity and quality of life in patients with high-altitude PH. However, similar to other treatments and surgical procedures, the benefits are not enough to cure the disease after a diagnosis. Cardiorespiratory exercise by mothers during pregnancy (i.e., maternal exercise) has not been previously evaluated to prevent the development of high-altitude PH in children born and living at high altitude. This focused review describes the pathophysiology of high-altitude PH and the potential benefit of maternal exercise for preventing the disease caused by high-altitude pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Leslie
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ann L Gibson
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Laura V Gonzalez Bosc
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Christine Mermier
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Sean M Wilson
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Michael R Deyhle
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Lacedonia D, Correale M, Tricarico L, Scioscia G, Stornelli SR, Simone F, Casparrini M, Brunetti ND, Foschino Barbaro MP. Survival of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension under therapy with nintedanib or pirfenidone. Intern Emerg Med 2022; 17:815-822. [PMID: 34787802 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-021-02883-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a specific form of chronic, progressive, fibrosing interstitial pneumonia of unknown cause that leads to respiratory failure and death within few years of diagnosis. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common complication in IPF, where it is strongly associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Patients with IPF and PH have particularly poor prognosis, despite current best medical therapies and the anti-fibrotic therapy with pirfenidone or nintedanib. The aim of our study was to assess the clinical and prognostic impact of PH in patients affected by IPF, already treated with pirfenidone or nintedanib. Seventy-four consecutive outpatients with a diagnosis of IPF, in therapy with pirfenidone or nintedanib, were prospectively enrolled in the study. All patients underwent pulmonary and cardiology assessment by clinical exam, spirometry, DLCO test, chest CT, 6MWT and echocardiography performed by a cardiologist experienced in PH in an ambulatory setting under resting conditions. GAP index has been determinate for all patients. During follow-up, all patients were evaluated every 6 months, or less if necessary. Data about mortality were then collected in a 3-year follow-up. Of the seventy-four patients enrolled, 38 were treated with pirfenidone and 36 with nintedanib. The two groups were comparable for age, gender, FVC, DLCO and PAPS. The patients were also divided in four groups, based on presence of mild/moderate/severe PH by echocardiography at baseline. Significant differences were found for DLCO and the GAP index. Severity of PH was significantly associated with a reduction of DLCO and with an increased GAP index. Survival was directly correlated with 6MWT (R = 0.48), DLCO (R = 0.29, p < 0.01), and reversely with tGAP index (- 0.31, p < 0.01 in all cases), while no significant correlation was found with PAsP. 36-month survival analysis showed an HR of 4.05 (95% CI 1.07-7.34, p = 0.02) for DLCO < 50% and of 1.56 (95% CI 1.02-2.39, p = 0.03) for GAP index. The development and progression of PH in patients affected by IPF reduce the survival and the severity of PH is associated with a reduction of DLCO value and an increase of the GAP index. Echocardiographic stratification based on PAsP values may be useful in stratifying prognosis in IPF patients and deciding specific PAH drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Lacedonia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Michele Correale
- Cardiology Department, Policlinico Riuniti University Hospital, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Lucia Tricarico
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giulia Scioscia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Filomena Simone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Massimo Casparrini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Yoshida T, Matsuura K, Seijirow G, Uemura A, Yilmaz Z, Tanaka R. Non-invasive Assessment of Pulmonary Artery Wave Reflection in Dogs With Suspected Pulmonary Hypertension. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:659194. [PMID: 34307519 PMCID: PMC8298900 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.659194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pulmonary arterial wave reflection (PAWR) occurs when the forward blood flow out the right ventricle is reflected by the pulmonary arterial tree, generating a backward wave. PAWR assessed by cardiac catheterization has been used to obtain information regarding pulmonary artery hemodynamics in pulmonary hypertension (PH) in people. However, diagnostic cardiac catheterization is not commonly used in small animal medicine because it is invasive and requires anesthesia. Hypothesis/Objective: To investigate whether PAWR can be assessed non-invasively in dogs with suspected PH using Doppler echocardiography, based on wave intensity analysis (WIA). In addition, the method was validated in a dog model of acute pulmonary embolism. Animals: Fifty-one client-owned dogs with tricuspid valve regurgitation were included in the clinical study (35 with suspected PH and 16 without echocardiographic evidence of PH) and eight healthy beagle dogs were included in the validation study. Methods: PAWR was assessed by separating pulmonary artery pulse pressure waveforms, which were estimated from the flow profile of tricuspid regurgitation, into forward (Pf) and backward pressures (Pb) using WIA. Reflection coefficient (RC) was defined as the ratio of peak Pb to peak Pf. We investigated the relationships between RC, cause, and survival time in dogs with suspected PH. In addition, we performed a validation study to compare PAWR obtained by cardiac catheterization and PAWR by Doppler echocardiography in dogs with experimentally-induced PH. Results: RC was significantly higher in dogs with suspected PH than in dogs without echocardiographic evidence of PH (0.18 ± 0.13 vs. 0.59 ± 0.21, P < 0.001). A characteristic reflected waveform appeared depending on the cause of PH. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that dogs with RC > 0.48 had a significantly shorter survival time than dogs with RC <0.48 (x2 = 9.8, log-rank test, p = 0.0018, median survival time 353 days vs. 110 days). In the validation study, RC obtained by Doppler echocardiography was significantly correlated with RC obtained by cardiac catheterization (r = 0.81, P < 0.001). Conclusions: PAWR analysis performed by echocardiography seems feasible in dogs and could provide useful information for classification and prognosis in canine PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Yoshida
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Matsuura
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Japan
| | - Goya Seijirow
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa-shi, Japan
| | - Akiko Uemura
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro-shi, Japan
| | - Zeki Yilmaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ryou Tanaka
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Japan
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Mincewicz G, Siergiejko G, Piepiorka M, Świdnicka-Siergiejko A, Siergiejko Z, Krzykowski G. Functional assessment of the right ventricle in patients with bronchial asthma of various severity. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2021; 38:52-56. [PMID: 34408566 PMCID: PMC8362787 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2021.104278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary artery hypertension and its consequences still constitutes an underestimated clinical problem in asthma patients and its non-invasive early detection may influence proper treatment. AIM To non-invasively examine the pulmonary artery flow parameters and right ventricular function in patients with asthma of various severity. MATERIAL AND METHODS The analysis of parameters of echocardiography and first-pass and gated radionuclide angiography, and baseline examination in 31 patients with bronchial asthma and 16 healthy controls. RESULTS Patients with severe asthma had higher mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) compared to the healthy controls. The subgroup analysis of patients who suffered from asthma in their childhood showed that individuals with severe asthma were characterized by significantly higher MPAP than those with the mild/moderate condition (19.16 ±7.51 mm Hg vs. 5.0 ±1.15 mm Hg, p = 0.025). Gated, but not first-pass, radionuclide angiography revealed that individuals with severe asthma were characterized by a lower right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF). Further analysis of the subgroup of patients in whom the initial manifestation of dyspnoea occurred no earlier than 6 years prior to the study showed that the RVEF of individuals with severe asthma was significantly lower compared to those with mild/moderate asthma (39.8 ±4.79% vs. 51.4 ±8.65%, p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS The pulmonary artery pressure in patients with severe asthma is significantly higher than in healthy individuals; in contrast, these two groups did not differ significantly in terms of the right ventricular echocardiographic characteristics. Gated radionuclide angiography, but not the first-pass technique, allowed for the detection of subtle right ventricular ejection fraction changes in asthma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grzegorz Siergiejko
- Department of Paediatrics, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutrition and Allergology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marek Piepiorka
- Department of Cardiology, Specialist Hospital, Wejherowo, Poland
| | | | - Zenon Siergiejko
- Respiratory System Diagnostic and Bronchoscopy Department, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Revercomb L, Hanmandlu A, Wareing N, Akkanti B, Karmouty-Quintana H. Mechanisms of Pulmonary Hypertension in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:624093. [PMID: 33537342 PMCID: PMC7848216 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.624093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe and often fatal disease. The causes that lead to ARDS are multiple and include inhalation of salt water, smoke particles, or as a result of damage caused by respiratory viruses. ARDS can also arise due to systemic complications such as blood transfusions, sepsis, or pancreatitis. Unfortunately, despite a high mortality rate of 40%, there are limited treatment options available for ARDS outside of last resort options such as mechanical ventilation and extracorporeal support strategies. Aim of review: A complication of ARDS is the development of pulmonary hypertension (PH); however, the mechanisms that lead to PH in ARDS are not fully understood. In this review, we summarize the known mechanisms that promote PH in ARDS. Key scientific concepts of review: (1) Provide an overview of acute respiratory distress syndrome; (2) delineate the mechanisms that contribute to the development of PH in ARDS; (3) address the implications of PH in the setting of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Revercomb
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ankit Hanmandlu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nancy Wareing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Bindu Akkanti
- Divisions of Critical Care, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Divisions of Critical Care, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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Rajagopal K, Bryant AJ, Sahay S, Wareing N, Zhou Y, Pandit LM, Karmouty-Quintana H. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension: Heracles meets the Hydra. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:172-186. [PMID: 32128790 PMCID: PMC7910027 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal lung disease where the additional presence of pulmonary hypertension (PH) reduces survival. In particular, the presence of coexistent pulmonary vascular disease in patients with advanced lung parenchymal disease results in worse outcomes than either diagnosis alone. This is true with respect to the natural histories of these diseases, outcomes with medical therapies, and even outcomes following lung transplantation. Consequently, there is a striking need for improved treatments for PH in the setting of IPF. In this review, we summarize existing therapies from the perspective of molecular mechanisms underlying lung fibrosis and vasoconstriction/vascular remodelling and discuss potential future targets for pharmacotherapy. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Risk factors, comorbidities, and comedications in cardioprotection. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.1/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshava Rajagopal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Andrew J. Bryant
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sandeep Sahay
- Houston Methodist Lung Center, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Nancy Wareing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Yang Zhou
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Lavannya M. Pandit
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine–Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
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10
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Sheak JR, Jones DT, Lantz BJ, Maston LD, Vigil D, Resta TC, Resta MM, Howard TA, Kanagy NL, Guo Y, Jankowska-Gan E, Sullivan JA, Braun RK, Burlingham WJ, Gonzalez Bosc LV. NFATc3 regulation of collagen V expression contributes to cellular immunity to collagen type V and hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L968-L980. [PMID: 32997513 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00184.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hypoxia (CH)-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) results, in part, from T helper-17 (TH17) cell-mediated perivascular inflammation. However, the antigen(s) involved is unknown. Cellular immunity to collagen type V (col V) develops after ischemia-reperfusion injury during lung transplant and is mediated by naturally occurring (n)TH17 cells. Col5a1 gene codifies for the α1-helix of col V, which is normally hidden from the immune system within type I collagen in the extracellular matrix. COL5A1 promoter analysis revealed nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic 3 (NFATc3) binding sites. Therefore, we hypothesized that smooth muscle NFATc3 upregulates col V expression, leading to nTH17 cell-mediated autoimmunity to col V in response to CH, representing an upstream mechanism in PH development. To test our hypothesis, we measured indexes of PH in inducible smooth muscle cell (SMC)-specific NFATc3 knockout (KO) mice exposed to either CH (380 mmHg) or normoxia and compared them with wild-type (WT) mice. KO mice did not develop PH. In addition, COL5A1 was one of the 1,792 genes differentially affected by both CH and SMC NFATc3 in isolated intrapulmonary arteries, which was confirmed by RT-PCR and immunostaining. Cellular immunity to col V was determined using a trans vivo delayed-type hypersensitivity assay (Tv-DTH). Tv-DTH response was evident only when splenocytes were used from control mice exposed to CH but not from KO mice, and mediated by nTH17 cells. Our results suggest that SMC NFATc3 is important for CH-induced PH in adult mice, in part, by regulating the expression of the lung self-antigen COL5A1 protein contributing to col V-reactive nTH17-mediated inflammation and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Sheak
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Vascular Physiology Group, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - David T Jones
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Vascular Physiology Group, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Benjamin J Lantz
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Vascular Physiology Group, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Levi D Maston
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Vascular Physiology Group, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Danielle Vigil
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Vascular Physiology Group, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Thomas C Resta
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Vascular Physiology Group, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Micaela M Resta
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Vascular Physiology Group, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Tamara A Howard
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Vascular Physiology Group, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Nancy L Kanagy
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Vascular Physiology Group, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bioinformatics Shared Resource Center, Division of Molecular Medicine, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Ewa Jankowska-Gan
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jeremy A Sullivan
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Rudolf K Braun
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - William J Burlingham
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Laura V Gonzalez Bosc
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Vascular Physiology Group, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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11
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to review recent literature related to mechanisms and treatment options for 'secondary' (i.e., WHO Groups 3 and 5) pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). RECENT FINDINGS Published randomized controlled trials, in general, do not support the use of approved therapies for 'primary' (i.e., WHO Group 1) PAH patients in patients with Group 3 PAH because of the small numbers of patients and inconsistent benefit. Therefore, we currently recommend against the use of these medications for Group 3 PAH. Similarly, there is limited evidence supporting the use of Group 1 PAH medications in Group 5 patients. In most patients with Group 5 PAH, treatment should be directed to the underlying disease. SUMMARY The utility of PAH-specific therapy in WHO Group 3 PAH is unclear because of the small numbers of patients evaluated and inconsistent beneficial effects observed. There is limited evidence supporting the use of PAH medications in Group 5 patients, and they may be harmful in some cases.
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12
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Mertens TCJ, Hanmandlu A, Tu L, Phan C, Collum SD, Chen NY, Weng T, Davies J, Liu C, Eltzschig HK, Jyothula SSK, Rajagopal K, Xia Y, Guha A, Bruckner BA, Blackburn MR, Guignabert C, Karmouty-Quintana H. Switching-Off Adora2b in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Halts the Development of Pulmonary Hypertension. Front Physiol 2018; 9:555. [PMID: 29910735 PMCID: PMC5992271 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a devastating and progressive disease characterized by excessive proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) and remodeling of the lung vasculature. Adenosine signaling through the ADORA2B receptor has previously been implicated in disease progression and tissue remodeling in chronic lung disease. In experimental models of PH associated with chronic lung injury, pharmacological or genetic inhibition of ADORA2B improved markers of chronic lung injury and hallmarks of PH. However, the contribution of ADORA2B expression in the PASMC was not fully evaluated. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that adenosine signaling through the ADORA2B receptor in PASMC mediates the development of PH. Methods: PASMCs from controls and patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (iPAH) were characterized for expression levels of all adenosine receptors. Next, we evaluated the development of PH in ADORA2Bf/f-Transgelin (Tagln)cre mice. These mice or adequate controls were exposed to a combination of SUGEN (SU5416, 20 mg/kg/b.w. IP) and hypoxia (10% O2) for 28 days (HX-SU) or to chronic low doses of bleomycin (BLM, 0.035U/kg/b.w. IP). Cardiovascular readouts including right ventricle systolic pressures (RVSPs), Fulton indices and vascular remodeling were determined. Using PASMCs we identified ADORA2B-dependent mediators involved in vascular remodeling. These mediators: IL-6, hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) and tissue transglutaminase (Tgm2) were determined by RT-PCR and validated in our HX-SU and BLM models. Results: Increased levels of ADORA2B were observed in PASMC from iPAH patients. ADORA2Bf/f-Taglncre mice were protected from the development of PH following HX-SU or BLM exposure. In the BLM model of PH, ADORA2Bf/f- Taglncre mice were not protected from the development of fibrosis. Increased expression of IL-6, HAS2 and Tgm2 was observed in PASMC in an ADORA2B-dependent manner. These mediators were also reduced in ADORA2Bf/f- Taglncre mice exposed to HX-SU or BLM. Conclusions: Our studies revealed ADORA2B-dependent increased levels of IL-6, hyaluronan and Tgm2 in PASMC, consistent with reduced levels in ADORA2Bf/f- Taglncre mice exposed to HX-SU or BLM. Taken together, our data indicates that ADORA2B on PASMC mediates the development of PH through the induction of IL-6, hyaluronan and Tgm2. These studies point at ADORA2B as a therapeutic target to treat PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinne C J Mertens
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ankit Hanmandlu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ly Tu
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Carole Phan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Scott D Collum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ning-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Tingting Weng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jonathan Davies
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Soma S K Jyothula
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Keshava Rajagopal
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ashrith Guha
- Methodist Debakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Brian A Bruckner
- Methodist Debakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael R Blackburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Christophe Guignabert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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13
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Chai X, Sun D, Han Q, Yi L, Wu Y, Liu X. Hypoxia induces pulmonary arterial fibroblast proliferation, migration, differentiation and vascular remodeling via the PI3K/Akt/p70S6K signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:2461-2472. [PMID: 29436587 PMCID: PMC5846667 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to examine whether hypoxia induces the proliferation, migration and differentiation of pulmonary arterial fibroblasts (PAFs) via the PI3K/Akt/p70S6K signaling pathway. PAFs were subjected to normoxia (21% O2) or hypoxia (1% O2). The proliferation, migration, differentiation and cellular p110α, p-Akt, and p-p70S6K expression levels of the PAFs were examined in vitro. In addition, rats were maintained under hypoxic conditions, and the right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), right ventricular hypertrophy index (RVHI) and right ventricular weight/body weight ratio (RV/BW) were examined. The expression levels of p110α, p-Akt, p70S6K, fibronectin and α-SMA in the rat pulmonary vessels were also examined. Hypoxia significantly elevated the proliferation, migration and differentiation of rat PAFs. It also strongly elevated the expression of p110α, p-Akt and p-p70S6K in PAFs in vitro. NVP-BEZ235 was revealed to significantly reduce the hypoxia-induced proliferation, migration and differentiation. In vivo experiments demonstrated that hypoxia significantly induced the elevation of RVSP, RVHI, RV/BW, medial thickening, adventitious thickening, and fibronectin and collagen deposition around pulmonary artery walls. The expression of p110α, p-Akt and p70S6K was evident in the pulmonary arteries of the hypoxic rats. NVP-BEZ235 significantly reduced the hypoxia-induced hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling, as well as fibronectin and collagen deposition in the pulmonary arteries. Therefore, hypoxia was demonstrated to induce the proliferation, migration and differentiation of PAFs and the hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling of rats via the PI3K/Akt/p70S6K signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Chai
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Dan Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Qian Han
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Liang Yi
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Yanping Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
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14
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Collum SD, Chen NY, Hernandez AM, Hanmandlu A, Sweeney H, Mertens TCJ, Weng T, Luo F, Molina JG, Davies J, Horan IP, Morrell NW, Amione-Guerra J, Al-Jabbari O, Youker K, Sun W, Rajadas J, Bollyky PL, Akkanti BH, Jyothula S, Sinha N, Guha A, Karmouty-Quintana H. Inhibition of hyaluronan synthesis attenuates pulmonary hypertension associated with lung fibrosis. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3284-3301. [PMID: 28688167 PMCID: PMC5595757 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Group III pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a highly lethal and widespread lung disorder that is a common complication in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) where it is considered to be the single most significant predictor of mortality. While increased levels of hyaluronan have been observed in IPF patients, hyaluronan-mediated vascular remodelling and the hyaluronan-mediated mechanisms promoting PH associated with IPF are not fully understood. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Explanted lung tissue from patients with IPF with and without a diagnosis of PH was used to identify increased levels of hyaluronan. In addition, an experimental model of lung fibrosis and PH was used to test the capacity of 4-methylumbeliferone (4MU), a hyaluronan synthase inhibitor to attenuate PH. Human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) were used to identify the hyaluronan-specific mechanisms that lead to the development of PH associated with lung fibrosis. KEY RESULTS In patients with IPF and PH, increased levels of hyaluronan and expression of hyaluronan synthase genes are present. Interestingly, we also report increased levels of hyaluronidases in patients with IPF and IPF with PH. Remarkably, our data also show that 4MU is able to inhibit PH in our model either prophylactically or therapeutically, without affecting fibrosis. Studies to determine the hyaluronan-specific mechanisms revealed that hyaluronan fragments result in increased PASMC stiffness and proliferation but reduced cell motility in a RhoA-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Taken together, our results show evidence of a unique mechanism contributing to PH in the context of lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Collum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ning-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Adriana M Hernandez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ankit Hanmandlu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Heather Sweeney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tinne C J Mertens
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tingting Weng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fayong Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jose G Molina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan Davies
- Department of Paediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ian P Horan
- Cambridge BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Research Excellence, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nick W Morrell
- Cambridge BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Research Excellence, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Odeaa Al-Jabbari
- Debakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Keith Youker
- Debakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wenchao Sun
- Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery Lab, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jayakumar Rajadas
- Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery Lab, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paul L Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Neeraj Sinha
- Debakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ashrith Guha
- Debakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
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15
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Zeng C, Liang B, Jiang R, Shi Y, Du Y. Protein kinase C isozyme expression in right ventricular hypertrophy induced by pulmonary hypertension in chronically hypoxic rats. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:3833-3840. [PMID: 28765942 PMCID: PMC5647097 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic hypoxia, pulmonary hypertension (PH) induces right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH). Evidence indicates that protein kinase C (PKC) serves a crucial role in hypoxia-induced RVH. The present study investigated PKC isoform-specific expression and its involvement in RVH. Rats were exposed to normobaric hypoxia for a number of days to induce PH. PKC isoform-specific membrane translocation and protein expression in the myocardium were evaluated by western blotting and immunostaining. A total of six isoforms of conventional PKC (cPKC; α, βI and βII) and of novel PKC (nPKC; δ, ε and η), were detected in the rat myocardium. Hypoxic exposure (1–21 days) induced PH with RVH and vascular remodeling. nPKCδ membrane translocation at 3–7 days and cPKCβI expression at 1–21 days in the RV following hypoxic exposure were significantly decreased as compared with the normoxia control group. Membrane translocation of cPKCβII at 14–21 days and of nPKCη at 7–21 days in the left ventricle following hypoxic exposure was significantly increased when compared with the control. The results of the present study suggested that the alterations in membrane translocation, and nPKCδ and cPKCβI expression, are associated with RVH following PH, and the upregulation of cPKCβII membrane translocation is involved in left-sided heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zeng
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Bin Liang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030012, P.R. China
| | - Yiwei Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Yongcheng Du
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030012, P.R. China
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16
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Pulmonary Hypertension Associated with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Current and Future Perspectives. Can Respir J 2017; 2017:1430350. [PMID: 28286407 PMCID: PMC5327768 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1430350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is commonly present in patients with chronic lung diseases such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) or Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) where it is classified as Group III PH by the World Health Organization (WHO). PH has been identified to be present in as much as 40% of patients with COPD or IPF and it is considered as one of the principal predictors of mortality in patients with COPD or IPF. However, despite the prevalence and fatal consequences of PH in the setting of chronic lung diseases, there are limited therapies available for patients with Group III PH, with lung transplantation remaining as the most viable option. This highlights our need to enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that lead to the development of Group III PH. In this review we have chosen to focus on the current understating of PH in IPF, we will revisit the main mediators that have been shown to play a role in the development of the disease. We will also discuss the experimental models available to study PH associated with lung fibrosis and address the role of the right ventricle in IPF. Finally we will summarize the current available treatment options for Group III PH outside of lung transplantation.
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17
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Ussavarungsi K, Lee AS, Burger CD. Can a Six-Minute Walk Distance Predict Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Patients with Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease and Pulmonary Hypertension? Oman Med J 2016; 31:345-51. [PMID: 27602188 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2016.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is commonly observed in patients with diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DPLD). The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) as a simple, non-invasive tool to assess right ventricular (RV) function in patients with DPLD and to identify the need for an echocardiogram (ECHO) to screen for PH. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 48 patients with PH secondary to DPLD, who were evaluated in the PH clinic at the Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Florida, from January 1999 to December 2014. RESULTS Fifty-two percent of patients had RV dysfunction. They had a significantly greater right heart pressure by ECHO and mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP) from right heart catheterization (RHC) than those with normal RV function. A reduced 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) did not predict RV dysfunction (OR 0.995; 95% CI 0.980-1.001, p = 0.138). In addition, worsening restrictive physiology, heart rate at one-minute recovery and desaturation were not different between patients with and without RV dysfunction. However, there were inverse correlations between 6MWD and MPAP from RHC (r = -0.41,
p = 0.010), 6MWD and RV systolic pressure (r = -0.51, p < 0.001), and 6MWD and MPAP measured by ECHO (r = -0.46, p =0.013). We also found no significant correlation between 6MWD and pulmonary function test parameters. CONCLUSIONS Our single-center cohort of patients with PH secondary to DPLD, PH was found to have an impact on 6MWD. In contrast to our expectations, 6MWD was not useful to predict RV dysfunction. Interestingly, a severe reduction in the 6MWD was related to PH and not to pulmonary function; therefore, it may be used to justify an ECHO to identify patients with a worse prognosis.
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18
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Garcia-Morales LJ, Chen NY, Weng T, Luo F, Davies J, Philip K, Volcik KA, Melicoff E, Amione-Guerra J, Bunge RR, Bruckner BA, Loebe M, Eltzschig HK, Pandit LM, Blackburn MR, Karmouty-Quintana H. Altered Hypoxic-Adenosine Axis and Metabolism in Group III Pulmonary Hypertension. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 54:574-83. [PMID: 26414702 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0145oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Group III pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a highly prevalent and deadly lung disorder with limited treatment options other than transplantation. Group III PH affects patients with ongoing chronic lung injury, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Between 30 and 40% of patients with IPF are diagnosed with PH. The diagnosis of PH has devastating consequences to these patients, leading to increased morbidity and mortality, yet the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of PH in patients with chronic lung disease remain elusive. Our hypothesis was that the hypoxic-adenosinergic system is enhanced in patients with group III PH compared with patients with IPF with no PH. Explanted lung tissue was analyzed for markers of the hypoxic-adenosine axis, including expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1A, adenosine A2B receptor, CD73, and equilibrative nucleotide transporter-1. In addition, we assessed whether altered mitochondrial metabolism was present in these samples. Increased expression of HIF-1A was observed in tissues from patients with group III PH. These changes were consistent with increased evidence of adenosine accumulation in group III PH. A novel observation of our study was of evidence suggesting altered mitochondrial metabolism in lung tissue from group III PH leading to increased succinate levels that are able to further stabilize HIF-1A. Our data demonstrate that the hypoxic-adenosine axis is up-regulated in group III PH and that subsequent succinate accumulation may play a part in the development of group III PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis J Garcia-Morales
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas.,2 Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, and Methodist J. C. Walter Jr. Transplant Center, the Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Ning-Yuan Chen
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Tingting Weng
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Fayong Luo
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Jonathan Davies
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Kemly Philip
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Kelly A Volcik
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Ernestina Melicoff
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Javier Amione-Guerra
- 2 Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, and Methodist J. C. Walter Jr. Transplant Center, the Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Raquel R Bunge
- 2 Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, and Methodist J. C. Walter Jr. Transplant Center, the Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Brian A Bruckner
- 2 Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, and Methodist J. C. Walter Jr. Transplant Center, the Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Matthias Loebe
- 2 Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, and Methodist J. C. Walter Jr. Transplant Center, the Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- 4 Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Lavannya M Pandit
- 5 Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael R Blackburn
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
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19
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Chen NY, D Collum S, Luo F, Weng T, Le TT, M Hernandez A, Philip K, Molina JG, Garcia-Morales LJ, Cao Y, Ko TC, Amione-Guerra J, Al-Jabbari O, Bunge RR, Youker K, Bruckner BA, Hamid R, Davies J, Sinha N, Karmouty-Quintana H. Macrophage bone morphogenic protein receptor 2 depletion in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and Group III pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L238-54. [PMID: 27317687 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00142.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal lung disease of unknown etiology. The development of pulmonary hypertension (PH) is considered the single most significant predictor of mortality in patients with chronic lung diseases. The processes that govern the progression and development of fibroproliferative and vascular lesions in IPF are not fully understood. Using human lung explant samples from patients with IPF with or without a diagnosis of PH as well as normal control tissue, we report reduced BMPR2 expression in patients with IPF or IPF+PH. These changes were consistent with dampened P-SMAD 1/5/8 and elevated P-SMAD 2/3, demonstrating reduced BMPR2 signaling and elevated TGF-β activity in IPF. In the bleomycin (BLM) model of lung fibrosis and PH, we also report decreased BMPR2 expression compared with control animals that correlated with vascular remodeling and PH. We show that genetic abrogation or pharmacological inhibition of interleukin-6 leads to diminished markers of fibrosis and PH consistent with elevated levels of BMPR2 and reduced levels of a collection of microRNAs (miRs) that are able to degrade BMPR2. We also demonstrate that isolated bone marrow-derived macrophages from BLM-exposed mice show reduced BMPR2 levels upon exposure with IL6 or the IL6+IL6R complex that are consistent with immunohistochemistry showing reduced BMPR2 in CD206 expressing macrophages from lung sections from IPF and IPF+PH patients. In conclusion, our data suggest that depletion of BMPR2 mediated by a collection of miRs induced by IL6 and subsequent STAT3 phosphorylation as a novel mechanism participating to fibroproliferative and vascular injuries in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UTHealth, Houston, Texas
| | - Scott D Collum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UTHealth, Houston, Texas
| | - Fayong Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UTHealth, Houston, Texas
| | - Tingting Weng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UTHealth, Houston, Texas
| | - Thuy-Trahn Le
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UTHealth, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Kemly Philip
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UTHealth, Houston, Texas
| | - Jose G Molina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UTHealth, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Yanna Cao
- Department of Surgery, UTHealth, Houston, Texas
| | - Tien C Ko
- Department of Surgery, UTHealth, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Odeaa Al-Jabbari
- Debakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Raquel R Bunge
- Debakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Keith Youker
- Debakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Brian A Bruckner
- Debakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Rizwan Hamid
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Jonathan Davies
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Neeraj Sinha
- Debakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
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20
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Jentzer JC, Mathier MA. Pulmonary Hypertension in the Intensive Care Unit. J Intensive Care Med 2015; 31:369-85. [PMID: 25944777 DOI: 10.1177/0885066615583652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension occurs as the result of disease processes increasing pressure within the pulmonary circulation, eventually leading to right ventricular failure. Patients may become critically ill from complications of pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular failure or may develop pulmonary hypertension as the result of critical illness. Diagnostic testing should evaluate for common causes such as left heart failure, hypoxemic lung disease and pulmonary embolism. Relatively few patients with pulmonary hypertension encountered in clinical practice require specific pharmacologic treatment of pulmonary hypertension targeting the pulmonary vasculature. Management of right ventricular failure involves optimization of preload, maintenance of systemic blood pressure and augmentation of inotropy to restore systemic perfusion. Selected patients may require pharmacologic therapy to reduce right ventricular afterload by directly targeting the pulmonary vasculature, but only after excluding elevated left heart filling pressures and confirming increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Critically-ill patients with pulmonary hypertension remain at high risk of adverse outcomes, requiring a diligent and thoughtful approach to diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C Jentzer
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Heart and Vascular Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael A Mathier
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Heart and Vascular Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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21
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Jin H, Wang Y, Zhou L, Liu L, Zhang P, Deng W, Yuan Y. Melatonin attenuates hypoxic pulmonary hypertension by inhibiting the inflammation and the proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. J Pineal Res 2014; 57:442-50. [PMID: 25251287 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced inflammation and excessive proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) play important roles in the pathological process of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH). Melatonin possesses anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties. However, the effect of melatonin on HPH remains unclear. In this study, adult Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to intermittent chronic hypoxia for 4 wk to mimic a severe HPH condition. Hemodynamic and pulmonary pathomorphology data showed that chronic hypoxia significantly increased right ventricular systolic pressures (RVSP), weight of the right ventricle/left ventricle plus septum (RV/LV+S) ratio, and median width of pulmonary arterioles. Melatonin attenuated the elevation of RVSP, RV/LV+S, and mitigated the pulmonary vascular structure remodeling. Melatonin also suppressed the hypoxia-induced high expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). In vitro, melatonin concentration-dependently inhibited the proliferation of PASMCs and the levels of phosphorylation of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinases1/2 (ERK1/2) caused by hypoxia. These results suggested that melatonin might potentially prevent HPH via anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Jin
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Dalian, China; Department of Anatomy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
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22
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Pulmonary hypertension and right heart dysfunction in chronic lung disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:739674. [PMID: 25165714 PMCID: PMC4140123 DOI: 10.1155/2014/739674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Group 3 pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common complication of chronic lung disease (CLD), including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interstitial lung disease, and sleep-disordered breathing. Development of PH is associated with poor prognosis and may progress to right heart failure, however, in the majority of the patients with CLD, PH is mild to moderate and only a small number of patients develop severe PH. The pathophysiology of PH in CLD is multifactorial and includes hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, pulmonary vascular remodeling, small vessel destruction, and fibrosis. The effects of PH on the right ventricle (RV) range between early RV remodeling, hypertrophy, dilatation, and eventual failure with associated increased mortality. The golden standard for diagnosis of PH is right heart catheterization, however, evidence of PH can be appreciated on clinical examination, serology, radiological imaging, and Doppler echocardiography. Treatment of PH in CLD focuses on management of the underlying lung disorder and hypoxia. There is, however, limited evidence to suggest that PH-specific vasodilators such as phosphodiesterase-type 5 inhibitors, endothelin receptor antagonists, and prostanoids may have a role in the treatment of patients with CLD and moderate-to-severe PH.
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23
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Zhang R, Shi L, Zhou L, Zhang G, Wu X, Shao F, Ma G, Ying K. Transgelin as a therapeutic target to prevent hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 306:L574-83. [PMID: 24464808 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00327.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously observed that transgelin was preferentially expressed in human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PAMSCs) under hypoxia and that the upregulation of transgelin was independent of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). Reduced transgelin expression was accompanied by significantly impaired migration ability in vitro. However, the regulation mechanism of transgelin and its function in preventing hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) was unclear. In the present study, RNA interference with hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α) was employed in human PASMCs. Transgelin expression was diminished in HIF-2α-siRNA-treated cells at both the mRNA and protein levels under hypoxia. However, HIF-2α did not transactivate the transgelin promoter directly. TGF-β1 concentration in human PASMCs culture medium was higher under hypoxia, and the accumulated TGF-β1 under hypoxia was regulated by HIF-2α. Furthermore, luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated that TGF-β1/Smad3 could bind to the transgelin promoter, resulting in increased transgelin expression. In addition to nonintact cellular migration, inhibition of transgelin expression resulted in impaired proliferation in vitro under hypoxia. A lentiviral vector used to inhibit transgelin expression was constructed and intratracheally instilled in rats 3 wk prior to hypoxia treatment. Our final results indicated that inhibition of transgelin expression locally could attenuate increased right ventricular systolic pressure and its associated cardiac and pulmonary vessel remodeling under hypoxia. Our findings indicate that HIF-2α upregulates transgelin indirectly and that accumulated TGF-β1 is a mediator in the upregulation of transgelin by HIF-2α under hypoxia. Inhibition of transgelin expression locally could prevent HPH and pulmonary vascular remodeling in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Zhang
- Dept. of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang Univ., 3 East Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou, China.
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24
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Park J, Song JH, Park DA, Lee JS, Lee SD, Oh YM. Systematic review and meta-analysis of pulmonary hypertension specific therapy for exercise capacity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Korean Med Sci 2013; 28:1200-6. [PMID: 23960448 PMCID: PMC3744709 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2013.28.8.1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Some patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have pulmonary hypertension (PH) that adversely affects survival. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess whether PH-specific therapies have an effect for stable COPD. Data sources were Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Korea med and references from relevant publications. Randomized prospective trials that compared PH specific therapy in COPD for more than 6 weeks with placebo were included. The outcomes were the exercise capacity and adverse events. Four randomized controlled trials involving 109 subjects were included in the analysis. Two trials involved bosentan, one sildenafil and one beraprost. The studies varied in duration of treatment from 3 to 18 months. In a pooled analysis of four trials, exercise-capacity was not significantly improved with PH-specific treatment for COPD (risk ratio, -5.1; 95% CI, -13.0 to 2.8). COPD with overt PH significantly improved the exercise capacity (mean difference, 111.6; 95% CI, 63.3 to 159.9) but COPD with PH unknown did not (mean difference, 26.6; 95% CI, -24.3 to 77.5). There was no significant difference in hypoxemia (mean difference, 2.6; 95% CI, -3.7 to 8.8). PH specific treatments have a significant effect in improving exercise capacity in COPD with overt PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyeong Park
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Wonkwang University, Sanbon Hospital, Gunpo, Korea
| | - Ju Hee Song
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and Clinical Research Center for Chronic Obstructive Airway Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Ah Park
- Office of Health Technology Evaluation, National Evidence-Based Healthcare Collaborating Agency, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Seoung Lee
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and Clinical Research Center for Chronic Obstructive Airway Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Do Lee
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and Clinical Research Center for Chronic Obstructive Airway Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon-Mok Oh
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and Clinical Research Center for Chronic Obstructive Airway Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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