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Moreno-Brauer D, Häusler M, Kluger G, Hensler J, van Baalen A. Spectrum, Evolution, and Clinical Relationship of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in 31 Children with Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome. Neuropediatrics 2024; 55:9-15. [PMID: 37798920 PMCID: PMC10786680 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1774318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Describing spectrum, evolution, and clinical relationship of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in a large case series of children with febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES). METHODS This retrospective study included 31 children with FIRES. Clinical data and MRI findings of the brain were evaluated. Poor clinical outcome was defined as severe disability, persistent vegetative state or stupor, very low intelligence quotient (<80), or death (modified Rankin scale 4-6 and Glasgow Outcome Score 1-3). RESULTS Seventeen (54.8%) children with FIRES showed no abnormalities in the initial MRI, whereas 28 (90.3%) children showed MRI abnormalities at follow-up. The most frequent abnormalities were brain atrophy (74.2%) and T2/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery changes (64.5%), mostly hippocampal (45.2%). Generalized brain atrophy was the most frequent type of atrophy (58%). The earliest atrophy was recorded 9 days after the onset of disease. It progressed even beyond the acute phase in most children (51.6%). The exploratory data analysis revealed nominal significance between all MRI abnormalities considered together and poor outcome (p = 0.049) and between generalized brain atrophy and anesthesia (p = 0.024). After adjustment for multiple testing, the p-values were not significant. The outcome in four (12.9%) children was not poor despite generalized brain atrophy. CONCLUSION In contrast to the uniform clinical course, MRI demonstrated a broad spectrum of findings. Initially, these were mostly normal and therefore indicative of FIRES but then changed rapidly and were mostly progressive despite the stable chronic course. The cause may be ongoing disease, treatment intensity, or both. Future studies should focus on what process underlies the onset and the progression of brain atrophy. However, brain atrophy was not always related to poor outcomes in children despite FIRES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darinka Moreno-Brauer
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University (CAU), Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Häusler
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Kluger
- Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany
- Research Institute for Rehabilitation, Transition, and Palliation, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johannes Hensler
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University (CAU), Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas van Baalen
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University (CAU), Kiel, Germany
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Soler Wenglein J, Kluger G, Leypoldt F, Wandinger KP, van Baalen A. No evidence of neuronal/glial autoantibodies in febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES): a prospective clinic-serologic analysis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1221761. [PMID: 37599999 PMCID: PMC10434238 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1221761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The pediatric febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) manifests with encephalopathy with super-refractory status epilepticus (SE) a few days after or accompanying a febrile illness. It often results in refractory epilepsy and cognitive dysfunction in previously healthy children and adolescents. The underlying pathomechanism is unknown, which is why causative neuronal and/or synaptic antibodies have been discussed. We report a prospective consecutive cohort of 14 children (10 male, four female) diagnosed with FIRES in the acute phase, whose serum and CSF were comprehensively screened for underlying synaptic/neuronal autoantibodies. The median age at onset was 6 years (range 4-9 years). None of the children had a medical history of epilepsy. Duration of SE varied from less than 1 week to 2.5 months (Median: 1 month, range < 1 week-2.5 months). Clinical response to treatment with antiseizure medications was poor as well as the outcome: one child died in the acute phase of SE, and two died in the long term. All surviving children showed neuropsychological impairments. No underlying synaptic or neuronal autoantibodies were identified in 13 of 14 children's sera or CSF. One child had currently uncharacterized neuronal autoantibodies in CSF, yet clinical presentation was atypical for FIRES. Based on our findings, the child was later diagnosed with autoimmune encephalitis (AE). We conclude that FIRES is not an autoantibody-mediated disease. However, a comprehensive screening for known and yet unknown antineuronal antibodies in serum and CSF is warranted to rule out AE mimicking FIRES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Soler Wenglein
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University (CAU), Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerhard Kluger
- Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Clinic Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth, Germany
- Research Institute for Rehabilitation, Transition, and Palliation, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Frank Leypoldt
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University (CAU), Kiel, Germany
- Neuroimmunology Section, Institute of Clinical Chemistry University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Wandinger
- Neuroimmunology Section, Institute of Clinical Chemistry University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas van Baalen
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University (CAU), Kiel, Germany
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Skripchenko NV, Gorelik EY, Egorova ES, Vilnits AA, Skripchenko EY, Voitenkov VB, Marchenko NV, Konev AI. [FIRES Syndrome in a Preschool Child]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2023; 123:132-137. [PMID: 36843470 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2023123021132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Severe epileptic syndromes of childhood are an urgent problem for pediatric neurologists and neuroresuscitators. The article presents a clinical observation of FIRES syndrome in a pediatric patient, which is a form of severe drug-resistant epilepsy in children of preschool and school age, the development of which is caused by hyperthermia, probably associated with herpesvirus (human herpesvirus type 6) infection. The features of the progressive course and the difficulties of diagnostic search are reflected. An empirical approach to etiotropic therapy is described, since the disease manifested itself with respiratory manifestations and fever. The tactic of pathogenetic treatment is described, in which drugs of polyfunctional action, such as Cytoflavin, have a priority, many years of experience in the use of which allows the authors to recommend it as a starting intensive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Skripchenko
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - E Y Gorelik
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - E S Egorova
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A A Vilnits
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - E Y Skripchenko
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - V B Voitenkov
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - N V Marchenko
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A I Konev
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Taraschenko O, Pavuluri S, Schmidt CM, Pulluru YR, Gupta N. Seizure burden and neuropsychological outcomes of new-onset refractory status epilepticus: Systematic review. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1095061. [PMID: 36761344 PMCID: PMC9902772 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1095061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Long-term sequelae of the new onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) include the development of epilepsy, cognitive deficits, and behavioral disturbances. The prevalence of these complications has been previously highlighted in case reports and case series: however, their full scope has not been comprehensively assessed. Methods We conducted a systematic review of the literature (PROSPERO ID CRD42022361142) regarding neurological and functional outcomes of NORSE at 30 days or longer following discharge from the hospital. A systematic review protocol was developed using guidance from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Results Of the 1,602 records for unique publications, 33 reports on adults and 52 reports on children met our inclusion criteria. They contained the description of 280 adults and 587 children of whom only 75.7 and 85% of patients, respectively had data on long-term follow-up. The mean age of adult and pediatric patients was 34.3 and 7.9 years, respectively; and the longest duration of follow up were 11 and 20 years, respectively. Seizure outcomes received major attention and were highlighted for 93.4 and 96.6% of the adult and pediatric NORSE patients, respectively. Seizures remained medically refractory in 41.1% of adults and 57.7% of children, while seizure freedom was achieved in only 26 and 23.3% of these patients, respectively. The long-term cognitive outcome data was provided for just 10.4% of the adult patients. In contrast, cognitive health data were supplied for 68.9% of the described children of whom 31.9% were moderately or severely disabled. Long-term functional outcomes assessed with various standardized scales were reported in 62.2 and 25.5% of the adults and children, respectively with majority of patients not being able to return to a pre-morbid level of functioning. New onset psychiatric disorders were reported in 3.3% of adults and 11.2% of children recovering from NORSE. Conclusion These findings concur with previous observations that the majority of adult and pediatric patients continue to experience recurrent seizures and suffer from refractory epilepsy. Moderate to severe cognitive disability, loss of functional independence, and psychiatric disorders represent a hallmark of chronic NORSE signifying the major public health importance of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Taraschenko
- Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Spriha Pavuluri
- Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Cynthia M. Schmidt
- Leon S. McGoogan Health Sciences Library, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Yashwanth Reddy Pulluru
- Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Navnika Gupta
- Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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Nabbout R, Matricardi S, De Liso P, Dulac O, Oualha M. Ketogenic diet for super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE) with NORSE and FIRES: Single tertiary center experience and literature data. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1134827. [PMID: 37122314 PMCID: PMC10133555 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1134827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Ketogenic diet (KD) is an emerging treatment option for super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE). We evaluated the effectiveness of KD in patients presenting SRSE including NORSE (and its subcategory FIRES). Methods A retrospective review of the medical records was performed at the Necker Enfants Malades Hospital. All children with SRSE in whom KD was started during the last 10 years were included. A systematic search was carried out for all study designs, including at least one patient of any age with SRSE in whom KD was started. The primary outcome was the responder rate and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated for the time-to-KD response. As secondary outcomes, Cox proportional hazard models were created to assess the impact of NORSE-related factors on KD efficacy. Results Sixteen children received KD for treatment of SRSE, and three had NORSE presentation (one infectious etiology, two FIRES). In medical literature, 1,613 records were initially identified, and 75 were selected for review. We selected 276 patients receiving KD during SRSE. The most common etiology of SRSE was acute symptomatic (21.3%), among these patients, 67.7% presented with NORSE of immune and infectious etiologies. Other etiologies were remote symptomatic (6.8%), progressive symptomatic (6.1%), and SE in defined electroclinical syndromes (14.8%), including two patients with genetic etiology and NORSE presentation. The etiology was unknown in 50.7% of the patients presenting with cryptogenic NORSE, of which 102 presented with FIRES. Overall, most patients with NORSE benefit from KD (p < 0.004), but they needed a longer time to achieve RSE resolution after starting KD compared with other non-NORSE SRSE (p = 0.001). The response to KD in the NORSE group with identified etiology compared to the cryptogenic NORSE was significantly higher (p = 0.01), and the time to achieve SE resolution after starting KD was shorter (p = 0.04). Conclusions The search for underlying etiology should help to a better-targeted therapy. KD can have good efficacy in NORSE; however, the time to achieve SE resolution seems to be longer in cryptogenic cases. These findings highlight the therapeutic role of KD in NORSE, even though this favorable response needs to be better confirmed in prospective controlled studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Nabbout
- Reference Center for Rare Epilepsies, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, University Paris Cité, Member of ERN EpiCARE, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Mixed Unit of Research 1163, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Rima Nabbout ;
| | - Sara Matricardi
- Reference Center for Rare Epilepsies, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, University Paris Cité, Member of ERN EpiCARE, Paris, France
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Paola De Liso
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Member of ERN EpiCARE, Rome, Italy
| | - Olivier Dulac
- Reference Center for Rare Epilepsies, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, University Paris Cité, Member of ERN EpiCARE, Paris, France
| | - Mehdi Oualha
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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Haanpää A, Laakso SM, Kinnunen A, Kämppi L, Forss N. Early clinical features of new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) in adults. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:495. [PMID: 36539824 PMCID: PMC9764533 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-03028-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to identify early clinical features of patients with new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) that could direct the treatment in the first days of hospitalisation. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of adult NORSE patients treated in the intensive care units of Helsinki University Hospital 2007-2018. RESULTS We found 19 adult NORSE patients who divided into three subgroups on the basis of their clinical features: viral encephalitis (n = 5, 26%), febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) (n = 6, 32%) and afebrile NORSE (n = 8, 42%). FIRES and afebrile NORSE patients remained without confirmed etiology, but retrospectively two paraneoplastic and two neurodegenerative causes were suspected in the afebrile NORSE group. Viral encephalitis patients were median 64 years old (IQR 55-64), and four (80%) had prodromal fever and abnormal findings in the first brain imaging. FIRES patients were median 21 years old (IQR 19-24), all febrile and had normal brain imaging at onset. In the afebrile NORSE group, median age was 67 (IQR 59-71) and 50% had prodromal cognitive or psychiatric symptoms. FIRES patients differed from other NORSE patients by younger age (p = 0.001), respiratory prodromal symptoms (p = 0.004), normal brain MRI (p = 0.044) and lack of comorbidities (p = 0.011). They needed more antiseizure medications (p = 0.001) and anesthetics (p = 0.002), had a longer hospital stay (p = 0.017) and more complications (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Among febrile NORSE patients, FIRES group was distinctive due to patients' young age, prodromal respiratory symptoms and normal first brain imaging. These features should be confirmed by subsequent studies as basis for selecting patients for early intensive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Haanpää
- grid.15485.3d0000 0000 9950 5666Department of Neurology, Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, PB 372, 00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Helsinki, PB 22, 00014 University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sini M. Laakso
- grid.15485.3d0000 0000 9950 5666Department of Neurology, Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, PB 372, 00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Helsinki, PB 22, 00014 University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Kinnunen
- grid.15485.3d0000 0000 9950 5666Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Helsinki University Hospital, PB 340, 00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Kämppi
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Helsinki, PB 22, 00014 University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland ,grid.15485.3d0000 0000 9950 5666Epilepsia Helsinki, Department of Neurology, Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, PB 372, 00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Forss
- grid.15485.3d0000 0000 9950 5666Department of Neurology, Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, PB 372, 00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Helsinki, PB 22, 00014 University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
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Pavone P, Corsello G, Raucci U, Lubrano R, Parano E, Ruggieri M, Greco F, Marino S, Falsaperla R. Febrile infection-related Epilepsy Syndrome (FIRES): a severe encephalopathy with status epilepticus. Literature review and presentation of two new cases. Ital J Pediatr 2022; 48:199. [PMID: 36527084 PMCID: PMC9756623 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-022-01389-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
FIRES is defined as a disorder that requires a prior febrile infection starting between 2 weeks and 24 h before the onset of the refractory status epilepticus with or without fever at the onset of status epilepticus. The patients, previously normal, present in the acute phase recurrent seizures and status epilepticus followed by a severe course with usually persistent seizures and residual cognitive impairment. Boundary with "new onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) has not clearly established. Pathogenetic hypothesis includes inflammatory or autoimmune mechanism with a possible genetic predisposition for an immune response dysfunction.Various types of treatment have been proposed for the treatment of the acute phase of the disorder to block the rapid seizures evolution to status epilepticus and to treat status epilepticus itself. Prognosis is usually severe both for control of the seizures and for cognitive involvement.FIRES is an uncommon but severe disorder which must be carefully considered in the differential diagnosis with other epileptic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Pavone
- grid.412844.f0000 0004 1766 6239Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital “Policlinico-San Marco”, Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Corsello
- grid.10776.370000 0004 1762 5517Department of Health Promotion, Mather and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Umberto Raucci
- grid.414603.4Department of Emergency and Clinical Pediatrics, Bambin Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Lubrano
- grid.7841.aPediatrics and Neonatology Unit, Maternal-Child Department, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Enrico Parano
- grid.5326.20000 0001 1940 4177Unit of Catania, Institute for Research and Biomedical Innovation (IRIB), National Council of Research, Catania, Italy
| | - Martino Ruggieri
- grid.412844.f0000 0004 1766 6239Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital “Policlinico-San Marco”, Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Greco
- grid.412844.f0000 0004 1766 6239Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital “Policlinico-San Marco”, Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Silvia Marino
- grid.8158.40000 0004 1757 1969Unit of Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency, AOU “Policlinico”- PO “San Marco”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Raffaele Falsaperla
- grid.8158.40000 0004 1757 1969Unit of Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency, AOU “Policlinico”- PO “San Marco”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Wickstrom R, Taraschenko O, Dilena R, Payne ET, Specchio N, Nabbout R, Koh S, Gaspard N, Hirsch LJ. International consensus recommendations for management of New Onset Refractory Status Epilepticus (NORSE) incl. Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome (FIRES): Statements and Supporting Evidence. Epilepsia 2022; 63:2840-2864. [PMID: 35997591 PMCID: PMC9828002 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop consensus-based recommendations for the management of adult and paediatric patients with NORSE/FIRES based on best evidence and experience. METHODS The Delphi methodology was followed. A facilitator group of 9 experts was established, who defined the scope, users and suggestions for recommendations. Following a review of the current literature, recommendation statements concerning diagnosis, treatment and research directions were generated which were then voted on a scale of 1 (strongly disagree) to 9 (strongly agree) by a panel of 48 experts in the field. Consensus that a statement was appropriate was reached if the median score was greater or equal to 7, and inappropriate if the median score was less than or equal to 3. The analysis of evidence was mapped to the results of each statement included in the Delphi survey. RESULTS Overall, 85 recommendation statements achieved consensus. The recommendations are divided into five sections: 1) disease characteristics, 2) diagnostic testing and sampling, 3) acute treatment, 4) treatment in the post-acute phase, and 5) research, registries and future directions in NORSE/FIRES. The detailed results and discussion of all 85 statements are outlined herein. A corresponding summary of findings and practical flowsheets are presented in a companion article. SIGNIFICANCE This detailed analysis offers insight into the supporting evidence and the current gaps in the literature that are associated with expert consensus statements related to NORSE/FIRES. The recommendations generated by this consensus can be used as a guide for the diagnosis, evaluation, and management of patients with NORSE/FIRES, and for planning of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Wickstrom
- Neuropaediatric UnitDepartment of Women's and Children's HealthKarolinska Institutet and Karolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Olga Taraschenko
- Department of Neurological SciencesUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Robertino Dilena
- Neuropathophysiology UnitFoundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilanItaly
| | - Eric T. Payne
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of NeurologyAlberta Children's HospitalCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Nicola Specchio
- Rare and Complex Epilepsy Unit, Department of NeurosciencesBambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Full Member of European Reference Network EpiCARERomeItaly
| | - Rima Nabbout
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, APHP, Member of EPICARE ERN, Centre de Reference Epilepsies RaresUniversite de Paris, Institut Imagine, INSERM 1163ParisFrance
| | - Sookyong Koh
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical CenterUniversity of NebraskaOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | | | - Lawrence J. Hirsch
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy CenterYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
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Çoban Y, Akbas Y, Tuncer GO, Koker A, Koker SA. Combined Immunoglobulin And Plasmapheresis Treatment For Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome (FIRES). Transfus Apher Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2022.103498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Costagliola G, Depietri G, Michev A, Riva A, Foiadelli T, Savasta S, Bonuccelli A, Peroni D, Consolini R, Marseglia GL, Orsini A, Striano P. Targeting Inflammatory Mediators in Epilepsy: A Systematic Review of Its Molecular Basis and Clinical Applications. Front Neurol 2022; 13:741244. [PMID: 35359659 PMCID: PMC8961811 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.741244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recent studies prompted the identification of neuroinflammation as a potential target for the treatment of epilepsy, particularly drug-resistant epilepsy, and refractory status epilepticus. This work provides a systematic review of the clinical experience with anti-cytokine agents and agents targeting lymphocytes and aims to evaluate their efficacy and safety for the treatment of refractory epilepsy. Moreover, the review analyzes the main therapeutic perspectives in this field. Methods A systematic review of the literature was conducted on MEDLINE database. Search terminology was constructed using the name of the specific drug (anakinra, canakinumab, tocilizumab, adalimumab, rituximab, and natalizumab) and the terms “status epilepticus,” “epilepsy,” and “seizure.” The review included clinical trials, prospective studies, case series, and reports published in English between January 2016 and August 2021. The number of patients and their age, study design, specific drugs used, dosage, route, and timing of administration, and patients outcomes were extracted. The data were synthesized through quantitative and qualitative analysis. Results Our search identified 12 articles on anakinra and canakinumab, for a total of 37 patients with epilepsy (86% febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome), with reduced seizure frequency or seizure arrest in more than 50% of the patients. The search identified nine articles on the use of tocilizumab (16 patients, 75% refractory status epilepticus), with a high response rate. Only one reference on the use of adalimumab in 11 patients with Rasmussen encephalitis showed complete response in 45% of the cases. Eight articles on rituximab employment sowed a reduced seizure burden in 16/26 patients. Finally, one trial concerning natalizumab evidenced a response in 10/32 participants. Conclusion The experience with anti-cytokine agents and drugs targeting lymphocytes in epilepsy derives mostly from case reports or series. The use of anti-IL-1, anti-IL-6, and anti-CD20 agents in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy and refractory status epilepticus has shown promising results and a good safety profile. The experience with TNF inhibitors is limited to Rasmussen encephalitis. The use of anti-α4-integrin agents did not show significant effects in refractory focal seizures. Concerning research perspectives, there is increasing interest in the potential use of anti-chemokine and anti-HMGB-1 agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Costagliola
- Pediatric Immunology, Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Greta Depietri
- Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alexandre Michev
- Pediatric Clinic, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alexandre Michev
| | - Antonella Riva
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto “Giannina Gaslini”, Genova, Italy
| | - Thomas Foiadelli
- Pediatric Clinic, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Salvatore Savasta
- Pediatric Clinic, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alice Bonuccelli
- Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Diego Peroni
- Pediatric Immunology, Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rita Consolini
- Pediatric Immunology, Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Marseglia
- Pediatric Clinic, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Orsini
- Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto “Giannina Gaslini”, Genova, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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11
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Li WJ, Xue CL, Zhang Y, Wu LH, Chen DM, Chen F, Xu J, Li Z, Miao HJ. Ketogenic diet (KD) therapy in the acute phase of febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES): a case report. Transl Pediatr 2021; 10:2392-2397. [PMID: 34733679 PMCID: PMC8506052 DOI: 10.21037/tp-21-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of frequent epileptic seizures in febrile infection-related epilepsy (FIRES) is often challenging. FIRES is an uncommon disease condition. Children with FIRES develop refractory epilepsy with severe cognitive deficits that affect the function of the temporal and frontal lobes. However, better seizure control during the acute stage of FIRES could protect against injury to the nervous system. Ketogenic diet (KD) can effectively resolve super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE) in the acute phase and improve the prognosis of FIRES. We present the case of a previously healthy 3-year-old male with new-onset status epilepticus (SE) admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit for 55 days. Despite treatment with multiple anti-epileptic agents in addition to IV anaesthetics, the patient remained in SRSE and continued to have generalised epileptic activity on electroencephalography (EEG). KD therapy was initiated on the 14th day of the onset, and the patient achieved complete neurological recovery following the KD. Throughout the remainder of admission, the patient was successfully weaned off the ventilator, tolerated oral meals, and worked with occupational and physical therapists to return to his baseline functional status. The convulsions were well controlled after discharge. We discuss the treatment strategies for FIRES and highlight the role of KD therapy in the acute phase to control disease progression and improve the prognosis, and early diagnosis of FIRES and early initiation of KD therapy combined with anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) could improve the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chun-Ling Xue
- Department of Emergency, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Hui Wu
- Department of Emergency, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong-Mei Chen
- Department of Emergency, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Emergency, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong-Jun Miao
- Department of Emergency, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Rachfalska N, Pietruszewski J, Paprocka J. Dramatic Course of Paediatric Cryptogenic Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome with Unusual Chronic Phase Presentation-A Case Report with Literature Study. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1030. [PMID: 34439649 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome (FIRES) is a catastrophic, extremely rare epileptic encephalopathy. It strikes previously healthy school-aged children and is usually cryptogenic. Its dramatic onset with refractory status epilepticus is always preceded by a nonspecific febrile illness. The seizure activity in FIRES may last for several weeks with little to no response to antiepileptic treatment, usually resulting in the usage of anaesthetics. This acute phase is followed by a chronic, refractory epilepsy and cognitive deficit, that persist for the rest of the patient’s life. Still to this day no definite cause has been described. In this study we review the current finding in FIRES and describe a case of a 4-year-old patient with a dramatic course of the acute phase in FIRES and unusual presentation of the chronic phase, which is dominated by extrapyramidal symptoms such as dystonia. This case highlights that the clinical presentation of FIRES may differ from those frequently described in literature.
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13
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Yıldırım M, Bektaş Ö, Botan E, Şahin S, Gurbanov A, Teber S, Kendirli T. Therapeutic plasma exchange in clinical pediatric neurology practice: Experience from a tertiary referral hospital. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2021; 207:106823. [PMID: 34304066 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.106823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to retrospectively evaluate the long-term efficacy, tolerability, and safety of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) in children with various neuroimmunological disorders. METHODS This analysis was a single-center, retrospective cohort study of pediatric patients with neuroimmunological events undergoing TPE procedures in a tertiary referral center. RESULTS There were 23 patients, 14 boys (60.9%), aged at diagnosis onset 8 months to 16.8 years. The main indications of TPE were Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS, n = 8), autoimmune encephalitis (n = 5), febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES, n = 4), and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM, n = 3). There was no life-threatening complication due to the TPE procedures. Eight (34.8%) of 23 patients experienced 13 (7%) complications in 186 TPE procedures, mostly electrolyte disturbances (n = 5). None of patients discontinued TPE due to complications. Two (8.7%) of 23 patients had marked improvement, 6 (26.1%) had moderate and 11 (47.8%) had mild improvement after TPE. The last follow-up visit revealed neurological sequelae in 12 (52.2%) patients. Therapeutic plasma exchange was found to be more effective on GBS, autoimmune encephalitis and myasthenia gravis, less effective on ADEM and FIRES. There was no correlation between improvement with TPE and clinical parameters, including age, sex, diagnosis, disease duration before TPE, presence of intubation, and length of stay in the intensive care unit and hospital. CONCLUSION Therapeutic plasma exchange was found to be effective and well-tolerated in children with various types of neuroimmunological disorder, with at least mild improvement in approximately 80% of the patients and no life-threatening complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miraç Yıldırım
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ömer Bektaş
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Edin Botan
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Süleyman Şahin
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Anar Gurbanov
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Serap Teber
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Tanıl Kendirli
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
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14
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Yamanaka G, Ishida Y, Kanou K, Suzuki S, Watanabe Y, Takamatsu T, Morichi S, Go S, Oana S, Yamazaki T, Kawashima H. Towards a Treatment for Neuroinflammation in Epilepsy: Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist, Anakinra, as a Potential Treatment in Intractable Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6282. [PMID: 34208064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome (FIRES) is a unique catastrophic epilepsy syndrome, and the development of drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) is inevitable. Recently, anakinra, an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), has been increasingly used to treat DRE due to its potent anticonvulsant activity. We here summarized its effects in 38 patients (32 patients with FIRES and six with DRE). Of the 22 patients with FIRES, 16 (73%) had at least short-term seizure control 1 week after starting anakinra, while the remaining six suspected anakinra-refractory cases were male and had poor prognoses. Due to the small sample size, an explanation for anakinra refractoriness was not evident. In all DRE patients, seizures disappeared or improved, and cognitive function improved in five of the six patients following treatment. Patients showed no serious side effects, although drug reactions with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, cytopenia, and infections were observed. Thus, anakinra has led to a marked improvement in some cases, and functional deficiency of IL-1RA was indicated, supporting a direct mechanism for its therapeutic effect. This review first discusses the effectiveness of anakinra for intractable epileptic syndromes. Anakinra could become a new tool for intractable epilepsy treatment. However, it does not currently have a solid evidence base.
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15
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Sculier C, Barcia Aguilar C, Gaspard N, Gaínza-Lein M, Sánchez Fernández I, Amengual-Gual M, Anderson A, Arya R, Burrows BT, Brenton JN, Carpenter JL, Chapman KE, Clark J, Gaillard WD, Glauser TA, Goldstein JL, Goodkin HP, Gorman M, Lai YC, McDonough TL, Mikati MA, Nayak A, Peariso K, Riviello J, Rusie A, Sperberg K, Stredny CM, Tasker RC, Tchapyjnikov D, Vasquez A, Wainwright MS, Wilfong AA, Williams K, Loddenkemper T. Clinical presentation of new onset refractory status epilepticus in children (the pSERG cohort). Epilepsia 2021; 62:1629-1642. [PMID: 34091885 PMCID: PMC8362203 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective We aimed to characterize the clinical profile and outcomes of new onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) in children, and investigated the relationship between fever onset and status epilepticus (SE). Methods Patients with refractory SE (RSE) between June 1, 2011 and October 1, 2016 were prospectively enrolled in the pSERG (Pediatric Status Epilepticus Research Group) cohort. Cases meeting the definition of NORSE were classified as "NORSE of known etiology" or "NORSE of unknown etiology." Subgroup analysis of NORSE of unknown etiology was completed based on the presence and time of fever occurrence relative to RSE onset: fever at onset (≤24 h), previous fever (2 weeks–24 h), and without fever. Results Of 279 patients with RSE, 46 patients met the criteria for NORSE. The median age was 2.4 years, and 25 (54%) were female. Forty (87%) patients had NORSE of unknown etiology. Nineteen (48%) presented with fever at SE onset, 16 (40%) had a previous fever, and five (12%) had no fever. The patients with preceding fever had more prolonged SE and worse outcomes, and 25% recovered baseline neurological function. The patients with fever at onset were younger and had shorter SE episodes, and 89% recovered baseline function. Significance Among pediatric patients with RSE, 16% met diagnostic criteria for NORSE, including the subcategory of febrile infection‐related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES). Pediatric NORSE cases may also overlap with refractory febrile SE (FSE). FIRES occurs more frequently in older children, the course is usually prolonged, and outcomes are worse, as compared to refractory FSE. Fever occurring more than 24 h before the onset of seizures differentiates a subgroup of NORSE patients with distinctive clinical characteristics and worse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Sculier
- Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Erasmus Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cristina Barcia Aguilar
- Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Child Neurology, La Paz University Hospital, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicolas Gaspard
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.,Neurology Department, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marina Gaínza-Lein
- Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Children's Neuropsychiatry Service, San Borja Arriarán Clinical Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván Sánchez Fernández
- Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Child Neurology, SJD Barcelona Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Amengual-Gual
- Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Son Espases University Hospital, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Anne Anderson
- Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ravindra Arya
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Brian T Burrows
- Department of Pediatrics, Barrows Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - James N Brenton
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jessica L Carpenter
- Center for Neuroscience, Children's National Hospital, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kevin E Chapman
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Justice Clark
- Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William D Gaillard
- Center for Neuroscience, Children's National Hospital, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tracy A Glauser
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joshua L Goldstein
- Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program, Northwestern University Feinberg, School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Howard P Goodkin
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Mark Gorman
- Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yi-Chen Lai
- Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tiffani L McDonough
- Division of Neurology and Epilepsy, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mohamad A Mikati
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anuranjita Nayak
- Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katrina Peariso
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James Riviello
- Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Allison Rusie
- Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program, Northwestern University Feinberg, School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katherine Sperberg
- Center for Neuroscience, Children's National Hospital, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Coral M Stredny
- Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert C Tasker
- Department of Neurology, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dmitry Tchapyjnikov
- Division of Neurology and Epilepsy, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alejandra Vasquez
- Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mark S Wainwright
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Angus A Wilfong
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Child Health, Phoenix Children's Hospital, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Korwyn Williams
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Child Health, Phoenix Children's Hospital, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Tobias Loddenkemper
- Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Schoeler NE, Simpson Z, Zhou R, Pujar S, Eltze C, Cross JH. Dietary Management of Children With Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus: A Systematic Review and Experience in a Single UK Tertiary Centre. Front Neurol 2021; 12:643105. [PMID: 33776895 PMCID: PMC7994594 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.643105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketogenic diet therapies (KDT) are high-fat, low carbohydrate diets used as an effective treatment option for drug-resistant epilepsy. There is limited research on the efficacy of KDT for super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE). We systematically review evidence for use of KDT in children with SRSE and present a single UK tertiary centre's experience. Thirty one articles were included, of which 24 were “medium” or “low” quality. One hundred and forty seven children with SRSE started KDT, of which 141 (96%) achieved ketosis. KDT was started mean 5.3 days (range 1–420) after status epilepticus (SE) started. SRSE resolved in 85/141 (60%) children after mean 6.3 days (range 0–19) post SE onset, but it is unclear whether further treatments were initiated post-KDT. 13/141 (9%) children died. Response to KDT was more likely when initiated earlier (p = 0.03) and in females (p = 0.01). Adverse side effects were reported in 48/141 (34%), mostly gastrointestinal; potentially serious adverse effects occurred in ≤4%. Eight children with SRSE, all diagnosed with febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome, were treated with KDT at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children. KDT was initiated enterally at mean day 13.6+/− 5.1 of admission. Seven of 8 (88%) children reported adverse side effects, which were potentially serious in 4/8 (50%), including metabolic acidosis, hypoglycaemia and raised amylase. SE ceased in 6/8 (75%) children after mean 25+/− 9.4 days post onset, but other treatments were often started concomitantly and all children started other treatments post-KDT. Two of 8 (25%) children died during admission and another died post-admission. Four of the remaining 5 children continue to have drug-resistant seizures, one of whom remains on KDT; seizure burden was unknown for one child. Our findings indicate that KDT is possible and safe in children with SRSE. Cessation of SRSE may occur in almost two-thirds of children initiated with KDT, but a causal effect is difficult to determine due to concomitant treatments, treatments started post-KDT and the variable length of time post-KDT onset when SRSE cessation occurs. Given that serious adverse side effects seem rare and response rates are (cautiously) favorable, KDT should be considered as an early treatment option in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha E Schoeler
- Developmental Neurosciences Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zoe Simpson
- Department of Dietetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Runming Zhou
- Developmental Neurosciences Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Suresh Pujar
- Department of Paediatric and Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christin Eltze
- Department of Paediatric and Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - J H Cross
- Developmental Neurosciences Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Paediatric and Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom.,Young Epilepsy, Lingfield, United Kingdom
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17
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Abstract
New-onset refractory status epilepticus and its subcategory febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome are rare devastating clinical presentations in those without pre-existing relevant history, often in schoolchildren or young adults, without a clear cause on initial investigations. A cause is later identified in up to half of adults, but in many fewer children. Patients often require protracted intensive care and are at significant risk of dying. Functional disability is common and subsequent chronic epilepsy is the norm, but some people do have good outcomes, even after prolonged status epilepticus. Patients need prompt investigations and treatment. Anaesthetic and antiseizure medications are supplemented by other treatment modalities, including the ketogenic diet. Despite limited evidence, it is appropriate to try to modify the presumed underlying pathogenesis with immune modulation early, with a more recent focus on using interleukin inhibitors. Optimising management will require concerted multicentre international efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mantoan Ritter
- Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lina Nashef
- Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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18
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Koh S, Wirrell E, Vezzani A, Nabbout R, Muscal E, Kaliakatsos M, Wickström R, Riviello JJ, Brunklaus A, Payne E, Valentin A, Wells E, Carpenter JL, Lee K, Lai Y, Eschbach K, Press CA, Gorman M, Stredny CM, Roche W, Mangum T. Proposal to optimize evaluation and treatment of Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES): A Report from FIRES workshop. Epilepsia Open 2021; 6:62-72. [PMID: 33681649 PMCID: PMC7918329 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) is a rare catastrophic epileptic encephalopathy that presents suddenly in otherwise normal children and young adults causing significant neurological disability, chronic epilepsy, and high rates of mortality. To suggest a therapy protocol to improve outcome of FIRES, workshops were held in conjunction with American Epilepsy Society annual meeting between 2017 and 2019. An international group of pediatric epileptologists, pediatric neurointensivists, rheumatologists and basic scientists with interest and expertise in FIRES convened to propose an algorithm for a standardized approach to the diagnosis and treatment of FIRES. The broad differential for refractory status epilepticus (RSE) should include FIRES, to allow empiric therapies to be started early in the clinical course. FIRES should be considered in all previously healthy patients older than two years of age who present with explosive onset of seizures rapidly progressing to RSE, following a febrile illness in the preceding two weeks. Once FIRES is suspected, early administrations of ketogenic diet and anakinra (the IL-1 receptor antagonist that blocks biologic activity of IL-1β) are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sookyong Koh
- Department of PediatricsEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Elaine Wirrell
- Child and Adolescent Neurology and EpilepsyMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of NeuroscienceInstituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Rima Nabbout
- Reference Centre for Rare EpilepsiesDepartment of Pediatric NeurologyNecker Enfants Malades Hospital, APHPImagine InstituteParis Descartes UniversityParisFrance
| | - Eyal Muscal
- Department of PediatricsSection of Pediatric, RheumatologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - Marios Kaliakatsos
- Department of NeurologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for ChildrenLondonUK
| | - Ronny Wickström
- Neuropediatric UnitDepartment of Women's and Children's HealthKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | | | - Andreas Brunklaus
- Paediatric Neurosciences Research GroupRoyal Hospital for ChildrenGlasgowUK
| | - Eric Payne
- Child and Adolescent Neurology and EpilepsyMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
| | - Antonio Valentin
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Psychology and NeuroscienceDepartment of Clinical NeurophysiologyKing's College Hospital NHS TrustLondonUK
| | - Elizabeth Wells
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral MedicineChildren’s National Health SystemWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Jessica L. Carpenter
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral MedicineChildren’s National Health SystemWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Kihyeong Lee
- Comprehensive Epilepsy CenterAdvent Health for ChildrenOrlandoFLUSA
| | - Yi‐Chen Lai
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research InstituteBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - Krista Eschbach
- Department of PediatricsSection of NeurologyUniversity of Colorado DenverDenverCOUSA
| | - Craig A. Press
- Department of PediatricsSection of NeurologyUniversity of Colorado DenverDenverCOUSA
| | - Mark Gorman
- Department of NeurologyBoston Children’s HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | | | - William Roche
- Department of PediatricsEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Tara Mangum
- Department of PediatricsPhoenix Children’s HospitalPhoenixAZUSA
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19
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Orsini A, Foiadelli T, Costagliola G, Michev A, Consolini R, Vinci F, Peroni D, Striano P, Savasta S. The role of inflammatory mediators in epilepsy: Focus on developmental and epileptic encephalopathies and therapeutic implications. Epilepsy Res 2021; 172:106588. [PMID: 33721708 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2021.106588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the potential involvement of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Specifically, the role of innate immunity (that includes cytokines and chemokines) has been extensively investigated either in animal models of epilepsy and in clinical settings. Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEE) are a heterogeneous group of epileptic disorders, in which uncontrolled epileptic activity results in cognitive, motor and behavioral impairment. By definition, epilepsy in DEE is poorly controlled by common antiepileptic drugs but may respond to alternative treatments, including steroids and immunomodulatory drugs. In this review, we will focus on how cytokines and chemokines play a role in the pathogenesis of DEE and why expanding our knowledge about the role of neuroinflammation in DEE may be crucial to develop new and effective targeted therapeutic strategies to prevent seizure recurrence and developmental regression.
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Panda PK, Sharawat IK, Mehta S, Sherwani P, Bhat NK. Anti- N-methyl- d-aspartate Receptor Encephalitis Presenting as New-onset Refractory Status Epilepticus Responding to Rituximab in an Adolescent Girl. J Pediatr Neurosci 2021; 16:307-310. [PMID: 36531781 PMCID: PMC9757525 DOI: 10.4103/jpn.jpn_194_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
New-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) is defined as a refractory status epilepticus (SE) in a patient, without a clear acute or active structural, toxic, or metabolic cause, previous active epilepsy, or preexisting relevant neurological disorder. Cryptogenic NORSE cases, often immunotherapy is considered empirically as a favorable response, have been documented in anecdotal case reports. More than half of children with the anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis develop seizures and SE may also occur during the clinical course. But NORSE as a presenting feature of anti-NMDAR encephalitis is extremely rare, as most children present with subacute onset neuropsychiatric and extrapyramidal features. We are describing one such case in an adolescent girl with anti-NMDAR encephalitis, in whom even intravenous anesthetic infusion and first-line immunotherapy including corticosteroid and IVIG were insufficient to achieve seizure control. Super refractory left focal SE in this child resolved after 96 h of injection rituximab, following which intravenous anesthetics could be tapered and child survived with only mild functional limitation on follow-up at 6 months. In children with cryptogenic NORSE, the clinicians need to rule out the cerebrospinal fluid anti-NMDAR antibody. Rituximab is one of the most promising second-line immunotherapy options in children with anti-NMDAR encephalitis for achieving seizure control and inducing long-term remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Kumar Panda
- Pediatric Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Indar Kumar Sharawat
- Pediatric Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Indar Kumar Sharawat, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand. India. E-mail:
| | - Sonalika Mehta
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Poonam Sherwani
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Nowneet Kumar Bhat
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
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Tan THL, Perucca P, O'Brien TJ, Kwan P, Monif M. Inflammation, ictogenesis, and epileptogenesis: An exploration through human disease. Epilepsia 2020; 62:303-324. [PMID: 33316111 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is seen historically as a disease of aberrant neuronal signaling manifesting as seizures. With the discovery of numerous auto-antibodies and the subsequent growth in understanding of autoimmune encephalitis, there has been an increasing emphasis on the contribution of the innate and adaptive immune system to ictogenesis and epileptogenesis. Pathogenic antibodies, complement activation, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, and microglial activation are seen, to various degrees, in different seizure-associated neuroinflammatory and autoimmune conditions. These aberrant immune responses are thought to cause disruptions in neuronal signaling, generation of acute symptomatic seizures, and, in some cases, the development of long-term autoimmune epilepsy. Although early treatment with immunomodulatory therapies improves outcomes in autoimmune encephalitides and autoimmune epilepsies, patient identification and treatment selection are not always clear-cut. This review examines the role of the different components of the immune system in various forms of seizure disorders including autoimmune encephalitis, autoimmune epilepsy, Rasmussen encephalitis, febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES), and new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE). In particular, the pathophysiology and unique cytokine profiles seen in these disorders and their links with diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment decision-making are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracie Huey-Lin Tan
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Piero Perucca
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick Kwan
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mastura Monif
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Abstract
Ketogenic diet therapies are high-fat, low-carbohydrate diets designed to mimic a fasting state. Although initially developed nearly one century ago for seizure management, most clinical trials for the management of drug-resistant epilepsy in children as well as adults have been conducted over the last 3 decades. Moreover, ketogenic diets offer promising new adjunctive strategies in the critical care setting for the resolution of acute status epilepticus when traditional antiseizure drugs and anesthetic agents fail. Here, we review the history of ketogenic diet development, the clinical evidence supporting its use for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy in children and adults, and the early evidence supporting ketogenic diet feasibility, safety, and potential efficacy in the management of status epilepticus.
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23
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Willems LM, Bauer S, Jahnke K, Voss M, Rosenow F, Strzelczyk A. Therapeutic Options for Patients with Refractory Status Epilepticus in Palliative Settings or with a Limitation of Life-Sustaining Therapies: A Systematic Review. CNS Drugs 2020; 34:801-826. [PMID: 32705422 PMCID: PMC8316215 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-020-00747-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Refractory status epilepticus (RSE) represents a serious medical condition requiring early and targeted therapy. Given the increasing number of elderly or multimorbid patients with a limitation of life-sustaining therapy (LOT) or within a palliative care setting (PCS), guidelines-oriented therapy escalation options for RSE have to be omitted frequently. OBJECTIVES This systematic review sought to summarize the evidence for fourth-line antiseizure drugs (ASDs) and other minimally or non-invasive therapeutic options beyond guideline recommendations in patients with RSE to elaborate on possible treatment options for patients undergoing LOT or in a PCS. METHODS A systematic review of the literature in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, focusing on fourth-line ASDs or other minimally or non-invasive therapeutic options was performed in February and June 2020 using the MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases. The search terminology was constructed using the name of the specific ASD or therapy option and the term 'status epilepticus' with the use of Boolean operators, e.g. "(brivaracetam) AND (status epilepticus)". The respective Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and Emtree terms were used, if available. RESULTS There is currently no level 1, grade A evidence for the use of ASDs in RSE. The best evidence was found for the use of lacosamide and topiramate (level 3, grade C), followed by brivaracetam, perampanel (each level 4, grade D) and stiripentol, oxcarbazepine and zonisamide (each level 5, grade D). Regarding non-medicinal options, there is little evidence for the use of the ketogenic diet (level 4, grade D) and magnesium sulfate (level 5, grade D) in RSE. The broad use of immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive treatment options in the absence of a presumed autoimmune etiology cannot be recommended; however, if an autoimmune etiology is assumed, steroid pulse, intravenous immunoglobulins and plasma exchange/plasmapheresis should be considered (level 4, grade D). Even if several studies suggested that the use of neurosteroids (level 5, grade D) is beneficial in RSE, the current data situation indicates that there is formal evidence against it. CONCLUSIONS RSE in patients undergoing LOT or in a PCS represents a challenge for modern clinicians and epileptologists. The evidence for the use of ASDs in RSE beyond that in current guidelines is low, but several effective and well-tolerated options are available that should be considered in this patient population. More so than in any other population, advance care planning, advance directives, and medical ethical aspects have to be considered carefully before and during therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent M Willems
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Bauer
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kolja Jahnke
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Voss
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Neuro-Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Felix Rosenow
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Adam Strzelczyk
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg (Lahn), Germany
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Abstract
New-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) and febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) are relatively rare clinical presentations. They are characterized by de novo onset of refractory status epilepticus (RSE) without clearly identifiable acute or active cause (structural, toxic, or metabolic). We reviewed the literature using PubMed reports published between 2003 and 2019 and summarized the clinical, neurophysiological, imaging, and treatment findings. Focal motor seizures, which tend to evolve into status epilepticus, characterize the typical presentation. Disease course is biphasic: acute phase followed by chronic phase with refractory epilepsy and neurological impairment. Aetiology is unknown, but immune-inflammatory-mediated epileptic encephalopathy is suspected. Electroencephalograms show variety in discharges (sporadic or periodic, focal, generalized, or more frequently bilateral), sometimes with a multifocal pattern. About 70% of adult NORSE have abnormal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); in paediatric series of FIRES, 61.2% of patients have a normal brain MRI at the beginning and only 18.5% during the chronic phase. No specific therapy for FIRES and NORSE currently exists; high doses of barbiturates and ketogenic diet can be used with some effectiveness. Recently, anakinra and tocilizumab, targeting interleukin pathways, have emerged as potential specific therapies. Mortality rate is around 12% in children and even higher in adults (16-27%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Specchio
- Rare and Complex Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy.,European Reference Network EpiCARE, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Pietrafusa
- Rare and Complex Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
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25
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Worden LT, Abend NS, Bergqvist AGC. Ketogenic diet treatment of children in the intensive care unit: Safety, tolerability, and effectiveness. Seizure 2020; 80:242-248. [PMID: 32674044 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The ketogenic diet (KD) is initiated emergently in the intensive care unit (ICU) for patients with super refractory status epilepticus (SRSE) and epileptic encephalopathies (EE). However, few data are available regarding safety, effectiveness, and long-term outcomes. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients with KD initiated in the ICU from 2010 to 2018 for SRSE and EE. We characterized time to ketosis, adverse effects, and seizure outcomes. Responders were defined as having ≥50 % reduction in seizure frequency compared to prior to KD initiation. RESULTS We identified 29 patients. KD was initiated for SRSE in 12 patients, EE in 8 patients, and EE with SRSE in 9 patients. KD was initiated after a median of 9 days. Ketosis was achieved 2 days faster in fasted patients (p < 0.0001). All patients had at least 1 KD-related adverse effect, most often hypoglycemia, constipation, or acidosis. There was ≥50 % reduction in seizure frequency compared to prior to KD initiation by 1 week in 17/28 patients, seizure-freedom by 2 weeks in 7/28 patients, and weaned off anesthetics in 11/17 patients. All KD-responders at 1 month had continued response at 6 months. Mortality at 1 year was 24 %. There was no difference in KD response or mortality between KD indication groups. CONCLUSION Emergent KD initiation in the ICU is feasible, safe, and often effective for SRSE and EE. Expected adverse effects were common but treatable. Morbidity and mortality in this group was high. A ≥ 50 % reduction in seizure is achieved in most responders by 1-2 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila T Worden
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA
| | - Nicholas S Abend
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Departments of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A G Christina Bergqvist
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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26
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Abstract
In this review, we summarize the general mechanisms of the ketogenic diet, and the application of a ketogenic diet in pediatric intensive care units for the neurological disorders of children and young infants. A ketogenic diet is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate, adequate-protein diet. It can alter the primary cerebral energy metabolism from glucose to ketone bodies, which involves multiple mechanisms of antiepileptic action, antiepileptogenic properties, neuro-protection, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and it is potentially a disease-modifying intervention. Although a ketogenic diet is typically used for the chronic stage of pharmacoresistant of epilepsy, recent studies have shown its efficacy in patients with the acute stage of refractory/super-refractory status epilepticus. The application of a ketogenic diet in pediatric intensive care units is a challenge because of the critical status of the patients, who are often in a coma or have a nothing by mouth order. Moreover, a ketogenic diet needs to be started early and sometimes through parenteral administration in patients with critical conditions such as refractory status epilepticus or febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome. Animal models and some case reports have shown that the neuro-protective effects of a ketogenic diet can be extended to other emergent neurological diseases, such as traumatic brain injury and ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Lin Lin
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Chang Gung Children's Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jann-Jim Lin
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care and Pediatric Neurocritical Care Center, Chang Gung Children's Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Shyong Wang
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Chang Gung Children's Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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27
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Kessi M, Liu F, Zhan Y, Tang Y, Wu L, Yang L, Zhang CL, Yin F, Peng J. Efficacy of different treatment modalities for acute and chronic phases of the febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome: A systematic review. Seizure 2020; 79:61-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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28
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Abstract
Despite the rapid increase of clinical and basic-science knowledge on ketogenic diet therapies over the past years, it has not always been easy to determine the adequate indications of this treatment. Over the nearly 100 years of use, from being a last resource in the therapeutic algorithm, the diet has become one of the four main treatments for patients with difficult-to-control epilepsy together with antiepileptic drugs, surgery, and vagus nerve stimulation. The use of the diet has also changed. The current paper will briefly discuss the history of the diet together with a review of the literature regarding its most important indications and how they have evolved. The concept of the importance of defining the type of seizure, type of syndrome, and etiology in the selection of patients and timing of diet initiation has been gaining importance. This paper explores how the indications of the diet changed together with the shifting focus of epilepsy teams towards its use in different types of epilepsy and epilepsy syndromes and according to etiologies and as an alternative option in refractory and superrefractory status epilepticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Armeno
- Department of Nutrition, Hospital de Pediatria Juan P Garrahan, Combate de los Pozos 1881, C1245 CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Roberto Caraballo
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de Pediatria Juan P Garrahan, Combate de los Pozos 1881, C1245 CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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29
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Lee YJ. Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome: Refractory Status Epilepticus and Management Strategies. Ann Child Neurol 2020. [DOI: 10.26815/acn.2019.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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30
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van der Louw E, Aldaz V, Harvey J, Roan M, van den Hurk D, Cross JH, Auvin S. Optimal clinical management of children receiving ketogenic parenteral nutrition: a clinical practice guide. Dev Med Child Neurol 2020; 62:48-56. [PMID: 31313290 PMCID: PMC6916385 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM To give evidence-based recommendations on the application of ketogenic diet parenteral nutrition (KD-PN) in emergency situations. METHOD An international group of experts (n=14) researched the literature and distributed a survey among 150 expert centers. International accepted guidelines (European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism/European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition and the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition) and handbooks for parenteral nutrition were considered general standards of care. RESULTS In the literature, we identified 35 reports of patients treated by KD-PN. International guidelines and handbooks provided some conflicting information. Twenty-four expert teams from nine countries responded to the survey, reflecting the limited clinical experience. INTERPRETATION This paper highlights 23 consensus-based recommendations for safe and effective KD-PN (e.g. diet initiation, calculation, application, monitoring, and evaluation) based on the best evidence available and expert opinions. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS In acute settings, ketogenic diet therapy (KDT) can be administered parenterally. Parenteral administration of KDT should be started only at the intensive care unit. Initiate ketogenic parenteral nutrition stepwise to the highest ratio possible with the lowest level of complications. Evaluate the risk-benefit ratio of parenteral administration continuously. Restart enteral feeding as soon as appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elles van der Louw
- Erasmus MC – Sophia Children's HospitalUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marian Roan
- UCSF Benioff Children's HospitalOaklandCAUSA
| | - Dorine van den Hurk
- University Medical Hospital Utrecht Wilhelmina Children's HospitalUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - J Helen Cross
- UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS TrustLondonUK
| | - Stéphane Auvin
- Hȏpital Universitaire Robert‐DebréAssistance Publique Hȏpitaux de ParisParisFrance
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32
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Abstract
Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) is a catastrophic epileptic syndrome that strikes previously healthy children aged 3-15 years and has an unknown pathogenesis and few treatments. These children experience a nonspecific febrile illness that is followed by prolonged refractory status epilepticus. Although the etiology is unknown, FIRES has a biphasic presentation, with the acute phase beginning as seizure activity lasting 1-12 weeks, then followed by the chronic phase, which is characterized by refractory seizures that cluster every 2-4 weeks, and may continue to be multifocal and independent. Treatment of FIRES is difficult, typically unresponsive to antiepileptic drugs. Some children resolve temporarily with drug-induced burst suppression comas. Other therapies such as a ketogenic diet have limited benefit. The outcome varies with the length of the acute phase and is usually poor, with up to 30% of cases ending in death and 66-100% of survivors having intellectual disability. The authors present a case of a 6-year-old child presenting with FIRES and refractory status epilepticus, which continued despite multidrug therapy. The patient underwent immunomodulatory therapy with the eventual resolution of status, but she developed a chronic, moderately severe encephalopathy, including intractable epilepsy. This case highlights the challenges of FIRES and the potential of immunomodulatory therapies for children with this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy Fox
- a Neurodiagnostics and Sleep Science Program , University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina
| | - Mary Ellen Wells
- a Neurodiagnostics and Sleep Science Program , University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina
| | - Michael Tennison
- b Department of Neurology, School of Medicine , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill , North Carolina
| | - Bradley Vaughn
- b Department of Neurology, School of Medicine , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill , North Carolina
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33
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Lam SK, Lu WY, Weng WC, Fan PC, Lee WT. The short-term and long-term outcome of febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome in children. Epilepsy Behav 2019; 95:117-23. [PMID: 31035103 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) is a catastrophic epileptic encephalopathy which developed the refractory status epilepticus following or during a nonspecific febrile illness. To analyze the short-term and long-term outcome of FIRES in the children, we retrospectively analyzed the related data. METHODS The motor outcome was evaluated by modified Rankin scale (mRS). Poor motor outcome was defined as a mRS score of 4 or higher at discharge. Significant motor decline was defined as the mRS difference more than 2 before hospital admission and at discharge. RESULTS We totally enrolled 25 patients for analysis. Four patients were expired during hospitalization, and one patient was lost to follow-up after discharge. Therefore, a total 20 patients were finally analyzed. The age of disease onset ranged from 1.6 to 17.2 years (mean: 9.6 ± 4.4 years). Newly acquired epilepsy and cognitive deficit occurred in 100% and 61%, respectively. The duration of the anesthetic agents ranged from 7 to 149 days (mean: 34.2 ± 36.1 days). The duration of anesthetic agent usage (p = 0.011), refractory epilepsy (p = 0.003), and the use of ketogenic diet (p = 0.004) were significantly associated with the poor long-term motor outcome, and the number of anesthetic agents tended to be associated with the poor long-term motor outcome (p = 0.050). In-hospital mortality was 16%. Significant functional decline at discharge occurred in 100%. However, there was improvement in long-term follow-up. CONCLUSION The outcome of FIRES is poor with significant mortality and morbidities. Refractory epilepsy with cognitive deficit in survived cases is common, but improvement is possible.
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34
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Peng P, Peng J, Yin F, Deng X, Chen C, He F, Wang X, Guang S, Mao L. Ketogenic Diet as a Treatment for Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus in Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome. Front Neurol 2019; 10:423. [PMID: 31105638 PMCID: PMC6498987 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) is a fatal epileptic encephalopathy associated with super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE). Several treatment strategies have been proposed for this condition although the clinical outcomes are poor. Huge efforts from neurointensivists have been focused on identifying the characteristics of FIRES and treatment to reduce the mortality associated with this condition. However, the role of ketogenic diet (KD) in FIRES is not fully understood. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of patients who met the diagnostic criteria of FIRES, SRSE, and were treated with KD between 2015 and 2018 at the Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University. The following data were recorded: demographic features, clinical presentation, anticonvulsant treatment, timing and duration of KD and follow-up information. Electroencephalography recordings were reviewed and analyzed. Results: Seven patients with FIRES were put on KD (5 via enteral route, and 2 via intravenous line) for SRSE in the PICU. The median age was 8. Four patients were male and 3 were female. Although patients underwent treatment with a median of 4 antiepileptic drugs and 2 anesthetic agents, the status epilepticus (SE) persisted for 7–31 days before KD initiation. After KD initiation, all patients achieved ketosis and SE disappeared within an average of 5 days (IQR 3.5), although there were minor side effects. In 6 patients, a unique pattern was identified in the EEG recording at the peak period. After initiation of KD, the number of seizures reduced, the duration of seizure shortened, the background recovered and sleep architecture normalized in the EEG recordings. The early initiation of KD (at the onset of SE) in the acute phase of patients decreased the mRS score in the subsequent period (p = 0.012, r = 0.866). Conclusions: The characteristic EEG pattern in the acute phase promoted timely diagnosis of FIRES. Our data suggest that KD may be a safe and promising therapy for FIRES with SRSE, and that early initiation of KD produces a favorable prognosis. Therefore, KD should be applied earlier in the course of FIRES. Intravenous KD can be an effective alternative route of administration for patients who may not take KD enterally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaolu Deng
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaole Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shiqi Guang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Leilei Mao
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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Culleton S, Talenti G, Kaliakatsos M, Pujar S, D'Arco F. The spectrum of neuroimaging findings in febrile infection‐related epilepsy syndrome (
FIRES
): A literature review. Epilepsia 2019; 60:585-592. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.14684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sinead Culleton
- Department of RadiologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children London UK
| | - Giacomo Talenti
- Department of Diagnostics and PathologyNeuroradiology UnitVerona University Hospital Verona Italy
| | - Marios Kaliakatsos
- Department of NeurologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children London UK
| | - Suresh Pujar
- Department of NeurologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children London UK
- Neurosciences UnitUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health London UK
| | - Felice D'Arco
- Department of RadiologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children London UK
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Clarkson BDS, LaFrance-Corey RG, Kahoud RJ, Farias-Moeller R, Payne ET, Howe CL. Functional deficiency in endogenous interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in patients with febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome. Ann Neurol 2019; 85:526-537. [PMID: 30779222 PMCID: PMC6450741 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We recently reported successful treatment of a child with febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES), a subtype of new onset refractory status epilepticus, with the recombinant interleukin-1 (IL1) receptor antagonist (IL1RA) anakinra. On this basis, we tested whether endogenous IL1RA production or function is deficient in FIRES patients. METHODS Levels of IL1β and IL1RA were measured in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The inhibitory activity of endogenous IL1RA was assessed using a cell-based reporter assay. IL1RN gene variants were identified by sequencing. Expression levels for the secreted and intracellular isoforms of IL1RA were measured in patient and control cells by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Levels of endogenous IL1RA and IL1β were elevated in the serum and CSF of patients with FIRES (n = 7) relative to healthy controls (n = 10). Serum from FIRES patients drove IL1R signaling activity and potentiated IL1R signaling in response to exogenous IL1β in a cell-based reporter assay. Functional assessment of endogenous IL1RA activity in 3 FIRES patients revealed attenuated inhibition of IL1R signaling. Sequencing of IL1RN in our index patient revealed multiple variants. This was accompanied by reduced expression of intracellular but not secreted isoforms of IL1RA in the patient's peripheral blood mononuclear cells. INTERPRETATION Our findings suggest that FIRES is associated with reduced expression of intracellular IL1RA isoforms and a functional deficiency in IL1RA inhibitory activity. These observations may provide insight into disease pathogenesis for FIRES and other inflammatory seizure disorders and may provide a valuable biomarker for therapeutic decision-making. Ann Neurol 2019;85:526-537.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D S Clarkson
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Translational Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Reghann G LaFrance-Corey
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Translational Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Robert J Kahoud
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Eric T Payne
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Charles L Howe
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Translational Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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37
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Fessas P, Duret A. Question 1: Is there a role for the ketogenic diet in refractory status epilepticus? Arch Dis Child 2018; 103:994-997. [PMID: 30104393 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2018-315755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petros Fessas
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amedine Duret
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE To summarize the clinical features, suggested work-up, treatment and prognosis of new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE), a condition recently defined as the occurrence of refractory status epilepticus (RSE) in a patient without active epilepsy, and without a clear acute or active structural, toxic or metabolic cause; and of the related syndrome of febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES), also recently defined as a subgroup of NORSE preceded by a febrile illness between 2 weeks and 24 h prior to the onset of RSE. METHOD Narrative review of the medical literature about NORSE and FIRES. RESULTS NORSE and FIRES mainly affect school-age children and young adults. A prodromal phase with flu-like symptoms precedes the SE onset in two third of NORSE cases, and by definition in all FIRES. Status epilepticus usually starts with repeated focal seizures with secondary bilateralization. Most cases evolve to super RSE (SRSE) and have unfavorable outcome, with short-term mortality of 12-27%, long-term disability and epilepsy. No specific imaging or laboratory abnormalities have been identified so far that allows an early diagnosis and half of adult cases remain of unknown etiology. A standardized diagnostic algorithm is provided and. Autoimmune encephalitis is the most frequent identified cause. In the absence of specific diagnosis, immunotherapy could be tried in addition to antiepileptic treatment. CONCLUSIONS This review presents the rare but devastating syndrome of NORSE, including the subcategory of FIRES. Early recognition with complete work-up is primordial to identify the underlying cause and promptly start appropriate treatment.
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Vasquez A, Farias-Moeller R, Tatum W. Pediatric refractory and super-refractory status epilepticus. Seizure 2018; 68:62-71. [PMID: 29941225 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To summarize the available evidence related to pediatric refractory status epilepticus (RSE) and super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE), with emphasis on epidemiology, etiologies, therapeutic approaches, and clinical outcomes. METHODS Narrative review of the medical literature using MEDLINE database. RESULTS RSE is defined as status epilepticus (SE) that fails to respond to adequately used first- and second-line antiepileptic drugs. SRSE occurs when SE persist for 24 h or more after administration of anesthesia, or recurs after its withdrawal. RSE and SRSE represent complex neurological emergencies associated with long-term neurological dysfunction and high mortality. Challenges in management arise as the underlying etiology is not always promptly recognized and therapeutic options become limited with prolonged seizures. Treatment decisions mainly rely on case series or experts' opinions. The comparative effectiveness of different treatment strategies has not been evaluated in large prospective series or randomized clinical trials. Continuous infusion of anesthetic agents is the most common treatment for RSE and SRSE, although many questions on optimal dosing and rate of administration remain unanswered. The use of non-pharmacological therapies is documented in case series or reports with low level of evidence. In addition to neurological complications resulting from prolonged seizures, children with RSE/SRSE often develop systemic complications associated with polypharmacy and prolonged hospital stay. CONCLUSION RSE and SRSE are neurological emergencies with limited therapeutic options. Multi-national collaborative efforts are desirable to evaluate the safety and efficacy of current RSE/SRSE therapies, and potentially impact patients' outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Vasquez
- Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Raquel Farias-Moeller
- Department of Neurology, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.
| | - William Tatum
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Rd, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, United States.
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40
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Lee H, Chi C. Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES): therapeutic complications, long-term neurological and neuroimaging follow-up. Seizure 2018; 56:53-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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41
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Aponte-Puerto A, Rozo-Osorio JD, Guzman-Porras JJ, Patiño-Moncayo AD, Amortegui-Beltrán JA, Uscategui AM. Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome (FIRES), a possible cause of super-refractory status epilepticus. Case report. Case reports 2018. [DOI: 10.15446/cr.v4n1.61288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducción: El estado epiléptico superrefractario (EES) es una patología con importante morbimortalidad que afecta el ambiente neuronal según el tipo y duración de las crisis.Presentación del caso: Se presenta el caso de un escolar con estado epiléptico superrefractario y crisis multifocales. Se descartaron causas metabólicas, estructurales, infecciosas, toxicológicas y autoinmunes y se utilizaron diferentes manejos anticonvulsivantes sin respuesta, lográndose control de las crisis 6 semanas después del ingreso a UCI. Se realizó un seguimiento de 12 años, periodo en el que el paciente presentó múltiples recaídas del estado epiléptico asociadas a la presencia de epilepsia refractaria con múltiples tipos de crisis, en su mayoría vegetativas; además se dio involución cognitiva.Discusión: Esta forma de estado epiléptico corresponde al síndrome de estado epiléptico facilitado por fiebre (FIRES), entidad de posible origen inmunológico conocida por ser refractaria al tratamiento agudo y al manejo cró- nico de la epilepsia y que se presenta como secuela. Su evolución no se ha descrito a largo plazo y por tanto no hay consenso sobre el manejo en la fase crónica.Conclusión: Es importante considerar esta etiología en estado epiléptico superrefractario para utilizar de forma temprana diferentes estrategias terapéuticas, como la dieta cetogénica, que permitan, por un lado, controlar su condición crítica y las crisis epilépticas a largo plazo y, por el otro, mejorar el pronóstico cognitivo, logrando así un impacto en la calidad de vida.
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Gadian J, Kirk E, Holliday K, Lim M, Absoud M. Systematic review of immunoglobulin use in paediatric neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders. Dev Med Child Neurol 2017; 59:136-144. [PMID: 27900773 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.13349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AIM A systematic literature review of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment of paediatric neurological conditions was performed to summarize the evidence, provide recommendations, and suggest future research. METHOD A MEDLINE search for articles reporting on IVIG treatment of paediatric neuroinflammatory, neurodevelopmental, and neurodegenerative conditions published before September 2015, excluding single case reports and those not in English. Owing to heterogeneous outcome measures, meta-analysis was not possible. Findings were combined and evidence graded. RESULTS Sixty-five studies were analysed. IVIG reduces recovery time in Guillain-Barré syndrome (grade B). IVIG is as effective as corticosteroids in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (grade C), and as effective as tacrolimus in Rasmussen syndrome (grade C). IVIG improves recovery in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (grade C), reduces mortality in acute encephalitis syndrome with myocarditis (grade C), and improves function and stabilizes disease in myasthenia gravis (grade C). IVIG improves outcome in N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis (grade C) and opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (grade C), reduces cataplexy symptoms in narcolepsy (grade C), speeds recovery in Sydenham chorea (grade C), reduces tics in selected cases of Tourette syndrome (grade D), and improves symptoms in paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcal infection (grade B). INTERPRETATION IVIG is a useful therapy in selected neurological conditions. Well-designed, prospective, multi-centre studies with standardized outcome measures are required to compare treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gadian
- Evelina London Children's Hospital, St Thomas' Hospital, Children's Neurosciences Centre, London, UK
| | - Emma Kirk
- Evelina London Children's Hospital, St Thomas' Hospital, Paediatric Pharmacy, London, UK
| | | | - Ming Lim
- Evelina London Children's Hospital, St Thomas' Hospital, Children's Neurosciences Centre, London, UK
| | - Michael Absoud
- Evelina London Children's Hospital, St Thomas' Hospital, Children's Neurosciences Centre, London, UK
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43
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Zeiler FA, Matuszczak M, Teitelbaum J, Kazina CJ, Gillman LM. Plasmapheresis for refractory status epilepticus Part II: A scoping systematic review of the pediatric literature. Seizure 2016; 43:61-68. [PMID: 27888743 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our goal was to perform a scoping systematic review of the literature on the use of plasmapheresis or plasma exchange (PE) for refractory status epilepticus (RSE) in children. METHODS Articles from MEDLINE, BIOSIS, EMBASE, Global Health, Healthstar, Scopus, Cochrane Library, the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, clinicaltrials.gov (inception to May 2016), reference lists of relevant articles, and gray literature were searched. The strength of evidence was adjudicated using both the Oxford and GRADE methodology by two independent reviewers. RESULTS Twenty-two original articles were identified, with 37 pediatric patients. The mean age of the patients was 8.3 years (age median: 8.5, range: 0.6 years-17 years). Seizure response to PE therapy occurred in 9 of the 37 patients (24.3%) included in the review, with 7 patients (18.9%) displaying resolution of seizures and 2 patients (5.4%) displaying a partial reduction in seizure volume. Twenty-eight of the 37 patients (75.7%) had no response to PE therapy. No adverse events were recorded. CONCLUSIONS Oxford level 4, GRADE D evidence exists to suggest little to no benefit of PE in pediatric RSE. Routine application of PE for pediatric RSE cannot be recommended at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Zeiler
- Clinician Investigator Program, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
| | - M Matuszczak
- Undergraduate Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9, Canada.
| | - J Teitelbaum
- Section of Neurology, Montreal Neurological Institute, 3801 Rue University, McGill, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - C J Kazina
- Clinician Investigator Program, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
| | - L M Gillman
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Section of General Surgery, Dept of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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Chiusolo F, Diamanti A, Bianchi R, Fusco L, Elia M, Capriati T, Vigevano F, Picardo S. From intravenous to enteral ketogenic diet in PICU: A potential treatment strategy for refractory status epilepticus. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2016; 20:843-847. [PMID: 27594068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketogenic diet (KD) has been used to treat refractory status epilepticus (RSE). KD is a high-fat, restricted-carbohydrate regimen that may be administered with different fat to protein and carbohydrate ratios (3:1 and 4:1 fat to protein and carbohydrate ratios). Other ketogenic regimens have a lower fat and higher protein and carbohydrate ratio to improve taste and thus compliance to treatment. We describe a case of RSE treated with intravenous KD in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). CASE REPORT An 8-year-old boy was referred to the PICU because of continuous tonic-clonic and myoclonic generalized seizures despite several antiepileptic treatments. After admission he was intubated and treated with intravenous thiopental followed by ketamine. Seizures continued with frequent myoclonic jerks localized on the face and upper arms. EEG showed seizure activity with spikes on rhythmic continuous waves. Thus we decided to begin KD. The concomitant ileus contraindicated KD by the enteral route and we therefore began IV KD. The ketogenic regimen consisted of conventional intravenous fat emulsion, plus dextrose and amino-acid hyperalimentation in a 2:1 then 3:1 fat to protein and carbohydrate ratio. Exclusive IV ketogenic treatment, well tolerated, was maintained for 3 days; peristalsis then reappeared so KD was continued by the enteral route at 3:1 ratio. Finally, after 8 days and no seizure improvement, KD was deemed unsuccessful and was discontinued. CONCLUSIONS Our experience indicates that IV KD may be considered as a temporary "bridge" towards enteral KD in patients with partial or total intestinal failure who need to start KD. It allows a prompt initiation of KD, when indicated for the treatment of severe diseases such as RSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chiusolo
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ARCO Rome, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - A Diamanti
- Artificial Nutrition Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - R Bianchi
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ARCO Rome, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - L Fusco
- Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - M Elia
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ARCO Rome, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - T Capriati
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ARCO Rome, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - F Vigevano
- Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - S Picardo
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ARCO Rome, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Chou IC, Lai HC, Tsai FJ, Chang YT, Lin SS, Hong SY, Lee IC. Marked improvement in febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome after lidocaine plus MgSO4 treatment in a 12-year-old girl. Epilepsy Behav Case Rep 2016; 6:6-9. [PMID: 27358770 PMCID: PMC4917485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebcr.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This report sheds light on a successful treatment in febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) with the combined use of lidocaine and MgSO4. Methods We report a 12-year-old previously healthy girl who experienced an upper respiratory infection with fever and headache for 2 days, then suddenly went into a coma followed by repetitive status epilepticus. All tests for CNS infection, metabolic and toxic diseases, and autoimmune encephalitis were negative. Hence, the diagnosis of FIRES was made. During 5 weeks of hospital treatment, various antiepileptic drugs were administered at different times without success. To achieve seizure control, we then attempted the use of lidocaine first, then followed by MgSO4. Results The SE was successfully controlled when lidocaine plus MgSO4 was introduced. At follow-up, almost no neurological sequelae remained. Conclusion This is the first report describing the combined use of lidocaine and MgSO4 with successful treatment outcomes. This experience has indicated that even FIRES can be controlled if treated promptly with certain agents. However, more studies are needed to explore the mechanisms and effects of lidocaine and MgSO4 in FIRES.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ching Chou
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Cheng Lai
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tzu Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Shing Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Syuan-Yu Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Inn-Chi Lee
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Rivas-Coppola MS, Shah N, Choudhri AF, Morgan R, Wheless JW. Chronological Evolution of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Children With Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome. Pediatr Neurol 2016; 55:22-9. [PMID: 26597039 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe and analyze the chronological evolution of the radiological findings in seven children with febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome. METHODS This is a retrospective study describing the radiological findings and evolution in seven children with febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome who presented from 2009 to 2013. The children all fit the defined clinical criteria for febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome; all had a history of normal psychomotor development who presented with acute-onset catastrophic partial status epilepticus associated with a febrile illness or unspecific infectious process. The children were identified from the author's weekly review of the pediatric inpatient service, and then the data were collected and analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS Six males and one female ranging from 3 months to 9 years of age presented with status epilepticus preceded by a febrile illness. Extensive investigations for infectious, autoimmune, and metabolic etiologies were unremarkable. Multiple antiepileptic medications were attempted, including drug-induced coma in all of them, with poor response. Immunotherapy with intravenous steroids or intravenous immunoglobulin (three patients had both) was tried in six of seven patients with a poor response. Ketogenic diet was initiated in four of seven patients with limited response. Serial magnetic resonance imaging studies, done from the initial presentation through 18 months of follow-up, showed evolution from normal imaging to severe cerebral atrophy. Progressive cytotoxic edema involving mostly bilateral hippocampi and temporal lobes was appreciated in one to three weeks. At one month from seizure onset, mild to moderate cerebral atrophy and hippocampal sclerosis was appreciated that continued to progress over the next year. After six to twelve months, most of the patients showed moderate to severe cerebral atrophy and by one year, cerebellar atrophy was also appreciated. CONCLUSION Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome is a devastating epilepsy syndrome of childhood without a diagnostic biologic marker. The magnetic resonance imaging findings appear to be progressive and typical. Thus, combined with the clinical course, imaging findings can help to confirm the diagnosis (until a biologic marker is found). This hopefully will allow multicentered treatment protocols in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna S Rivas-Coppola
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital - Neuroscience Institute, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Namrata Shah
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital - Neuroscience Institute, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Asim F Choudhri
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital - Neuroscience Institute, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Robin Morgan
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital - Neuroscience Institute, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - James W Wheless
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital - Neuroscience Institute, Memphis, Tennessee.
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Abstract
Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody that first demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of lymphoma but has since seen a dramatic growth in its use for other conditions. Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a rare but potentially fatal complication of rituximab infusion that has been described in patients with bulky lymphoproliferative disease. Here we report a convincing case of CRS occurring in a patient with no demonstrable lymphoproliferation. This case has implications for our understanding of the pathogenesis of CRS, our attempts to define an at-risk population and the design of future monoclonal antibodies.
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da Rocha AJ, Nunes RH, Maia ACM, do Amaral LLF. Recognizing Autoimmune-Mediated Encephalitis in the Differential Diagnosis of Limbic Disorders. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2015; 36:2196-205. [PMID: 26381566 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Limbic encephalitis is far more common than previously thought. It is not always associated with cancer, and it is potentially treatable. Autoantibodies against various neuronal cell antigens may arise independently or in association with cancer and cause autoimmune damage to the limbic system. Neuroimaging plays a key role in the management of patients with suspected limbic encephalitis by supporting diagnosis and excluding differential possibilities. This article describes the main types of autoimmune limbic encephalitis and its mimic disorders, and emphasizes their major imaging features.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J da Rocha
- From the Division of Neuroradiology (A.J.d.R., R.H.N., A.C.M.M., L.L.F.d.A.), Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil Division of Neuroradiology (A.J.d.R., R.H.N., A.C.M.M.), Fleury Medicina e Saúde, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R H Nunes
- From the Division of Neuroradiology (A.J.d.R., R.H.N., A.C.M.M., L.L.F.d.A.), Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil Division of Neuroradiology (A.J.d.R., R.H.N., A.C.M.M.), Fleury Medicina e Saúde, São Paulo, Brazil Research Fellow, University of North Carolina (R.H.N.), Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - A C M Maia
- From the Division of Neuroradiology (A.J.d.R., R.H.N., A.C.M.M., L.L.F.d.A.), Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil Division of Neuroradiology (A.J.d.R., R.H.N., A.C.M.M.), Fleury Medicina e Saúde, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L L F do Amaral
- From the Division of Neuroradiology (A.J.d.R., R.H.N., A.C.M.M., L.L.F.d.A.), Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil Division of Neuroradiology (L.L.F.d.A.), Med Imagem, Hospital da Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Khair AM, Elmagrabi D. Febrile Seizures and Febrile Seizure Syndromes: An Updated Overview of Old and Current Knowledge. Neurol Res Int 2015; 2015:849341. [PMID: 26697219 DOI: 10.1155/2015/849341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Febrile seizures are the most common paroxysmal episode during childhood, affecting up to one in 10 children. They are a major cause of emergency facility visits and a source of family distress and anxiety. Their etiology and pathophysiological pathways are being understood better over time; however, there is still more to learn. Genetic predisposition is thought to be a major contributor. Febrile seizures have been historically classified as benign; however, many emerging febrile seizure syndromes behave differently. The way in which human knowledge has evolved over the years in regard to febrile seizures has not been dealt with in depth in the current literature, up to our current knowledge. This review serves as a documentary of how scientists have explored febrile seizures, elaborating on the journey of knowledge as far as etiology, clinical features, approach, and treatment strategies are concerned. Although this review cannot cover all clinical aspects related to febrile seizures at the textbook level, we believe it can function as a quick summary of the past and current sources of knowledge for all varieties of febrile seizure types and syndromes.
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50
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Ueda R, Saito Y, Ohno K, Maruta K, Matsunami K, Saiki Y, Sokota T, Sugihara S, Nishimura Y, Tamasaki A, Narita A, Imamura A, Maegaki Y. Effect of levetiracetam in acute encephalitis with refractory, repetitive partial seizures during acute and chronic phase. Brain Dev 2015; 37:471-7. [PMID: 25174548 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM To clarify the effect of levetiracetam (LEV) for acute and chronic seizure control in acute encephalitis with refractory, repetitive partial seizures (AERRPS). METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the clinical course of six AERRPS cases treated with LEV, and explored the acute phase termination by withdrawal from barbiturate-induced coma under artificial ventilation, and the reduction in seizure frequency during the chronic phase. LEV was administrated orally or via nasogastric tubes as an add-on agent during acute (n=3; age 8-10 years) and chronic (n=3; age 19-30 years) AERRPS. RESULTS In the acute phase, administration of LEV (50-60 mg/kg/d) in combination with phenobarbital (n=3; peak 57.9-76.1 μg/ml) and potassium bromide (n=2; 30-36 mg/kg/d)) resulted in successful reduction of intravenous barbiturate dosage and withdrawal from artificial ventilation. In the chronic phase, seizure frequency reduced by >75% for 5-18 months with LEV 750-1500 mg/d. CONCLUSION LEV may affect seizure control in AERRPS, particularly during the chronic phase, through its unique action of inhibition of excitatory neurotransmitter release. The regimen of oral barbiturate, potassium bromide and LEV would be worth for trial during the acute phase of AERRPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyo Ueda
- Division of Child Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori Univesity, Yonago, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Saito
- Division of Child Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori Univesity, Yonago, Japan
| | - Koyo Ohno
- Division of Child Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori Univesity, Yonago, Japan
| | - Kanako Maruta
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu Prefectural General Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Matsunami
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu Prefectural General Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yusuke Saiki
- Division of Child Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori Univesity, Yonago, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Sokota
- Division of Child Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori Univesity, Yonago, Japan
| | - Susumu Sugihara
- Division of Child Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori Univesity, Yonago, Japan
| | - Yoko Nishimura
- Division of Child Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori Univesity, Yonago, Japan
| | - Akiko Tamasaki
- Division of Child Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori Univesity, Yonago, Japan
| | - Aya Narita
- Division of Child Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori Univesity, Yonago, Japan
| | - Atsushi Imamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu Prefectural General Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Maegaki
- Division of Child Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori Univesity, Yonago, Japan.
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