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Zhou A, Liu G, Jiang X. Characteristic of the components and the metabolism mechanism of goat colostrum: a review. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:4135-4146. [PMID: 37039778 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2199500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Colostrum contains large number of nutrients that promote the growth, differentiation, and biological functions for goat kids early somatic cells, which is crucial to meet the nutritional demands, immune function, and the health of goat kids later growth. Great attention has been given not only to nutritional ingredient differences between colostrum and normal milk, but also to function differences, and their effect on the physical and sensory properties of goat kid's growth performance and health status. This paper reviews the research progress of goat colostrum in recent years, mainly including the colostrum yield, components, i.e., proteins, lactose, and immunoglobulin, as well as the influence factor, i.e., number of lactation and littler size, nutrition during the gestation, and breeding environment. In addition, this review aims to summarize the synthesis and secretion mechanisms, and the digestion and absorption mechanism of goat colostrum. We conclude that even though the composition and physicochemical properties of goat colostrum are highly dynamic and variable, and the digestion and absorption mechanism has not been made fully clear until now, direct feed microbial (DFM) may be a promising alternative for improving the quality of colostrum that should be further explored for their practical usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Mianyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mianyang, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Guiqiong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xunping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
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Zhou A, Chong Y, Liu G, Jiang X, Huang Y, Bo D, Guo Q, Hu R, Chi S, Wang M, Yan Y, Sun L, Mao X. Changes in colostrum ingredients of Hu sheep, as well as the missense mutation genes associated with colostrum yield. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:1492-1504. [PMID: 35196466 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2034641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
This study focused on the changes in the composition and immune evolution in milk from birth to 144 h postpartum and the genes associated with the colostrum yield of Hu sheep. Twelve Hu sheep, which were bred carefully under animal health standards and have a litter size of two kids and similar gestation length (149 ± 1 days), were used. Lambs were transferred into their own cots to avoid interference. The compositional content (i.e., fat, protein, and lactose) and some other properties, including daily colostrum yield, DM, and SNF, were determined. In addition, immunity molecules (IgG, IgA, and IgM concentrations) received remarkable attention. The DM, SNF, fat, and protein contents were higher in the first days postpartum and then dropped quickly from the time of birth to 144 h postpartum. However, the lactose content displayed an increasing pattern and reached normal milk percentage at 48 h. The highest IgG (103.17 mg/mL), IgA (352.82 μg/mL), and IgM (2.79 mg/mL) colostrum concentrations were observed at partum, decreased quickly, and finally stabilized. The change law of concentration of IgA and IgM in colostrum are the same with IgG. Furthermore, the whole-genome resequencing was performed, and a missense variant locus in the SRC gene and two missense locus variants in the HIF1A gene were significantly associated with the colostrum yield of sheep by using the whole-genome selection signal detection analysis. In conclusions, colostrum contains abundant nutrients especially immunoglobulin, and the HIF1A gene may be used as candidate genes for colostrum yield, which has important information as a basic knowledge for the Hu sheep breeding program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yuqing Chong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Guiqiong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xunping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yongjie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Bo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Qiusong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Ruixue Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Shaxuan Chi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Mingjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yinan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Ling Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xin Mao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
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Agradi S, González-Cabrera M, Argüello A, Hernández-Castellano LE, Castro N, Menchetti L, Brecchia G, Vigo D, Tuccia E, Curone G. Colostrum Quality in Different Goat Breeds Reared in Northern Italy. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3146. [PMID: 37835753 PMCID: PMC10571944 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the colostrum quality in three different local goat breeds of Northern Italy (i.e., Frisa Valtellinese, Orobica, and Lariana) and a cosmopolitan one (i.e., Camosciata delle Alpi) (n = 30 per breed), reared under traditional semi-extensive and intensive systems, respectively. Lariana showed the highest percentage of fat (10.18 ± 3.14%) and total solids (30.73 ± 4.89%) but the lowest percentage of lactose (1.87 ± 0.82%; p < 0.05); Orobica had the lowest percentage of fat (7.13 ± 2.48%), total solids (24.11 ± 5.48%), and protein (10.77 ± 4.53%) but the highest percentage of lactose (3.16 ± 0.73%; p < 0.05). This suggests that breeds which have a more pronounced meat aptitude (i.e., Frisa and Lariana) have a higher concentration of components than breeds with more dairy aptitude (i.e., Orobica and Camosciata). Uni- and multivariate analyses showed that IgG is the parameter that best differentiates local breeds from cosmopolitan ones (p < 0.01). Colostrum from Frisa goats showed the highest IgG concentration (100.90 ± 8.11 mg/mL), while the lowest concentration was in the Camosciata breed (74.75 ± 20.16 mg/mL). Finally, the highest lactoferrin concentration was in Frisa (1781.3 ± 892.6 µg/mL) and the lowest in Camosciata and Lariana (763.1 ± 357.9 and 1148.0 ± 858.6 µg/mL, respectively; p < 0.05). Differences between Camosciata and local breeds could be due to the different farming systems, in addition to the genetic characteristics. The higher quality of colostrum produced by some local goats could be an adaptive characteristic that helps the growth and survival of the kids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Agradi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.A.); (D.V.); (G.C.)
| | - Marta González-Cabrera
- IUSA-ONEHEALTH 4. Animal Production and Biotechnology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Montaña Cardones, s/n, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (A.A.); (L.E.H.-C.); (N.C.)
| | - Anastasio Argüello
- IUSA-ONEHEALTH 4. Animal Production and Biotechnology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Montaña Cardones, s/n, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (A.A.); (L.E.H.-C.); (N.C.)
| | - Lorenzo Enrique Hernández-Castellano
- IUSA-ONEHEALTH 4. Animal Production and Biotechnology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Montaña Cardones, s/n, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (A.A.); (L.E.H.-C.); (N.C.)
| | - Noemí Castro
- IUSA-ONEHEALTH 4. Animal Production and Biotechnology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Montaña Cardones, s/n, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (A.A.); (L.E.H.-C.); (N.C.)
| | - Laura Menchetti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy
| | - Gabriele Brecchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.A.); (D.V.); (G.C.)
| | - Daniele Vigo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.A.); (D.V.); (G.C.)
| | - Edoardo Tuccia
- ET Dairy Veterinary Services, Via Magenta 14, 26900 Lodi, Italy;
| | - Giulio Curone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.A.); (D.V.); (G.C.)
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Mokhtarian Asl R, Nobakht A, Palangi V, Maggiolino A, Centoducati G. The Effect of Using Bovine Colostrum and Probiotics on Performance, Egg Traits, Blood Biochemical and Antioxidant Status of Laying Japanese Quails. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2166. [PMID: 37443962 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The present paper aims to evaluate the effect of different levels of bovine colostrum and probiotic dietary supplementation on egg production performance, egg traits, carcass characteristics, blood biochemistry and antioxidant status of laying Japanese quails. For the trial, 240 laying quails, aged between 24 weeks and 30 weeks, were involved in a 3 × 2 factorial experimental design, with 3 levels of bovine fresh colostrum (0, 2, and 4 percent of the total ratio) and 2 levels of probiotics (0 and 0.01 percent of the total ratio) administration. The colostrum supplementation improved the egg production performance, egg traits, carcass characteristics, blood biochemistry, and antioxidant status (p < 0.01). Probiotics used without colostrum did not affect the investigated traits of laying Japanese quails (p > 0.05), but a synergistic effect was observed when combined with colostrum. The overall results recommended that using 4% of bovine colostrum in laying Japanese quails, with the addition of 0.01% of probiotic feed additive results in positive effects on egg production performance, egg traits, carcass characteristics, blood biochemistry, and antioxidant status of laying Japanese quails in the late laying period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mokhtarian Asl
- Department of Animal Science, Maragheh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Maragheh 55, Iran
| | - Ali Nobakht
- Department of Animal Science, Maragheh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Maragheh 55, Iran
| | - Valiollah Palangi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Türkiye
| | - Aristide Maggiolino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Gerardo Centoducati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
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Afzal A, Hussain T, Hameed A, Shahzad M, Mazhar MU, Yang G. Dietary Moringa oleifera Alters Periparturient Plasma and Milk Biochemical Indicators and Promotes Productive Performance in Goats. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:787719. [PMID: 35310135 PMCID: PMC8928104 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.787719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to explore the supplementing effects of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MOLP) on plasma and milk biochemical indices and productive/reproductive performance of goats. A total of 30 healthy pregnant goats were randomly distributed (n = 10) into three experimental groups: control (M0) group (basal diet without MOLP), M2% group (basal diet + 2% MOLP), and M3.5% group (basal diet + 3.5% MOLP). The experiment started 2 months before parturition and continued till the first month of lactation. The plasma flavonoids were significantly increased in the M3.5% group during the entire experiment, whereas the total phenolic contents were enhanced only during the lactation period depending on the supplementation percentage. The amount of vitamin C increased significantly in M2% and M3.5% groups as compared to the M0 group. Supplementation of MOLP improved the plasma total antioxidant capacity by declining malondialdehyde concentration and total oxidant status values. The activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes were modified in M2% and M3.5% supplemented groups throughout the experiment, while the catalase activity was significantly influenced only during the lactation stage. The protein and lycopene contents in plasma were significantly improved in the M3.5% group, whereas the total sugars and carotenoid level was increased in both M2% and M3.5% groups. Dietary supplementation with 3.5% MOLP more effectively enhanced protease and amylase activities as compared to 2% supplementation. MOLP also improved the biochemical indices and antioxidant status of colostrum and milk. The milk yield, weight gain of the kids, and reproductive performance were high in M2% and M3.5% groups in comparison to the M0 group. These findings disclose that supplementing the diet with 3.5% MOLP improves antioxidant status, milk yield, and reproductive performance in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Afzal
- Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tarique Hussain
- Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Tarique Hussain
| | - Amjad Hameed
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahzad
- Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Mazhar
- Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Guan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
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Ortega J, Infantes-Lorenzo J, Roy A, de Juan L, Romero B, Moreno I, Domínguez M, Domínguez L, Bezos J. Factors affecting the performance of P22 ELISA for the diagnosis of caprine tuberculosis in milk samples. Res Vet Sci 2022; 145:40-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zhou A, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Xiao L, Li T. Effects of lactation number and litter size on the chemical composition and immune components of goat colostrum. Anim Biotechnol 2021:1-11. [PMID: 34915819 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.2013856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the number of lactations and litter size on the chemical composition, immunoglobulins, and cytokines of goat colostrum. The experiment was conducted at the Animal Research Base, Mianyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, from February to March 2021. After delivery, 48 colostrum samples were obtained every 24 h by manual milking from both udders. The contents of colostrum proteins, IgA, and IgM increased markedly up to 48 h postpartum, reaching 250 and 1250 μg/mL, respectively (p < 0.01 compared with 0 h). However, the total Ig and IgG contents dropped quickly at 48 h postpartum to around 4.5 and 6 mg/mL, respectively, and continued to do so until 96 h postpartum (p < 0.01). As for litter size, the colostrum DM, fat, total Ig, IgG, INF-γ, and IL-2 of twin-birth goats were higher than those of single-birth goats at 0 h postpartum. Moreover, the colostrum of multiparous goats contained higher total Ig, IgA, IgG, and INF-γ concentrations than that of primiparous goats at 0 h postpartum (p < 0.01). However, the colostrum INF-α and IL-5 contents of multiparous goats were lower than those of primiparous goats at 0 h postpartum (p < 0.05). Available information indicates that colostrum secretion takes place until 48 h postpartum and that the effect of litter size and lactation number on colostrum quality is observed at 0 h postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Zhou
- Institute of Livestock, Poultry and Fisheries, Mianyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mianyang, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Institute of Livestock, Poultry and Fisheries, Mianyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mianyang, China
| | - Yugang Zhou
- Institute of Livestock, Poultry and Fisheries, Mianyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mianyang, China
| | - Long Xiao
- Institute of Livestock, Poultry and Fisheries, Mianyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mianyang, China
| | - Tingjian Li
- Institute of Livestock, Poultry and Fisheries, Mianyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mianyang, China
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Yakan A, Özkan H, Çamdeviren B, Kaya U, Karaaslan İ, Dalkiran S. Expression patterns of major genes in fatty acid synthesis, inflammation, oxidative stress pathways from colostrum to milk in Damascus goats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9448. [PMID: 33941846 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88976-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular regulation of milk secretion and quality in the transition period from colostrum to milk in goats is largely unknown. In the present study, mammary gland secretion of goats was collected in 0th, 4th, 7th, 14th and 28th days after parturition. In addition to composition and fatty acid profile of colostrum or milk, FASN, SCD, ACACA, COX-2, NRF2, TLR2, NF-kB, LTF and PTX3 genes expression patterns were determined from milk somatic cells. While somatic cell count (SCC), malondialdehyde (MDA), fat, fat-free dry matter, protein and lactose were highest as expression levels of the oxidative and inflammatory genes, freezing point and electrical conductivity were lowest in colostrum. With the continuation of lactation, most of the fatty acids, n3 ratio, and odour index increased but C14:0 and C16:0 decreased. While FASN was upregulated almost threefolds in 14th day, ACACA was upregulated more than fivefolds in 7th and 14th days. Separately, the major genes in fatty acid synthesis, inflammation and oxidative stress were significantly associated with each other due to being positively correlated. MDA was positively correlated with SCC and some of the genes related inflammation and oxidative stress. Furthermore, significant negative correlations were determined between SCC and fatty acid synthesis related genes. With this study, transition period of mammary secretion was particularly clarified at the molecular levels in Damascus goats.
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Cardoso CL, King A, Chapwanya A, Esposito G. Ante-Natal and Post-Natal Influences on Neonatal Immunity, Growth and Puberty of Calves-A Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051212. [PMID: 33922339 PMCID: PMC8144962 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The objective of this review is to give the reader an overview of interactions between immunity, growth and puberty in calves and highlight how these influence future performances. The risk of morbidity and mortality is high during the first four weeks of age. Adaption to extra-uterine life starts early during embryonic development and is underpinned by optimal maternal nutrition. It is known that colostrum is paramount to neonate nutrition and passive immunity. Good colostrum management allows the calf to develop coping mechanisms to efficiently utilize feed resources for optimal growth. A deeper understanding of these interactions paves the way for developing strategies to improve immune responses to environmental pathogens, optimal growth and timely attainment of puberty in calves. The literature reviewed here shows that there are opportunities to enhance future performance of cattle paying attention to the interaction of nutrition and immunity at early developmental stages. This then guarantees efficient neonate nutrition and profitable cattle production. Abstract Calf immunity, growth and puberty are important factors affecting heifer productivity. The first four weeks of age are critical for reducing calf morbidity and mortality. It is well documented that colostrum is paramount to neonatal nutrition and passive immunity, however, adaptation to extra-uterine life starts early during embryonic development. Therefore, successful calf rearing strategies are underpinned by adequate maternal nutrition during gestation, and good colostrum management. A deeper understanding of these interactions paves the way for developing strategies to improve immune responses to environmental pathogens, optimal growth and timely attainment of puberty in calves. The literature reviewed here shows that there are opportunities to enhance the future performance of cattle paying attention to the interaction of nutrition and immunity at each developmental stage. Therefore, the objective of this review is to give the reader an overview of interactions between immunity, growth and puberty in dairy calves and highlight how these influence future performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia L. Cardoso
- Ruminant Health and Production, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110 Pretoria, South Africa;
| | - Ailbhe King
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Farm Road, 42123 Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (A.K.); (A.C.)
| | - Aspinas Chapwanya
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Farm Road, 42123 Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (A.K.); (A.C.)
| | - Giulia Esposito
- RUM&N Sas, Via Sant’Ambrogio, 42123 Reggio Emilia (RE), Italy
- Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, 7600 Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-328-973-5009
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Bélanger-Naud S, Vasseur E. Graduate Student Literature Review: Current recommendations and scientific knowledge on dairy goat kid rearing practices in intensive production systems in Canada, the United States, and France. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:7323-7333. [PMID: 33741172 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dairy goat kid rearing is the foundation of future milk production, yet little is known on this topic. References available to producers are limited, making it more difficult for dairy goat farms to reach their full production potential. This review paper aimed to identify the current recommendations on dairy goat kid rearing practices for intensive production systems and to assess whether the different recommendations were based on scientific literature. Recommendations on dairy goat kid rearing practices, from birth to weaning inclusively, were presented and compared between countries under similar intensive production systems, including Canada, the United States, and France. The different areas of rearing investigated included kidding management, colostrum management, liquid and solid feeding, health management, disbudding, housing, weaning, and growth monitoring. Gaps in the literature were identified in all areas except for disbudding. More research on the topic of goat kid raising practices would be beneficial to refine and validate current recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bélanger-Naud
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - E Vasseur
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada
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Qin YS, Jiang H, Wang CF, Cheng M, Wang LL, Huang MY, Zhao QX, Jiang HH. Physicochemical and functional properties of goat milk whey protein and casein obtained during different lactation stages. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:3936-3946. [PMID: 33551171 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During lactation, goat milk contains colostrum, transitional milk, mature milk, and end milk. The protein present in goat milk during different lactation periods has different characteristics. This study aimed to characterize the protein profile of goat milk samples obtained at different lactation stages and to identify changes in the physicochemical and functional properties of whey protein and casein from goat milk collected at 1, 3, 15, 100, and 200 d after calving. The results demonstrated that the lactation period had a great influence on the physicochemical and functional properties of goat milk whey protein and casein, especially the protein properties of colostrum on the first day after delivery. The denaturation temperature, hydrophobicity, and turbidity of whey protein were significantly higher on the first day postpartum than at other lactation periods. Correspondingly, the colostrum whey protein also had better functional properties, such as emulsification, oil holding capacity, and foaming properties on the first day postpartum than at other lactation periods. For casein, the turbidity, particle size, water holding capacity, and foaming properties on the first day after delivery were significantly higher than those at other lactation periods, whereas the denaturation temperature, oil holding capacity, and emulsification followed the opposite trend. For both whey protein and casein, the 2 indicators of emulsifying properties, namely, emulsifying activity index and the emulsion stability, also followed an opposite trend relative to lactation stage, whereas the changes in foaming capacity with the lactation period were completely consistent with the change of foaming stability. These findings could provide useful information for the use of goat milk whey protein and casein obtained during different lactation stages in the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Qin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China 250353
| | - H Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China 250353
| | - C F Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China 250353.
| | - M Cheng
- Qingdao Research Institute of Husbandry and Veterinary, Qingdao, China 266100
| | - L L Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China 250353
| | - M Y Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China 250353
| | - Q X Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China 250353
| | - H H Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China 250353
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12
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Zobel G, Rodriguez-Sanchez R, Hea SY, Weatherall A, Sargent R. Validation of Brix refractometers and a hydrometer for measuring the quality of caprine colostrum. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:9277-9289. [PMID: 32747116 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
On-farm assessment of caprine colostrum quality is important for goat farmers; the ability to quickly recognize whether colostrum is suitable to feed to kids helps achieve successful passive transfer of immunity. The study compared the use of optical and digital Brix refractometers and a hydrometer against the international gold standard radial immunodiffusion (RID), using both fresh and frozen samples. A locally available ELISA methodology was included for comparison. A total of 300 samples were collected from 2 farms (farm 1: n = 157, collected by research staff within 24 h of parturition; farm 2: n = 143, collected by the farmer within 12 h of parturition). Farm 1 provided doe age for a subset of samples (n = 86). Samples were tested fresh and then frozen for shipment and repeated testing. Specific gravity was measured using a hydrometer in a subset of samples (n = 22) from farm 2. Because no gold standard thresholds are currently available for caprine colostrum, RID-derived values of 30, 40, and 50 g/L IgG were used as potential "good quality" thresholds. Pearson (ρ) and Lin's concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) were calculated for comparison of methods. Optimum thresholds were established maximizing the Youden index and minimizing the "distance closest to the top left corner" of the receiver operator characteristic curves. Brix values were correlated with RID (optical Brix, fresh: ρ = 0.73; digital Brix, fresh: ρ = 0.71; digital Brix, frozen: ρ = 0.76) and with each other (range: ρ = 0.93 to 0.99; CCC = 0.91 to 0.99). Specific gravity measured by the hydrometer yielded a strong relationship with RID (ρ = 0.83) and with Brix values (range: ρ = 0.88 to 0.90). The ELISA method was not correlated with Brix methods (range: ρ = 0.02 to 0.09) or RID (ρ = 0.20). Depending on the colostrum IgG threshold, the hydrometer yielded high Youden indices (range: 0.78 to 0.93) and low distance closest to the top left corner criteria (0 to 0.05) at a threshold of 1.047 specific gravity. For all RID IgG thresholds, the best Brix threshold (regardless of type or whether the sample was fresh or frozen) was 18 or 19%, with the highest Youden indices (range: 0.47 to 0.61) and lowest distance to the top left corner criteria (range: 0.09 to 0.16); however, we recommend 19%, because this reduces the potential of feeding poor-quality colostrum. The ELISA method was the poorest predictor of colostrum concentration. Age was not found to affect colostrum quality; however, the sample size of this subset was small. Hydrometers are inexpensive and easy to use, whereas Brix methods use only a small amount of colostrum; we suggest that either method could be used on-farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zobel
- AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, 10 Bisley Road, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand.
| | - R Rodriguez-Sanchez
- AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, 10 Bisley Road, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand
| | - S Y Hea
- AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, 10 Bisley Road, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand
| | - A Weatherall
- AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, 10 Bisley Road, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand
| | - R Sargent
- Saskatoon Colostrum Company, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7K 6A2
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Moreno-Indias I, Hernández-Castellano LE, Sánchez-Macías D, Morales-delaNuez A, Torres A, Argüello A, Castro N. Milk Replacer Supplementation with Docosahexaenoic Acid from Microalgae Does Not Affect Growth and Immune Status in Goat Kids. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10071233. [PMID: 32698513 PMCID: PMC7401510 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The consumption of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has beneficial effects on human health. Meat from suckling goat kids is highly valuable, especially in Mediterranean countries. Based on this, several strategies have been implemented to increase the content of DHA in foodstuffs such as meat and meat products. Several studies have observed how feeding diverse sources of DHA can improve the fatty acid profile in goat kid meat. However, few studies have focused on the effect of using these DHA supplements on growth and the immune system development in these animals. Consequently, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of different levels of DHA supplementation on growth and the immune system development in newborn goat kids. The current study showed that the DHA supplementation did not affect either growth or the immune status of goat kids during the first 35 days of life. Abstract Consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has beneficial effects for consumers’ health. Consequently, there is an increased interest in enhancing meat fatty acid profiles (i.e., PUFA and DHA content) through diverse nutritional strategies. This study aimed to investigate the effect of supplementing a microalgae-derived product rich in DHA on growth and immune system development in newborn goat kids. In this experiment, newborn goat kids were fed milk replacer (MR) supplemented with three levels of a microalgae-derived product rich in DHA (DHA-Gold®, Martek Biosciences, MD, USA). Groups were designed as follows: MR-NS (milk replacer without DHA-Gold® supplementation; n = 10), MR-DHA-9 (9 g of DHA-Gold®/L milk replacer; n = 10) and MR-DHA-18 (18 g of DHA-Gold®/L milk replacer; n = 10). The immune status of the kids was evaluated by the plasma IgG and IgM concentrations, as well as by the complement system and chitotriosidase activities. Dietary supplementation with DHA did not affect either growth or innate and humoral immunity (p > 0.05). This study concludes that supplementation with DHA does not cause negative effects on growth and immune status in newborn goat kids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Moreno-Indias
- Animal Production and Biotechnology group, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (I.M.-I.); (A.A.); (N.C.)
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorenzo E. Hernández-Castellano
- Animal Production and Biotechnology group, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (I.M.-I.); (A.A.); (N.C.)
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU-Foulum, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
- Correspondence:
| | - Davinia Sánchez-Macías
- Animal Production and Industrialization Unit, Department of Agroindustrial Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, 060150 Riobamba, Ecuador;
| | - Antonio Morales-delaNuez
- Agrobiotechnology Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), 38206 La Laguna, Spain;
| | - Alexandr Torres
- Unit of Animal Production, Pasture, and Forage in Arid and Subtropical Areas. Canary Islands Institute for Agricultural Research, 38200 La Laguna, Spain;
| | - Anastasio Argüello
- Animal Production and Biotechnology group, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (I.M.-I.); (A.A.); (N.C.)
| | - Noemí Castro
- Animal Production and Biotechnology group, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (I.M.-I.); (A.A.); (N.C.)
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de la Vara JA, Berruga MI, Serrano MP, Cano EL, García A, Landete-Castillejos T, Gallego L, Argüello A, Carmona M, Molina A. Short communication: Red deer (Cervus elaphus) colostrum during its transition to milk. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:5662-5667. [PMID: 32307161 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We studied changes in chemical composition, somatic cell count, and immunoglobulin G (IgG) and M (IgM) content in red deer (Cervus elaphus) colostrum during the transition to milk at different times after parturition (<5 h, 24 h, 48 h, 2 wk, and 4 wk). The production level was higher at 2 and 4 wk of lactation than during the first day after parturition, with intermediate values at 48 h postpartum. Fat content did not vary during the study period. However, total protein and casein contents were particularly high in the initial 5 h after parturition, decreasing to approximately 50% after 24 h postpartum. Conversely, lactose concentration was low in the beginning (<5 h), increasing gradually throughout the study. Similarly, dry matter dropped during the first 24 h and then remained constant throughout the study. Urea content decreased during the study, showing a slight recovery at 4 wk. Somatic cell count was higher during the first hours after parturition and gradually decreased throughout the study period. The IgG content was higher before 5 h postpartum than at 24 h postpartum. After 5 h, the level of IgG decreased progressively until it reached 0.18 mg/mL at 4 wk of lactation. We observed a similar pattern for IgM content, but it decreased more quickly than IgG and was not detected after 2 wk. In the case of deer, milk should be considered transitional from 24 to 48 h after parturition, and samples collected after 2 wk can be considered mature milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A de la Vara
- Food Quality Research Group, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain
| | - M I Berruga
- Food Quality Research Group, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain; Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain
| | - M P Serrano
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain; Animal Science Techniques Applied to Wildlife Management Research Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), Albacete Section of CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain; Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain.
| | - E L Cano
- Quantitative Methods and Socio-Economic Development Group, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain
| | - A García
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain; Animal Science Techniques Applied to Wildlife Management Research Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), Albacete Section of CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain; Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain
| | - T Landete-Castillejos
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain; Animal Science Techniques Applied to Wildlife Management Research Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), Albacete Section of CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain; Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain
| | - L Gallego
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain; Animal Science Techniques Applied to Wildlife Management Research Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), Albacete Section of CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain; Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain
| | - A Argüello
- Department of Animal Science, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas 35413, Spain
| | - M Carmona
- School of Architecture, Engineering and Design, Food Technology Laboratory, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid 28670, Spain
| | - A Molina
- Food Quality Research Group, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain; Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain
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Ripoll G, Alcalde MJ, Argüello A, Córdoba MDG, Panea B. Effect of Rearing System on the Straight and Branched Fatty Acids of Goat Milk and Meat of Suckling Kids. Foods 2020; 9:foods9040471. [PMID: 32283866 PMCID: PMC7230464 DOI: 10.3390/foods9040471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Goat meat is considered healthy because it has fewer calories and fat than meat from other traditional meat species. It is also rich in branched chain fatty acids that have health advantages when consumed. We studied the effects of maternal milk and milk replacers fed to suckling kids of four breeds on the straight and branched fatty acid compositions of their muscle. In addition, the proximal and fatty acid compositions of colostrum and milk were studied. Goat colostrum had more protein and fat and less lactose than milk. Goat milk is an important source of healthy fatty acids such as C18:1 c9 and C18:2 n–6. Suckling kid meat was also an important source of C18:1c9. Dairy goat breeds had higher percentages of trans monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and most of the C18:1 isomers but lower amounts of total MUFAs than meat breeds. However, these dairy kids had meat with a lower percentage of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) than meat kids. The meat of kids fed natural milk had higher amounts of CLA and branched chain fatty acids (BCFAs) and lower amounts of n–6 fatty acids than kids fed milk replacers. Both milk and meat are a source of linoleic, α-linolenic, docosahexaenoic, eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic fatty acids, which are essential fatty acids and healthy long-chain fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Ripoll
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón–IA2–(CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), C/Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Animal Production and Health Department, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Avda. Montañana, 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-976-716-452
| | - María Jesús Alcalde
- Department of Agroforesty Science, Universidad de Sevilla, Crta. Utrera, 41013 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Anastasio Argüello
- Department of Animal Pathology, Animal Production and Science and Technology of Foods, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Las Palmas, Spain;
| | - María de Guía Córdoba
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingeniería Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suarez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Begoña Panea
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón–IA2–(CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), C/Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Animal Production and Health Department, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Avda. Montañana, 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
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Sun Y, Wang C, Sun X, Jiang S, Guo M. Characterization of the milk fat globule membrane proteome in colostrum and mature milk of Xinong Saanen goats. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:3017-3024. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Morales-delaNuez A, Hernández-Castellano LE, Moreno-Indias I, Sánchez-Macías D, Argüello A, Castro N. Use of glycerol and propylene glycol as additives in heat-treated goat colostrum. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:2756-2761. [PMID: 31882214 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This experiment aimed to evaluate the suitability of glycerol and propylene glycol to reduce microbial count and preserve immune properties in heat-treated goat colostrum. Colostrum samples from 11 goats were each divided into 9 aliquots. Different concentrations (2, 6, 10, and 14%; vol/vol) of either glycerol or propylene glycol were added to the aliquots. Phosphate buffer solution was added to one aliquot, which was set as the control (CG). After the respective additions, all colostrum samples were heat treated at 56°C for 1 h. After cooling, aerobic mesophilic bacteria were cultured. The samples were frozen until free fatty acid, IgG, IgA, and IgM concentrations and chitotriosidase activity were measured. No differences were found in aerobic mesophilic bacteria counts between either 10 or 14% glycerol and propylene glycol additives. These additions reduced bacterial count to a greater extent than CG, and 2 or 6% additions. Colostrum IgG concentration was not affected by either of the additives or their concentrations. The propylene glycol additive reduced IgA and IgM concentrations and chitotriosidase activity, compared with CG. Conversely, glycerol did not affect any of the studied immune variables. In conclusion, glycerol addition to goat colostrum before heat treatment is suitable to enhance bacterial reduction, whereas colostrum immune properties were not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Morales-delaNuez
- Agrobiotechnology Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), 38206, San Cristobal de la Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; Animal Production and Biotechnology Group, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | | | - I Moreno-Indias
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Complejo Hospitalario de Málaga (Virgen de la Victoria) Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CB06/03), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - D Sánchez-Macías
- Agroindustrial Engineering Department, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Riobamba, 060150, Ecuador
| | - A Argüello
- Animal Production and Biotechnology Group, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | - N Castro
- Animal Production and Biotechnology Group, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain.
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18
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Sun Y, Wang C, Sun X, Guo M. Protein digestion properties of Xinong Saanen goat colostrum and mature milk using in vitro digestion model. J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99:5819-5825. [PMID: 31180140 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xinong Saanen goat milk is a raw material for goat milk-based infant formula production. This study aims to analyze digestion properties of Xinong Saanen goat colostrum and mature milk by simulating infant gastrointestinal digestion. Zeta potential, particles size, protein profile and peptides composition of these two kinds of milk during the digestion process were studied. RESULTS Zeta-potential values of the digested colostrum were lower than those of mature milk through the whole digestion. Absolute zeta potential of colostrum duodenal digestion samples showed a decrease from 16.63 ± 2.08 to 11.80 ± 2.03 mV while that of mature milk decreased sharply and then increased (P < 0.05). Colostrum had a larger particle size than mature milk and both milks showed decreased particle size with increasing digestion time but an increase for the last 30 min. Colostrum showed more high molecular weight (MW) proteins which cannot be hydrolyzed completely compared with mature milk. Digested peptides (< 10 kDa) were characterized using liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The casein-derived peptides identified in digested colostrum and mature milk accounted for 76.67% and 59.53%, respectively. β-Casein was the most abundant in colostrum while that in mature milk was αs1 -casein. Enterotoxin-binding glycoprotein PP20K, butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1 (BTN1A1) and perilipin (PLIN) were only detected in digested mature milk. CONCLUSION Differences in digestion properties between goat colostrum and mature milk were mainly shown in duodenal digestion phase. Data may provide useful information about utilization of goat milk for infant formula formulation. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxue Sun
- Department of Food Science, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Cuina Wang
- Department of Food Science, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaomeng Sun
- Department of Food Science, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Mingruo Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Hernández-Castellano LE, Moreno-Indias I, Sánchez-Macías D, Morales-delaNuez A, Torres A, Argüello A, Castro N. Sheep and goats raised in mixed flocks have diverse immune status around parturition. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:8478-8485. [PMID: 31255264 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Several physiological and metabolic changes take place in dairy ruminants around parturition (late pregnancy, parturition, and early lactation). Dairy species are genetically selected for their higher milk production compared with non-dairy species. This fact causes a constant stress that impairs the immune status of the animal, with consequences for its welfare and performance. In the present study, we assessed the immune status of high-yield dairy sheep and goats by quantifying IgG and IgM concentrations, as well as chitotriosidase (ChT) and complement system [total complement system (TC) and alternative complement pathway (AC)] activity in blood plasma around parturition. We also measured IgG and IgM concentrations and ChT activity in colostrum and milk during the first 40 d postpartum. The lowest blood IgG concentration was at parturition in both species. We detected no differences in blood IgG concentrations between species. Blood IgM concentrations were constant in both species throughout the study period. However, blood IgM concentrations were greater in sheep than in goats. Blood ChT activity was greater in goats than in sheep, and both species showed constant activity of this enzyme throughout the study period. We observed no differences in complement system (TC and AC) activity between sheep and goats. In addition, both TC and AC activity were constant in both species throughout the experiment. In general, IgG and IgM concentrations were greater in sheep colostrum than in goat colostrum, but these differences disappeared after d 4 (IgG) and d 3 (IgM) postpartum. In both species, the highest IgG and IgM concentrations were measured in colostrum, gradually decreasing during the first days postpartum. Chitotriosidase activity decreased in both species from colostrum to milk, although goats always showed greater ChT activity than sheep. Both sheep and goats seemed to be more susceptible to infectious diseases around parturition. As well, goats showed greater ChT activity in blood, colostrum, and milk than sheep. This fact may give these animals additional protection against parasite and fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel Moreno-Indias
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Laboratorio del Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario de Málaga (Virgen de la Victoria), Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERObn), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Davinia Sánchez-Macías
- Animal Production and Industrialization Unit, Department of Agroindustrial Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, 060150 Riobamba, Ecuador
| | - Antonio Morales-delaNuez
- Agrobiotechnology Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, IPNA, CSIC Spanish Research Council, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Alexandr Torres
- Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Anastasio Argüello
- Animal Production and Biotechnology Group, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Noemí Castro
- Animal Production and Biotechnology Group, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
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Kessler EC, Bruckmaier RM, Gross JJ. Immunoglobulin G content and colostrum composition of different goat and sheep breeds in Switzerland and Germany. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5542-5549. [PMID: 30904298 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Colostrum represents the sole source to acquire humoral immunity and is an important energy source for newborn lambs and goat kids. However, colostrum composition (i.e., the contents of IgG, fat, protein, and lactose) is affected by various factors such as parity and litter size and, potentially, by breed. In the present study, we examined the colostrum composition of different goat and sheep breeds raised for milk and meat production in Switzerland and Germany. Ten goat breeds (Anglo-Nubian, Appenzell, Boer, Bunte Deutsche Edelziege, Chamois-colored, Grisons Striped, Peacock, Saanen, Toggenburg, and Valais Blackneck) and 10 sheep breeds (Brown-Headed Meat, East Friesian Milk, German Blackheaded Mutton, Gray Horned Heath, Lacaune Dairy, Merino Land, Swiss Black-Brown Mountain, Swiss Charollais, Swiss White Alpine, and Valais Blacknose) were involved in this study. First colostrum samples were obtained from ewes (n = 100) and goats (n = 116) between 10 and 390 min after parturition and analyzed for total IgG, fat, protein, and lactose contents. Colostral IgG concentrations varied between 4.8 and 75.0 mg/mL in goats, and between 6.2 and 65.4 mg/mL in ewes, and the time interval between milking and parturition did not affect colostral IgG concentrations. In goats, the highest IgG concentrations were found in Boer (meat-type; 61.0 ± 10.3 mg/mL; mean ± SD) and the lowest concentrations were observed in Bunte Deutsche Edelziege (milk-type; 26.5 ± 12.5 mg/mL). In sheep, East Friesian Milk and Lacaune Dairy showed the lowest colostral IgG concentrations (17.9 ± 7.3 and 20.2 ± 8.0 mg/mL, respectively), and the highest values were observed in the Merino Land breed (44.2 ± 15.7 mg/mL). The lowest fat and protein concentrations and concomitantly highest lactose concentrations were observed in colostrum of East Friesian Milk and Lacaune Dairy sheep. Parity number did not affect colostrum composition in sheep or goats. In contrast, colostral fat content was higher in ewes bearing twins and triplets than in those carrying singletons. Increasing litter size tended to be associated with higher protein and lower lactose concentrations in ovine (i.e., singletons vs. twins vs. triplets) and caprine colostrum (i.e., singletons vs. twins), whereas colostral IgG concentrations were not affected by litter size. In conclusion, IgG and concentrations of other colostrum constituents showed a wide range in goats and ewes and were mainly affected by the type of breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Kessler
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - R M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - J J Gross
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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Marziali S, Guerra E, Cerdán-garcia C, Segura-carretero A, Caboni MF, Verardo V. Effect of early lactation stage on goat colostrum: Assessment of lipid and oligosaccharide compounds. Int Dairy J 2018; 77:65-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Macías-Cruz U, Mejía-Vázquez A, Vicente-Pérez R, Correa-Calderón A, Robinson P, Mellado M, Meza-Herrera C, Guerra-Liera J, Avendaño-Reyes L. Effects of soybean oil inclusion in the pre-lambing diet on udder size, colostrum secretion, and offspring thermoregulation and growth in hair-breed ewes. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Muleme M, Campbell A, Stenos J, Devlin JM, Vincent G, Cameron A, Graves S, Wilks CR, Firestone S. A longitudinal study of serological responses to Coxiella burnetii and shedding at kidding among intensively-managed goats supports early use of vaccines. Vet Res 2017; 48:50. [PMID: 28915918 PMCID: PMC5603018 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0452-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against Coxiella burnetii, the cause of Q fever, is reportedly the only feasible strategy of eradicating infection in ruminant herds. Preventive vaccination of seronegative goats is more effective in reducing shedding of C. burnetii than vaccinating seropositive goats. The age at which goats born on heavily-contaminated farms first seroconvert to C. burnetii has not yet been documented. In a 16-month birth cohort study, the age at which goats seroconverted against C. burnetii was investigated; 95 goats were bled every 2 weeks and tested for antibodies against C. burnetii. Risk factors for seroconversion were explored and goats shedding C. burnetii were identified by testing vaginal swabs taken at the goats' first kidding using a com1 polymerase chain reaction assay. The first surge in the number of goats with IgM to C. burnetii was observed at week 9. Thus, a first vaccination not later than 8 weeks of age to control C. burnetii in highly contaminated environments is indicated. The odds of seroconversion were 2.0 times higher [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2, 3.5] in kids born by does with serological evidence of recent infection (IgM seropositive) compared to kids born by IgM seronegative does, suggesting either in utero transmission or peri-parturient infection. The rate of seroconversion was 4.5 times higher (95% CI 2.1, 9.8) during than outside the kidding season, highlighting the risk posed by C. burnetii shed during kidding, even to goats outside the kidding herd. Shedding of C. burnetii at kidding was detected in 15 out of 41 goats infected before breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Muleme
- Asia–Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Angus Campbell
- The Mackinnon Project, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - John Stenos
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - Joanne M. Devlin
- Asia–Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Gemma Vincent
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - Alexander Cameron
- Asia–Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Stephen Graves
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - Colin R. Wilks
- Asia–Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Simon Firestone
- Asia–Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
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Watanabe A, Hata E, Sláma P, Kimura K, Hirai T. Characteristics of mammary secretions from Holstein cows at approximately 10 days before parturition: with or without intramammary infection. Journal of Applied Animal Research 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2017.1368524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Watanabe
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Eiji Hata
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Petr Sláma
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kazuhiro Kimura
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsunao Hirai
- Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Department, Hokkaido Research Organization, Hokkaido, Japan
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Hou J, An X, Song Y, Cao B, Yang H, Zhang Z, Shen W, Li Y. Detection and comparison of microRNAs in the caprine mammary gland tissues of colostrum and common milk stages. BMC Genet 2017; 18:38. [PMID: 28464792 PMCID: PMC5414302 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-017-0498-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have a great influence on various physiological functions. A lot of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) research on miRNAs has been executed in the caprine mammary gland at different lactation periods (common milk lactation and dry period), but little is known about differentially expressed miRNAs in the caprine mammary gland of colostrum and peak lactation periods. Result This study identified 131 differentially expressed miRNAs (P < 0.05 and log2 colostrum normalized expression (NE)/peak lactation NE > 1 or log2 colostrum NE/peak lactation NE < −1), including 57 known miRNAs and 74 potential novel miRNAs in the colostrum and peak lactation libraries. In addition, compared with differentially expressed miRNAs in the peak lactation period, 45 miRNAs in the colostrum lactation period were remarkably upregulated, whereas 86 miRNAs were markedly downregulated (P < 0.05 and log2 colostrum NE/peak lactation NE > 1 or log2 colostrum NE/peak lactation NE < −1). The expressions of 10 randomly selected miRNAs was analyzed through stem-loop real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Their expression patterns were the same with Solexa sequencing results. Pathway analysis suggested that oestrogen, endocrine, adipocytokine, oxytocin and MAPK signalling pathways act on the development of mammary gland and milk secretion importantly. In addition, the miRNA-target-network showed that the bta-miR-574 could influence the development of mammary gland and lactation by leptin receptor (LEPR), which was in the adipocytokine signalling pathway. Chr5_3880_mature regulated mammary gland development and lactation through Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase (PPP1CA), which was in the oxytocin signalling pathway. Conclusions Our finding suggested that the profiles of miRNAs were related to the physiological functions of mammary gland in the colostrum and peak lactation periods. The biological features of these miRNAs may help to clarify the molecular mechanisms of lactation and the development of caprine mammary gland. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-017-0498-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Hou
- Animal Engineering Branch, Yangling Vocational & Technical College, No. 10 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaopeng An
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxuan Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Binyun Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Heping Yang
- Animal Engineering Branch, Yangling Vocational & Technical College, No. 10 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Animal Engineering Branch, Yangling Vocational & Technical College, No. 10 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzheng Shen
- Animal Engineering Branch, Yangling Vocational & Technical College, No. 10 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunpu Li
- Animal Engineering Branch, Yangling Vocational & Technical College, No. 10 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
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Hernández-Castellano LE, Almeida AM, Renaut J, Argüello A, Castro N. A proteomics study of colostrum and milk from the two major small ruminant dairy breeds from the Canary Islands: a bovine milk comparison perspective. J DAIRY RES 2016; 83:366-74. [PMID: 27600973 DOI: 10.1017/S0022029916000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Colostrum and milk feeding are key factors for the newborn ruminant survival, affecting the future performance of the animal. Nowadays, there is an increasing interest in the potential of feeding newborn ruminants (mainly goat kids and lambs) with colostrum and milk from other more productive ruminant species (mainly cows). Although some studies regarding differences between colostrum and milk from these three species have been performed, herein we conduct for the first time a comparison using a proteomics 2-Dimensional Electrophoresis gel-based approach between these three ruminant species. In this study colostrum and milk samples from six Holstein cows, six Canarian sheep and six Majorera goats were used to determine the chemical composition, immunoglobulin G (IgG) and M (IgM) concentrations and proteomics profiles. Results showed that in general sheep colostrum and milk contained higher fat, protein and lactose percentages compared to bovine and goat samples. Additionally, no differences in the IgG or IgM concentrations were found among any of the three studied species, with the exception of sheep colostrum that showed the highest IgM concentration. With reference to the proteomics-based approach, some high abundant proteins such as serum albumin precursor, beta-caseins or different immunoglobulins components were found in colostrum, milk or even both. Nevertheless, differences in other proteins with immune function such as serotransferrin or lactoperoxidase were detected. This study shows that despite the similar immunoglobulin concentrations in colostrum and milk from the three studied species, differences in several immune components can be detected when these samples are studied using a proteomics approach. Finally, this study also provides a base for future investigation in colostrum and milk proteomics and metabolomics.
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Akdemir F, Bayril T, Baran MS, Yildiz AS, Kahraman M, Orhan C, Sahin K. The effect of dietary colostrum powder on performance, carcass yields and serum lipid peroxidation levels in Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Journal of Applied Animal Research 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2016.1257431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Akdemir
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Tahir Bayril
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Murat Sedat Baran
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Sener Yildiz
- Department of Animal Health Economics and Management, Faculty of Veterinary, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Mucahit Kahraman
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Cemal Orhan
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Kazim Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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Nagyová V, Tóthová C, Nagy O. The impact of colostrum intake on the serum protein electrophoretic pattern in newborn ruminants. Journal of Applied Animal Research 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2016.1218886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Nagyová
- Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Csilla Tóthová
- Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Oskar Nagy
- Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic
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Samarütel J, Baumrucker CR, Gross JJ, Dechow CD, Bruckmaier RM. Quarter variation and correlations of colostrum albumin, immunoglobulin G1 and G2 in dairy cows. J DAIRY RES 2016; 83:209-18. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029916000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A high variation in immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) concentration in first milked quarter colostrum has been reported, but BSA quarter colostrum variation is not known. The occurrence of serum albumin in milk has been attributed to increased blood-milk barrier penetration. Reports of serum albumin binding to the Fc Receptor of the neonate, the receptor thought to be responsible for IgG1 transcytosis, suggested that a correlation with the appearance of IgG1 in colostrum of dairy cows was likely. The objective of the study was to establish the quarter colostrum concentration and mass of immunoglobulins and serum albumin. First colostrum was quarter collected within 4 h of parturition from healthy udders of 31 multiparous dairy cows. Individual quarter colostrum weight was determined and a sample of each was frozen for subsequent analysis. Concentrations of immunoglobulin G1, G2, and BSA were measured by ELISA and total mass of components was calculated. In addition, colostrum was also analysed for L-lactate dehydrogenase activity. Analysis of concentration and mass of BSA, immunoglobulin G1, G2 established that the quarter variations were different by cow, quarter and quarter within cow. Partial correlations corrected for colostrum weight indicated that BSA and IgG2 concentration and mass are closely correlated while that of BSA and IgG1 concentration and mass exhibited no correlation suggesting that BSA and IgG1 may have different transport mechanisms. Interestingly, immunoglobulin G1 and G2 concentration and mass exhibited strong correlations suggesting that also some unknown mechanism of immunoglobulin G2 appearance in colostrum is occurring. Finally, no measured protein exhibited any correlation with the activity of lactate dehydrogenase in colostrum.
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Alcindo J, Braga G, Poló T, Deschk M, Narciso L, Peiró J, Marinho M, Mendes L, Feitosa F. Aquisição de imunidade passiva em cabritos alimentados com colostro de cabras com e sem mastite. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-8346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a transferência de imunidade passiva de cabras, que pariram com mastite, para seus respectivos cabritos. Os animais foram distribuídos em dois grupos, a saber: grupo 1 (GI), constituído por cabritos, filhos de cabras sem isolamento microbiológico em ambas as glândulas mamárias, e grupo 2 (GII), composto por cabritos, filhos de cabras com resultado positivo à lactocultura, em pelo menos uma das glândulas mamárias. Foram coletadas amostras de colostro e sangue à parição, bem como às 24 e às 48 horas após o parto/nascimento. O diagnóstico e o monitoramento da mastite nos animais foram realizados por meio do California Mastitis Test (CMT), contagem de células somáticas e isolamento microbiológico. A proteína total foi mensurada pelo método do biureto, e as concentrações de imunoglobulina A (IgA), imunoglobulina G (IgG), transferrina, albumina e haptoglobina por meio da eletrofoerese em gel de poliacrilamida contendo dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE). Os agentes mais isolados na cultura microbiológica foram os Staphylococcus coagulase negativa. Não houve diferença significativa (P<0,05) entre os valores médios de imunoglobulina G (IgG) nos cabritos provenientes de cabras com mastite quando comparados aos recém-nascidos oriundos de cabras livres de infecções intramamárias. Da mesma forma, a atividade de gamaglutamiltransferase (GGT) não mostrou diferença entre os grupos em todos os momentos avaliados. A ingestão de colostro decorrente de cabras com mastite não causou falha na transferência de imunidade passiva nos respectivos conceptos.
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Mila H, Feugier A, Grellet A, Anne J, Gonnier M, Martin M, Rossig L, Chastant-Maillard S. Immunoglobulin G concentration in canine colostrum: Evaluation and variability. J Reprod Immunol 2015; 112:24-8. [PMID: 26186389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Canine neonates are born hypogammaglobulinemic, and colostrum is their main source of immunoglobulins. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immune quality of canine colostrum and its variability both among bitches and among mammary glands. The immune quality was estimated from immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration (ELISA test). The correlation of IgG concentration with refractometry was evaluated. From a total of 44 bitches from 13 different breeds from a single breeding kennel, samples of colostrum and blood were collected one day after the parturition onset. Colostrum was collected separately from each pair of mammary glands (180 pairs). The mean colostrum IgG concentration in our population was 20.8 ± 8.1g/L (ranging from 8.0 to 41.7 g/L) with no influence of breed size, litter size, age of dam or serum IgG concentration. Colostrum IgG concentration varied widely among pairs of mammary glands within one bitch (variation coefficient: 42 ± 32.1%). Nevertheless, no single pair of mammary glands was found to produce regularly a secretion of higher quality. No difference in IgG concentration was recorded between anterior and posterior pairs either. The BRIX index and the refractive index were significantly, but moderately correlated with colostrum IgG concentration (r=0.53 and 0.42, respectively). This study demonstrates a great variability in immune quality of colostrum among bitches and among mammary glands within one bitch. Further studies on the suckling behavior of puppies and on determination of the minimal immune quality of colostrum are required to evaluate their impact of this high variability on neonatal mortality in dogs.
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Hernández-castellano L, Moreno-indias I, Morales-delanuez A, Sánchez-macías D, Torres A, Capote J, Argüello A, Castro N. The effect of milk source on body weight and immune status of lambs. Livest Sci 2015; 175:70-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Rana P, Prajapati C, Saini A, Sharma M. Effect of different immunoglobulin sources on haematology and serum biochemistry of beetal kids under stall-fed conditions. Journal of Applied Animal Research 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2015.1031777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Tóthová C, Nagy O, Kováč G, Nagyová V. Changes in the concentrations of serum proteins in calves during the first month of life. Journal of Applied Animal Research 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2015.1031791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hernández-Castellano L, Morales-delaNuez A, Sánchez-Macías D, Moreno-Indias I, Torres A, Capote J, Argüello A, Castro N. The effect of colostrum source (goat vs. sheep) and timing of the first colostrum feeding (2 h vs. 14 h after birth) on body weight and immune status of artificially reared newborn lambs. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:204-10. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Hernández-Castellano LE, Argüello A, Almeida AM, Castro N, Bendixen E. Colostrum protein uptake in neonatal lambs examined by descriptive and quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:135-47. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Romero T, Beltrán M, Pérez-Baena I, Rodríguez M, Molina M. Effect of the presence of colostrum on microbial screening methods for antibiotic detection in goats’ milk. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ruiz P, Seseña S, Rieiro I, Palop ML. Effect of postpartum time and season on the physicochemical characteristics of Murciano‐Granadina goat colostrum. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Tecnología de los Alimentos Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica Universidad de Castilla‐La Mancha Avda. Carlos III, s/n Toledo 45071 Spain
| | - Susana Seseña
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Tecnología de los Alimentos Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica Universidad de Castilla‐La Mancha Avda. Carlos III, s/n Toledo 45071 Spain
| | - Ignacio Rieiro
- Departamento de Matemáticas Facultad de Educación Universidad de Castilla‐La Mancha Avda. Carlos III, s/n Toledo 45071 Spain
| | - María Llanos Palop
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Tecnología de los Alimentos Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica Universidad de Castilla‐La Mancha Avda. Carlos III, s/n Toledo 45071 Spain
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Lérias JR, Hernández-Castellano LE, Suárez-Trujillo A, Castro N, Pourlis A, Almeida AM. The mammary gland in small ruminants: major morphological and functional events underlying milk production--a review. J DAIRY RES 2014; 81:304-18. [PMID: 24901899 DOI: 10.1017/S0022029914000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The importance of small ruminants to the dairy industry has increased in recent years, especially in developing countries, where it has a high economic and social impact. Interestingly and despite the fact that the mammary gland is the specialised milk production organ, very few authors studied the modifications occurring in the mammary gland through the lactation period in production animals, particularly in the small ruminants, sheep (Ovis aries) and goat (Capra hircus). Nevertheless, understanding the different mammary gland patterns throughout lactation is essential to improve dairy production. In addition, associating these patterns with different milking frequencies, lactation number or different diets is also of high importance, directly affecting the dairy industry. The mammary gland is commonly composed of parenchyma and stroma, which includes the ductal system, with individual proportions of each changing during the different periods and yields in a lactation cycle. Indeed, during late gestation, as well as during early to mid-lactation, mammary gland expansion occurs, with an increase in the number of epithelial cells and lumen area, which leads to increment of the parenchyma tissue, as well as a reduction of stroma, corresponding macroscopically to the increase in mammary gland volume. Throughout late lactation, the mammary gland volume decreases owing to the regression of the secretory structure. In general, common mammary gland patterns have been shown for both goats and sheep throughout the several lactation stages, although the number of studies is limited. The main objective of this manuscript is to review the colostrogenesis and lactogenesis processes as well as to highlight the mammary gland morphological patterns underlying milk production during the lactation cycle for small ruminants, and to describe potential differences between goats and sheep, hence contributing to a better description of mammary gland development during lactation for these two poorly studied species.
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Abdel-Salam Z, Abdel Ghany Sh, Harith MA. Evaluation of immunoglobulins in bovine colostrum using laser induced fluorescence. Talanta 2014; 129:15-9. [PMID: 25127559 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to exploit laser induced fluorescence (LIF) as a spectrochemical analytical technique for evaluation of immunoglobulin (IgG) in bovine colostrum. Colostrum samples were collected from different American Holstein cows at different times after calving. Four samples were gathered from each cow; the first three samples were obtained from the first three milkings (colostrum) and the fourth sample (milk) was obtained a week after calving. It has been demonstrated that LIF can be used as a simple, fast, sensitive and less costly spectrochemical analytical technique for qualitative estimation of IgG in colostrum. LIF results have been confirmed via the quantitative evaluation of IgG in the same samples adopting the single radial immunodiffusion conventional technique and a very good agreement has been obtained. Through LIF it was possible to evaluate bovine colostrum after different milking times and to differentiate qualitatively between colostrum from different animals which may reflect their general health status. A fluorescence linear calibration curve for IgG concentrations from 0 up to 120 g L(-1) has been obtained. In addition, it is feasible to adopt this technique for in situ measurements, i.e. in dairy cattle farms as a simple and fast method for evaluation of IgG in bovine colostrum instead of using lengthy and complicated conventional techniques in laboratories.
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Moreno-Indias I, Hernández-Castellano L, Torres C, Morales-delaNuez A, Sánchez-Macías D, Castro N, Argüello A. Use of microseaweeds (Chlorella pyrenoidosa) as a probiotic in dairy goats feeding. Journal of Applied Animal Research 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2013.848535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Angelidou E, Kostoulas P, Leontides L. Bayesian validation of a serum and milk ELISA for antibodies against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in Greek dairy goats across lactation. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:819-28. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sánchez-Macías D, Moreno-Indias I, Castro N, Morales-Delanuez A, Argüello A. From goat colostrum to milk: physical, chemical, and immune evolution from partum to 90 days postpartum. J Dairy Sci 2013; 97:10-6. [PMID: 24183682 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study focused on the study of the changes originated in the milk from partum until d 90 of lactation. Ten multiparous Majorera goats, bred carefully under animal health standards, with a litter size of 2 kids (the average in this breed is 1.83 prolificacy) and similar gestation length (149 ± 1 d) were used. Goat kids were removed from their dams to avoid interferences with the study. Compositional content (fat, protein, and lactose) were measured, as well as some other properties, including pH, density, titratable acidity, ethanol stability, rennet clotting time, and somatic cell count. Moreover, immunity molecules (IgG, IgA, and IgM concentrations and chitotriosidase activity) received great attention. Fat and protein content were higher in the first days postpartum, whereas lactose content was lower. Density, titratable acidity, rennet clotting time, and somatic cell count decreased throughout the lactation period, whereas pH and ethanol stability increased. Relative to the immunological parameters, each measured parameter obtained its maximum level at d 0, showing the first milking as the choice to provide immunity to the newborn kids. On the other hand, this study might be used to establish what the best use is: processing or kid feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sánchez-Macías
- Department of Agroindustrial Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Riobamba EC060150, Ecuador
| | - I Moreno-Indias
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Clínico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga 29010, Spain
| | - N Castro
- Department of Animal Science, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas 35413, Spain
| | - A Morales-Delanuez
- Facultad de Ciencia Pecuarias, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Riobamba EC060150, Ecuador
| | - A Argüello
- Department of Animal Science, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas 35413, Spain.
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Romero T, Beltrán MC, Rodríguez M, De Olives AM, Molina MP. Short communication: Goat colostrum quality: litter size and lactation number effects. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:7526-31. [PMID: 24119809 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The quality of colostrum of Murciano-Granadina goats was studied to establish the transition period and the time when milk can be marketed. Forty-three dairy goats were used: 19 primiparous (15 single births; 4 multiple births) and 24 multiparous (10 single births; 14 multiple births). Samples were collected every 12h during the first week postpartum. Physicochemical parameters and somatic cell count were determined. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to study the effect of different factors: postpartum time, litter size, lactation number, their interactions, and production level on colostrum. Postpartum time had a significant effect on all parameters studied, which decreased along the first week of lactation, whereas lactose, pH, and conductivity increased. Based on these results, colostrum secretion takes place until 36 h postpartum (hpp). In relation to other factors of variation studied, the lactation number influenced most colostrum components, whereas the litter size only affected the pH value, protein and lactose content. The production level influenced only the protein and dry matter contents, with an inverse relationship. Milk produced during the period between 36 and 96 hpp is considered transition milk, which should not be commercialized. Milk collected after 4d postpartum (96 hpp) could be marketed, ensuring that its composition does not present a risk in the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Romero
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera S/N, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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