1
|
Zhu Y, Yin L, Liu Q, Guan Y, Nie S, Zhu Y, Mo F. Tryptophan metabolic pathway plays a key role in the stress-induced emotional eating. Curr Res Food Sci 2024; 8:100754. [PMID: 38736909 PMCID: PMC11087915 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress disrupts the emotional and energetic balance, which may lead to abnormal behaviors such as binge eating. This overeating behavior alleviating the negative emotions is called emotional eating, which may exacerbate emotional instability and lead to obesity. It is a complex and multifaceted process that has not yet been fully understood. In this study, we constructed an animal model of chronic mild stress (CMS)-induced emotional eating. The emotional eating mice were treated with tryptophan for 21 days to reveal the key role of tryptophan. Furthermore, serum-targeted metabolomics, immunohistochemical staining, qPCR and ELISA were performed. The results showed that CMS led to the binge eating behavior, accompanied by the disturbed intestinal tryptophan-derived serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) metabolic pathways. Then we found that tryptophan supplementation improved depression and anxiety-like behaviors as well as abnormal eating behaviors. Tryptophan supplementation improved the abnormal expression of appetite regulators (e.g., AgRP, OX1R, MC4R), and tryptophan supplementation also increased the tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (tph2) and 5-HT receptors in the hypothalamus of CMS mice, which indicates that the 5-HT metabolic pathway influences feeding behavior. In vitro experiments confirmed that 5-HT supplementation ameliorated corticosterone-induced aberrant expression of appetite regulators, such as AgRP and OX1R, in the hypothalamic cell line. In conclusion, our findings revealed that the tryptophan-derived 5-HT pathway plays an important role in emotional eating, especially in providing targeted therapy for stress-induced obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lifeng Yin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Nautical Medicine and Translation of Drugs and Medical Devices, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yaoxing Guan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shuang Nie
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Nautical Medicine and Translation of Drugs and Medical Devices, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yongheng Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Fengfeng Mo
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Nautical Medicine and Translation of Drugs and Medical Devices, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Reddy AP, Rawat P, Rohr N, Alvir R, Bisht J, Bushra MA, Luong J, Reddy AP. Role of Serotonylation and SERT Posttranslational Modifications in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Aging Dis 2024:AD.2024.0328. [PMID: 38607731 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2024.0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is implicated mainly in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and reported to be responsible for several processes and roles in the human body, such as regulating sleep, food intake, sexual behavior, anxiety, and drug abuse. It is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan. Serotonin also functions as a signal between neurons to mature, survive, and differentiate. It plays a crucial role in neuronal plasticity, including cell migration and cell contact formation. Various psychiatric disorders, such as depression, schizophrenia, autism, and Alzheimer's disease, have been linked to an increase in serotonin-dependent signaling during the development of the nervous system. Recent studies have found 5-HT and other monoamines embedded in the nuclei of various cells, including immune cells, the peritoneal mast, and the adrenal medulla. Evidence suggests these monoamines to be involved in widespread intracellular regulation by posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins. Serotonylation is the calcium-dependent process in which 5-HT forms a long-lasting covalent bond to small cytoplasmic G-proteins by endogenous transglutaminase 2 (TGM2). Serotonylation plays a role in various biological processes. The purpose of our article is to summarize historical developments and recent advances in serotonin research and serotonylation in depression, aging, AD, and other age-related neurological diseases. We also discussed several of the latest developments with Serotonin, including biological functions, pathophysiological implications and therapeutic strategies to treat patients with depression, dementia, and other age-related conditions.
Collapse
|
3
|
Raij T, Raij K. Association between fatigue, peripheral serotonin, and L-carnitine in hypothyroidism and in chronic fatigue syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1358404. [PMID: 38505756 PMCID: PMC10948554 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1358404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Fatigue of unknown origin is a hallmark symptom in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and is also found in 20% of hypothyroidism patients despite appropriate levothyroxine treatment. Here, we suggest that in these disorders, peripheral serotonin levels are low, and elevating them to normal range with L-carnitine is accompanied with reduced fatigue. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of follow-up clinical data (CFS N=12; hypothyroidism with fatigue N=40) where serum serotonin and fatigue levels were compared before vs. after 7 weeks of oral L-carnitine supplementation. Results After L-carnitine, serotonin increased (8-fold in CFS, Sig. = 0.002, 6-fold in hypothyroidism, Sig. < 0.001) whereas fatigue decreased (2-fold in both CFS and hypothyroidism, Sig. = 0.002 for CFS, Sig. < 0.001 for hypothyroidism). There was a negative correlation between serotonin level and fatigue (for CFS, rho = -0.49 before and -0.67 after L-carnitine; for hypothyroidism, rho = -0.24 before and -0.83 after L-carnitine). Conclusions These findings suggest a new link between low peripheral serotonin, L-carnitine, and fatigue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tommi Raij
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department Of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, MGH Department of Radiology, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kari Raij
- Kruunuhaka Medical Center, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Monroy J, Cortés OD, Domínguez R, Mendoza‐Garrido ME, Gallegos E, Cárdenas M, Aragón A, Ayala ME. The differential sensitivity of the hypothalamic-hypophysial-ovarian axis to 5-hydroxytryptophan alters the secretion of estradiol. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:365-379. [PMID: 38064347 PMCID: PMC10988714 DOI: 10.1113/ep091158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] modulates ovarian function. The precursor of 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), has been used to treat depression. However, the effects of 5-HTP on ovarian and reproductive physiology remain unknown. In this research, we analysed the impact of 5-HTP on the monoaminergic system and its interactions with the reproductive axis and ovarian estradiol secretion when administered by distinct routes. Female rats 30 days of age were injected with 5-HTP i.p. (100 mg/kg), into the ovarian bursa (1.5 µg/40 µL) or into the median raphe nucleus (20 µg/2.5 µL) and were killed 60 or 120 min after injection. As controls, we used rats of the same age injected with vehicle (0.9% NaCl). Monoamine, gonadotrophin and steroid ovarian hormone concentrations were measured. The injection of 5-HTP either i.p. or directly into the ovarian bursa increased the concentrations of 5-HT and the metabolite 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid in the ovary. For both routes of administration, the serum concentration of estradiol increased. After i.p. injection of 5-HTP, the concentrations of luteinizing hormone were decreased and follicle-stimulating hormone increased after 120 min. Micro-injection of 5-HTP into the median raphe nucleus increased the concentrations of 5-HT in the anterior hypothalamus and dopamine in the medial hypothalamus after 120 min. Our results suggest that the administration of 5-HTP either i.p. or directly into the ovarian bursa enhances ovarian estradiol secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juana Monroy
- Laboratorio de Pubertad, Unidad de Investigación en Biología de la Reproducción, Facultad de Estudios Superiores ZaragozaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Omar D. Cortés
- Laboratorio de Pubertad, Unidad de Investigación en Biología de la Reproducción, Facultad de Estudios Superiores ZaragozaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Roberto Domínguez
- Laboratorio de Pubertad, Unidad de Investigación en Biología de la Reproducción, Facultad de Estudios Superiores ZaragozaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | - María Eugenia Mendoza‐Garrido
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV)Instituto Politécnico NacionalMexico CityMexico
| | - Eloir Gallegos
- Laboratorio de Pubertad, Unidad de Investigación en Biología de la Reproducción, Facultad de Estudios Superiores ZaragozaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Mario Cárdenas
- Departamento de Biología de la ReproducciónInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMexico CityMexico
| | - Andrés Aragón
- Laboratorio de Gametos y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Facultad de Estudios Superiores IztacalaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoTlalnepantlaState of MéxicoMexico
| | - María E. Ayala
- Laboratorio de Pubertad, Unidad de Investigación en Biología de la Reproducción, Facultad de Estudios Superiores ZaragozaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Grondin JA, Khan WI. Emerging Roles of Gut Serotonin in Regulation of Immune Response, Microbiota Composition and Intestinal Inflammation. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2024; 7:88-96. [PMID: 38314177 PMCID: PMC10836984 DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the exact etiology of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is unknown, studies have shown that dysregulated immune responses, genetic factors, gut microbiota, and environmental factors contribute to their pathogenesis. Intriguingly, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) seems to be a molecule with increasingly strong implications in the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation, affecting host physiology, including autophagy and immune responses, as well as microbial composition and function. 5-HT may also play a role in mediating how environmental effects impact outcomes in IBD. In this review, we aim to explore the production and important functions of 5-HT, including its impact on the gut. In addition, we highlight the bidirectional impacts of 5-HT on the immune system, the gut microbiota, and the process of autophagy and how these effects contribute to the manifestation of intestinal inflammation. We also explore recent findings connecting 5-HT signalling and the influence of environmental factors, particularly diet, in the pathogenesis of IBD. Ultimately, we explore the pleiotropic effects of this ancient molecule on biology and health in the context of intestinal inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jensine A Grondin
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Waliul I Khan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yue F, Zeng X, Wang Y, Fang Y, Yue M, Zhao X, Zhu R, Zeng Q, Wei J, Chen T. Bifidobacterium longum SX-1326 ameliorates gastrointestinal toxicity after irinotecan chemotherapy via modulating the P53 signaling pathway and brain-gut axis. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:8. [PMID: 38172689 PMCID: PMC10763180 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03152-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent malignant malignancy affecting the gastrointestinal tract that is usually treated clinically with chemotherapeutic agents, whereas chemotherapeutic agents can cause severe gastrointestinal toxicity, which brings great pain to patients. Therefore, finding effective adjuvant agents for chemotherapy is crucial. METHODS In this study, a CRC mouse model was successfully constructed using AOM/DSS, and the treatment was carried out by probiotic Bifidobacterium longum SX-1326 (B. longum SX-1326) in combination with irinotecan. Combining with various techniques of modern biomedical research, such as Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), Immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western blotting and 16S rDNA sequencing, we intend to elucidate the effect and mechanism of B. longum SX-1326 in improving the anticancer efficacy and reducing the side effects on the different levels of molecules, animals, and bacteria. RESULTS Our results showed that B. longum SX-1326 enhanced the expression of Cleaved Caspase-3 (M vs. U = p < 0.01) and down-regulated the expression level of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) through up-regulation of the p53 signaling pathway in CRC mice, which resulted in an adjuvant effect on the treatment of CRC with irinotecan. Moreover, B. longum SX-1326 was also able to regulate the gut-brain-axis (GBA) by restoring damaged enterochromaffin cells, reducing the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in brain tissue (I vs. U = 89.26 vs. 75.03, p < 0.05), and further alleviating the adverse effects of nausea and vomiting. In addition, B. longum SX-1326 reversed dysbiosis in CRC model mice by increasing the levels of Dehalobacterium, Ruminnococcus, and Mucispirillum. And further alleviated colorectal inflammation by downregulating the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our work reveals that B. longum SX-1326 has a favorable effect in adjuvant irinotecan for CRC and amelioration of post-chemotherapy side effects, and also provides the theoretical basis and data for finding a safe and efficient chemotherapeutic adjuvant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fenfang Yue
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, JiangXi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Xiangdi Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, JiangXi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yufan Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, JiangXi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yilin Fang
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, JiangXi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Mengyun Yue
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiang Xi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Xuanqi Zhao
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, JiangXi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Ruizhe Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, JiangXi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Qingwei Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, JiangXi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Jing Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, JiangXi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Tingtao Chen
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, JiangXi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xue C, Li G, Zheng Q, Gu X, Shi Q, Su Y, Chu Q, Yuan X, Bao Z, Lu J, Li L. Tryptophan metabolism in health and disease. Cell Metab 2023; 35:1304-1326. [PMID: 37352864 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) metabolism primarily involves the kynurenine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and indole pathways. A variety of bioactive compounds produced via Trp metabolism can regulate various physiological functions, including inflammation, metabolism, immune responses, and neurological function. Emerging evidence supports an intimate relationship between Trp metabolism disorder and diseases. The levels or ratios of Trp metabolites are significantly associated with many clinical features. Additionally, studies have shown that disease progression can be controlled by modulating Trp metabolism. Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase, Trp-2,3-dioxygenase, kynurenine-3-monooxygenase, and Trp hydroxylase are the rate-limiting enzymes that are critical for Trp metabolism. These key regulatory enzymes can be targeted for treating several diseases, including tumors. These findings provide novel insights into the treatment of diseases. In this review, we have summarized the recent research progress on the role of Trp metabolites in health and disease along with their clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Ganglei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qiuxian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xinyu Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qingmiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yuanshuai Su
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qingfei Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhengyi Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Juan Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bauer MB, Currie KPM. Serotonin and the serotonin transporter in the adrenal gland. Vitam Horm 2023; 124:39-78. [PMID: 38408804 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The adrenal glands are key components of the mammalian endocrine system, helping maintain physiological homeostasis and the coordinated response to stress. Each adrenal gland has two morphologically and functionally distinct regions, the outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex is organized into three concentric zones which secrete steroid hormones, including aldosterone and cortisol. Neural crest-derived chromaffin cells in the medulla are innervated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons and secrete catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) and neuropeptides into the bloodstream, thereby functioning as the neuroendocrine arm of the sympathetic nervous system. In this article we review serotonin (5-HT) and the serotonin transporter (SERT; SLC6A4) in the adrenal gland. In the adrenal cortex, 5-HT, primarily sourced from resident mast cells, acts as a paracrine signal to stimulate aldosterone and cortisol secretion through 5-HT4/5-HT7 receptors. Medullary chromaffin cells contain a small amount of 5-HT due to SERT-mediated uptake and express 5-HT1A receptors which inhibit secretion. The atypical mechanism of the 5-HT1A receptors and interaction with SERT fine tune this autocrine pathway to control stress-evoked catecholamine secretion. Receptor-independent signaling by SERT/intracellular 5-HT modulates the amount and kinetics of transmitter release from single vesicle fusion events. SERT might also influence stress-evoked upregulation of tyrosine hydroxylase transcription. Transient signaling via 5-HT3 receptors during embryonic development can limit the number of chromaffin cells found in the mature adrenal gland. Together, this emerging evidence suggests that the adrenal medulla is a peripheral hub for serotonergic control of the sympathoadrenal stress response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth Bauer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, South Broadway, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Kevin P M Currie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, South Broadway, Camden, NJ, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang Z, Yan C, Du Q, Huang Y, Li X, Zeng D, Mao R, Gurram RK, Cheng S, Gu W, Zhu L, Fan W, Ma L, Ling Z, Qiu J, Li D, Liu E, Zhang Y, Fang Y, Zhu J, Sun B. HTR2A agonists play a therapeutic role by restricting ILC2 activation in papain-induced lung inflammation. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:404-418. [PMID: 36823235 PMCID: PMC10066198 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-00982-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are a category of heterogeneous cells that produce the cytokines IL-5 and IL-13, which mediate the type 2 immune response. However, specific drug targets on lung ILC2s have rarely been reported. Previous studies have shown that type 2 cytokines, such as IL-5 and IL-13, are related to depression. Here, we demonstrated the negative correlation between the depression-associated monoamine neurotransmitter serotonin and secretion of the cytokines IL-5 and IL-13 by ILC2s in individuals with depression. Interestingly, serotonin ameliorates papain-induced lung inflammation by suppressing ILC2 activation. Our data showed that the serotonin receptor HTR2A was highly expressed on ILC2s from mouse lungs and human PBMCs. Furthermore, an HTR2A selective agonist (DOI) impaired ILC2 activation and alleviated the type 2 immune response in vivo and in vitro. Mice with ILC2-specific depletion of HTR2A (Il5cre/+·Htr2aflox/flox mice) abolished the DOI-mediated inhibition of ILC2s in a papain-induced mouse model of inflammation. In conclusion, serotonin and DOI could restrict the type 2 lung immune response, indicating a potential treatment strategy for type 2 lung inflammation by targeting HTR2A on ST2+ ILC2s.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhishuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Chenghua Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China.
| | - Qizhen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yuying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xuezhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Dan Zeng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
- Department of Allergy, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruizhi Mao
- Clinical Research Center and Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Rama Krishna Gurram
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Shipeng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Wangpeng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Weiguo Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Liyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Zhiyang Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Ju Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Dangsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Enmei Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China.
| | - Yaguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Yiru Fang
- Clinical Research Center and Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, 201108, China.
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Bing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vitale G, Carra S, Alessi Y, Campolo F, Pandozzi C, Zanata I, Colao A, Faggiano A. Carcinoid Syndrome: Preclinical Models and Future Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043610. [PMID: 36835022 PMCID: PMC9961914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcinoid syndrome represents a debilitating paraneoplastic disease, caused by the secretion of several substances, occurring in about 10-40% of patients with well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). The main signs and symptoms associated with carcinoid syndrome are flushing, diarrhea, hypotension, tachycardia, bronchoconstriction, venous telangiectasia, dyspnea and fibrotic complications (mesenteric and retroperitoneal fibrosis, and carcinoid heart disease). Although there are several drugs available for the treatment of carcinoid syndrome, the lack of therapeutic response, poor tolerance or resistance to drugs are often reported. Preclinical models are indispensable tools for investigating the pathogenesis, mechanisms for tumor progression and new therapeutic approaches for cancer. This paper provides a state-of-the-art overview of in vitro and in vivo models in NETs with carcinoid syndrome, highlighting the future developments and therapeutic approaches in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Vitale
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Geriatric and Oncologic Neuroendocrinology Research, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20100 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-6191-12023; Fax: +39-02-6191-13033
| | - Silvia Carra
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Ylenia Alessi
- Endocrine Unit, University Hospital “Gaetano Martino” of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Campolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Pandozzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Zanata
- Section of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Antongiulio Faggiano
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhai L, Huang C, Ning Z, Zhang Y, Zhuang M, Yang W, Wang X, Wang J, Zhang L, Xiao H, Zhao L, Asthana P, Lam YY, Chow CFW, Huang JD, Yuan S, Chan KM, Yuan CS, Lau JYN, Wong HLX, Bian ZX. Ruminococcus gnavus plays a pathogenic role in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome by increasing serotonin biosynthesis. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:33-44.e5. [PMID: 36495868 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D), a globally prevalent functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorder, is associated with elevated serotonin that increases gut motility. While anecdotal evidence suggests that the gut microbiota contributes to serotonin biosynthesis, mechanistic insights are limited. We determined that the bacterium Ruminococcus gnavus plays a pathogenic role in IBS-D. Monocolonization of germ-free mice with R. gnavus induced IBS-D-like symptoms, including increased GI transit and colonic secretion, by stimulating the production of peripheral serotonin. R. gnavus-mediated catabolism of dietary phenylalanine and tryptophan generated phenethylamine and tryptamine that directly stimulated serotonin biosynthesis in intestinal enterochromaffin cells via a mechanism involving activation of trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1). This R. gnavus-driven increase in serotonin levels elevated GI transit and colonic secretion but was abrogated upon TAAR1 inhibition. Collectively, our study provides molecular and pathogenetic insights into how gut microbial metabolites derived from dietary essential amino acids affect serotonin-dependent control of gut motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Zhai
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development Limited, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chunhua Huang
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development Limited, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ziwan Ning
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development Limited, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yijing Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Min Zhuang
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development Limited, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development Limited, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Haitao Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pallavi Asthana
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yan Y Lam
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development Limited, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Fung Willis Chow
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell and Biology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jian-Dong Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kui Ming Chan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Johnson Yiu-Nam Lau
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Zhao-Xiang Bian
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development Limited, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chandan G, Saini AK, Kumari R, Chakrabarti S, Mittal A, Sharma AK, Saini RV. The exploitation of enzyme-based cancer immunotherapy. Hum Cell 2023; 36:98-120. [PMID: 36334180 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-022-00821-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy utilizes the immune system and its wide-ranging components to deliver anti-tumor responses. In immune escape mechanisms, tumor microenvironment-associated soluble factors and cell surface-bound molecules are mainly accountable for the dysfunctional activity of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) and stromal cells. The myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), are also key tumor-promoting immune cells. These potent immunosuppressive networks avert tumor rejection at various stages, affecting immunotherapies' outcomes. Numerous clinical trials have elucidated that disruption of immunosuppression could be achieved via checkpoint inhibitors. Another approach utilizes enzymes that can restore the body's potential to counter cancer by triggering the immune system inhibited by the tumor microenvironment. These immunotherapeutic enzymes can catalyze an immunostimulatory signal and modulate the tumor microenvironment via effector molecules. Herein, we have discussed the immuno-metabolic roles of various enzymes like ATP-dephosphorylating ectoenzymes, inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase, phenylamine, tryptophan, and arginine catabolizing enzymes in cancer immunotherapy. Understanding the detailed molecular mechanisms of the enzymes involved in modulating the tumor microenvironment may help find new opportunities for cancer therapeutics.
Collapse
|
13
|
Park H, Lee CW, Kang J, Sadra A, Huh SO. Glutamine increases stability of TPH1 mRNA via p38 mitogen-activated kinase in mouse mastocytoma cells. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:267-77. [PMID: 36331742 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07693-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Expression changes for tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), the rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin synthesis, by environmental glutamine (GLN) were examined in mouse mastocytoma-derived P815-HTR cells. GLN-treated cells exhibited a robust increase in TPH1 mRNA after a 6 h exposure to GLN. 6-Diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON), a glutamine-utilizing glutaminase inhibitor, significantly inhibited the GLN-induction of TPH1 mRNA. Nuclear run-on assays and mRNA decay experiments demonstrated that the primary mechanism leading to increased TPH1 mRNA levels was not due to transcriptional changes, but rather due to increased TPH1 RNA stability induced by GLN. Treatment with GLN also led to activation of p38 MAP kinase, but not p42/44 MAPK. In addition, SB203580, a p38 MAP kinase specific inhibitor, completely abolished the GLN-mediated increase of TPH1 mRNA levels, suggesting the pathway stabilizing TPH1 mRNA might be mediated by the activated p38 MAP kinase pathway. Additionally, SB203580 significantly reduced the stability of TPH1 mRNA, and this reduction of the stability was not affected by GLN in the culture medium, implying a sequential signaling from GLN being mediated by p38 MAP kinase, resulting in alteration of TPH1 mRNA stability. TPH1 mRNA stability loss was also dependent on de novo protein synthesis as shown by treatment of cells with a transcriptional/translational blocker. We provide evidence that TPH1 mRNA levels are increased in response to increased exogenous GLN in mouse mastocytoma cells via a stabilization of TPH1 mRNA due to the activity of the p38 MAP kinase.
Collapse
|
14
|
Li ZD, Li H, Kang S, Cui YG, Zheng H, Wang P, Han K, Yu P, Chang YZ. The divergent effects of astrocyte ceruloplasmin on learning and memory function in young and old mice. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:1006. [PMID: 36443285 PMCID: PMC9705310 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05459-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ceruloplasmin (CP) plays an important role in maintaining iron homeostasis. Cp gene knockout (Cp-/-) mice develop a neurodegenerative disease with aging and show iron accumulation in the brain. However, iron deficiency has also been observed in 3 M Cp-/- mice. The use of systemic Cp gene knockout is insufficient to reveal specific functions for CP in the central nervous system. Considering recent discoveries that astrocytes synthetize the majority of brain CP, we generated astrocyte conditional Cp knockout (CpGfapcKO) mice, and found that iron contents decreased in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of young (6 M) and old (18 M) CpGfapcKO mice. Further experiments revealed that 6 M CpGfapcKO mice exhibited impaired learning and memory function, while 18 M CpGfapcKO mice exhibited improved learning and memory function. Our study demonstrates that astrocytic Cp deletion blocks brain iron influx through the blood-brain-barrier, with concomitantly increased iron levels in brain microvascular endothelial cells, resulting in brain iron deficiency and down-regulation of ferritin levels in neurons, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes. At the young age, the synapse density, synapse-related protein levels, 5-hydroxytryptamine and norepinephrine, hippocampal neurogenesis and myelin formation were all decreased in CpGfapcKO mice. These changes affected learning and memory impairment in young CpGfapcKO mice. In old CpGfapcKO mice, iron accumulation with aging was attenuated, and was accompanied by the alleviation of the ROS-MAPK-apoptosis pathway, Tau phosphorylation and β-amyloid aggregation, thus delaying age-related memory decline. Overall, our results demonstrate that astrocytic Cp deletion has divergent effects on learning and memory function via different regulatory mechanisms induced by decreased iron contents in the brain of mice, which may present strategies for the prevention and treatment of dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Da Li
- grid.256884.50000 0004 0605 1239Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan’erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang, 050024 Hebei Province China
| | - Haiyan Li
- grid.256884.50000 0004 0605 1239Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan’erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang, 050024 Hebei Province China ,grid.413851.a0000 0000 8977 8425College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei Province China
| | - Shaomeng Kang
- grid.256884.50000 0004 0605 1239Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan’erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang, 050024 Hebei Province China
| | - Yan-Ge Cui
- grid.256884.50000 0004 0605 1239Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan’erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang, 050024 Hebei Province China
| | - Huiwen Zheng
- grid.256884.50000 0004 0605 1239Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan’erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang, 050024 Hebei Province China
| | - Peina Wang
- grid.256884.50000 0004 0605 1239Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan’erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang, 050024 Hebei Province China
| | - Kang Han
- grid.256884.50000 0004 0605 1239Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan’erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang, 050024 Hebei Province China
| | - Peng Yu
- grid.256884.50000 0004 0605 1239Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan’erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang, 050024 Hebei Province China
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- grid.256884.50000 0004 0605 1239Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan’erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang, 050024 Hebei Province China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Swinney DC. Why medicines work. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 238:108175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
16
|
Tangmahakul N, Sakarin S, Techangamsuwan S, Rungsipipat A, Surachetpong SD. Investigation of Genes and Proteins Expression Associating Serotonin Signaling Pathway in Lung and Pulmonary Artery Tissues of Dogs with Pulmonary Hypertension Secondary to Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease: The Preliminary Study. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9100530. [PMID: 36288144 PMCID: PMC9612059 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pulmonary hypertension is an unusual elevation of the blood pressure in pulmonary circulation. In dogs, pulmonary hypertension is commonly occurred as a complication of progressive degenerative mitral valve disease especially in senior small-breed dogs. Previous studies revealed that the serotonin signaling pathway is associated with the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension. However, research in dogs was scarce. Therefore, the present study aimed to illustrate the understanding of this point by assessing the expression of the targeted genes and proteins related to the serotonin pathway in lung tissues and pulmonary arteries of dogs. Our results showed that the pattern of gene and protein expression was different in canine lung and pulmonary arteries. The targeted proteins in pulmonary artery tissues of the degenerative mitral valve disease dogs with and without pulmonary hypertension tended to be upregulated. In addition, the expression of these protein was increased in the pneumocytes of the alveolar walls, pulmonary alveolar macrophages, and bronchial epithelial cells. A correlation between the targeted gene and protein expression and the echocardiographic data was also founded. Overall results pointed out that the serotonin pathway in lung and pulmonary artery tissues might have different roles in degenerative mitral disease with and without pulmonary hypertension. Abstract Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is defined as an increase in pulmonary vascular pressure. It is one of the most common complications that occur as a result of degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD) in dogs. Serotonin (5-HT) can trigger the development of PH. Accordingly, this study investigated the changes in the expression of genes and proteins associated with local 5-HT signaling in the lungs and pulmonary arteries (PA) of dogs with PH secondary to DMVD. Lung and PA tissue samples were collected from the cadavers of fourteen small-breed dogs and divided into normal (n = 4), DMVD (n = 5) and DMVD with PH (n = 5) groups. Gene expression (tph1, slc6a4 and htr2a) was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The expression of proteins (TPH-1, SERT, 5-HTR2A, ERK1/2 and pERK1/2) was examined by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining. The results showed that the expression of genes and proteins evaluated by qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis in lung and PA tissues did not differ among groups. However, the expression of proteins related to 5-HT signaling tended to be upregulated in PA tissues from DMVD dogs with and without PH. Immunohistochemical examination revealed the overexpression of these proteins in the DMVD and DMVD with PH groups in lung tissue. These findings suggest a local effect of 5-HT signaling in DMVD dogs with and without PH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nattawan Tangmahakul
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Siriwan Sakarin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Somporn Techangamsuwan
- Companion Animal Center Research Unit (CAC-RU), Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Anudep Rungsipipat
- Companion Animal Center Research Unit (CAC-RU), Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sirilak Disatian Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zou J, He J, Wang X, Wang Y, Wu C, Shi M, Jiang H, Wu Z, Liu J, Zhang W. Glycoprotein Ib-regulated micro platelet ghost for biosafe distribution and photothermal oncotherapy. J Control Release 2022; 351:341-360. [PMID: 36152806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite the tremendous theranostics potential of nano-scale drug delivery system (NDDS) in oncology field, their tumor-targeting efficiency and safety remain major challenges due to their proneness of off-target accumulation through widespread vascular endothelial gaps (up to 1 μm). To address this problem, in this research, micro-sized cellular platelet "ghosts" (PGs, 1.32 μm, platelet without inner granules and coagulation) were employed as carriers to ship hollow gold nanoparticles (HGNs, 58.7 nm), forming a hierarchical biosafe system (PG@HGNs) to reduce normal tissue interception and enhance tumor targeting delivery of HGNs for improved photothermal therapy. PGs were prepared by an optimized "swelling-extrusion-elution" method, HGNs were loaded in PGs (PG@HGNs) through a "hypotonic dialysis" method and the safety and biodistribution of the system was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In in vitro condition that stimulated the tumoral vessel acidic microenvironment (pH = 6.5), PG@HGNs were demonstrated with enhanced membrane fluidity through down-regulation of the glycoprotein Ib expressed on the PGs. This change induced a burst release of nano-sized HGNs which were capable to traverse vascular endothelium layer on a tumor-endothelial cell transwell model, whilst the micro-sized PG carriers were intercepted. In comparison to nano-sized platelet membrane-coated carriers (PM@HGNs), PG@HGNs showed enhanced internalization and cytotoxicity to 4T1 cells. In animal models, PG@HGNs remarkably prolonged circulation most likely due to the presence of "self-recognition" receptor-CD47 of PGs, and effectively reduced normal tissue interception via the micro-scale size effect. These both contributed to the significantly improved tumor targeting efficiency of HGNs. PG@HGNs generated the greater antitumor photothermal efficacy alongside safety in the animals compared to PM@HGNs. Collectively, this study demonstrated the potential of the micro-scale PGs equipped with adjusted membrane GP Ib as biosafe vehicles for HGNs or possibly other nanodrugs. THE STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Despite the tremendous theranostics potentials, the safety and tumor-targeting efficiency of nano-scale drug delivery systems (NDDS) are compromised by their undesirable accumulation in normal tissues with widespread vascular endothelial gaps, such as many tumor-targeted NDDSs still accumulated much in liver and/or spleen. Herein, we explored a micro-nano biomimetic cascade delivery system to address the above drawbacks. By forming a hierarchical biosafe system, micro-sized platelet "ghost" (PGs, 1.32 μm) was employed as tumor-targeted delivery carrier to transport hollow gold nanoparticles (HGNs, 58.7 nm). It was demonstrated that this micro-size system could maintain platelet membrane structure thus prolong in vivo circulation, while avoiding extravasation into normal tissues. PG@HGNs could sensitively respond to the acidic microenvironment near tumor vessel via down-regulation of glycoprotein Ib and rapidly release "nano-bullets"-HGNs to further penetrate into the tumor tissues through EPR effect, thus enhancing photothermal efficacy generated by HGNs under NIR irradiation. Collectively, the micro-scaled PGs could be biosafe vehicles for improved tumor-targeted delivery of HGNs or possibly other nanodrugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Jianhua He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Yajie Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Chenchen Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Mengya Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Hulin Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Zimei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jianping Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu 210009, PR China.
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu 210009, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gu J, Wu Q, Zhang Q, You Q, Wang L. A decade of approved first-in-class small molecule orphan drugs: Achievements, challenges and perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114742. [PMID: 36155354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade (2011-2020), there was a growing interest in the discovery and development of orphan drugs for the treatment of rare diseases. However, rare diseases only account for a population of 0.65‰-1‰ which usually occur with previously unknown biological mechanisms and lack of specific therapeutics, thus to increase the demands for the first-in-class (FIC) drugs with new biological targets or mechanisms. Considering the achievements in the past 10 years, a total of 410 drugs were approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which contained 151 FIC drugs and 184 orphan drugs, contributing to make up significant numbers of the approvals. Notably, more than 50% of FIC drugs are developed as orphan drugs and some of them have already been milestones in drug development. In this review, we aim to discuss the FIC small molecules for the development of orphan drugs case by case and highlight the R&D strategy with novel targets and scientific breakthroughs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinying Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qiuyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qiuyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qidong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Davidson M, Rashidi N, Nurgali K, Apostolopoulos V. The Role of Tryptophan Metabolites in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179968. [PMID: 36077360 PMCID: PMC9456464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, neuropsychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar, etc., have become a global health concern, causing various detrimental influences on patients. Tryptophan is an important amino acid that plays an indisputable role in several physiological processes, including neuronal function and immunity. Tryptophan’s metabolism process in the human body occurs using different pathways, including the kynurenine and serotonin pathways. Furthermore, other biologically active components, such as serotonin, melatonin, and niacin, are by-products of Tryptophan pathways. Current evidence suggests that a functional imbalance in the synthesis of Tryptophan metabolites causes the appearance of pathophysiologic mechanisms that leads to various neuropsychiatric diseases. This review summarizes the pharmacological influences of tryptophan and its metabolites on the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. In addition, tryptophan and its metabolites quantification following the neurotransmitters precursor are highlighted. Eventually, the efficiency of various biomarkers such as inflammatory, protein, electrophysiological, genetic, and proteomic biomarkers in the diagnosis/treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders was discussed to understand the biomarker application in the detection/treatment of various diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Davidson
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Niloufar Rashidi
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Department of Medicine Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Xu YX, Zhang SH, Luan JL, Fu ZH, Sun MZ, Zhao X, Feng XZ. The food preservative sodium propionate induces hyperglycaemic state and neurological disorder in zebrafish. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2022; 93:107123. [PMID: 36150581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2022.107123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Propionate is an effective mould inhibitor widely used as a food preservative. In this study, we used zebrafish to explore the adverse effects of long-term exposure to low concentrations of sodium propionate and the underlying molecular mechanisms (from larvae to adult). When exposed for 3 months, we found that blood glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels increased, and zebrafish developed a hyperglycaemic state. New tank test results showed depression in zebrafish reduced 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in the brain and damaged the dopamine system. At the same time, the results of the color preference test showed that zebrafish had cognitive impairments. In addition, Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis analysis revealed abnormal gene expression, increased cortisol levels, and reduced glucocorticoid receptor mRNA levels, which were consistent with depressive behavior. We also observed abnormal transcription of inflammatory and apoptotic factors. Overall, we found that chronic exposure to sodium propionate induces depressive symptoms. This may be related to the activation of the HPA axis by the hyperglycaemic state, thereby inducing inflammation and disrupting the dopaminergic system. In summary, this study provides theoretical and technical support for the overlap of the emotional pathogenesis associated with diabetes.
Collapse
|
21
|
MacLean MR, Fanburg B, Hill N, Lazarus HM, Pack TF, Palacios M, Penumatsa KC, Wring SA. Serotonin and Pulmonary Hypertension; Sex and Drugs and ROCK and Rho. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:4103-4118. [PMID: 36036567 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin is often referred to as a "happy hormone" as it maintains good mood, well-being, and happiness. It is involved in communication between nerve cells and plays a role in sleeping and digestion. However, too much serotonin can have pathogenic effects and serotonin synthesis is elevated in pulmonary artery endothelial cells from patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). PAH is characterized by elevated pulmonary pressures, right ventricular failure, inflammation, and pulmonary vascular remodeling; serotonin has been shown to be associated with these pathologies. The rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of serotonin in the periphery of the body is tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1). TPH1 expression and serotonin synthesis are elevated in pulmonary artery endothelial cells in patients with PAH. The serotonin synthesized in the pulmonary arterial endothelium can act on the adjacent pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), adventitial macrophages, and fibroblasts, in a paracrine fashion. In humans, serotonin enters PASMCs cells via the serotonin transporter (SERT) and it can cooperate with the 5-HT1B receptor on the plasma membrane; this activates both contractile and proliferative signaling pathways. The "serotonin hypothesis of pulmonary hypertension" arose when serotonin was associated with PAH induced by diet pills such as fenfluramine, aminorex, and chlorphentermine; these act as indirect serotonergic agonists causing the release of serotonin from platelets and cells through the SERT. Here the role of serotonin in PAH is reviewed. Targeting serotonin synthesis or signaling is a promising novel alternative approach which may lead to novel therapies for PAH. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-16, 2022.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R MacLean
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Barry Fanburg
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicolas Hill
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Krishna C Penumatsa
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Haleem DJ. Nutritional importance of tryptophan for improving treatment in depression and diabetes. Nutr Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The importance of nutrients in our diet is becoming increasingly recognized. From the viewpoint of protein synthesis and other physiologic and metabolic functions, all amino acids are important, but some of these amino acids are not synthesized endogenously. This subset, called essential amino acids, comprise dietarily indispensable nutrients. Tryptophan, an essential amino acid, is the sole precursor of neuronal as well as peripheral serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine). Its systemic or oral administration increases serotonin synthesis because tryptophan hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme of 5-hydroxytryptamine biosynthesis, is physiologically unsaturated with its substrate. Central serotonin is implicated in a number of psychiatric illnesses, including depression, and in responses to stress. Acting peripherally, serotonin affects vasoconstriction, intestinal motility, control of T cell–mediated immunity, and liver and pancreatic functions. Depression and diabetes are 2 highly prevalent diseases that often coexist. There is evidence that occurrence of depression is 2–3 times higher in people with diabetes mellitus. A comorbid condition of diabetes and depression worsens the treatment and increases risk for death. Stress, known for its causal role in depression, can also enhance risk for diabetes. Stress-induced decreases in the circulating levels of tryptophan can impair brain and pancreatic serotonin-dependent functions to precipitate these diseases. The importance of tryptophan supplementation for improving therapeutic intervention in depression and diabetes is the focus of this article. A deficiency of this essential amino acid may enhance risk for depression as well as diabetes, and can also weaken treatment efficacy of medicinal compounds for treating these diseases. Guidelines for optimal levels of circulating tryptophan can help if supplements of this amino acid can improve treatment efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem
- University of Karachi Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Dr Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine & Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Science, and the Department of Biochemistry, Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, , Karachi, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang D, Wu J, Zhu P, Xie H, Lu L, Bai W, Pan W, Shi R, Ye J, Xia B, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Liu X, Zhao B. Tryptophan-rich diet ameliorates chronic unpredictable mild stress induced depression- and anxiety-like behavior in mice: The potential involvement of gut-brain axis. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
24
|
Baldo BA. Current research in pathophysiology of opioid induced respiratory depression. Curr Res Toxicol 2022. [PMID: 35734228 PMCID: PMC9207297 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2022.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In Oprm1-deleted KO mice, both the preBötC and the KF/PBN are major contributors to OIRD but RD is not totally eliminated. PreBötC neurons expressing NK-1R are necessary for breathing. Their deletion results in ataxic breathing and/or apnoea. GIRK channels are involved in inhibiting respiration by mu opioid receptors. KCNQ channels modulate OIRD independent of mu signaling. Morphine depresses normal but not gasping breathing in rats indicating distinct mechanisms for these 2 forms of breathing. Methadone, given to alleviate symptoms of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, desensitizes rats to respiratory depression.
Respiratory depression (RD) is the primary cause of death due to opioids. Opioids bind to mu (µ)-opioid receptors (MORs) encoded by the MOR gene Oprm1, widely expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems including centers that modulate breathing. Respiratory centers are located throughout the brainstem. Experiments with Oprm1-deleted knockout (KO) mice undertaken to determine which sites are necessary for the induction of opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD) showed that the pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) and the pontine Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF) contribute equally to OIRD but RD was not totally eliminated. Morphine showed a differential influence on preBötC and KF neurons – low doses attenuated RD following deletion of MORs from preBötC neurons and an increase in apneas after high doses whereas deletion of MORs from KF neurons but not the preBötC attenuated RD at both high and low doses. In other KO mice studies, morphine administration after deletion of Oprm1 from both the preBötC and the KF/PBN neurons, led to the conclusion that both respiratory centres contribute to OIRD but the preBötC predominates. MOR-mediated post-synaptic activation of GIRK potassium channels has been implicated as a cause of OIRD. A complementary mechanism in the preBötC involving KCNQ potassium channels independent of MOR signaling has been described. Recent experiments in rats showing that morphine depresses normal, but not gasping breathing, cast doubt on the belief that eupnea, sighs, and gasps, are under the control of preBötC neurons. Methadone, administered to alleviate symptoms of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWES), desensitized rats to OIRD. Protection lost between postnatal days 1 and 2 coincides with the preBötC becoming the dominant generator of respiratory rhythm. Neonatal antidepressant exposure syndrome (NADES) and serotonin toxicity (ST) show similarities including RD. Enzyme CYP2D6 involved in opioid detoxification is polymorphic. Individuals of different CYP2D6 genotype may show increased, decreased, or no enzyme activity, contributing to the variability of patient responses to different opioids and OIRD.
Collapse
|
25
|
Srivastava RK, Lutz B, Ruiz de Azua I. The Microbiome and Gut Endocannabinoid System in the Regulation of Stress Responses and Metabolism. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:867267. [PMID: 35634468 PMCID: PMC9130962 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.867267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system, with its receptors and ligands, is present in the gut epithelium and enteroendocrine cells, and is able to modulate brain functions, both indirectly through circulating gut-derived factors and directly through the vagus nerve, finally acting on the brain’s mechanisms regarding metabolism and behavior. The gut endocannabinoid system also regulates gut motility, permeability, and inflammatory responses. Furthermore, microbiota composition has been shown to influence the activity of the endocannabinoid system. This review examines the interaction between microbiota, intestinal endocannabinoid system, metabolism, and stress responses. We hypothesize that the crosstalk between microbiota and intestinal endocannabinoid system has a prominent role in stress-induced changes in the gut-brain axis affecting metabolic and mental health. Inter-individual differences are commonly observed in stress responses, but mechanisms underlying resilience and vulnerability to stress are far from understood. Both gut microbiota and the endocannabinoid system have been implicated in stress resilience. We also discuss interventions targeting the microbiota and the endocannabinoid system to mitigate metabolic and stress-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kamal Srivastava
- Department of Zoology, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Anuppur, India
- *Correspondence: Raj Kamal Srivastava,
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
| | - Inigo Ruiz de Azua
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
- Inigo Ruiz de Azua,
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lazarus HM, Denning J, Wring S, Palacios M, Hoffman S, Crizer K, Kamau‐Kelley W, Symonds W, Feldman J. A Trial Design to Maximize Knowledge of the Effects of Rodatristat Ethyl in the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (ELEVATE 2). Pulm Circ 2022; 12:e12088. [PMID: 35795492 PMCID: PMC9248796 DOI: 10.1002/pul2.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin plays a key role in the development and maintenance of the pathobiology associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Platelet‐driven and locally produced serotonin from lung tissue and arterial endothelial cells induce excessive growth of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. The unchecked growth of these cells is a major driver of PAH including the remodeling of pulmonary arteries that dramatically reduces the diameter and flexibility of the arterial lumen. Tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) is the rate‐limiting enzyme for biosynthesis of serotonin and is upregulated in PAH arterial endothelial cells, supporting TPH1 inhibition to treat PAH. Targeting the serotonin pathway via inhibition of peripheral serotonin and local production in diseased tissues, rather than individual receptor‐mediated or receptor‐independent mechanisms, may result in the ability to halt or reverse pulmonary vascular remodeling. Rodatristat ethyl, a prodrug for rodatristat, a potent, peripheral inhibitor of TPH1, has demonstrated efficacy in monocrotaline and SUGEN hypoxia nonclinical models of PAH and robust dose‐dependent reductions of 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid, the major metabolite of serotonin in plasma and urine of healthy human subjects. ELEVATE 2 (NCT04712669) is a Phase 2b, double‐blind, multicenter trial where patients with PAH are randomized to placebo, 300 or 600 mg twice daily of rodatristat ethyl. The trial incorporates endpoints to generate essential clinical efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic data needed to evaluate the ability of rodatristat ethyl to ameliorate PAH by halting or reversing pulmonary vascular remodeling through its unique mechanism of TPH1 inhibition. Herein we describe the experimental design highlighting the trial's unique features.
Collapse
|
27
|
Rezzani R, Franco C, Franceschetti L, Gianò M, Favero G. A Focus on Enterochromaffin Cells among the Enteroendocrine Cells: Localization, Morphology, and Role. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073758. [PMID: 35409109 PMCID: PMC8998884 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium plays a key role in managing the relationship with the environment, the internal and external inputs, and their changes. One percent of the gut epithelium is represented by the enteroendocrine cells. Among the enteroendocrine cells, a group of specific cells characterized by the presence of yellow granules, the enterochromaffin cells, has been identified. These granules contain many secretion products. Studies showed that these cells are involved in gastrointestinal inflammatory conditions and hyperalgesia; their number increases in these conditions both in affected and not-affected zones of the gut. Moreover, they are involved in the preservation and modulation of the intestinal function and motility, and they sense metabolic-nutritional alterations. Sometimes, they are confused or mixed with other enteroendocrine cells, and it is difficult to define their activity. However, it is known that they change their functions during diseases; they increased in number, but their involvement is related mainly to some secretion products (serotonin, melatonin, substance P). The mechanisms linked to these alterations are not well investigated. Herein, we provide an up-to-date highlight of the main findings about these cells, from their discovery to today. We emphasized their origin, morphology, and their link with diet to better evaluate their role for preventing or treating metabolic disorders considering that these diseases are currently a public health burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rezzani
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.F.); (L.F.); (M.G.); (G.F.)
- Interdipartimental University Center of Research “Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs—(ARTO)”, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Italian Society of Orofacial Pain (SISDO), 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0303-717-483
| | - Caterina Franco
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.F.); (L.F.); (M.G.); (G.F.)
| | - Lorenzo Franceschetti
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.F.); (L.F.); (M.G.); (G.F.)
| | - Marzia Gianò
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.F.); (L.F.); (M.G.); (G.F.)
| | - Gaia Favero
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.F.); (L.F.); (M.G.); (G.F.)
- Interdipartimental University Center of Research “Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs—(ARTO)”, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang Y, Li X, Jing R, Yang W, Wang Y, Wang C, Yao L, Cui X, Hu Y. KXS Balances the Tryptophan Metabolism in Mild to Moderate Depressed Patients and Chronic Restraint Stress Induced Depressive Rats. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:2485-2496. [PMID: 36345420 PMCID: PMC9636882 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s377982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Tryptophan metabolism is involved in the etiology and exacerbation of depressive disorders. Kai-Xin-San (KXS), a traditional Chinese medicine formula, has been widely used to treat depression and modulate serotonin simultaneously, but how it regulates depressive-like behavior by shifting the balance of the tryptophan-serotonin metabolism and kynurenine pathway remains vague. PATIENTS AND METHODS Ten participants with mild to moderate depression treated with KXS (KXS preparation) were analyzed in this study. Depression rating scale score and the concentration of serum tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan and kynurenine was measured at baseline and the endpoint of KXS treatment. To explore the specific regulatory mechanism of KXS in tryptophan metabolism, the chronic restraint stress (CRS) was used to induce depressive-like syndrome in rats and the hippocampus level of tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, kynurenine with downstream metabolites (kynurenic acid, quinolinic acid) and key enzymes (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, kynurenine 3-monooxygenase, kynurenine aminotransferase) were analyzed by liquid chromatography-electros pray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, high performance liquid chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay respectively. RESULTS KXS significantly decreased depression rating scale scores and increased the serum tryptophan and kynurenine concentration in depressive patients compared to baseline. Also, it alleviated the depressive behavior in CRS rats obviously. Comparing with CRS group, KXS increased tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, kynurenine level in rat hippocampus. Furthermore, in kynurenine pathway, KXS decreased the expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, increased kynurenic acid by upregulating the expression of kynurenine aminotransferase while decreased quinolinic acid level in hippocampus, which suggested that KXS more favored improving serotonin pathway, and neuroprotective kynurenic acid branch in the tryptophan metabolism. CONCLUSION This is the first tryptophan metabolomic study of patients with depression undergoing KXS treatment. Combining these clinical results with CRS induced rat model studies, it verified that KXS achieves an excellent antidepressant effect and balances tryptophan-kynurenine metabolic pathways by regulating some key metabolic products and enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbo Wang
- Graduate School of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Li
- Graduate School of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Jing
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenshan Yang
- Graduate School of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Graduate School of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaochen Wang
- Graduate School of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yao
- Graduate School of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Cui
- Department of Health Medicine, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yeh YM, Lye XY, Lin HY, Wong JY, Wu CC, Huang CL, Tsai YC, Wang LC. Effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PS128 on alleviating canine aggression and separation anxiety. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
30
|
Song L, He M, Sun Q, Wang Y, Zhang J, Fang Y, Liu S, Duan L. Roseburia hominis Increases Intestinal Melatonin Level by Activating p-CREB-AANAT Pathway. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010117. [PMID: 35010992 PMCID: PMC8746519 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal melatonin exerts diverse biological effects on the body. Our previous research showed that the abundance of the butyrate-producing bacteria, Roseburia, is positively related to the expression of colonic mucosal melatonin. However, the detailed relationship is unclear. Therefore, we aimed to explore whether Roseburia regulates intestinal melatonin and its underlying mechanisms. Male Sprague–Dawley germfree rats were orally administered with or without Roseburia hominis. R. hominis treatment significantly increased the intestinal melatonin level. The concentrations of propionate and butyrate in the intestinal contents were significantly elevated after gavage of R. hominis. Propionate or butyrate treatment increased melatonin, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT), and phosphorylated cAMP-response element-binding protein (p-CREB) levels. When pretreated with telotristat ethyl, the inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), or siRNA of Aanat, or 666-15, i.e., an inhibitor of CREB, propionate, or butyrate, could not promote melatonin production in the pheochromocytoma cell line BON-1. Metabolomics analysis showed that propionate and butyrate stimulation regulated levels of some metabolites and some metabolic pathways in BON-1 cell supernatants. In conclusion, propionate and butyrate, i.e., metabolites of R. hominis, can promote intestinal melatonin synthesis by increasing 5-HT levels and promoting p-CREB-mediated Aanat transcription, thereby offering a potential target for ameliorating intestinal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijin Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; (L.S.); (Q.S.); (J.Z.); (Y.F.)
| | - Meibo He
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China;
| | - Qinghua Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; (L.S.); (Q.S.); (J.Z.); (Y.F.)
| | - Yujing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Jindong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; (L.S.); (Q.S.); (J.Z.); (Y.F.)
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; (L.S.); (Q.S.); (J.Z.); (Y.F.)
| | - Shuangjiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Liping Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; (L.S.); (Q.S.); (J.Z.); (Y.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-82806003
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhu T, Gao P, Gao J, Liu X, Jiang H, Zhang X. The upregulation of tryptophan hydroxylase-2 expression is important for premature ejaculation treatment with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Andrology 2021; 10:595-603. [PMID: 34874128 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there was some evidence to suggest that the serotonergic system in the brain played an important role in premature ejaculation (PE), tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2) is considered to be the key enzyme for the synthesis of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and few studies have reported that brain TPH2 is involved in the regulation of ejaculation. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate whether changes in brain TPH2 levels were associated with PE and to explore the effects of acute administration of dapoxetine on TPH2 expression in the brain of rats with rapid ejaculation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Based on the ejaculation frequency, the male rats were split into three groups: "rapid," "normal," and "sluggish" ejaculators. The level of 5-HT in the brain was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. TPH2 expression was detected by western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The results showed that the concentration of 5-HT and the expression of TPH2 in rapid rats were the lowest, while those in sluggish rats were the highest. Correlation analysis also indicated the level of TPH2 was positively correlated with ejaculation latency (r = 0.8633, p < 0.0001) and negatively correlated with ejaculation frequency (r = -0.874, p < 0.001). In addition, dapoxetine acute administration to rapid rats resulted in upregulation of TPH2 expression in the brain. DISCUSSION There was an important link between the level of TPH2 and the change of ejaculation behaviors. Decreased expression of TPH2 in relevant brain regions will lead to rapid ejaculation. Moreover, the effect of dapoxetine on prolonging ejaculation may be due to the upregulation of TPH2 expression. CONCLUSION We found the correlation between the level of TPH2 in the brain and PE. The findings in this study will open up a novel way for future research in PE therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianle Zhu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Pan Gao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jingjing Gao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Andrology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Human Sperm Bank, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiansheng Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Anaridha S, Imran PM, Meeran IS, Shabeer T. Comparative theoretical analysis using DFT & MP2 calculations, ADMET profiling and docking studies of the drug telotristat ethyl. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2021.100248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
33
|
Xu X, Chen R, Zhan G, Wang D, Tan X, Xu H. Enterochromaffin Cells: Sentinels to Gut Microbiota in Hyperalgesia? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:760076. [PMID: 34722345 PMCID: PMC8552036 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.760076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, increasing studies have been conducted on the mechanism of gut microbiota in neuropsychiatric diseases and non-neuropsychiatric diseases. The academic community has also recognized the existence of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Chronic pain has always been an urgent difficulty for human beings, which often causes anxiety, depression, and other mental symptoms, seriously affecting people's quality of life. Hyperalgesia is one of the main adverse reactions of chronic pain. The mechanism of gut microbiota in hyperalgesia has been extensively studied, providing a new target for pain treatment. Enterochromaffin cells, as the chief sentinel for sensing gut microbiota and its metabolites, can play an important role in the interaction between the gut microbiota and hyperalgesia through paracrine or neural pathways. Therefore, this systematic review describes the role of gut microbiota in the pathological mechanism of hyperalgesia, learns about the role of enterochromaffin cell receptors and secretions in hyperalgesia, and provides a new strategy for pain treatment by targeting enterochromaffin cells through restoring disturbed gut microbiota or supplementing probiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rongmin Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gaofeng Zhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Danning Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhu S, Stanslowsky N, Fernández-Trillo J, Mamo TM, Yu P, Kalmbach N, Ritter B, Eggenschwiler R, Ouwendijk WJD, Mzinza D, Tan L, Leffler A, Spohn M, Brown RJP, Kropp KA, Kaever V, Ha TC, Narayanan P, Grundhoff A, Förster R, Schambach A, Verjans GMGM, Schmidt M, Kispert A, Cantz T, Gomis A, Wegner F, Viejo-Borbolla A. Generation of hiPSC-derived low threshold mechanoreceptors containing axonal termini resembling bulbous sensory nerve endings and expressing Piezo1 and Piezo2. Stem Cell Res 2021; 56:102535. [PMID: 34607262 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatosensory low threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs) sense innocuous mechanical forces, largely through specialized axon termini termed sensory nerve endings, where the mechanotransduction process initiates upon activation of mechanotransducers. In humans, a subset of sensory nerve endings is enlarged, forming bulb-like expansions, termed bulbous nerve endings. There is no in vitro human model to study these neuronal endings. Piezo2 is the main mechanotransducer found in LTMRs. Recent evidence shows that Piezo1, the other mechanotransducer considered absent in dorsal root ganglia (DRG), is expressed at low level in somatosensory neurons. We established a differentiation protocol to generate, from iPSC-derived neuronal precursor cells, human LTMR recapitulating bulbous sensory nerve endings and heterogeneous expression of Piezo1 and Piezo2. The derived neurons express LTMR-specific genes, convert mechanical stimuli into electrical signals and have specialized axon termini that morphologically resemble bulbous nerve endings. Piezo2 is concentrated within these enlarged axon termini. Some derived neurons express low level Piezo1, and a subset co-express both channels. Thus, we generated a unique, iPSCs-derived human model that can be used to investigate the physiology of bulbous sensory nerve endings, and the role of Piezo1 and 2 during mechanosensation.
Collapse
|
35
|
Teixeira C, Rodrigues P, Serrão P, Figueira L, Guimarães L, Teles LO, Peres H, Carvalho AP. Dietary tryptophan supplementation does not affect growth but increases brain serotonin level and modulates the expression of some liver genes in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fish Physiol Biochem 2021; 47:1541-1558. [PMID: 34370152 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-00994-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at assessing the effects of the dietary tryptophan (Trp) supplementation on growth and feed utilization, brain serotonin content, and expression of selected liver genes (involved in the liver serotonin pathway, protein synthesis degradation, and antioxidant activity) in zebrafish. A growth trial was conducted with zebrafish juveniles fed five experimental isoproteic (40%DM) and isolipidic (8%DM) fishmeal-based diets containing graded levels of Trp: a Trp-non-supplemented diet (diet Trp0, with 0.22% Trp) and four Trp-supplemented diets containing 2-16 times higher Trp content (diets Trp2, Trp4, Trp8, and Trp16 with 0.40, 0.91, 2.02, and 3.34% Trp, respectively). Diets were tested in quadruplicate, with fish being fed twice a day, 6 days a week for 6 weeks to apparent visual satiation. At the end of the trial, growth performance and feed utilization were assessed, and fish from all experimental groups were sampled for whole-body composition analysis. In addition, fish fed low (Trp0), medium (Trp4), and high (Trp16) Trp diets were also sampled for analysis of brain serotonin content and liver gene expression. Tested tryptophan levels did not influence growth performance nor feed intake. However, values of energy and nitrogen retention as well as body energy content indicate a better feed utilization with diets containing around 0.9% and 2.0% DM Trp. Brain serotonin content increased with increasing dietary tryptophan levels. In addition, regarding liver genes, dietary treatment had a modulatory effect on the expression of Htr1aa and Htr2cl1 genes (encoding for serotonin receptors), TPH1a gene (encoding for tryptophan hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of serotonin from tryptophan), TOR gene (involved in protein synthesis), and Keap1 gene (involved in antioxidant responses).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Teixeira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Rodrigues
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Paula Serrão
- Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Figueira
- Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Laura Guimarães
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Luís Oliva Teles
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Helena Peres
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - António Paulo Carvalho
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wu Y, Wu J, Lin Z, Wang Q, Li Y, Wang A, Shan X, Liu J. Administration of a Probiotic Mixture Ameliorates Cisplatin-Induced Mucositis and Pica by Regulating 5-HT in Rats. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:9321196. [PMID: 34568500 PMCID: PMC8461230 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9321196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotic-based therapies have been shown to be beneficial for chemotherapy-induced mucositis. Previous research has demonstrated that a probiotic mixture (Bifidobacterium brevis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, and Streptococcus thermophilus) can ameliorate chemotherapy-induced mucositis and dysbiosis in rats, but the underlying mechanism has not been completely elucidated. We aimed to determine the inhibitory effects of the probiotic mixture on cisplatin-induced mucositis and pica and the underlying mechanism, focusing on the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) regulated by the gut microbiota. A rat model of mucositis and pica was established by daily intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (6 mg/kg) for 3 days. In the probiotic+cisplatin group, predaily intragastric injection of the probiotic mixture (1 × 109 CFU/kg BW) was administrated for 1 week before cisplatin injection. This was then followed by further daily probiotic injections for 6 days. Histopathology, pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative status, and 5-HT levels were assessed on days 3 and 6. The structure of the gut microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and quantitative PCR. Additionally, 5-HT levels in enterochromaffin (EC) cells (RIN-14B cell line) treated with cisplatin and/or various probiotic bacteria were also determined. The probiotic mixture significantly attenuated kaolin consumption, inflammation, oxidative stress, and the increase in 5-HT concentrations in rats with cisplatin-induced intestinal mucositis and pica. Cisplatin markedly increased the relative abundances of Enterobacteriaceae_other, Blautia, Clostridiaceae_other, and members of Clostridium clusters IV and XIVa. These levels were significantly restored by the probiotic mixture. Importantly, most of the genera increased by cisplatin were significantly positively correlated with colonic 5-HT. Furthermore, in vitro, the probiotic mixture had direct inhibitory effects on the 5-HT secretion by EC cells. The probiotic mixture protects against cisplatin-induced intestine injury, exhibiting both anti-inflammatory and antiemetic properties. These results were closely related to the reestablishment of intestinal microbiota ecology and normalization of the dysbiosis-driven 5-HT overproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhang Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jianlin Wu
- Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhikun Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Liaoning CapitalBio Technology Co., Ltd., Dalian, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Aman Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiu Shan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jiwei Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Haq S, Grondin JA, Khan WI. Tryptophan-derived serotonin-kynurenine balance in immune activation and intestinal inflammation. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21888. [PMID: 34473368 PMCID: PMC9292703 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100702r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous tryptophan metabolism pathways lead to the production of serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine; 5‐HT), kynurenine, and several downstream metabolites which are involved in a multitude of immunological functions in both health and disease states. Ingested tryptophan is largely shunted to the kynurenine pathway (95%) while only minor portions (1%–2%) are sequestered for 5‐HT production. Though often associated with the functioning of the central nervous system, significant production of 5‐HT, kynurenine and their downstream metabolites takes place within the gut. Accumulating evidence suggests that these metabolites have essential roles in regulating immune cell function, intestinal inflammation, as well as in altering the production and suppression of inflammatory cytokines. In addition, both 5‐HT and kynurenine have a considerable influence on gut microbiota suggesting that these metabolites impact host physiology both directly and indirectly via compositional changes. It is also now evident that complex interactions exist between the two pathways to maintain gut homeostasis. Alterations in 5‐HT and kynurenine are implicated in the pathogenesis of many gastrointestinal dysfunctions, including inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, these pathways present numerous potential therapeutic targets, manipulation of which may aid those suffering from gastrointestinal disorders. This review aims to update both the role of 5‐HT and kynurenine in immune regulation and intestinal inflammation, and analyze the current knowledge of the relationship and interactions between 5‐HT and kynurenine pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Haq
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jensine A Grondin
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Waliul I Khan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Jiang SH, Wang YH, Hu LP, Wang X, Li J, Zhang XL, Zhang ZG. The physiology, pathology and potential therapeutic application of serotonylation. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:268950. [PMID: 34085694 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.257337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical neurotransmitter serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), synthesized from tryptophan, can be produced both centrally and peripherally. Through binding to functionally distinct receptors, serotonin is profoundly implicated in a number of fundamental physiological processes and pathogenic conditions. Recently, serotonin has been found covalently incorporated into proteins, a newly identified post-translational modification termed serotonylation. Transglutaminases (TGMs), especially TGM2, are responsible for catalyzing the transamidation reaction by transferring serotonin to the glutamine residues of target proteins. Small GTPases, extracellular matrix protein fibronectin, cytoskeletal proteins and histones are the most reported substrates for serotonylation, and their functions are triggered by this post-translational modification. This Review highlights the roles of serotonylation in physiology and diseases and provides perspectives for pharmacological interventions to ameliorate serotonylation for disease treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Heng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Li-Peng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Park S, Kim Y, Lee J, Lee JY, Kim H, Lee S, Oh CM. A Systems Biology Approach to Investigating the Interaction between Serotonin Synthesis by Tryptophan Hydroxylase and the Metabolic Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052452. [PMID: 33671067 PMCID: PMC7957782 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become a global public health and economic problem. Obesity is a major risk factor for a number of complications, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, fatty liver disease, and cancer. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) is a biogenic monoamine that plays various roles in metabolic homeostasis. It is well known that central 5-HT regulates appetite and mood. Several 5-HT receptor agonists and selective serotonin receptor uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have shown beneficial effects on appetite and mood control in clinics. Although several genetic polymorphisms related to 5-HT synthesis and its receptors are strongly associated with obesity, there is little evidence of the role of peripheral 5-HT in human metabolism. In this study, we performed a systemic analysis of transcriptome data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEX) database. We investigated the expression of 5-HT and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), the rate-limiting enzyme of 5-HT biosynthesis, in the human brain and peripheral tissues. We also performed differential gene expression analysis and predicted changes in metabolites by comparing gene expressions of tissues with high TPH expression to the gene expressions of tissues with low TPH expression. Our analyses provide strong evidence that serotonin plays an important role in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suhyeon Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (S.P.); (Y.K.); (J.L); (J.Y.L.)
| | - Yumin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (S.P.); (Y.K.); (J.L); (J.Y.L.)
| | - Jibeom Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (S.P.); (Y.K.); (J.L); (J.Y.L.)
| | - Jeong Yun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (S.P.); (Y.K.); (J.L); (J.Y.L.)
| | - Hail Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
| | - Sunjae Lee
- Department of School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (C.-M.O.); Tel.: +82-10-7304-1213 (S.L.)
| | - Chang-Myung Oh
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (S.P.); (Y.K.); (J.L); (J.Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (C.-M.O.); Tel.: +82-10-7304-1213 (S.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Li X, Zhang ZH, Zabed HM, Yun J, Zhang G, Qi X. An Insight into the Roles of Dietary Tryptophan and Its Metabolites in Intestinal Inflammation and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2000461. [PMID: 33216452 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is complex, chronic, and relapsing gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders, which includes mainly two conditions, namely ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Development of IBD in any individual is closely related to his/her autoimmune regulation, gene-microbiota interactions, and dietary factors. Dietary tryptophan (Trp) is an essential amino acid for intestinal mucosal cells, and it is associated with the intestinal inflammation, epithelial barrier, and energy homeostasis of the host. According to recent studies, Trp and its three major metabolic pathways, namely kynurenine (KYN) pathway, indole pathway, and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) pathway, have vital roles in the regulation of intestinal inflammation by acting directly or indirectly on the pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines, functions of various immune cells, as well as the intestinal microbial composition and homeostasis. In this review, recent advances in Trp- and its metabolites-associated intestinal inflammation are summarized. It further discusses the complex mechanisms and interrelationships of the three major metabolic pathways of Trp in regulating inflammation, which could elucidate the value of dietary Trp to be used as a nutrient for IBD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Hossain M Zabed
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Junhua Yun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Guoyan Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Xianghui Qi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ming X, Chung ACK, Mao D, Cao H, Fan B, Wong WKK, Ho CC, Lee HM, Schoonjans K, Auwerx J, Rutter GA, Chan JCN, Tian XY, Kong APS. Pancreatic Sirtuin 3 Deficiency Promotes Hepatic Steatosis by Enhancing 5-Hydroxytryptamine Synthesis in Mice With Diet-Induced Obesity. Diabetes 2021; 70:119-131. [PMID: 33087457 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is a protein deacetylase regulating β-cell function through inhibiting oxidative stress in obese and diabetic mice, but the detailed mechanism and potential effect of β-cell-specific SIRT3 on metabolic homeostasis, and its potential effect on other metabolic organs, are unknown. We found that glucose tolerance and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion were impaired in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed β-cell-selective Sirt3 knockout (Sirt3 f/f;Cre/+) mice. In addition, Sirt3 f/f;Cre/+ mice had more severe hepatic steatosis than Sirt3 f/f mice upon HFD feeding. RNA sequencing of islets suggested that Sirt3 deficiency overactivated 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) synthesis as evidenced by upregulation of tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1). 5-HT concentration was increased in both islets and serum of Sirt3 f/f;Cre/+ mice. 5-HT also facilitated the effect of palmitate to increase lipid deposition. Treatment with TPH1 inhibitor ameliorated hepatic steatosis and reduced weight gain in HFD-fed Sirt3 f/f;Cre/+ mice. These data suggested that under HFD feeding, SIRT3 deficiency in β-cells not only regulates insulin secretion but also modulates hepatic lipid metabolism via the release of 5-HT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Ming
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Arthur C K Chung
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dandan Mao
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huanyi Cao
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Baoqi Fan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Willy K K Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chin Chung Ho
- School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Heung Man Lee
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College of London, London, U.K
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nan Yang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Juliana C N Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiao Yu Tian
- School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alice P S Kong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Maffei ME. 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP): Natural Occurrence, Analysis, Biosynthesis, Biotechnology, Physiology and Toxicology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E181. [PMID: 33375373 PMCID: PMC7796270 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is both a drug and a natural component of some dietary supplements. 5-HTP is produced from tryptophan by tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), which is present in two isoforms (TPH1 and TPH2). Decarboxylation of 5-HTP yields serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) that is further transformed to melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine). 5-HTP plays a major role both in neurologic and metabolic diseases and its synthesis from tryptophan represents the limiting step in serotonin and melatonin biosynthesis. In this review, after an look at the main natural sources of 5-HTP, the chemical analysis and synthesis, biosynthesis and microbial production of 5-HTP by molecular engineering will be described. The physiological effects of 5-HTP are discussed in both animal studies and human clinical trials. The physiological role of 5-HTP in the treatment of depression, anxiety, panic, sleep disorders, obesity, myoclonus and serotonin syndrome are also discussed. 5-HTP toxicity and the occurrence of toxic impurities present in tryptophan and 5-HTP preparations are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo E Maffei
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15/a, 10135 Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Romero-Reyes J, Molina-Hernández A, Díaz NF, Camacho-Arroyo I. Role of serotonin in vertebrate embryo development. Reprod Biol 2020; 21:100475. [PMID: 33370653 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2020.100475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1937, serotonin (5-HT) has become one of the most studied biogenic amines due to its predominant role in regulating several physiological processes such as mood, sleep, and food intake. This amine and the main components of the serotoninergic system are in almost all cells of the body. The presence of 5-HT and the serotoninergic system has been observed in oocytes and in different embryo development stages of fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals. In several classes of vertebrates, the change in the concentration of 5-HT or the alteration of the serotoninergic system, interfere with early embryo development. These data suggest that 5-HT participates in embryo development of vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Romero-Reyes
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Néstor Fabián Díaz
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico.
| | - Ignacio Camacho-Arroyo
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Mexico City, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Betari N, Sahlholm K, Morató X, Godoy-Marín H, Jáuregui O, Teigen K, Ciruela F, Haavik J. Inhibition of Tryptophan Hydroxylases and Monoamine Oxidase-A by the Proton Pump Inhibitor, Omeprazole- In Vitro and In Vivo Investigations. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:593416. [PMID: 33324221 PMCID: PMC7726444 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.593416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is a hormone and neurotransmitter that modulates neural activity as well as a wide range of other physiological processes including cardiovascular function, bowel motility, and platelet aggregation. 5-HT synthesis is catalyzed by tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) which exists as two distinct isoforms; TPH1 and TPH2, which are responsible for peripheral and central 5-HT, respectively. Due to the implication of 5-HT in a number of pathologies, including depression, anxiety, autism, sexual dysfunction, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and carcinoid syndrome, there has been a growing interest in finding modulators of these enzymes in recent years. We thus performed high-throughput screening (HTS) using a fluorescence-based thermal shift assay (DSF) to search the Prestwick Chemical Library containing 1,280 compounds, mostly FDA-approved drugs, for TPH1 binders. We here report the identification of omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, as an inhibitor of TPH1 and TPH2 with low micromolar potency and high selectivity over the other aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. The S-enantiomer of omeprazole, esomeprazole, has recently also been described as an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A), the main enzyme responsible for 5-HT degradation, albeit with lower potency compared to the effect on TPH1 and TPH2. In order to investigate the net effect of simultaneous inhibition of TPH and MAO-A in vivo, we administered high-dose (100 mg/kg) omeprazole to CD-1 mice for 4 days, after which the animals were subjected to the tail suspension test. Finally, central (whole brain) and peripheral (serum) 5-HT content was measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Omeprazole treatment significantly increased 5-HT concentrations, both in brain and in serum, and reduced the time spent immobile in the tail suspension test relative to vehicle control. Thus, the MAO-A inhibition afforded by high-dose omeprazole appears to overcome the opposing effect on 5-HT produced by inhibition of TPH1 and TPH2. Further modification of proton pump inhibitor scaffolds may yield more selective modulators of 5-HT metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nibal Betari
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kristoffer Sahlholm
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Morató
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Héctor Godoy-Marín
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Jáuregui
- Scientific and Technological Centers of University of Barcelona (CCiTUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Knut Teigen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jan Haavik
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Division of Psychiatry, Bergen Center of Brain Plasticity, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Metz DC, Liu E, Joish VN, Huynh L, Totev TI, Duh MS, Seth K, Giacalone S, Lapuerta P, Morse MA. Survival and Clinical Outcomes with Telotristat Ethyl in Patients with Carcinoid Syndrome. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:9713-9719. [PMID: 33116830 PMCID: PMC7548219 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s276519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The TELEACE study showed reductions in tumor size in patients with neuroendocrine tumors, receiving telotristat ethyl in US clinical practice. Here, we report progression-free survival, time to tumor progression, changes in carcinoid syndrome symptoms, and indictors of overall health. Patients and Methods This was a retrospective, single arm, pre-post medical chart review of patients with locally advanced or metastatic neuroendocrine tumors and documented carcinoid syndrome receiving telotristat ethyl for at least 6 months. Patients with poorly differentiated tumors, mixed tumor types or conflicting clinical trial enrollment were excluded. Descriptive statistics, Kaplan–Meier and chi-square tests were used to evaluate PFS, tumor progression, changes in symptoms, body weight and ECOG performance status before and after telotristat ethyl initiation. Subgroup analyses were conducted in patients with the same pre- and post-telotristat ethyl background treatment. Results Anonymized data for 200 patients were provided by 114 physicians; patients received telotristat ethyl for a median of 9 months. Median time to tumor progression was 39.8 months (IQR, 18.7–39.8); most had no tumor progression at 6 (92%) and 12 months (87%). Median progression-free survival was 23.7 months (17.8–39.8); most had progression-free survival at 6 (90%) and 12 months (80%). Results were consistent in the subgroup of 65 patients with the same pre/post background treatment. Nearly all patients had improved carcinoid syndrome symptoms, stable or improved weight and ECOG performance status. Conclusion Patients showed improvements in clinical outcomes and indicators of overall health following treatment with telotristat ethyl in this exploratory pilot study, consistent with previously observed reductions in tumor size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David C Metz
- Neuroendocrine Tumor Program at Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eric Liu
- The Neuroendocrine Institute at Rocky Mountain Cancer Centers, Denver, CO 80218, USA
| | - Vijay N Joish
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX 77831, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kiernan Seth
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX 77831, USA
| | | | - Pablo Lapuerta
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX 77831, USA
| | - Michael A Morse
- Duke Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Morse MA, Liu E, Joish VN, Huynh L, Cheng M, Duh MS, Seth K, Lapuerta P, Metz DC. Antiproliferative Effects of Telotristat Ethyl in Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors: The TELEACE Real-World Chart Review Study. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:6607-6614. [PMID: 32801896 PMCID: PMC7402667 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s261257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) associated with carcinoid syndrome (CS) overproduce serotonin, mediated by tryptophan hydroxylase-1 (TPH1). The TPH inhibitor telotristat ethyl (TE) reduces peripheral serotonin and relieves CS symptoms. We conducted a real-world clinical practice study to explore the effects of TE on tumor growth in patients with NETs and CS. Patients and Methods Single-arm, pre/post chart review study of patients with advanced NETs who received TE for ≥6 months and had ≥2 radiological scans within 12 months before and ≥1 scan after TE initiation. Linear regression and longitudinal analyses assessed changes in tumor size controlling for background NET treatment. Results Two hundred patients were enrolled, most (61%) had well-differentiated gastrointestinal NETs (61%) and received TE for an average of 12 months (SD, 7.3). Mean reduction in tumor size after TE initiation was 0.59 cm (p=0.006). Longitudinal analysis showed an 8.5% reduction in tumor size (p=0.045) from pre- to post-TE periods. Documented NET treatment prior to initiating TE and time between scans were not significant predictors of changes in tumor size. Results were consistent in a subgroup of patients with the same documented NET treatment before and after initiating TE. Conclusion TE may have antitumor effects consistent with serotonin overproduction in tumor growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Morse
- Duke Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eric Liu
- The Neuroendocrine Institute at Rocky Mountain Cancer Centers, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Vijay N Joish
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kiernan Seth
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | | | - David C Metz
- Neuroendocrine Tumor Program at Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Betari N, Sahlholm K, Ishizuka Y, Teigen K, Haavik J. Discovery and biological characterization of a novel scaffold for potent inhibitors of peripheral serotonin synthesis. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:1461-74. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) catalyzes serotonin synthesis in peripheral tissues. Selective TPH1 inhibitors may be useful for treating disorders related to serotonin dysregulation. Results & methodology: Screening using a thermal shift assay for TPH1 binders yielded Compound 1 (2-(4-methylphenyl)-1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2 H)-one), which showed high potency (50% inhibition at 98 ± 30 nM) and selectivity for inhibiting TPH over related aromatic amino acid hydroxylases in enzyme activity assays. Structure–activity relationships studies revealed several analogs of 1 showing comparable potency. Kinetic studies suggested a noncompetitive mode of action of 1, with regards to tryptophan and tetrahydrobiopterin. Computational docking studies and live cell assays were also performed. Conclusion: This TPH1 inhibitor scaffold may be useful for developing new therapeutics for treating elevated peripheral serotonin.
Collapse
|
48
|
Daujat-Chavanieu M, Kot M. Albumin is a secret factor involved in multidirectional interactions among the serotoninergic, immune and endocrine systems that supervises the mechanism of CYP1A and CYP3A regulation in the liver. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 215:107616. [PMID: 32590025 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on albumin, which is involved in multidirectional interactions among the immune, endocrine and serotoninergic systems and supervises the regulation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms under conditions of both normal liver function and liver insufficiency. Special attention is paid to albumin, thyroid hormones, testosterone and tryptophan hydroxylase in these interactions as well as their potential roles in liver regeneration. The association of these factors with inflammation and the modification of the mechanism of hepatic drug-metabolizing CYP isoform regulation are also presented because changes in the expression of CYP isoforms in the liver may result in subsequent changes to a marker substance used for testing CYP activity, thus providing a simple way to control the liver regeneration process or the dangerous stimulation of hepatocarcinogenesis.
Collapse
|
49
|
Sizemore TR, Hurley LM, Dacks AM. Serotonergic modulation across sensory modalities. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:2406-2425. [PMID: 32401124 PMCID: PMC7311732 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00034.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonergic system has been widely studied across animal taxa and different functional networks. This modulatory system is therefore well positioned to compare the consequences of neuromodulation for sensory processing across species and modalities at multiple levels of sensory organization. Serotonergic neurons that innervate sensory networks often bidirectionally exchange information with these networks but also receive input representative of motor events or motivational state. This convergence of information supports serotonin's capacity for contextualizing sensory information according to the animal's physiological state and external events. At the level of sensory circuitry, serotonin can have variable effects due to differential projections across specific sensory subregions, as well as differential serotonin receptor type expression within those subregions. Functionally, this infrastructure may gate or filter sensory inputs to emphasize specific stimulus features or select among different streams of information. The near-ubiquitous presence of serotonin and other neuromodulators within sensory regions, coupled with their strong effects on stimulus representation, suggests that these signaling pathways should be considered integral components of sensory systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R Sizemore
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Laura M Hurley
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Andrew M Dacks
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Colle R, Masson P, Verstuyft C, Fève B, Werner E, Boursier-Neyret C, Walther B, David DJ, Boniface B, Falissard B, Chanson P, Corruble E, Becquemont L. Peripheral tryptophan, serotonin, kynurenine, and their metabolites in major depression: A case-control study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 74:112-117. [PMID: 31599111 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM Tryptophan is the sole precursor of both peripherally and centrally produced serotonin and kynurenine. In depressed patients, tryptophan, serotonin, kynurenine, and their metabolite levels remain unclear. Therefore, peripheral tryptophan and metabolites of serotonin and kynurenine were investigated extensively in 173 patients suffering from a current major depressive episode (MDE) and compared to 214 healthy controls (HC). METHODS Fasting plasma levels of 11 peripheral metabolites were quantified: tryptophan, serotonin pathway (serotonin, its precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid), and kynurenine pathway (kynurenine and six of its metabolites: anthranilic acid, kynurenic acid, nicotinamide, picolinic acid, xanthurenic acid, and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid). RESULTS Sixty (34.7%) patients were antidepressant-drug free. Tryptophan levels did not differ between MDE patients and HC. Serotonin and its precursor (5-hydroxytryptophan) levels were lower in MDE patients than in HC, whereas, its metabolite (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid) levels were within the standard range. Kynurenine and four of its metabolites (kynurenic acid, nicotinamide, picolinic acid, and xanthurenic acid) were lower in MDE patients. CONCLUSION Whilst the results of this study demonstrate an association between the metabolites studied and depression, conclusions about causality cannot be made. This study uses the largest ever sample of MDE patients, with an extensive assessment of peripheral tryptophan metabolism in plasma. These findings provide new insights into the peripheral signature of MDE. The reasons for these changes should be further investigated. These results might suggest new antidepressant therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Colle
- INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Paris-Saclay University, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Perrine Masson
- Pharmacokinetics Center, Technologie Servier, Orléans, France
| | - Céline Verstuyft
- INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Paris-Saclay University, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Service de Génétique moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Bruno Fève
- Service d'endocrinologie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR S_938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Erwan Werner
- Pharmacokinetics Center, Technologie Servier, Orléans, France
| | | | - Bernard Walther
- Pharmacokinetics Center, Technologie Servier, Orléans, France
| | - Denis J David
- INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Paris-Saclay University, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Bruno Boniface
- INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Paris-Saclay University, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Bruno Falissard
- INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Paris-Saclay University, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Département de Biostatistiques, Paris-Sud University, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Villejuif, France
| | - Philippe Chanson
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l'Hypophyse, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, F-94275, and INSERM 1185, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Paris-Sud University, Paris-Saclay University, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Emmanuelle Corruble
- INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Paris-Saclay University, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Laurent Becquemont
- INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Paris-Saclay University, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Service de Génétique moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| |
Collapse
|