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Lotfollahzadeh S, Salehi TZ, Esmatabadi MZ, Ramezankhani M, Tamai IA, Shokri A, Abdollahi M. Microbiological study of the auditory canal in dairy calves with otitis media. Microb Pathog 2024; 188:106547. [PMID: 38296119 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) in calves, is caused by different bacteria. OM treatment requires identification of etiological agents and antibiotic sensitivity testing. The gold standard method of bacteriological study of OM is tympanocentesis, but using this technique in farm condition would be difficult. As a hypothesis, it is possible that bacteriologic examining the auditory canal can help to accelerate the bacteriological investigation of OM. This study was conducted with the aim of comparing the microbiota of the auditory canal in healthy calves and calves with OM. The present research which was a case-control study, mainly compared control group (18 swab samples from healthy and non-infected ear) with two case groups (20 swab samples from the non-affected ear and 32 swab samples from the affected ear in unilateral OM, 11 swab samples from both affected ears in bilateral OM). The results of bacteriological investigations showed three categories of bacteria including: pathogens (Staphylococcus chromogenes, Corynebacterium pilosum, Corynebacterium ovis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pasteurella multocida, Proteus vulgaris, Trueperella pyogenes, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Mycoplasma bovis), opportunists (Staphylococcus intermedius, Bacillus licheniformis) and commensals (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Corynebacterium bovis, Corynebacterium renale, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus). Based on the antibiotic sensitivity test of the isolates, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, and gentamicin were the chosen antibiotics for treatment. All affected animals were treated based on bacteriological results and antibiotic sensitivity tests. All treated animals were fully cured. Based on the results, it seems that in calves with OM, examining the microbiota of the auditory canal can be further studied as an alternative to tympanocentesis in farm conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samad Lotfollahzadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Taghi Zahraei Salehi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zare Esmatabadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ramezankhani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Ashrafi Tamai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arman Shokri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Abdollahi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
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Zamuner F, Carpenter EK, Gebrekidan H, Arcos-Gómez G, Parkinson A, Cameron AWN, Leury BJ, DiGiacomo K. Successful transfer of passive immunity: the natural alternative to antibiotics for boosting the survival of intensively reared dairy goat kids. Animal 2024; 18:101040. [PMID: 38101110 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.101040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In dairy operations, antibiotics have traditionally been used to treat, prevent, and control diseases. However, given the mounting global crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), farmers are urged to re-assess and reduce their reliance on antibiotics. Thus, this randomized, double-blinded cohort study aimed to estimate the prevalence of failed and successful transfer of passive immunity (FTPI and STPI) in dairy goat kids reared under commercial conditions, and the effects of antibiotic metaphylaxis on the pre-weaning (≤42 d old) mortality in FTPI and STPI kids. Plasma concentration of immunoglobulin G at 1d old (pIgG-24 h) was measured in 747 male Saanen kids for the determination of FTPI and STPI (pIgG-24 h < 12 and ≥12 g/L, respectively). Kids were then randomly divided into two groups: those receiving a single penicillin injection at 1 d old (PEN), and those receiving no treatment (CTR). The mean (±SD) pIgG-24 h and initial BW (IBW) were 17 ± 9.8 g/L and 4.1 ± 0.64 kg. The prevalence of FTPI was 29% (220/747 kids). Gastrointestinal complications were the primary cause of death (41%), followed by septicemia (22%) and arthritis (17%). A single penicillin injection reduced preweaning mortality by 55% (10 vs 22%, PEN vs CTR). However, results suggest that such a decline was mainly driven by the improved survival rates among FTPI kids, which increased by 19% (from 62% in CTR-FTPI to 82% in PEN-FTPI), as opposed to an 8% increase among STPI kids (from 85% in CTR-STPI to 93% in PEN-STPI). Additionally, the odds of mortality ≤ 42 d old were threefold higher in the CTR-FTPI group when compared to both the CTR-STPI and PEN-FTPI groups, suggesting a potential parity between STPI and PEN for mortality rate reduction. Taken together, the results indicate that although metaphylactic antibiotics can halve preweaning mortality, similar improvements are likely to be achieved via increased STPI rates. Furthermore, by targeting metaphylactic interventions to high-risk groups (i.e., those displaying signs of inadequate colostrum intake and/or low birth BW), farmers could reduce treatment costs and mitigate AMR risks. While these findings carry considerable weight for commercial dairy goat practices, their applicability to other systems (i.e., extensive, semi-intensive, mohair, meat systems) warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zamuner
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science - The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - E K Carpenter
- Meredith Dairy Pty Ltd., 106 Cameron Rd, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia
| | - H Gebrekidan
- Meredith Dairy Pty Ltd., 106 Cameron Rd, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia
| | - G Arcos-Gómez
- Meredith Dairy Pty Ltd., 106 Cameron Rd, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia
| | - A Parkinson
- Meredith Dairy Pty Ltd., 106 Cameron Rd, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia
| | - A W N Cameron
- Meredith Dairy Pty Ltd., 106 Cameron Rd, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia
| | - B J Leury
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science - The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - K DiGiacomo
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science - The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Su M, She Y, Deng M, Guo Y, Li Y, Liu G, Sun B, Liu D. Effect of Capsaicin Addition on Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Performance and Upper Respiratory Microbiota in Nursing Calves. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1903. [PMID: 37630463 PMCID: PMC10458815 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Capsaicin (CAP) has various biological activities; it has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and stimulates intestinal development. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of CAP on the health of nursing calves under group housing conditions. Twenty-four newborn Holstein calves were randomly assigned to three treatment groups of eight calves each. The milk replacer was supplemented with 0, 0.15 or 0.3 mL/d of CAP in each of the three treatment groups. Following a one-month clinical trial of individual-pen housing, an extended one-month trial of group housing was conducted. At the end of the trial, serum samples, rectal fecal samples and upper respiratory swab samples were collected to determine the effect of CAP addition on serum parameters, fecal fermentation parameters and upper respiratory microbiota of calves under group housing conditions. The results showed that the addition of high doses of CAP decreased calf respiratory scores (p < 0.05), increased serum glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M and interleukin-10 concentration (p < 0.05), and decreased malondialdehyde, amyloid A and haptoglobin concentration (p < 0.05). Moreover, high doses of CAP increased the rectal fecal concentration of total short-chain fatty acids, acetate and butyric acid (p < 0.05). In addition, CAP regulated the upper respiratory tract microbiota, with high doses of CAP reducing Mycoplasma abundance (p < 0.05), two doses of CAP reducing Corynebacterium abundance (p < 0.05) and a tendency to reduce Staphylococcus abundance (p = 0.06). Thus, CAP can improve calf antioxidant capacity, immune capacity and reduce inflammatory factors, stress proteins as well as improve gut fermentation and upper respiratory microbiota under group housing conditions, which is beneficial for healthy calf growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minqiang Su
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (M.S.); (Y.S.); (M.D.); (Y.G.); (Y.L.); (G.L.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuanhang She
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (M.S.); (Y.S.); (M.D.); (Y.G.); (Y.L.); (G.L.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ming Deng
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (M.S.); (Y.S.); (M.D.); (Y.G.); (Y.L.); (G.L.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongqing Guo
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (M.S.); (Y.S.); (M.D.); (Y.G.); (Y.L.); (G.L.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yaokun Li
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (M.S.); (Y.S.); (M.D.); (Y.G.); (Y.L.); (G.L.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guangbin Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (M.S.); (Y.S.); (M.D.); (Y.G.); (Y.L.); (G.L.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Baoli Sun
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (M.S.); (Y.S.); (M.D.); (Y.G.); (Y.L.); (G.L.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dewu Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (M.S.); (Y.S.); (M.D.); (Y.G.); (Y.L.); (G.L.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Healthy Sheep Breeding and Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
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Tomazi ACCH, Tomazi T, Bringhenti L, Vinhal APA, Rodrigues MX, Bilby TR, Huson HJ, Bicalho RC. Treatment with 2 commercial antibiotics reduced clinical and systemic signs of pneumonia and the abundance of pathogenic bacteria in the upper respiratory tract of preweaning dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:2750-2771. [PMID: 36797182 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of therapeutically administered tildipirosin or florfenicol + flunixin meglumine for the treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) accompanied by fever in calves before weaning compared with diseased and untreated animals. As specific objectives, we evaluated the composition of the bacterial microbiota of the upper respiratory tract (URT) and blood and health parameters of the animals. Preweaning Holstein female calves diagnosed with naturally acquired pneumonia were randomly assigned to one of the following experimental groups on the day of diagnosis (d 0): (1) TLD (n = 36): single subcutaneous injection with 4 mg/kg tildipirosin; (2) FLF (n = 33): single subcutaneous injection with an antimicrobial (40 mg/kg florfenicol) combined with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (2.2 mg/kg flunixin meglumine); and (3) NEG (n = 35): no treatment within the first 5 d following enrollment. The NEG treatment group was closely monitored for 5 d, and calves were removed from the study following a standardized late treatment protocol, when necessary, to minimize health concerns. Healthy untreated calves (CTR; n = 31) were also selected for the study and used as controls. Blood samples used for biochemical analysis and nasopharyngeal swabs used for evaluation of URT microbiota were collected daily from d 0 until d 5 and then weekly until weaning. Next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was used to assess the URT microbiota at the phylum and genus levels. Clinical signs associated with pneumonia and otitis media were assessed daily, as was the need for antibiotic interventions. Calves in the TLD and FLF groups had faster recovery from fever within the first 5 d after enrollment. In addition, antibiotic-treated calves reached the same serum haptoglobin levels as healthy calves on d 2 after diagnosis, whereas calves in the NEG group had higher haptoglobin levels than the CTR group until at least d 5 after BRD diagnosis. Calves in the TLD and FLF groups had a lower risk of treatment for pneumonia (FLF = 22.8%; TLD = 27.7%) from d 5 to weaning than calves in the NEG group (54.7%). Furthermore, FLF treatment had a significantly lower risk of nasal discharge, otitis media, and treatment failure compared with the NEG group, but did not differ from the TLD group. Differences in the composition of the URT microbiota were found between groups, and the genus Mycoplasma was the most abundant in samples collected from the URT of calves with and without pneumonia. Both drugs were effective in reducing the mean relative abundance (MRA) of important genera associated with pneumonia (Mannheimia and Pasteurella), although an increase in Mycoplasma MRA was observed for tildipirosin-treated calves. In conclusion, both drugs were effective in reducing the inflammatory signs of pneumonia and the need for antimicrobial treatment after enrollment compared with no treatment. In addition, both TLD and FLF were effective in reducing the MRA of important bacterial genera associated with pneumonia; however, TLD treatment was associated with increased Mycoplasma MRA compared with healthy and untreated calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C C H Tomazi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - T Tomazi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940.
| | - L Bringhenti
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; FERA Animal Health LLC, College Station, TX 77845
| | - A P A Vinhal
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - M X Rodrigues
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; FERA Animal Health LLC, College Station, TX 77845
| | - T R Bilby
- Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940
| | - H J Huson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - R C Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; FERA Animal Health LLC, College Station, TX 77845
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Abstract
Raising young dairy calves presents many challenges for producers and veterinarians including losses attributable to BRD. This article will discuss several key concepts for practitioners to consider when applying evidence-based medicine for the control and treatment of BRD in young dairy calves. The authors review BRD complex, provide considerations for diagnostic approaches, and discuss research associated with the control and treatment of BRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Cummings
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc., 3239 Satellite Blvd., Duluth, GA, 30096.
| | - Nathan F Meyer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc., 3239 Satellite Blvd., Duluth, GA, 30096; Affiliate Faculty, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523
| | - Douglas L Step
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc., 3239 Satellite Blvd., Duluth, GA, 30096
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Abstract
In this literature review, we overview some of the common management practices associated with calf rearing in specialized operations of the United States. Given the growing importance of dairy-beef calves entering the beef production of the United States, we overview aspects related to housing, nutrition, and health events during the pre- and post-weaning period. Based on data on dairy animals, we hypothesize how early life experiences could impact the feedlot performances of dairy-beef animals. Most of the large calf raising operations, where the majority of dairy-beef animals are raised, are located in the Central Great Plains and West regions of the United States. Approximately 80% of calves are individually housed, but the type of housing (e.g., outside hutch, inside a barn) varies based on location of calf-raising facilities. Milk-replacer is fed in more than 80% of operations, while milk (saleable or nonsaleable) is fed in approximately 30% of calf raising facilities (some operations fed more than one type of liquid diet). In addition to liquid feed, water and calf starter are offered ad libitum to calves. Adequate starter intake at weaning is crucial for feed transition from pre- to post-weaning period, which occurs at approximately 2 months of age. Then, calves are mainly housed in group pens and transition from calf-starter to total mixed ration (TMR). Health challenges such as scours and bovine respiratory disease (BRD) can hinder the performance of calves and are major causes of morbidity and mortality in calf ranches. Transportation at a very young age and comingling with animals from other dairies can increase the risk of diseases. Current research efforts are focusing on determining individual factors such as body weight (BW) at arrival or biomarkers of inflammation and stress that can be predictive of disease morbidity, mortality, and performance of calves. Future research should focus on how to utilize this information to optimize management and to develop targeted preventative strategies to reduce incidence of diseases and mortality and improve performance during the pre-weaned period. Also, more research is needed to understand how colostrum management, housing, and nutrition can impact the adult performance of dairy-beef animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius S Machado
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Michael A Ballou
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Bringhenti L, Pallu M, Silva JC, Tomazi T, Tomazi ACCH, Rodrigues MX, Cruzado-Bravo M, Bilby TR, Bicalho RC. Effect of treatment of pneumonia and otitis media with tildipirosin or florfenicol + flunixin meglumine on health and upper respiratory tract microbiota of preweaned Holstein dairy heifers. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:10291-10309. [PMID: 34099293 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this randomized clinical study was to compare the effect of 2 antimicrobial interventions, tildipirosin or florfenicol + flunixin meglumine, used for treatment of pneumonia and extralabel treatment for otitis on health parameters and upper respiratory tract (URT) microbiota of preweaned Holstein calves. Housed preweaned Holstein heifers diagnosed with either otitis or pneumonia were assigned into 1 of 2 treatment groups, receiving a single subcutaneous injection of either 4 mg/kg of tildipirosin (TLD; n = 444) or 40 mg/kg of florfenicol combined with 2.2 mg/kg of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory, flunixin meglumine (FLF; n = 442). Calves were enrolled and treated on the day of diagnosis of the first case of pneumonia or otitis. If a calf had a recurrent case, the opposite drug was administered, respecting an interval of 5 d between drug injections. Blood samples for leukocyte counts were collected at 0, 2, 4, and 6 d after treatment, and rectal temperature was measured daily during the 5 d after treatment. Ear scores were observed from calves with otitis. Additionally, swabs of the URT were collected from a subset of 20 calves in each treatment group at d 0, 3, 6, 9, and 11 following enrollment for analysis of URT microbiota through next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and quantitative PCR. Swabs were also collected from a comparative group of 20 healthy calves that did not receive any drug. No differences were observed between groups for recurrence risk of either pneumonia (TLD = 32.4%; FLF = 29.7%) or otitis (TLD = 72.7%; FLF = 73.6%). Similarly, no differences were observed for the total number of treatments for pneumonia (TLD = 1.45; FLF = 1.42) or otitis (TLD = 2.96; FLF = 3.07). On the other hand, both drugs reduced rectal temperature, ear scores, and leukocyte counts, with FLF calves having a greater reduction in rectal temperature within 4 d after treatment. Both TLD and FLF reduced the total bacterial load when compared with healthy untreated calves, but no differences were observed between treatment groups. Furthermore, compared with the untreated group, treated calves had lower mean relative abundances (MRA) of the genera Mannheimia, Moraxella, and Pasteurella within 11, 9, and 3 d after treatment, respectively; however, no significant differences were observed between TLD and FLF. On the other hand, MRA of Mycoplasma was not decreased by both treatments compared to untreated animals, and a higher MRA was observed in the TLD group during 11 d after treatment in comparison to FLF and untreated calves. Based on this data, we concluded that both drugs used in the study were effective in reducing rectal temperature, ear scores, leukocyte counts, and MRA of the genera Mannheimia, Pasteurella, and Moraxella in the URT, and calves treated with FLF had a greater reduction in rectal temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bringhenti
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - M Pallu
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - J C Silva
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - T Tomazi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - A C C H Tomazi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - M X Rodrigues
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - M Cruzado-Bravo
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | | | - R C Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401.
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Nickell JS, Hutcheson JP, Renter DG, Amrine DA. Comparison of a traditional bovine respiratory disease control regimen with a targeted program based upon individualized risk predictions generated by the Whisper On Arrival technology. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab081. [PMID: 34222823 PMCID: PMC8246073 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The study objective was to determine if cattle health and performance comparing a targeted bovine respiratory disease (BRD) control program based on individualized risk prediction generated by a novel technology (Whisper On Arrival) was superior to a negative control (no metaphylaxis) yet no different than a positive control (conventional BRD control; 100% application). Across four study sites, auction market-derived beef calves were randomly allocated to one of four BRD control treatment groups: 1) Negative control (Saline), 2) Positive control (Tildipirosin [TIL] to 100% of the group), 3) Whisper-high (±TIL based on conservative algorithm threshold), and 4) Whisper-low (±TIL based on aggressive algorithm threshold). Within either Whisper On Arrival group, only calves predicted to be above the algorithm threshold by the technology (determined a priori) were administered TIL leaving the remainder untreated. Cattle were followed to either a short-term timepoint (50 or 60 d; health outcomes, all sites; feed performance outcomes, two sites) or to closeout (two sites). Data were analyzed as a completely randomized block design separately at each site. Across all sites, BRD control antibiotic use was reduced by 11% to 43% between the two Whisper On Arrival treatment groups compared to the positive control. The positive control and both Whisper On Arrival groups reduced (P ≤ 0.05) BRD morbidity compared to negative controls at both the short-term timepoint at three of the four sites and at closeout at one of two sites. The positive control and both Whisper-managed groups had improved (P ≤ 0.05) average daily gain (ADG), dry-matter intake (DMI), and feed efficiency compared to negative controls at the short-term timepoint at one of two sites. At closeout, the positive control and both Whisper-managed groups improved (P ≤ 0.05) ADG (deads-in) compared to the negative control at one of the two sites. At one of two sites, the positive control and the Whisper-high group displayed an improvement (P ≤ 0.05) in hot carcass weight compared to the negative control. The Whisper On Arrival technology maintained the benefits of a conventional BRD control program yet reduced BRD control antibiotic use by 11% to 43%. This technology maintained the benefits of a conventional BRD control program while reducing antibiotic costs to the producer and supporting judicious antimicrobial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Nickell
- Allflex Livestock Intelligence, A Subsidiary of Merck Animal Health, Madison, WI 53718
| | | | - David G Renter
- Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - David A Amrine
- Beef Cattle Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
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Bringhenti L, Pallu M, Silva J, Tomazi T, Tomazi AC, Rodrigues MX, Duarte LM, Bilby TR, Bicalho RC. Effect of metaphylactic administration of tildipirosin on the incidence of pneumonia and otitis and on the upper respiratory tract and fecal microbiome of preweaning Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:6020-6038. [PMID: 33685693 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of the metaphylactic use of a semi-synthetic long-acting macrolide (tildipirosin) on the prevention of pneumonia and otitis in preweaning Holstein calves, as well as its effects on the microbiome of their upper respiratory tract (URT) and feces. Newborn healthy Holstein heifers, collectively housed, were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 treatment groups: treatment (TRT; n = 932) or control (CTR; n = 927). Calves in the TRT group received a single subcutaneous injection of 4 mg/kg tildipirosin (Zuprevo, Merck Animal Health) at 7 ± 7 d of life. Calves in the CTR group received no drug injection. All enrolled calves were evaluated from 1 to 63 ± 3 d of life (weaning age) and monitored daily for any adverse health events during this period. Daily physical examination was performed to diagnose pneumonia and otitis, and body weight was measured weekly in all animals. From a randomly selected subset of 217 calves, blood samples for biochemical variables analysis and swabs were collected weekly from the URT and rectum for analysis of the nasal and fecal microbiome, respectively, via next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Total bacterial load was evaluated using quantitative PCR. In addition, another subset of 26 calves was randomly selected and fecal swabs were collected in a more intensive sampling to investigate the short-term effect of tildipirosin administration on the fecal microbiome. We performed general mixed linear models and logistic regression to analyze continuous and binary outcomes, respectively. Tildipirosin metaphylaxis reduced the incidence of otitis (CTR = 47.03%; TRT = 37.55%) and tended to reduce the incidence of pneumonia (CTR = 20.71%; TRT = 17.38%) and the overall mortality risk (CTR = 6.69%; TRT = 4.94%). We observed no significant differences between groups for mortality due to pneumonia (CTR = 0.86%; TRT = 0.97%) or mortality due to otitis (CTR = 2.05%; TRT = 1.39%). Calves in the TRT group had a higher average daily gain than calves in the CTR group. Furthermore, metaphylaxis had no significant effects on the total bacterial load, genus, or phylum analysis of the fecal microbiome from the 2 subset groups. However, for the URT microbiota, we observed a significant decrease in total bacterial load for the TRT group compared to the CTR group 1 week after metaphylactic injection. Tildipirosin metaphylaxis decreased the mean relative abundance of the genera Mannheimia, Moraxella, and Pasteurella but significantly increased the mean relative abundance of Mycoplasma. Although tildipirosin had no positive effect on Mycoplasma, it reduced the mean relative abundance of important pathogenic bacteria in the URT and had positive effects for the control of otitis. The metaphylactic use of tildipirosin can be a suitable strategy for the control of otitis on farms with a high prevalence of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Bringhenti
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - Mariana Pallu
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - Josiane Silva
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - Tiago Tomazi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - Ana C Tomazi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - Marjory X Rodrigues
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - Livia M Duarte
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | | | - Rodrigo C Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401.
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10
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Abu-Basha EA, Bani Ismail Z, Ababneh MM, Hamzeh E, Gehring R. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of tildipirosin following intravenous and subcutaneous administration in horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:544-551. [PMID: 33609061 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the safety and pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of tildipirosin in horses after intravenous (i.v.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of a single dose at 4 mg/kg of body weight (b.w.). A total of 12 healthy mixed breed horses were used in the study. Horses were monitored for systemic and local adverse effects, and whole blood samples were collected for hematology and plasma biochemistry analysis at time (0) and at 6, 24, and 72 h after drug administration. For PK analysis, blood samples were collected at pre-determined times before and after tildipirosin administration. Plasma concentrations of tildipirosin were determined using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection method (UHPLC-UV). All horses tolerated the i.v. injection of tildipirosin without showing any systemic adverse effects. However, a non-painful, soft swelling appeared at the s.c. injection site in 5 horses (41.7%). On average, tildipirosin reached a maximum plasma concentration (Cmax ) of 1257 ng/ml (geometric mean) between 0.5 and 1.5 h after s.c. administration (Tmax ). The geometric mean values for total body clearance (Cl), the apparent volume of distribution based on the terminal phase (Vz ), and the apparent volume of distribution at steady-state (Vss ) were 0.52 L/kg·h, 22 L/kg, and 10.0 L/kg, respectively. Data collected in this study suggests that tildipirosin can be used safely in horses with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab A Abu-Basha
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Zuhair Bani Ismail
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohammed M Ababneh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Eyad Hamzeh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ronette Gehring
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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Binversie ES, Ruegg PL, Combs DK, Ollivett TL. Randomized clinical trial to assess the effect of antibiotic therapy on health and growth of preweaned dairy calves diagnosed with respiratory disease using respiratory scoring and lung ultrasound. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:11723-11735. [PMID: 33222860 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-18044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The primary objective of this randomized field study was to assess the effect of antibiotic therapy on health and growth of preweaned dairy calves diagnosed with naturally occurring respiratory disease, using respiratory scoring and portable lung ultrasound. A secondary objective was to determine whether treatment response depended on clinical presentation at the time of diagnosis. Holstein calves (n = 357) were enrolled at 3 to 6 d of age and followed until 52 d on 2 commercial dairies. Calves were examined twice weekly by blinded members of the research team. Clinical respiratory and ultrasonographic lung scores were assigned at each exam and used to classify the first detected respiratory disease event (BRD1) into upper respiratory tract disease (clinical, no significant consolidation); subclinical lobular pneumonia (not clinical, patchy consolidation ≥1 cm2); clinical lobular pneumonia (clinical, patchy consolidation ≥1 cm2); subclinical lobar pneumonia (not clinical, ≥1 lobe consolidated); and clinical lobar pneumonia (clinical, ≥1 lobe consolidated). At BRD1, calves were blocked by their respiratory disease status and randomized to receive an antibiotic (tulathromycin, 2.5 mg/kg subcutaneous) or placebo (sterile saline, equal volume subcutaneous). Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses were used to model response to therapy. At BRD1 (n = 289), the distribution of diagnoses was 29% (upper respiratory tract disease), 43% (subclinical lobular pneumonia), 13% (clinical lobular pneumonia), 8% (subclinical lobar pneumonia), and 7% (clinical lobar pneumonia). Early antibiotic therapy limited progression of lung consolidation immediately following treatment, reduced the likelihood of requiring treatment within 7 d of BRD1, and improved growth and mortality before weaning. Despite receiving multiple doses of antibiotics after BRD1, calves treated with either antibiotic or placebo were equally likely to enter the weaning phase with pneumonia. Clinical presentation was associated with response to treatment for worsening of consolidation, early treatment failure, days to retreatment, and average daily gain. Overall, treatment was associated with short-term benefits, but more research is needed to develop treatment protocols that more effectively treat pneumonia and ensure that calves enter the weaning period with ultrasonographically clean lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Binversie
- Saskatoon Colostrum Company Ltd. (SCCL), Mesa, AZ 85206
| | - P L Ruegg
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - D K Combs
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - T L Ollivett
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
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12
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Omontese BO, Caixeta LS, Machado VS, Rendahl A, Celestino MLK, Menta PR, Paiva D, Garcia-Muñoz A, Masic A. Effects of the Administration of a Non-specific Immune Stimulant Around Transportation on Health and Performance of Jersey and Jersey-Cross Heifer Calves During the Rearing Period: Randomized Clinical Trial. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:550202. [PMID: 33173793 PMCID: PMC7591452 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.550202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effects of a non-specific immune stimulant (IS) administered around transportation on health scores (HS), average daily gain (ADG), disease treatment and mortality of Jersey and Jersey-cross calves during the rearing period. Newborn calves (4 d ± 1) were randomly allocated to receive either 1 mL of saline (CON; n = 438), 1 mL of IS before transport (BTIS; n = 431), or 1 mL of IS immediately after transport (ATIS; n = 436). Calves were health scored weekly for 3 weeks after transport. The data were analyzed using multivariable linear mixed models and multivariable logistic regression models. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed for time to event analysis. Treatment, birth weight, breed, site of birth, serum total solids, dam parity, season of enrollment, and metaphylaxis were offered to models. Differences in respiratory and fecal HS, and ADG between treatment groups were not statistically significant. A total of 196 (15.0%) calves were treated at least once for any disease and 52 calves were treated multiple times. The proportion of calves treated for respiratory disease and/or diarrhea were 14.4, 14.4, and 16.2% for BTIS, ATIS and CON groups, respectively. Although the differences in the likelihood of treatment for both respiratory disease and/or diarrhea during the first 9 weeks of life was not statistically different between groups, we observed that more calves in the control group received disease treatments around 15 days of age compared with calves that received IS. The likelihood of treatment for respiratory diseases alone during the first 30 days of life was smaller in the calves that received IS before transportation when compared to the control group. Only 18 (1.4%) calves died within the study period. The calf mortality likelihood was not statistically different between study groups; however, fewer calves in the IS groups died when compared to CON. In conclusion, the use of IS around transportation did not influence weekly HS, ADG, and the number of disease treatments during the rearing period, but administering IS before transportation resulted in fewer treatments of respiratory diseases during the first 30 days post-transport and marginally lower mortality rates during the rearing period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobwealth O Omontese
- Department of Veterinary Population Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States.,Department of Food and Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural, Life and Natural Sciences, Alabama A and M University, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Luciano S Caixeta
- Department of Veterinary Population Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Vinicius S Machado
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Aaron Rendahl
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Maria L K Celestino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Paulo R Menta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Daniela Paiva
- Department of Veterinary Population Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Angel Garcia-Muñoz
- Department of Veterinary Population Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States.,Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University Cardenal Herrera CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
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13
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Celestino ML, Fernandes L, Menta PR, Paiva D, Ribeiro TL, Silva T, Bilby TR, Neves RC, Ballou MA, Machado VS. The Effect of Metaphylactic Use of Tildipirosin for the Control of Respiratory Disease in Long-Distance Transported Dairy Calves. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:632. [PMID: 33102559 PMCID: PMC7506132 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two metaphylactic strategies using tildipirosin for the control of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in dairy calves transported to a heifer raising facility within their first week of life. A total of 2,100 calves were enrolled in the study. Animals were transported for ~1,715 km, from dairies located in Minnesota to a calf raising facility located in New Mexico, where they were housed in individual hutches until weaning. Three days after arrival, calves were randomly allocated into three groups: (1) META1: single subcutaneous (SQ) injection of tildipirosin (Zuprevo™, Merck Animal Health) at enrollment at 4 mg/kg; (2) META2: SQ injection of tildipirosin at enrollment and 17 days later; (3) CON: untreated controls. The BRD incidence was 11.4, 10.8, and 9.4% for calves enrolled in the CON, META1, and META2, respectively (P = 0.44). Lung lesions diagnosed through ultrasonography was found in 21.0, 21.0, and 21.8% of calves enrolled in CON, META1, and META2, respectively (P = 0.99). Mortality tended to be greater for CON calves in comparison to META2 calves (1.5 vs. 0.6%, P = 0.06), but did not differ between calves enrolled in CON and META1 groups (1.5 vs. 1.2%, P = 0.55). Growth was not affected by metaphylaxis. The average daily gain for calves enrolled in CON, META1, and META2 was 517, 518 and 525 g, respectively (P = 0.25). Blood analysis revealed that some of the markers of inflammation assessed were influenced by metaphylaxis. At 27 days after enrollment, META2 calves had decreased concentrations of haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, and aspartate aminotransferase, compared to CON calves (P < 0.05). Additionally, CON calves had increased concentrations of globulins and lower albumin to globulin ratio than META2 calves at the end of the weaning period (P < 0.05). In conclusion, tildipirosin metaphylaxis did not decrease the incidence of BRD nor did it have an impact on weight gain. However, metaphylaxis with two injections of tildipirosin at enrollment and 17 days later tended to reduce mortality and improved the systemic inflammatory status of calves during the preweaning period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luiza Celestino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Leticia Fernandes
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Paulo Roberto Menta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Daniela Paiva
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Thiago Lauro Ribeiro
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Thiago Silva
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States.,Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael C Neves
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Michael A Ballou
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Vinicius S Machado
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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14
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Abu-Basha EA, Bani Ismail Z, Abu Alhaijaa H, Hamzeh E, Idkaidek NM. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of tildipirosin following intravenous and subcutaneous administration in sheep. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 44:79-85. [PMID: 32748450 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tildipirosin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic commonly used in cattle and swine to treat bacterial pneumonia. The objective of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic profile of tildipirosin after a single intravenous (i.v.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) administration in healthy lambs. Eighteen lambs were randomly divided into three groups (n = 6 each). Lambs received a single s.c. dose of tildipirosin at 4 and 6 mg/kg b.w. in group 1 and 2, respectively. Lambs in group 3 received a single i.v. dose of tildipirosin at 4 mg/kg b.w. Blood samples were collected at 0, 0.5, 0.75, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 24, 36, 48 hr, and every 24 hr to day 21, and thereafter at day 28 posttildipirosin administration. The plasma concentrations of tildipirosin were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection (LC⁄MS⁄MS). All lambs appeared to tolerate both the intravenous and subcutaneous injection of tildipirosin. Following i.v. administration, the elimination half-life (T1/2 ), mean residence time (MRT), volume of distribution (Vd/F), and total body clearance (Cl/F) were 119.6 ± 9.0 hr, 281.9 ± 25.7 hr, 521.1 ± 107.2 L, and 2.9 ± 0.5 L/hr, respectively. No significant differences in Cmax (657.0 ± 142.8 and 754.6 ± 227.1 ng/ml), Tmax (1.21 ± 0.38 and 1.35 ± 0.44 hr), T1/2 (144 ± 17.5, 156.5 ± 33.4 hr), and MRT (262.0 ± 30.2 and 250.6 ± 54.5 hr) were found in tildipirosin after s.c. dosing at 4 and 6 mg/kg b.w., respectively. The absolute bioavailability (F) of tildipirosin was 71.5% and 75.3% after s.c. administration of 4 and 6 mg/kg b.w., respectively. In conclusion, tildipirosin was rapidly absorbed and slowly eliminated after a single s.c. administration in healthy lambs. Tildipirosin could be used for the treatment and prevention of respiratory bacterial infections in sheep. However, further in vitro and in vivo studies to determine the efficacy and safety are warranted. To our knowledge, this is the first study to determine the tildipirosin pharmacokinetic parameters in sheep plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab A Abu-Basha
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Zuhair Bani Ismail
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Hind Abu Alhaijaa
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Eyad Hamzeh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Nasir M Idkaidek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmacy College, Petra University, Amman, Jordan
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15
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Amat S, Alexander TW, Holman DB, Schwinghamer T, Timsit E. Intranasal Bacterial Therapeutics Reduce Colonization by the Respiratory Pathogen Mannheimia haemolytica in Dairy Calves. mSystems 2020; 5:e00629-19. [PMID: 32127421 PMCID: PMC7055656 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00629-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Six Lactobacillus strains originating from the nasopharyngeal microbiota of cattle were previously characterized in vitro and identified as candidate bacterial therapeutics (BTs) for mitigating the bovine respiratory pathogen Mannheimia haemolytica In the present study, these BT strains were evaluated for their potential to (i) reduce nasal colonization by M. haemolytica, (ii) modulate the nasal microbiota, and (iii) stimulate an immune response in calves experimentally challenged with M. haemolytica. Twenty-four Holstein bull calves (1 to 3 weeks old) received either an intranasal BT cocktail containing 6 Lactobacillus strains (3 × 109 CFU per strain; BT + Mh group) 24 h prior to intranasal M. haemolytica challenge (3 × 108 CFU) or no BTs prior to challenge (Mh, control group). Nasal swab, blood, and transtracheal aspiration samples were collected over the course of 16 days after BT inoculation. Counts of M. haemolytica were determined by culturing, and the nasal and tracheal microbiotas were evaluated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Serum cytokines (interleukin-6 [IL-6], IL-8, and IL-10) were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Administration of BT reduced nasal colonization by M. haemolytica (P = 0.02), modified the composition and diversity of the nasal microbiota, and altered interbacterial relationships among the 10 most relatively abundant genera. The BT + Mh calves also had a lower relative abundance of Mannheimia in the trachea (P < 0.01) but similar cytokine levels as Mh calves. This study demonstrated that intranasal BTs developed from the bovine nasopharyngeal Lactobacillus spp. were effective in reducing nasal colonization by M. haemolytica in dairy calves.IMPORTANCE Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the significant challenges for the modern dairy industry in North America, accounting for 23 to 47% of the total mortality among pre- and postweaned dairy heifers. Mass medication with antibiotics is a common practice to control BRD in dairy cattle. However, the emergence of multidrug-resistant BRD pathogens highlights the importance of developing alternatives to antibiotics for BRD mitigation. Using a targeted approach, we recently identified 6 Lactobacillus strains originating from the bovine respiratory microbiota as candidates to be used as bacterial therapeutics (BTs) for the mitigation of the BRD pathogen Mannheimia haemolytica Here, we demonstrated that intranasal inoculation of the BT strains reduced nasal colonization by M. haemolytica in dairy calves experimentally challenged with this pathogen. This study, for the first time, shows the potential use of intranasal BTs as an alternative to mitigate BRD pathogens in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samat Amat
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Trevor W Alexander
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Devin B Holman
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| | - Timothy Schwinghamer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Edouard Timsit
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Simpson Ranch Chair in Beef Cattle Health and Wellness, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- CEVA Santé Animale, Libourne, France
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16
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Martin M, Kleinhenz M, Kleinhenz K, Reppert E, Blasi D, Parks T, Baysinger A, Hutcheson J, Coetzee J. Comparison of the effect of tildipirosin administered alone or in combination with transdermal flunixin on the performance, health, activity, and well-being of transported feedlot calves on arrival at the feedlot. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:452-459. [PMID: 32705003 PMCID: PMC7200527 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Long distance transportation can be a significant source of stress to cattle and is associated with increased risk of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). The administration of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) has been shown to reduce stress following long distance transport. The objective of this study was to compare performance, health, accelerometer activity, and well-being between calves receiving either tildipirosin (Zuprevo 18%; Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ) alone or in combination with transdermal flunixin (BANAMINE Transdermal Pour-on Solution; Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ) on arrival at the feedlot. Three hundred eighty-four polled, Continental × English, and English crossbred bulls (n = 199) and steers (n = 185) were enrolled into one of two treatments: 1) tildipirosin administered in the neck as a single dose of 4 mg/kg only (PLBO) 2) tildipirosin in combination with transdermal flunixin applied to the dorsal midline at a dose of 3.3 mg/kg (FTD). Outcomes measured were average daily gain (ADG), dry mater intake (DMI), gain to feed, morbidity, mortality, accelerometer activity data, and a daily visual analog scale (VAS) assessment of well-being. Body weight (BW) was determined by weighing individual animals; ADG was calculated as initial BW-final BW / total days on feed; DMI was calculated as daily pen feed allocation-feed remaining at next feeding / number of calves in the pen; and gain to feed was calculated as pen level ADG / pen level DMI. The VAS used was a 100 mm line anchored at each end by descriptors of "no pain" or "severe pain". Statistical analysis was performed using JMP 13 computer software using pen as the experimental unit, lot number as a random variable, and treatment as a fixed variable. There was no treatment effect on DMI (P = 0.51). During the first 14 d on feed, FTD calves had a lower ADG of 0.90 kg/d compared with 1.33 kg/d in the PLBO group (P = 0.05). There were no differences observed in morbidity and mortality between groups (P = 0.29). There were no treatment differences from activity data (P = 0.19). The VAS assessment showed a significant time × treatment interaction (P < 0.001). During the first 36 h after treatment administration, the FTD-treated calves had lower VAS scores [6.23 (95% CI: 5.27-7.20) compared with 7.28 (95% CI: 6.32-8.24)] than PLBO (P < 0.05). Results suggest that FTD-treated calves showed less signs of pain the first 36 h postdrug application relative to PLBO calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Martin
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS
| | - Michael Kleinhenz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS
| | - Katie Kleinhenz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS
| | - Emily Reppert
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS
| | - Dale Blasi
- Department of Animal Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | | | | | | | - Johann Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS
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Foditsch C, Pereira RVV, Siler JD, Altier C, Warnick LD. Effects of treatment with enrofloxacin or tulathromycin on fecal microbiota composition and genetic function of dairy calves. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219635. [PMID: 31825967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing concerns with antimicrobial resistance highlights the need for studies evaluating the impacts of antimicrobial use in livestock on antimicrobial resistance using new sequencing technologies. Through shotgun sequencing, we investigated the changes in the fecal microbiome composition and function, with a focus on functions related to antimicrobial resistance, of dairy calves. Heifers 2 to 3 weeks old, which were not treated with antibiotics by the farm before enrollment, were randomly allocated to one of three study groups: control (no treatment), a single treatment of enrofloxacin, or a single treatment of tulathromycin. Fecal samples were collected at days 4, 14, 56 and 112 days after enrollment, and DNA extraction and sequencing was conducted. The effect of antibiotic treatment on each taxon and genetic functional level by time (including Day 0 as a covariate) revealed few changes in the microbiota. At the genus level, enrofloxacin group had higher relative abundance of Blautia, Coprococcus and Desulfovibrio and lower abundance of Bacteroides when compared to other study groups. The SEED database was used for genetic functional analyses, which showed that calves in the enrofloxacin group started with a higher relative abundance of "Resistance to antibiotics and toxic compounds" function on Day 0, however an increase in antibiotic resistance genes after treatment with enrofloxacin was not observed. "Resistance to Fluoroquinolones" and "Erythromycin resistance", of relevance given the study groups, were not statistically different in relative abundance between study groups. "Resistance to fluoroquinolones" increased during the study period regardless of study group. Despite small differences over the first weeks between study groups, at Day 112 the microbiota composition and genetic functional profile was similar among all study groups. In our study, enrofloxacin or tulathromycin had minimal impacts on the microbial composition and genetic functional microbiota of calves over the study period.
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Linhart RD, Brumbaugh GW. Control of bovine respiratory disease, with and without co-morbidity by otitis media, in dairy heifers comparing gamithromycin, tulathromycin, or no medication at a commercial development facility. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5501-5510. [PMID: 30928271 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate one strategy for control (metaphylaxis) of bovine respiratory disease, with and without co-morbidity with otitis media, in dairy heifers at a commercial development facility. Individual heifers were the experimental unit. At weaning, 1 of 3 experimental treatments (gamithromycin, tulathromycin, or no medication) was randomly assigned to 1,567 heifers from 11 different dairies. Gamithromycin was administered to 631 heifers, tulathromycin was administered to 621 heifers, and no medication was administered to 315 heifers (negative control). Heifers were then commingled and penned according to body weight. Each pen contained heifers from each group, and periodically, larger numbers of heifers were penned together. All heifers were observed for the subsequent 42 d and treated according to protocols prescribed for the facility. Morbidity due to respiratory disease was less for heifers medicated with gamithromycin than for heifers medicated with tulathromycin. Morbidity due to respiratory disease was less for heifers medicated with gamithromycin than for heifers in the negative control group. Fewer heifers medicated with either antimicrobial were subsequently treated because of co-morbidity with otitis media. Mortality was not different among the treatment groups. Heifers medicated with either antimicrobial had greater average daily gain than did heifers in the negative control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Linhart
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 3239 Satellite Blvd., Duluth, GA 30096.
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Zeng D, Sun M, Lin Z, Li M, Gehring R, Zeng Z. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Tildipirosin Against Pasteurella multocida in a Murine Lung Infection Model. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1038. [PMID: 29867911 PMCID: PMC5968193 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tildipirosin, a 16-membered-ring macrolide antimicrobial, has recently been approved for the treatment of swine respiratory disease and bovine respiratory disease. This macrolide is extensively distributed to the site of respiratory infection followed by slow elimination. Clinical efficacy has been demonstrated in cattle and swine clinical field trials. However, the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) index that best correlates with the efficacy of tildipirosin remains undefined. The objective of this study was to develop a PK/PD model following subcutaneous injection of tildipirosin against Pasteurella multocida in a murine lung infection model. The PK studies of unbound (f) tildipirosin in plasma were determined following subcutaneous injection of single doses of 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mg/kg of body weight in neutropenic lung-infected mice. The PD studies were conducted over 24 h based on twenty intermittent dosing regimens, of which total daily dose ranged from 1 to 32 mg/kg and dosage intervals included 6, 8, 12, and 24 h. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tildipirosin against P. multocida was determined in serum. The inhibitory effect Imax model was employed for PK/PD modeling. The area under the unbound concentration-time profile over 24 h to MIC (fAUC0-24 h/MIC) was the PK/PD index that best described the antibacterial activity in the murine infection model. The fAUC0-24 h/MIC targets required to achieve the bacteriostatic action, a 1-log10 kill and 2-log10 kill of bacterial counts were 19.93, 31.89, and 53.27 h, respectively. These results can facilitate efforts to define more rational designs of dosage regimens of tildipirosin using classical PK/PD concepts for the treatment of respiratory diseases in pigs and cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongping Zeng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Meizhen Sun
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Miao Li
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Ronette Gehring
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Zhenling Zeng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhou Q, Zhang G, Wang Q, Liu W, Huang Y, Yu P, Li Y, Ding H, Fang B. Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Tulathromycin against Pasteurella multocida in a Porcine Tissue Cage Model. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:392. [PMID: 28701951 PMCID: PMC5487385 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tulathromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, is used for the treatment of respiratory disease in cattle and swine. The aim of our study was to investigate the in vitro and ex vivo activities of tulathromycin in serum, (non-inflamed) transudate, and (inflamed) exudate against Pasteurella multocida in piglets. The pharmacokinetics properties of tulathromycin were studied for serum, transudate, and exudate using a tissue cage model. In vitro antibiotic susceptibility of P. multocida and dynamic time-kill curve experiments over eight tulathromycin concentrations were determined. The ratio of 24-h area under the concentration–time curve to minimum inhibitory concentration [AUC(0-24 h)/MIC] was recognized as an important pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameter of tulathromycin for antibacterial efficiency (R2 = 0.9969). In serum ex vivo, for bacteriostatic, bactericidal activity, and virtual bacterial eradication AUC(0-24 h)/MIC values for tulathromycin were 44.55, 73.19, and 92.44 h by using sigmoid Emax model WinNonlin software, respectively, and lower values were obtained for exudate and transudate. In conjunction with the data on MIC90, the dose of tulathromycin for a bacteriostatic effect and virtual elimination of P. multocida as computed using the value of the PK/PD breakpoint obtained in serum were 6.39 and 13.25 mg/kg. However, it would be preferable to calculate a dose combined with population pharmacokinetics data to optimize the dosage regimen for bacteriological and clinical cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyi Zhou
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Guijun Zhang
- Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd.Yunfu, China
| | - Qin Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Wenguang Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yan Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Pengling Yu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yanqin Li
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Huanzhong Ding
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Binghu Fang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
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Windeyer MC, Timsit E, Barkema H. Bovine respiratory disease in pre-weaned dairy calves: Are current preventative strategies good enough? Vet J 2017; 224:16-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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